488:) sport fan aggressive behaviour may influence and potentially enhance aggressive behaviour amongst athletes. Results of a large multi-cultural analysis with 569 male participants supports the athletic identity maintenance model as a positive association between athlete identity, anger and aggression were found. However, strong influences with respects to cultural differences and the type of sport were found. Further research using
420:, but also difficulties in adjusting to life after sport. Those that retire involuntarily seem to show a higher athletic identity during retirement than those that actively choose. This might be due to a lack of an adjustment period, where one can prepare for a life without sports. Voluntariness appears to be an important indicator for the decrease in athletic identity, which translates into a smoother
258:. There are some similarities in cisgender and non-cisgender sports participants. The abusers indicated were mostly the same for both groups, with a higher rate of coaches as abusers for cisgender participants. Every trans and non-binary person's experience might differ because of the sport they chose, the accepted norms in a certain place and their general environment.
218:, but also because of experiencing discomfort and feeling unsafe in facilities such as locker rooms. The most common form of trans-negativity in those places is verbal. In a European study on transgender experience in sports, results showed that almost all individuals experienced insults and other offensive comments, mostly from other contestants and a lot less from
22:
460:. Additionally, it claims that an individual will experience distress once this balance is distorted, consequently leading them to change their behaviour in order to restore balance. When an athlete feels their identity as being threatened (for example, a positioning player taking their ball), they may express aggressive behaviour in order to restore their
194:, as choosing a side is the very thing they want to avoid by identifying as non-binary, but may also be a subject of mockery of other sport participants. Transgender and non-binary people are sometimes blamed for not adjusting to the male/female segregation because of the physical advantages of male-to-female
173:
the dominant culture is a male culture. Based on the study done in 2016 by
Ronkainen et al. and confirmed by the study done by Palermo and Rancourt in 2019, these factors conflict with the female narrative and are the cause for women to have a harder time creating an athletic identity and this is not
524:
and athletic identity during the lockdowns. In order to study this, it is firstly important to examine the level of importance of the athlete's identity. After several studies researched the link between well-being and athletic identity, it has come to the conclusion that a higher degree of athletic
246:
alignment requirement led to general decline in self-confidence of non-cisgender participants. In the same study as mentioned above, participants were asked to rate how big of a problem trans-negativity in sports is. The scale was from one to five, five being a "big" problem and one "very small".
189:
and the existing gender categories in sports. The categories include solely male or female gender, meaning non-binary individuals are automatically subjected to a difficult choice as to which category should they put themselves in. The choice does not only interfere with their
572:
who experienced positive interactions with teammates during lockdowns were likely to present higher feelings of identity because of the provoked perception of belonging to a group. As studies from
Graupensperger et al. in 2020 summarises, it has been detected that teammate
97:
and they can satisfy the need of their athletic identity by taking part in sports. Athletic identity increases with the level of involvement in sports, and strong athletic identity correlates positively with athletic achievements, as well as with higher motivation and
639:
and counsellors working preventively to prepare athletes for a life after their sports career can ease the later process of transitioning. Prevention can take the form of presenting possible identities outside the sports context as in formulating alternative
198:
women over "natural" women. Because of that, sports organizations prevent the conflict by not allowing them to participate, which in turn, makes it difficult for transgender and non-binary people to keep their athletic identity. Most
440:. Although there is still much speculation into the cause of this relationship. Empirical evidence has been suggested through the athletic identity maintenance model. This model looks at the link between athlete identity, anger and
648:
is a supportive factor in this case. There is the possibility that people affected turn even more exclusively to their athletic identity when confronted with a thread to it. Others suggest upholding the athletic identity after
211:. Female-to-male transgender athletes also face discrimination because of the belief that some sports are predominantly for males. They may not be taken as serious rivals by other participants and mocked by sports fans.
533:. The results in research from Hagiwara et al. in 2021 propose that when student-athletes are highly aware of their social role, the impact of unanticipated disruptions such as the lockdowns resulting from the
657:
instead of declaring it as the termination of an old life. This strategy can be seen in former athletes taking over coaching roles as a form of compromise, though this remains to be a controversial approach.
