29:
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626:
181:(GDR, or East Germany). Initially, both governments claimed that they represented the entire German nation. However, the Federal Republic saw itself as the only German government with democratic legitimacy. Later, at the end of the 1960s, the communist government of the GDR claimed that there was no longer a common German nation as the GDR had established a socialist nation.
197:
after it accepted a GDR ambassador. In the 1960s it became obvious that this policy would not work forever. When the
Federal Republic established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1965, the Arab states countered by breaking off relations with the Federal Republic and establishing relations with the
288:
of 1972 with East
Germany, establishing formal relations between the two German states for the first time since partition. The situation was complicated by the Federal Republic's longstanding claim to represent the entire German nation; Chancellor Brandt sought to smooth over this point by repeating
217:
held that the
Hallstein Doctrine did not help to undermine the communist government or even lighten the situation of the Germans in the GDR. Brandt believed that collaboration with the communists would foster German-German encounters and trade that would undermine the communist government over the
233:, urged Bonn to be more flexible. At the same time, other West European countries entered a period of more daring policy directed to the East. When Brandt became Chancellor in 1969, the same politicians now feared a more independent German
347:
According to the Basic Treaty the
Federal Republic and GDR accepted each other's de facto ambassadors, termed "permanent representatives" for political reasons. The mutual recognition opened the door for both states to join the
192:
stipulated that the FRG would withdraw diplomatic contact from any country that established diplomatic relations with the GDR. The first application of the
Hallstein Doctrine was in 1957, when the FRG withdrew recognition of
2224:
331:
The Brandt government, a coalition of Social
Democrats and Free Democrats, lost a number of MPs to the CDU opposition in protest over the Basic Treaty. In April 1972 it even seemed that opposition leader
77:
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229:. Indeed, by the late 1960s, the unwavering stance of the Hallstein Doctrine was actually considered detrimental to US interests; numerous American advisors and policymakers, most notably
188:(CDU) political party dominated West German governments from 1949 to 1969. These governments refused to have any contact with the GDR government due to its undemocratic character, and the
2410:
320:
refused the Basic Treaty because they thought that the government gave away some
Federal positions too easily. They also criticized flaws like the unintentional publishing of the
132:
and his successors tried to combat the
Communist government of East Germany, while Brandt's Social Democrats tried to achieve a certain degree of cooperation with East Germany.
3729:
1841:
1889:
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373:, who had fiercely fought against the Basic Treaty and was Kohl's main opponent within the CDU/CSU bloc, secured the passage of a Kohl-initiated loan of 3 billion
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28:
292:
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265:, the only Eastern Bloc state with which the Federal Republic had formal diplomatic ties (despite the aforementioned Hallstein Doctrine). In 1970 Brandt signed the
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750:
Helga
Haftendorn: Deutsche AuĂenpolitik zwischen SelbstbeschrĂ€nkung und Selbstbehauptung 1945â2000. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: Stuttgart / MĂŒnchen 2001, p. 183â184.
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Helga
Haftendorn: Deutsche AuĂenpolitik zwischen SelbstbeschrĂ€nkung und Selbstbehauptung 1945â2000. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: Stuttgart / MĂŒnchen 2001, p. 193.
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as well as unified Germany) have long faced the issues of co-existing with their eastern neighbours, whatever the differences in culture, beliefs and outlook.
213:, argued for and pursued policies that would ease tensions between the two German states, generally in the interest of cross-border commerce. His proposed new
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245:; Brandt ultimately resorted to pressuring the French government into endorsing his policy by holding out German financial contributions to the European
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352:, as the Federal Republic's claim to representing the entire German nation was essentially dropped by the act of recognizing its Eastern counterpart.
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in particular behind the Iron Curtain, he engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister
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277:. The Treaty of Warsaw essentially repeated the Moscow treaty, and in particular reiterated the Federal Republic's recognition of the
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1961:
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became Chancellor of West Germany. However, he did not change West German policy towards the GDR. Such was the consensus that
1966:
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577:
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2016:
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1527:
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did not neglect the close ties of the Federal Republic with Western Europe and the United States or its membership in
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his 1969 statement that although two states exist in Germany, they cannot regard one another as foreign countries.
