87:'s presidential campaign radicalised her. Although she supported Madero's original political ideas, her participation in the electoral movement did not coincide with what Madero himself and other revolutionary politicians of the time thought about the role of women in the political process, as they believed that women's role should be limited to accompanying men in the fulfilment of their duties and not to active participation in political power. Their active participation challenged traditional gender roles.
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among others, that educating women to be free, valuable and proactive would make men see them as equals: "She will be the teacher and the enterprising one who educates herself for herself and for society, and no longer for a man who acts as her master". She represented a new archetype of the
Mexican
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She blamed the
Catholic Church for the educational backwardness of women. While she did not question the role of women as mothers and wives, she believed that this role should be expanded through access to education and secularisation, and argued for the inclusion of an ideal of women as modern,
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After the fall of the Huerta government, she began working closely with the then interim governor Manuel M. Diéguez, as both held the
Catholic Church responsible for the precarious living situation of the people in Jalisco. Diéguez valued her as an excellent teacher and speaker and appointed her
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school inspector. Apodaca was openly anti-clerical and campaigned for a series of educational, labour and social reforms. From 1914, she became increasingly involved as a lecturer and spokesperson for revolutionary and constitutional ideals throughout the country, together with
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During these first years of teaching, Apodaca was able to observe the poverty and exploitation in the countryside and in the city and experienced the poor working conditions for teaching staff first-hand. This and her acquaintance with liberal-democratic teachers such as
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woman: intelligent, politically active and anti-clerical, which is why she was often vilified by conservatives as "unfeminine". Even within the liberal movement, she broke with the stereotype of the passive
Catholic woman who opposes social progress
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secular women and active participants in public life: "The free and educated woman, who is the exception today, will be the rule in the future, and women will then put their qualities at the service of human progress."
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39:. She is considered a feminist pioneer in Mexico because she campaigned for the active role of women in society, in politics and for broad popular education as a means of emancipation and social change.
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On 20 November 2013, her name was added to the list of the most famous
Mexican veterans. On 20 November 2013, her name was unveiled as one of four women on a 22-person list of honour in the
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98:, a politician who ran for governor of Jalisco in 1912 and tried to enlighten the working class and combat the fanaticism of the time through plays, poems and speeches. Through the
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In 1946, she was recognised by the
Ministry of Defence as a "Veteran of the Revolution". The government of Jalisco also honoured her work as a teacher by awarding her the medal
213:, where she worked again as a teacher, headmistress and school inspector. After her return to Guadalajara, Jalisco, in the mid-1940s, she was not only headmistress of the
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school, but also a pedagogical counsellor at the
Jalisco Ministry of Education. From 1962 until her retirement, she was an inspector for the school system.
129:, Apodaca carried out "anti-Huerta campaigns" by giving her own speeches or distributing and posting in public places the revolutionary speech that Senator
349:. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana e Instituto de Investigaciones Legislativas de la H. Cámara de Diputados.
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203:. The aim of this commission was to spread the ideals and principles of the revolution throughout the country through the popular magazine
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for female teachers, state high school students and allies of the revolutionary struggle, with the aim of integrating more women into the
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Apodaca was one of four children of Julia Anaya and
Praxedis Apodaca. The family belonged to the rural working class. She went to the
55:, where she graduated on 28 October 1903. Between 1903 and 1912, she worked as a teacher at various schools in Mexico, including the
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192:, in which children were taught the principles of social justice, solidarity and freedom. In the conservative environment of the
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in
Jalisco, together with her sister Laura Apodaca and a larger group of female teachers who gave weekly lectures at the
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417:
140:, she actively participated in the armed struggle, particularly in a battle of the "Division of the North" (
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From 1916 to 1917, she was president of the "Commission for
Nationalist Studies and Propaganda" founded by
279:. Historia de las Universidades y la Educación Superior en México. Cátedras y Catedráticos. pp. 1–15.
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Cátedras y catedráticos en la historia de las universidad e instituciones de educación superior en México
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medal in 1946 and 1957. In 1963, the Ministry of Defence admitted her to the Mexican Legion of Honour (
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418:"Besprechung von María Teresa Fernández Aceves: "Mujeres en el cambio social en el Siglo XX mexicano""
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Apodaca was ahead of her time. She pursued the approach, which she advocated in the popular magazine
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in the state of Jalisco until 1900. She then attended grammar school and trained as a teacher at the
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Maria Teresa Fernández Aceves (2008). de Lourdes Alvarado, María; Pérez Puente, Leticia (eds.).