273:
Athletic identity starts evolving at an early age and accompanies individuals usually from childhood and their teenage years on, which could contribute to an overidentification with the chosen sport.
770:<201::aid-smi826>3.0.co;2-f "Psychological approaches to sports injury rehabilitation. Jim Taylor and Shel Taylor, Aspen, Maryland, 1997. No. of pages: 332. Price: $ 57.00. ISBN 0-8342-0973X"
293:. Besides having an intense schedule, building an athletic identity from a young age can benefit adolescents in many ways. Children that grow up in an ‘athletic environment’ are less vulnerable to
109:
that can provide a model for athletic identity are structural identity theory and cognitive identity theory. Structural identity theory examines the influences of external components such as
452:. The main theoretical knowledge that led to the foundation of this model was provided in 1991 through Burks identity process model. According to Burks model, identity processing acts as a “
174:
likely to change in a short time. The cause of the sustain of this dominating male culture in sports is not limited to male athletes themselves but also includes coaches and women athletes.
250:
Social support for participating is also lower compared to cisgender sport participants. This affects transgender people psychologically by a lesser perception of their physical
887:
The effect of athletic identity, occupational decision-making self-efficacy on academic motivation among revenue- and nonrevenue-status sport NCAA Division II student-athletes
261:
The challenge presented when forming an athletic identity and the disruption experienced when gender narrative collides with the dominating culture of a sport can lead to
589:
Depending on the time passed since the incident causing the athletic identity loss, severity of impairment and the age of persons affected, different approaches of
2121:
Mannes, Zachary L.; Waxenberg, Lori B.; Cottler, Linda B.; Perlstein, William M.; Burrell II, Larry E.; Ferguson, Erin G.; Edwards, Mary E.; Ennis, Nicole (2019-01-01).
577:
and identity conservation are positively associated and that, correspondently, the conservation of identity leads to greater well-being and lower symptoms of
226:. There are also cases of physical abuse caused by trans-negativity. This is one of the reasons why there are still lower participation rates in general
125:) on the individual. Cognitive identity theory explores the impact of internal components on the individual such as evaluation and interpretation of the
1806:"An identity mis-match? The impact of self-reported competition level on the association between athletic identity and disordered eating behaviors"
2769:"Relationships among Student-Athletes' Identity, Mental Health, and Social Support in Japanese Student-Athletes during the COVID-19 Pandemic"
1640:
1176:
670:– choosing one sport at a young age causes physical and mental harm, including a risk of career-ending injuries and loss of athletic identity
2408:"The causes of career termination from sport and their relationship to post-retirement adjustment among elite-amateur athletes in Australia"
3112:"Negotiating a coach identity: a theoretical critique of elite athletes' transitions into post-athletic high-performance coaching roles"
785:
2678:
1710:"'People have a knack of making you feel excluded if they catch on to your difference': Transgender experiences of exclusion in sport"
2712:"Social (Un)distancing: Teammate Interactions, Athletic Identity, and Mental Health of Student-Athletes During the COVID-19 Pandemic"
330:
and non-normative. While the former is anticipated and determined for instance by the athlete's age, graduation and deterioration of
85:
that is constructed from information processed by the individual and influences both input and output of information related to the
608:, discussion of feelings of loss and grief as well as role transitions. It accentuates the present instead of the past life of the
428:, which allows them to transition easier into retirement or even a new career. Those also show better performance at their sport.
326:
can be named as one of the major causes for the loss of the athletic identity. The retirement transition is distinguishable into
3162:
2826:
Cruwys, Tegan; Dingle, Genevieve A.; Haslam, Catherine; Haslam, S. Alexander; Jetten, Jolanda; Morton, Thomas A. (2013-12-01).