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1532:
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1971:
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he came two votes short. It later emerged that the GDR had paid the two CDU deputies to vote against Barzel. New
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2828:
2091:
1735:
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269:, renouncing the use of force and recognizing the current European borders. Later that year, Brandt signed the
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128:(CDU), which was the elected government of West Germany from 1949 until 1969. The Christian Democrats under
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gave the Brandt government a victory, and on 11 May 1973 the Federal Parliament approved the Basic Treaty.
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1970, the first encounter of a Federal Chancellor with his East German counterpart, an early step in the
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The CDU/CSU persuaded the FDP to defect from its coalition with the SPD in 1982, and thus CDU leader
3501:
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3311:
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2511:
2506:
2486:
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in 1990), although dealing with similar issues and having similar goals, are not considered to be
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of 1939 defied ideological differences and established trade and geopolitical agreements between
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1002:
994:
770:"The Fall of the Berlin Wall, the Power of Individuals, and the Unpredictability of History"
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20:
19:
For the "Eastern Politics" of Britain, France, Russia, and Austria in the 19th century, see
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The emergence of détente in Europe: Brandt, Kennedy and the formation of Ostpolitik.
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83:
32:
324:, a paper in which Brandt's right hand Egon Bahr had agreed with Soviet diplomat
143:'s efforts to engage Eastern European countries during the same period. The term
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1981:
1935:
1765:
1750:
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1264:
1079:
984:
923:
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Deutsche AuĂenpolitik zwischen SelbstbeschrĂ€nkung und Selbstbehauptung 1945â2000
726:
Deutsche AuĂenpolitik zwischen SelbstbeschrĂ€nkung und Selbstbehauptung 1945â2000
603:
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676:"Willy Brandt explains Egon Bahr's formula "Wandel durch AnnÀherung" of 1963"
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317:
95:
858:
Ostpolitik.net, international history project at the University of Mannheim
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had enough support to become the new Chancellor, but in the parliamentary
3105:
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2718:
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893:
840:
835:
McAdams, A. James. "The New Diplomacy of the West German Ostpolitik." in
48:
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364:
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1795:
418:
40:
241:". France feared that West Germany would become more powerful after
678:. Zeugen des Jahrhunderts. Den norsk-tyske Willy Brandt-stiftelsen.
385:
West Germany, which was generally seen as a sign that Kohl pursued
149:
was also coined to describe similar rapprochement policies between
3604:
3066:
2849:
2225:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
928:
450:
16:
Normalization of relations between West Germany and Eastern Europe
728:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: Stuttgart / MĂŒnchen 2001, p. 173â174.
3144:
3026:
918:
226:
866:
483:. Trying to improve the condition of Christians in general and
3599:
3579:
3574:
853:"Change through Rapprochement", excerpt from Egon Bahrs speech
3560:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
857:
741:. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt: Stuttgart / MĂŒnchen 2001, p. 181.
445:
broke out of a degree of diplomatic isolation by signing the
118:
for his efforts to place this policy at the acme of the FRG.
82:) for short, was the normalization of relations between the
862:
281:. Treaties with other Eastern European countries followed.
805:
Reluctant Realists: The CDU/CSU and West German Ostpolitik
479:(in office: 1963-1978) towards the Soviet Union and its
94:(GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969. Influenced by
839:(Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 537â563.
602:
Later agreements in the period of Christian Democrat
427:'s complex foreign-policy balances included the 1887
812:
Ostpolitik, 1969â1974, European and Global Responses
3613:
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3092:
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2641:
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2520:
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1877:
1500:
1252:
962:
257:The easing of tensions with the East envisioned by
3545:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
539:, which is the main North Korea policies of the
381:became the first ever East German head of state
377:to the GDR in 1983. In 1987, East German leader
338:constructive vote of no confidence in April 1972
124:was an effort to break with the policies of the
1982:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
1389:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
106:, the policies were implemented beginning with
878:
8:
3621:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
1172:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
3730:History of the foreign relations of Germany
2482:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
706:. Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung d.ö.R
3585:United States involvement in regime change
3089:
2736:
1140:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
885:
871:
863:
692:. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. December 2021.
511:improved somewhat during his pontificate.