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292:"Sayula: la última gran victoria de la División del Norte. Un ejercicio de historia-batalla"
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had given about Huerta's abuses on 23 September 1913, for which he was later assassinated.
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On 26 November 1917, Atala Apodaca married Samuel Ruiz Cabañas Bustamante in the church
196:, her anti-clerical stance earned her criticism and disregard for her social merits.
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politicised Apodaca. Her participation in the electoral movement at the end of
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Los Rostros de la Rebeldía. Veteranas de la Revolución Mexicana, 1910–1939
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In 1918, together with other female teachers and workers, she founded the
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Apodaca died of stomach cancer on 31 August 1977 at the age of 93.
106:, a cultural, political, progressive and anti-clerical group led by
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Diálogos sobre Educación. Temas actuales en Investigación Educativa
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Hernández y Lazo, Begoña; Rincón Huarota, Ricardo, eds. (1992).
180:, which supported this revolutionary anti-clerical stance. The
375:"Tiempo y memoria: el álbum de autógrafos de Atala Apodaca"
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and a Sunday school dependent on the workers' organisation
392:"Develan con letras doradas el nombre de Atala Apodaca"
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Estudios de historia moderna y contemporánea de México
394:. Gobernio de Guadalajara. 2013-11-20. Archived from
451:, Mexiko-Stadt: Secretaría de Cultura, INAH,INEHRM,
344:"Las Mujeres en la Revolución Mexicana (1884-1920)"
144:) in February 1915 under the command of Dieguez.
320:. Regeneración Radio. 2006-03-12. Archived from
318:"La historia de la lucha de mujeres anarquistas"
373:María Teresa Fernández Aceves (August 2012).
273:"Educación secular: el caso de Atala Apodaca"
8:
152:. In August 1914, she founded and led the
94:, a group of liberal intellectuals led by
424:, vol. 6, no. 10, Guadalajara,
380:. Estudios Jaliscienses. pp. 52–63.
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90:Between 1912 and 1913, she joined the
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61:Escuela Práctica Anexa a la Normal
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154:Círculo Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
290:Pedro Salmerón Sanginés (2013).
209:From 1920 to 1940, she lived in
118:, who introduced her to General
442:Martha Eva Rocha Islas (2016),
57:Escuela de Niñas de Guadalajara
1:
53:Escuela Normal para Señoritas
416:Laura Benítez Barba (2015),
131:Belisario Domínguez Palencia
238:of Guadalajara City Hall.
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222:Mtro. Manuel López Cotilla
102:, Apodaca got to know the
125:During the government of
92:Liga de Amigos del Pueblo
226:Legión de Honor Mexicana
190:Casa del Obrero Mundial
178:Centro Radical Femenino
215:José Clemente Orozco
116:J. Concepción Cortés
59:(1905–1913) and the
201:Venustiano Carranza
108:José Guadalupe Zuno
17:Atala Apodaca Anaya
242:Feminist positions
163:Constitutionalists
142:División del Norte
138:Mexican Revolution
23:— 31 August 1977,
487:Mexican feminists
458:978-607-484-756-7
236:Salón de Sesiones
184:ran a newspaper,
127:Victoriano Huerta
120:Manuel M. Diéguez
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158:Teatro Degollado
150:Belén de Sárraga
110:. There she met
85:Francisco Madero
27:) was a Mexican
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186:El Iconoclasta
112:Florencio Luna
104:Centro Bohemio
77:Aurelio Ortega
49:Liceo de Niñas
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63:(1913–1914).
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482:1977 deaths
477:1884 births
211:Mexico City
136:During the
25:Guadalajara
471:Categories
402:2022-10-08
328:2022-10-08
259:References
73:Abel Anaya
430:2007-2171
304:0185-2620
194:Tapatíos
166:party.
33:feminist
171:El Vate
29:teacher
21:Tapalpa
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182:Centro
449:(PDF)
378:(PDF)
347:(PDF)
248:Argos
205:Argos
453:ISBN
426:ISSN
351:ISBN
300:ISSN
228:).
114:and
100:Liga
75:and
43:Life
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