3024:"The Presentation of Possible Selves in Everyday Life: The Management of Identity Among Transitioning Professional Athletes"
548:
measures imposed during the COVID-19 pandemic could have impeded and lessen the contact with teammates, which might lead to
357:
at a young age. Their occupation is often tied to high schools and colleges, which then implies that the termination of the
214:
Emotional aspect of participation in sports for transgender and non-binary people is negative not only because of constant
2828:"Social group memberships protect against future depression, alleviate depression symptoms and prevent depression relapse"
305:. An athletic identity helps building a positive and healthy connection to sports in general, hence encouraging a healthy
408:
do not always have control over when and why they retire. Strong
Athletic identity during retirement has shown to induce
2925:"The role of athletic identity in the development of athlete burnout: The moderating role of psychological flexibility"
2875:"How teammate behaviors relate to athlete affect, cognition, and behaviors: A daily diary approach within youth sport"
1661:
Kulick, Alex; Wernick, Laura J.; Espinoza, Mario
Alberto V.; Newman, Tarkington J.; Dessel, Adrienne B. (2019-11-22).
667:
597:
389:
306:
2226:"An Interpersonal Psychotherapy Approach to Counseling Student Athletes: Clinical Implications of Athletic Identity"
601:
290:
2767:
Hagiwara, Goichi; Tsunokawa, Takaaki; Iwatsuki, Takehiro; Shimozono, Hironobu; Kawazura, Tsuyoshi (January 2021).
556:. In 2020, research from Graupensperger et al. evidences that athletes who were able to preserve connections with
3167:
645:
461:
457:
397:
274:
126:
2369:"Reactions to sport career termination: a cross-national comparison of German, Lithuanian, and Russian athletes"
1548:"Peer victimization, social support and leisure-time physical activity in transgender and cisgender individuals"
137:
process that contribute to the formation, maintenance, and abandonment of identities such as athletic identity.
2563:
Visek, Amanda J.; Watson, Jack C.; Hurst, Jennifer R.; Maxwell, Jonathan P.; Harris, Brandonn S. (2010-01-01).
1766:
289:. Young athletes are often hindered from making social experiences by sacrificing most of their free time for
3023:
1503:
2565:"Athletic identity and aggressiveness: A cross‐cultural analysis of the athletic identity maintenance model"
489:
294:
262:
106:
2322:"Changes in Athletic Identity and Life Satisfaction of Elite Athletes as a Function of Retirement Status"
181:, the creation of an athletic identity could potentially be disrupted by the competing identity of being
1389:"Gender Identities in Organized Sports—Athletes' Experiences and Organizational Strategies of Inclusion"
692:"NCAA Division II College Football Players' Perceptions of an Athlete Who Consults a Sport Psychologist"
118:
2225:
2123:"Prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among retired elite athletes: A systematic review"
2924:
2874:
2827:
2456:
2368:
1945:"'You've not made the grade, son': de‐selection and identity disruption in elite level youth football"
1861:"The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team"
508:
that a majority of individuals had to follow. Especially vulnerable were certain groups, among which
2711:
612:. The relational focus of IPT is especially helpful for athletes playing in a team, as leaving the
574:
1663:"Three strikes and you're out: culture, facilities, and participation among LGBTQ youth in sports"
632:
caused by the temporal or terminal end of the athletic career seems to be beneficial in any case.
322:
The causes for losing the athletic identity vary but mostly they are related to a few indicators.
32:
3139:
3004:
2952:
2902:
2684:
2639:
2592:
2349:
1972:
1841:
1747:
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1484:
1320:
1273:
1226:
1137:
1129:
1018:
629:
605:
200:
1860:
1049:
690:
Van Raalte, Judy L.; Brewer, Britton W.; Brewer, Devon D.; Linder, Darwyn E. (September 1992).
492:
imaging also suggest biological evidence for impaired behavioural inhibition amongst athletes.
484:
that may occur when their team performs poorly. Further research may suggest that (through the
3131:
3092:
3043:
2996:
2944:
2894:
2855:
2847:
2808:
2790:
2749:
2731:
2674:
2659:"Audience effects in sport: The reciprocal flow of influence between athletes and spectators."