475:is also the name given to the policies of
273:, in the process formally recognizing the
114:from 1969 to 1974, and winner of the 1971
551:These are West German treaties that have
284:The most controversial agreement was the
291:
27:
1711:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
666:
555:as a primary or secondary policy goal:
173:was split into two states in 1949: the
3555:Russian espionage in the United States
1827:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
814:, (Cambridge University Press, 2009),
221:Nonetheless, he stressed that his new
59:(German for "new eastern policy"), or
3550:Soviet espionage in the United States
1706:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
1485:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
1150:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
69:
7:
3626:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
1977:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
3725:East GermanyâWest Germany relations
3590:Soviet involvement in regime change
772:. Foreign Policy Research Institute
3631:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
1105:1947 Polish parliamentary election
990:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
342:general elections in November 1972
14:
3735:Foreign relations of East Germany
2392:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
2327:United States invasion of Grenada
1597:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
1538:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
690:"Weltinnenpolitik der Wirtschaft"
674:SchÀttle, Horst (December 1988).
499:. The situation of the Church in
481:Eastern European satellite states
3765:Political terminology in Germany
2467:United States invasion of Panama
2317:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
1957:1971 Turkish military memorandum
1920:Communist insurgency in Thailand
1890:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
1822:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
1649:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
1577:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
1095:Restatement of Policy on Germany
655:Territorial evolution of Germany
624:
3710:1969 in international relations
3705:1963 in international relations
3187:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2568:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2497:Fall of the inner German border
2397:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
2047:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
2037:Spanish transition to democracy
1997:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
1624:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
1130:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
1011:Occupation of the Baltic states
177:(FRG, or West Germany) and the
98:, who proposed "change through
3745:GermanyâSoviet Union relations
1967:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
1602:Mozambican War of Independence
1041:Indonesian National Revolution
578:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
404:Policies similar to Ostpolitik
300:with East German party leader
1:
3565:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
2580:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
2533:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
2255:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
2220:Seven Days to the River Rhine
1952:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
1239:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
1167:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
810:Fink, Carol, Bernd Schaefer:
104:Evangelische Akademie Tutzing
3740:Political history of Germany
2558:Fall of communism in Albania
2528:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
2477:Polish Round Table Agreement
1817:1968 Polish political crisis
1634:Eritrean War of Independence
1400:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
1295:East German uprising of 1953
1227:Chinese Communist Revolution
704:"50 years Nobel Peace Prize"
201:Even before his election as
86:(FRG, or West Germany) and
3715:Cold War history of Germany
2432:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
2160:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
1905:Corrective Movement (Syria)
1869:New People's Army rebellion
1864:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1592:Angolan War of Independence
1455:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
1335:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
980:Jamaican political conflict
275:People's Republic of Poland
261:necessarily began with the
175:Federal Republic of Germany
84:Federal Republic of Germany
3786:
2628:Sino-Indian border dispute
2457:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2387:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
2145:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
2057:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2007:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
1691:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
1659:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
1348:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
1115:Asian Relations Conference
435:'s eastern neighbour, the
396:
247:Common Agricultural Policy
186:Christian Democratic Union
179:German Democratic Republic
139:has since been applied to
126:Christian Democratic Union
102:" in a 1963 speech at the
92:German Democratic Republic
18:
3664:
3512:William Appleman Williams
3457:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
1972:Bangladesh Liberation War
1962:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
1849:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
1837:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
1275:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
900:
541:Democratic Party of Korea
528:was named in allusion to
363:had been vindicated that
3750:German words and phrases
3720:Foreign policy doctrines
2287:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
2122:CambodianâVietnamese War
2092:1978 Somali coup attempt
2052:Second IraqiâKurdish War
2017:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
1842:Revolutionary Government
1736:South African Border War
1528:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
1445:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
1300:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
1280:1952 Egyptian revolution
837:The Diplomats, 1939-1979
495:in 1966 and 1967 in the
316:opposition party in the
157:beginning in the 1980s.
2492:Fall of the Berlin Wall
2437:People Power Revolution
2422:Central American crisis
2362:1986 Black Sea incident
2012:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
1910:Western Sahara conflict
1721:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
1644:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
1587:Portuguese Colonial War
1550:First IraqiâKurdish War
1315:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
1192:Annexation of Hyderabad
1135:1947â1949 Palestine war
491:and USSR head of state
458:MolotovâRibbentrop Pact
171:Allied-occupied Germany
71:[ËÉstpoliËtiËk]
2786:Neoclassical economics
2297:Gulf of Sidra incident
1854:1969 Libyan revolution
1545:IraqiâKurdish conflict
1330:1954 Geneva Conference
1090:Turkish straits crisis
1085:Corfu Channel incident
645:Inner German relations
464:and the Soviet Union.
309:
51:
3636:RussiaâNATO relations
3517:Jonathan Reed Winkler
2801:Democratic capitalism
2796:Supply-side economics
2764:American conservatism
2563:Breakup of Yugoslavia
2452:Bougainville conflict
2367:South Yemen civil war
2302:Martial law in Poland
2165:Nicaraguan Revolution
2140:Dirty War (Argentina)
1947:1971 JVP insurrection
1761:Years of Lead (Italy)
1639:North Yemen civil war
1557:Berlin Crisis of 1961
1533:AlbanianâSoviet split
1465:1959 Tibetan uprising
1430:Syrian Crisis of 1957
1285:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
1145:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
598:from 11 December 1973
592:from 21 December 1972
586:from 17 December 1971
580:from 3 September 1971
562:from 17 December 1963
535:A similar concept is
328:on essential issues.
295:
165:Following the end of
116:Nobel Prize for Peace
112:Chancellor of the FRG
31:
3760:History of diplomacy
3700:German reunification
3057:Non-Aligned Movement
2679:Peaceful coexistence
2633:North Borneo dispute
2548:German reunification
2543:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
2241:Salvadoran Civil War
2190:Grand Mosque seizure
2185:Yemenite War of 1979
2077:Mozambican Civil War
2032:Carnation Revolution
1987:Yemenite War of 1972
1925:1970 Polish protests
1756:1967 Hong Kong riots
1731:Argentine Revolution
1681:Guatemalan Civil War
1609:Cuban Missile Crisis
1523:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1395:1956 PoznaĆ protests
1373:Geneva Summit (1955)
975:Hukbalahap Rebellion
954:Non-Aligned Movement
608:German reunification
574:from 7 December 1970
205:, Willy Brandt, the
3502:Alex von Tunzelmann
3492:Vladimir TismÄneanu
3417:Thomas J. McCormick
3412:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
3312:Robert Hugh Ferrell
3175:Crusade for Freedom
2972:Illiberal democracy
2856:Ho Chi Minh Thought
2659:Eisenhower Doctrine
2512:Peaceful Revolution
2507:Romanian Revolution
2487:Revolutions of 1989
2472:1988 Polish strikes
2382:Operation INFEKTION
2377:1987 Lieyu massacre
2282:Eritrean Civil Wars
2265:Peruvian Revolution
2215:1979 Herat uprising
2205:Sino-Vietnamese War
2170:UgandaâTanzania War
2150:EgyptianâLibyan War
2117:Third Indochina War
2112:Sino-Albanian split
2102:Ethiopian Civil War
2002:Eritrean Civil Wars
1942:Ping-pong diplomacy
1915:Cambodian Civil War
1741:Korean DMZ Conflict
1726:Cultural Revolution
1696:Dominican Civil War
1674:Tlatelolco massacre
1460:1959 Mosul uprising
1450:1958 Lebanon crisis
1177:Al-Wathbah uprising
1100:First Indochina War
1070:Iran crisis of 1946
606:(from 1982 through
568:from 12 August 1970
522:'s 1980s policy of
399:Wandel durch Handel
296:Brandt's successor
90:, particularly the
3656:Russian Revolution
3452:Mary Elise Sarotte
3437:William B. Pickett
3362:Patrick J. Hearden
3342:Gabriel Gorodetsky
3337:Timothy Garton Ash
3322:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
2917:Ethnic nationalism
2669:Hallstein Doctrine
2553:Yemeni unification
2342:1985 Geneva Summit
2307:Casamance conflict
2210:New Jewel Movement
2195:Iranian Revolution
2180:ChadianâLibyan War
2127:Cambodian conflict
2107:Lebanese Civil War
2097:Western Sahara War
2072:June 1976 protests
2067:Cambodian genocide
1832:17 July Revolution
1786:Nigerian Civil War
1701:Rhodesian Bush War
1686:Colombian conflict
1629:Ramadan Revolution
1368:Bandung Conference
1244:Operation Valuable
1125:Partition of India
832:(Routledge, 2007).