2631:
2584:
2538:
2520:
2476:
2437:
2388:
2341:
2297:
2279:
2201:
2180:"Injured Athletes' Perceived Loss of Identity: Educational Implications for Athletic Trainers"
2160:
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2029:
2011:
1964:
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1907:
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1825:
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1523:
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1428:
1410:
1364:
1312:
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1218:
1172:
1121:
1079:
999:
980:"Sport Identity Salience, Commitment, and the Involvement of Self in Role: Measurement Issues"
960:
867:
828:
789:
750:
711:
625:
578:
545:
534:
526:
501:
413:
227:
162:
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3123:
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2019:
2003:
1956:
1915:
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1721:
1674:
1628:
1602:
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1400:
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1210:
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1113:
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991:
952:
919:
890:
859:
820:
781:
742:
703:
617:
553:
409:
302:
1709:
102:. Changes, such as a decline, in athletic identity facilitate adjustment to everyday life.
2457:"The effect of athletic and non-athletic factors on the sports career termination process"
569:
485:
436:
Many studies have indicated a positive relationship between athletes and higher levels of
243:
235:
208:
191:
99:
2107:
769:
2710:
Graupensperger, Scott; Benson, Alex J.; Kilmer, Jason R.; Evans, M. Blair (2020-11-01).
2095:
51:
3062:
2803:
2768:
2744:
2533:
2498:
2292:
2155:
2024:
1920:
1885:
1423:
1388:
1345:"Narrative and discursive perspectives on athletic identity: Past, present, and future"
809:"An Analysis of Olympic Sport Psychology Consultants' Best-Ever Consulting Experiences"
561:
541:
456:” to ensure that an individual's output behaviour is in line with their self perceived
453:
239:
215:
204:
2472:
2384:
2064:
1344:
3156:
3143:
3008:
2956:
2940:
2890:
2727:
2688:
2596:
2241:
1976:
1845:
1694:
1579:
1488:
1360:
1034:
956:
530:
521:
473:
424:. Athletes that pursue other activities next to their career might have more diverse
219:
134:
114:
74:
3061:
Benson, Alex J.; Evans, M. Blair; Surya, Mark; Martin, Luc J.; Eys, Mark A. (2015).
2906:
2843:
2353:
1751:
944:
2663:
APA handbook of sport and exercise psychology, volume 1: Sport psychology (Vol. 1).
2048:
1141:
636:
342:
disrupting the athletic performance could be considered as such. Subsequently, the
282:
158:
82:
3127:
2992:
2580:
2138:
1805:
1678:
1563:
1452:
265:. This challenge also results in the upkeep of the dominant culture in the sport.
2337:
1821:
1472:
1156:
3111:
2976:
2564:
2122:
1884:
Edison, Bianca R.; Christino, Melissa A.; Rizzone, Katherine H. (January 2021).
1662:
1547:
1168:
621:
481:
472:
maintenance model looks at the role of sports fans aggressive behaviour towards
469:
425:
370:
331:
327:
286:
278:
195:
182:
2321:
1944:
1157:"Commitment, Identity Salience, and Role Behavior: Theory and Research Example"
730:
544:
was conducted, in order to study the association to mental health in athletes.
2423:
1960:
1620:
1065:
848:"The Physical Self-Perception Profile: Development and Preliminary Validation"
746:
650:
565:
549:
513:
477:
445:
441:
437:
421:
401:
381:
361:
is frequently determined by the graduation from high schools or colleges. The
335:
323:
186:
3135:
3096:
3047:
3000:
2948:
2923:
Chang, Wen Hsin; Wu, Chia-Huei; Kuo, Che-Chun; Chen, Lung Hung (2018-11-01).