737:Helga Haftendorn:
724:Helga Haftendorn:
429:Reinsurance Treaty
371:Franz Josef StrauĂ
368:Minister-President
310:
190:Hallstein Doctrine
52:
3687:
3686:
3674:List of conflicts
3522:Rudolph Winnacker
3467:Giles Scott-Smith
3442:Ronald E. Powaski
3397:Melvyn P. Leffler
3327:John Lewis Gaddis
3302:Robert D. English
3267:Warren H. Carroll
3257:Michael Beschloss
3226:Nuclear arms race
3207:
3206:
3113:Neues Deutschland
3015:
3014:
2997:White nationalism
2967:Liberal democracy
2704:Ulbricht Doctrine
2694:Brezhnev Doctrine
2502:Velvet Revolution
2246:SovietâAfghan War
2062:Angolan Civil War
1859:Goulash Communism
1716:ASEAN Declaration
1669:Mexican Dirty War
1567:Annexation of Goa
1518:1960 U-2 incident
1492:Sino-Soviet split
1470:Laotian Civil War
1310:Bricker Amendment
1290:Mau Mau rebellion
1234:Malayan Emergency
1222:Chinese Civil War
1182:TitoâStalin split
1036:Division of Korea
820:978-0-521-89970-3
584:Transit Agreement
468:Vatican diplomacy
447:Treaty of Rapallo
409:Pre-WW2 diplomacy
312:The conservative
207:Social Democratic
3777:
3432:David S. Painter
3357:John Earl Haynes
3287:Nicholas J. Cull
3272:Adrian Cioroianu
3252:Thomas A. Bailey
3199:Voice of America
3090:
3002:White separatism
2982:Social democracy
2977:Guided democracy
2957:Authoritarianism
2907:Ultranationalism
2897:Anti-imperialism
2824:MarxismâLeninism
2737:
2724:Kinmen Agreement
2689:Johnson Doctrine
2674:Kennedy Doctrine
2590:Frozen conflicts
2573:1991 August Coup
2462:Afghan Civil War
2357:ReykjavĂk Summit
2352:Somali Rebellion
2292:Ugandan Bush War
2270:GdaĆsk Agreement
1791:Protests of 1968
1771:War of Attrition
1480:Cuban Revolution
1416:We will bury you
1383:Cyprus Emergency
1363:Kashmir Princess
1353:Jebel Akhdar War
1202:Western betrayal
887:
880:
873:
864:
791:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
766:
760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
735:
729:
722:
716:
715:
713:
711:
700:
694:
693:
686:
680:
679:
671:
634:
629:
628:
627:
596:Treaty of Prague
572:Treaty of Warsaw
566:Treaty of Moscow
560:Permit Agreement
547:List of treaties
493:Nikolai Podgorny
279:OderâNeisse line
271:Treaty of Warsaw
267:Treaty of Moscow
81:
80:
79:
73:
68:
21:Eastern Question
3785:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3660:
3651:Second Cold War
3609:
3537:
3531:
3507:Odd Arne Westad
3497:Patrick Vaughan
3482:Athan Theoharis
3462:Ellen Schrecker
3447:Yakov M. Rabkin
3422:Timothy Naftali
3367:Tvrtko Jakovina
3352:Jussi HanhimÀki
3235:
3213:
3203:
3181:Paix et Liberté
3156:
3100:Active measures
3081:
3011:
2992:White supremacy
2952:Totalitarianism
2880:
2805:
2728:
2714:Reagan Doctrine
2709:Carter Doctrine
2649:Truman Doctrine
2637:
2584:
2516:
2411:Soviet reaction
2322:Ndogboyosoi War
2229:
2200:Saur Revolution
2027:1973 oil crisis
1992:Munich massacre
1900:Alcora Exercise
1895:Black September
1873:
1619:Sino-Indian War
1513:Simba rebellion
1496:
1340:Capture of the
1248:
1187:Berlin Blockade
1120:May 1947 crises
1110:Truman Doctrine
1075:Greek Civil War
1064:Blacklist Forty
1031:Gouzenko Affair
1018:Cursed soldiers
970:Morgenthau Plan
958:
896:
891:
849:
828:Hofmann, Arne.
803:Clemens, Clay.
800:
795:
794:
789:
785:
775:
773:
768:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
736:
732:
723:
719:
709:
707:
702:
701:
697:
688:
687:
683:
673:
672:
668:
663:
650:Sunshine policy
630:
625:
623:
620:
549:
537:Sunshine Policy
517:
470:
413:German states (
411:
406:
401:
395:
255:
231:Henry Kissinger
163:
130:Konrad Adenauer
76:
75:
74:
66:
56:Neue Ostpolitik
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Timothy Snyder
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:Vojtech Mastny
3404:
3402:Geir Lundestad
3399:
3394:
3392:Walter Laqueur
3389:
3387:Walter LaFeber
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:André Fontaine
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Gar Alperovitz
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Third-Worldism
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2776:Libertarianism
2773:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2754:Chicago school
2751:
2745:
2743:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Nixon Doctrine
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2642:Foreign policy
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
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2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:Operation RYAN
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:Able Archer 83
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2082:Oromo conflict
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2022:Yom Kippur War
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1922:
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1897:
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1698:
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1688:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:Aden Emergency
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Papua conflict
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1475:Kitchen Debate
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:Sputnik crisis
1432:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:Polish October
1402:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Pact of Madrid
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1260:Bamboo Curtain
1256:
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1241:
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1219:
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847:External links
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632:Germany portal
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489:Andrei Gromyko
469:
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443:Weimar Germany
437:Russian Empire
410:
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397:Main article:
394:
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379:Erich Honecker
350:United Nations
326:Valentin Falin
302:Erich Honecker
298:Helmut Schmidt
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88:Eastern Europe
15:
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3641:War on terror
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3536:Espionage and
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3382:Gabriel Kolko
3380:
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3347:Fred Halliday
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3332:Lloyd Gardner
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3292:Norman Davies
3290:
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3277:John Costello
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3212:Technological
3210:
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3103:
3101:
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3095:
3093:Pro-communist
3091:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
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3058:
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3020:Organizations
3018:
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2834:Eurocommunism
2832:
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2665:
2664:Domino theory
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:South Ossetia
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2587:
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2574:
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2559:
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2513:
2510:
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2503:
2500:
2498:
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2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:8888 Uprising
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:IranâIraq War
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:Falklands War
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
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2271:
2268:
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2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
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2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:NDF Rebellion
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:German Autumn
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Metapolitefsi
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
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1862:
1860:
1857:
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1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1803:Prague Spring
1801:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Al-Wadiah War
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1746:12-3 incident
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
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1707:
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1699:
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1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
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1590:
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1583:
1580:
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1573:
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1505:
1503:
1499:
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1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
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1458:
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1433:
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1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Domino theory
1323:
1321:
1320:Petrov Affair
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
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1273:
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1268:
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1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Madiun Affair
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Marshall Plan
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
992:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:
910:
908:
907:
906:United States
903:
902:
899:
895:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
868:
865:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:
802:
801:
797:
787:
784:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
740:
734:
731:
727:
721:
718:
705:
699:
696:
691:
685:
682:
677:
670:
667:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
633:
622:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
556:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
526:
521:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
451:Soviet Russia
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
433:German Empire
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
408:
403:
400:
393:Efflorescence
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
345:
343:
339:
335:
334:Rainer Barzel
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
303:
299:
294:
290:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
196:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:rapprochement
97:
93:
89:
85:
78:
72:
64:
63:
58:
57:
50:
46:
45:de-escalation
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3770:Pope Paul VI
3755:Willy Brandt
3646:Brinkmanship
3538:intelligence
3427:Marius Oprea
3377:Harvey Klehr
3307:Herbert Feis
3297:Willem Drees
3262:Archie Brown
3179:
3167:
3149:
3139:Trybuna Ludu
3137:
3130:
3126:Radio Moscow
3118:
3111:
3104:
2932:Anti-Zionism
2848:
2771:Keynesianism
2759:Conservatism
2683:
2623:Transnistria
2603:China-Taiwan
2260:Gera Demands
2133:
1934:
1809:
1614:El Porteñazo
1508:Congo Crisis
1423:
1358:Algerian War
1341:
1217:Western Bloc
1212:Eastern Bloc
1207:Iron Curtain
1063:
1055:
1047:
1024:
1004:
996:
913:Soviet Union
911:
904:
836:
829:
811:
804:
798:Bibliography
790:Franzen 427.