2898:
2851:
2794:
2735:
2635:
2588:
2524:
2515:
2480:
2441:
2392:
2345:
2283:
2275:
2205:
2196:
2179:
2146:
2072:
2015:
1968:
1911:
1829:
1790:
1743:
1725:
1686:
1632:
1571:
1527:
1480:
1414:
1405:
1368:
1316:
1269:
1222:
1125:
1083:
1003:
964:
895:
871:
832:
793:
754:
715:
77:
and can be defined as the level, to which one identifies with the role of an
2407:
1886:"Athletic Identity in Youth Athletes: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
444:
and suggests athlete identity to be playing a key role in the expression of
255:
231:
41:
2859:
2812:
2785:
2753:
2542:
2301:
2164:
2033:
1929:
1902:
1837:
1432:
847:
691:
21:
3039:
2080:
1991:
1782:
863:
786:
10.1002/(sici)1099-1700(199907)15:3<201::aid-smi826>3.0.co;2-f
707:
373:, the loss of the athletic identity can be caused by deselection as well.
2977:"Reconstructing Athletic Identity: College Athletes and Sport Retirement"
2259:
2007:
1595:"Perinatal Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People"
1519:
979:
808:
557:
517:
505:
281:
and having a strong athletic identity can have a huge influence on one's
223:
2670:
2320:
Martin, Lisa Anne; Fogarty, Gerard J.; Albion, Majella J. (2014-01-01).
995:
911:
824:
3078:
2643:
2611:
1455:
Transfeminist
Perspectives In and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies
1324:
1277:
1230:
1133:
923:
609:
590:
509:
465:
449:
417:
405:
362:
350:
298:
166:
110:
78:
3087:
2658:
2049:"Health risk behaviors of adolescent participants in organized sports"
1734:
1343:
Ronkainen, Noora J.; Kavoura, Anna; Ryba, Tatiana V. (November 2016).
165:. Aside from this physiological difference, there is often a dominant
2499:"Anger Weakens Behavioral Inhibition Selectively in Contact Athletes"
2432:
1708:
Hargie, Owen DW; Mitchell, David H; Somerville, Ian JA (March 2017).
1621:"7 New media approaches to tackling match-fixing in Finnish football"
1292:
1245:
1198:
1101:
1074:
654:
641:
504:
had severe repercussions on many aspects of society like the imposed
393:
366:
358:
354:
343:
339:
178:
154:
2665:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 469–488,
2627:
1992:"Mental Well-Being and Sport-Related Identities in College Students"
1308:
1261:
1214:
1117:
945:"Profiling the Mental Characteristics of Sub-Elite Marathon Runners"
600:(IPT) was found to be a promising treatment method which focuses on
133:. Both external and internal components play important roles in the
2047:
Baumert, Paul W; Henderson, John M; Thompson, Nancy J (June 1998).
1593:
Ross, Lori E.; Goldberg, Abbie E. (2014-03-03). Wenzel, Amy (ed.).
910:
Brewer, Britton W.; Van Raalte, Judy L.; Linder, Darwyn E. (1993).
628:
as it is short-termed and fits into a busy schedule. Talking about
512:
were salient as they could not perform their sports, in particular
1767:""FTM Means Female to Me": Transgender Athletes Performing Gender"
1546:
Muchicko, Megan M.; Lepp, Andrew; Barkley, Jacob E. (2014-10-02).
613:
520:, research has been conducted presenting the relationship between
385:
238:
because of discrimination and missed opportunities because of the
146:
122:
90:
2773:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1890:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1387:
Braumüller, Birgit; Menzel, Tobias; Hartmann-Tews, Ilse (2020).
251:
170:
150:
130:
94:
86:
2406:
Lavallee, David; Grove, J. Robert; Gordon, Sandy (1997-07-01).
1048:
Lavallee, David; Gordon, Sandy; Grove, J. Robert (April 1997).
234:, though the ratio is starting to equalize. Hostility, lack of
15:
346:
can take several forms, namely being temporary or permanent.
2367:
Alfermann, D.; Stambulova, N.; Zemaityte, A. (2004-01-01).