786:
774:. Retrieved
764:
755:
746:
738:
733:
725:
720:
710:February 19,
708:. Retrieved
698:
684:
669:
611:
601:
590:Basic Treaty
552:
550:
534:
529:
523:
518:
477:Pope Paul VI
472:
471:
462:Nazi Germany
455:
441:
423:
412:
386:
360:
354:
346:
330:
321:
311:
286:Basic Treaty
283:
263:Soviet Union
258:
256:
234:
222:
220:
214:
200:
183:
167:World War II
164:
144:
141:Pope Paul VI
136:
134:
121:
120:
108:Willy Brandt
61:
60:
55:
54:
53:
33:Willy Brandt
25:
3472:Shen Zhihua
3282:Michael Cox
3214:competition
3161:Pro-Western
3151:Soviet Life
3077:Safari Club
3047:Warsaw Pact
2902:Nationalism
2892:Imperialism
2791:Reaganomics
2654:Containment
2447:Perestroika
1936:Realpolitik
1766:Six-Day War
1751:Greek junta
1562:Berlin Wall
1410:Suez Crisis
1378:Vietnam War
1265:McCarthyism
1080:Baruch Plan
1025:Unthinkable
985:Dekemvriana
924:Warsaw Pact
776:January 31,
604:Helmut Kohl
525:Nordpolitik
520:South Korea
515:South Korea
357:Helmut Kohl
322:Bahr-Papier
253:Realisation
218:long term.
211:West Berlin
155:South Korea
146:Nordpolitik
37:Willi Stoph
35:(left) and
3694:Categories
3240:Historians
3231:Space Race
3132:Rudé pråvo
3086:Propaganda
2942:Neo-Nazism
2912:Chauvinism
2866:Trotskyism
2781:Monetarism
2749:Liberalism
2741:Capitalism
2733:Ideologies
2684:Ostpolitik
2407:Solidarity
2372:Toyota War
2275:Solidarity
2132:Operation
2087:Ogaden War
1776:Dhofar War
1664:Shifta War
1422:Operation
1270:Korean War
1062:Operation
1054:Operation
1046:Operation
1023:Operation
1003:Operation
995:Operation
661:References
612:Ostpolitik
553:Ostpolitik
530:Ostpolitik
473:Ostpolitik
387:Ostpolitik
361:Ostpolitik
259:Ostpolitik
235:Ostpolitik
223:Ostpolitik
215:Ostpolitik
203:Chancellor
195:Yugoslavia
137:Ostpolitik
122:Ostpolitik
62:Ostpolitik
3527:Ken Young
3372:Tony Judt
3221:Arms race
3194:Red Scare
3062:NN States
3007:Apartheid
2962:Autocracy
2871:Stalinism
2839:Guevarism
2829:Castroism
2819:Communism
2811:Socialism
2337:Star Wars
1930:Koza riot
1056:Beleaguer
1048:Masterdom
485:Catholics
453:in 1922.
431:with the
318:Bundestag
237:, a new "
209:mayor of
169:in 1945,
161:Intention
135:The term
110:, fourth
96:Egon Bahr
3679:Timeline
3669:Category
3614:See also
3106:Izvestia
2947:Islamism
2844:Hoxhaism
2719:Rollback
2598:Abkhazia
2538:Gulf War
2442:Glasnost
1812:incident
1582:Sand War
1440:Ifni War
949:Rio Pact
894:Cold War
618:See also
425:Bismarck
383:to visit
365:Bavarian
306:Döllnsee
49:Cold War
3169:Amerika
3052:Comecon
2937:Fascism
2927:Zionism
2876:Titoism
2417:Contras
1885:DĂ©tente
1162:Comecon
824:excerpt
640:DĂ©tente
509:Romania
505:Hungary
497:Vatican
415:Prussia
243:détente
239:Rapallo
67:German:
47:of the
3120:Pravda
2922:Racism
2861:Maoism
2613:Kosovo
2134:Condor
1810:Pueblo
1796:May 68
1424:Gladio
1342:Tuapse
1005:Jungle
997:Priboi
841:online
818:
807:(1989)
501:Poland
419:Saxony
41:Erfurt
3605:Stasi
3072:SAARC
3067:ASEAN
3032:SEATO
2885:Other
2850:Juche
2608:Korea
2521:1990s
2234:1980s
1878:1970s
1501:1960s
1253:1950s
963:1940s
944:NEATO
939:SEATO
929:ANZUS
449:with
375:marks
198:GDR.
151:North
3145:TASS
3037:METO
3027:NATO
2253:and
2251:1980
1808:USS
934:METO
919:NATO
816:ISBN
778:2017
712:2023
507:and
456:The
417:and
308:1981
227:NATO
184:The
153:and
3600:KGB
3595:MVD
3580:MI6
3575:MI5
3570:CIA
3042:EEC
314:CDU
39:in
3696::
822:.
614:.
543:.
532:.
503:,
439:.
389:.
304:,
249:.
2413:)
2409:(
1418:"
1414:"
1391:"
1387:"
886:e
879:t
872:v
780:.
714:.
65:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