334:. The latter is characterized by the surprise and force of
2455:
Cecić Erpič, S.; Wylleman, P.; Zupančič, M. (2004-01-01).
2219:
2217:
2215:
3110:
Blackett, A. D.; Evans, A. B.; Piggott, D. (2021-07-24).
1050:"Retirement from sport and the loss of athletic identity"
978:
Curry, Timothy Jon; Weaner, Jeffrey S. (September 1987).
731:"Self-schemata and processing information about the self"
113:
and groups within society (for example, family, friends,
635:
Where applicable, for example in school contexts, sport
89:. For athletes and people that are actively involved in
2224:
Heird, Emily Benton; Steinfeldt, Jesse A. (July 2013).
1019:"Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study"
46:
36:
2569:
International
Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
1244:
Burke, Peter J.; Reitzes, Donald C. (September 1991).
468:. Theoretical support provided in 1993 through Wann's
388:
is often closely followed by a complete conversion of
2127:
International Review of Sport and
Exercise Psychology
1990:
Miller, Kathleen E.; Hoffman, Joseph H. (June 2009).
1163:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 199–218,
1102:"The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory"
846:
Fox, Kenneth R.; Corbin, Charles B. (December 1989).
2253:
2251:
1804:
Palermo, Madeline; Rancourt, Diana (December 2019).
3063:"Embracing athletic identity in the face of threat"
1100:Stryker, Sheldon; Burke, Peter J. (December 2000).
2497:Xia, Xue; Zhang, Guanghui; Wang, Xiaochun (2018).
1765:Semerjian, Tamar Z.; Cohen, Jodi H. (2006-10-01).
516:. With the purpose of investigating the impact of
2975:Menke, Donna J.; Germany, Mae-Lynn (2019-01-02).
480:as a mean to restore the experience of a lowered
1293:"Trust and Commitment through Self-Verification"
1291:Burke, Peter J.; Stets, Jan E. (December 1999).
369:. Since sportive activities are often linked to
2873:Benson, Alex J.; Bruner, Mark W. (2018-01-01).
1714:International Review for the Sociology of Sport
1504:"Transsexual and Transgender Policies in Sport"
537:, will be less harmful on their mental health.
2260:"They think it's all over, but it may not be!"
3022:Hickey, Colm; Roderick, Martin (2017-09-01).
807:Partington, John; Orlick, Terry (June 1991).
93:, athletic identity is a major part of their
8:
1771:Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal
1508:Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal
1155:Stryker, Sheldon; Serpe, Richard T. (1982),
735:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3067:Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
1627:, Routledge, pp. 288–289, 2016-02-05,
1246:"An Identity Theory Approach to Commitment"
161:, this is generally due to a difference in
2657:Wann, Daniel L.; Hackathorn, Jana (2019),
1054:Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss
3086:
2802:
2784:
2743:
2532:
2514:
2431:
2291:
2195:
2154:
2023:
1943:Brown, Gavin; Potrac, Paul (2009-02-21).
1919:
1901:
1733:
1422:
1404:
1073:
894:
525:identity is related to lower feelings of
365:can decide personally to terminate their
852:Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
696:Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology
169:accompanying the sport. For example, in
1161:Personality, Roles, and Social Behavior
679:
157:are often separated into two different
2970:
2968:
2966:
2918:
2916:
2612:"Identity Processes and Social Stress"
1607:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199778072.013.003
1199:"Identity Processes and Social Stress"
2705:
2703:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2492:
2490:
2315:
2313:
2311:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1095:
1093:
912:"Athletic Identity Measurement Scale"
7:
685:
683:
2326:Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
2184:Athletic Training Education Journal
2178:Lockhart, Barbara D. (2010-01-01).
585:Treatment of athletic identity loss
540:Research on the impact of teammate
230:for transgender people compared to
2264:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2108:10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0014
943:Coumbe-Lilley, J.E. (2015-06-09).
353:start their professional athletic
14:
2094:Martin, Jeffrey J. (2017-10-19).
1197:Burke, Peter J. (December 1991).
889:(Thesis). Iowa State University.
564:, presented better psychological
2941:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.07.014
2929:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
2891:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.10.008
2879:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
2728:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.001
2461:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
2373:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
2242:10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00033.x
1461:Women's Studies in Communication
1361:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.08.010
1349:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
1035:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.03.003
1023:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
1017:Lally, Patricia (January 2007).
432:Athletic identity and aggression
107:theories of identity development
20:
2844:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.013
2503:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
2463:. Career Transitions in Sport.
2375:. Career Transitions in Sport.
2258:Cockerill, I. M. (2005-12-01).
1625:Global Corruption Report: Sport
729:Markus, Hazel (February 1977).
177:Aside from the male and female
957:10.17682/sportjournal/2015.022
768:Kirkcaldy, Bruce (July 1999).
496:Athletic identity and COVID-19
254:and lower efficiency in sport
1:
3128:10.1080/13573322.2020.1787371
2993:10.1080/15325024.2018.1522475
2832:Social Science & Medicine
2581:10.1080/1612197X.2010.9671936
2473:10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00046-8
2385:10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00050-X
2230:Journal of College Counseling
2139:10.1080/1750984X.2018.1469162
2065:10.1016/s1054-139x(97)00242-5
1679:10.1080/13573322.2018.1532406
1564:10.1080/14927713.2015.1048088
1502:Sykes, Heather (2006-04-01).
1451:Dame, Avery P. (2014-01-02).
885:Weatherly, Mark Alan (2016).
3116:Sport, Education and Society
2716:Journal of Adolescent Health
2616:American Sociological Review
2338:10.1080/10413200.2013.798371
2053:Journal of Adolescent Health
1822:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.101341
1667:Sport, Education and Society
1473:10.1080/07491409.2014.870011
1203:American Sociological Review
560:virtually and received more
297:and show a reduced risk for
247:Most gave a rating of five.
141:Athletic identity and gender
1859:Association, The Football.
1297:Social Psychology Quarterly
1250:Social Psychology Quarterly
1169:10.1007/978-1-4613-9469-3_7
1106:Social Psychology Quarterly
668:Early sports specialization
616:can lead to a huge loss of
598:interpersonal psychotherapy
529:and, consequently, greater
396:circle to eating habits to
3184:
3028:Sociology of Sport Journal
2981:Journal of Loss and Trauma
1996:Sociology of Sport Journal
984:Sociology of Sport Journal
2424:10.1080/00050069708257366
2100:Oxford Scholarship Online
1961:10.1080/14660970802601613
1066:10.1080/10811449708414411
747:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63
646:Psychological flexibility
392:spanning from changes in
313:Loss of athletic identity
2610:Burke, Peter J. (1991).
2516:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00463
2276:10.1136/bjsm.2004.016642
2197:10.4085/1947-380X-5.1.26
1726:10.1177/1012690215583283
1633:10.4324/9781315695709-55
1406:10.3389/fsoc.2020.578213
896:10.31274/etd-180810-5662
203:require a match between
2412:Australian Psychologist
1599:Oxford Handbooks Online
602:interpersonal relations
295:mental health illnesses
263:mental health disorders
35:, as no other articles
3163:Personality typologies
2786:10.3390/ijerph18137032
1903:10.3390/ijerph18147331
1393:Frontiers in Sociology
813:The Sport Psychologist
624:. IPT is suitable for
145:When it comes down to
3040:10.1123/ssj.2017-0018
1783:10.1123/wspaj.15.2.28
864:10.1123/jsep.11.4.408
708:10.1123/jsep.14.3.273
620:formerly kept by the
349:The vast majority of
2008:10.1123/ssj.26.2.335
1949:Soccer & Society
1520:10.1123/wspaj.15.1.3
593:have been proposed.
490:electroencephalogram
446:aggressive behaviour
438:aggressive behaviour
2671:10.1037/0000123-024
2096:"Athletic Identity"
996:10.1123/ssj.4.3.280
825:10.1123/tsp.5.2.183
575:social interactions
201:sports competitions
3079:10.1037/spy0000045
924:10.1037/t15488-000
630:emotional distress
277:are formed during
54:for suggestions.
44:to this page from
1642:978-1-315-69570-9
1178:978-1-4613-9471-6
949:The Sport Journal
916:PsycTESTS Dataset
546:Social distancing
535:COVID-19 pandemic
502:COVID-19 pandemic
275:Social identities
228:physical activity
163:physical strength
71:Athletic identity
68:
67:
3175:
3168:Sport psychology
3148:
3147:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3058:
3052:
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1810:Eating Behaviors
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1558:(3–4): 295–308.
1543:
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1492:
1453:"Enke, Anne, ed.
1448:
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626:college athletes
570:student-athletes
568:. Respectively,
554:social isolation
410:mental illnesses
117:, teachers, the
63:
60:
49:
47:related articles
24:
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1262:10.2307/2786653
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1215:10.2307/2096259
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1118:10.2307/2695840
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774:Stress Medicine
767:
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664:
618:social contacts
587:
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486:audience effect
434:
400:. Due to their
379:
371:competitiveness
320:
315:
283:self-conception
271:
244:gender identity
236:social networks
209:gender identity
192:gender identity
143:
100:competitiveness
64:
58:
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42:introduce links
25:
12:
11:
5:
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3150:
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3122:(6): 663–675.
3102:
3073:(4): 303–315.
3053:
3034:(3): 270–280.
3014:
2962:
2912:
2865:
2818:
2759:
2722:(5): 662–670.
2699:
2680:978-1433830402
2679:
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2622:(6): 836–849.
2602:
2548:
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2447:
2418:(2): 131–135.
2398:
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2236:(2): 143–157.
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2059:(6): 460–465.
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1720:(2): 223–239.
1700:
1673:(9): 939–953.
1653:
1641:
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1585:
1552:Leisure/Loisir
1533:
1494:
1467:(1): 111–113.
1438:
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1209:(6): 836–849.
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1060:(2): 129–147.
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990:(3): 280–288.
970:
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780:(3): 201–202.
760:
721:
702:(3): 273–282.
678:
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583:
562:social support
542:social support
497:
494:
454:control system
442:aggressiveness
433:
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378:
375:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:and activity.
270:
269:Athletic youth
267:
240:biological sex
216:discrimination
205:biological sex
142:
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66:
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52:Find link tool
28:
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73:is a part of
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514:team sports
482:self-esteem
470:self esteem
332:performance
287:personality
279:adolescents
196:transgender
183:transgender
129:within the
3157:Categories
3088:1974/14212
2694:2022-05-17
1870:2022-05-17
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566:well-being
550:loneliness
527:depression
422:retirement
414:depression
402:profession
382:Retirement
377:Retirement
336:retirement
324:Retirement
187:non-binary
127:identities
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2589:1612-197X
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2073:1054-139X
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1977:143311231
1969:1466-0970
1912:1660-4601
1846:207965107
1830:1471-0153
1791:1938-1581
1744:1012-6902
1695:150233055
1687:1357-3322
1580:146212846
1572:1492-7713
1528:1938-1581
1489:142028027
1481:0749-1409
1415:2297-7775
1369:1469-0292
1317:0190-2725
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1126:0190-2725
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1075:1893/7654
1004:0741-1235
965:1543-9518
872:0895-2779
833:0888-4781
794:0748-8386
755:1939-1315
716:0895-2779
606:conflicts
591:treatment
558:teammates
390:lifestyle
328:normative
307:lifestyle
303:isolation
256:behaviour
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224:officials
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2907:52855204
2860:24331897
2813:34209463
2754:32943294
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2354:54201318
2302:16306491
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2034:20661467
1930:34299786
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510:athletes
506:lockdown
462:identity
458:identity
450:athletes
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291:practice
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