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show the globe of the heavens resting at the base of his neck, on C7. Sometime around 1522, anatomists decided to call the first cervical vertebra the atlas. Scholars believe that by switching the designation atlas from the seventh to the first cervical vertebra
Renaissance anatomists were commenting
831:
The worst-case scenario for these injuries is that dislocation or subluxation of the cervical vertebrae occurs. This often happens at the C2 level, where the body of C2 moves anteriorly with respect to C3. Such an injury may well lead to spinal cord involvement, and as a consequence quadriplegia or
630:
refer to the condition where a gap or cleft exists at the anterior arch or posterior arch of the atlas. The prevalence of the posterior arch defect and anterior arch defect was 0.95% and 0.087%, respectively. The anterior arch defect may be presented along with posterior arch defect, a condition
2027:
823:
A rear-end traffic collision or a poorly performed rugby tackle can both result in the head being whipped back on the shoulders, causing whiplash. In minor cases, the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine is damaged which is acutely painful for the patient.
280:. However, the term atlas was first used by the ancient Romans for the seventh cervical vertebra (C7) due to its suitability for supporting burdens. In Greek mythology, Atlas was condemned to bear the weight of the heavens as punishment for rebelling against
434:). This is a groove that is sometimes converted into a foramen by ossification of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane to create a delicate bony spiculum which arches backward from the posterior end of the superior articular process. This
602:
Occasionally there is no separate center, the anterior arch being formed by the forward extension and ultimate junction of the two lateral masses; sometimes this arch is ossified from two centers, one on either side of the middle line.
571:
827:
In more severe cases, fractures can occur to any of the cervical vertebrae as they are suddenly compressed by rapid deceleration. Again, since the vertebral foramen is large there is less chance of spinal cord involvement.
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843:
585:
Of these, one appears in each lateral mass about the seventh week of fetal life, and extends backward; at birth, these portions of bone are separated from one another behind by a narrow interval filled with
596:
At birth, the anterior arch consists of cartilage; in this a separate center appears about the end of the first year after birth, and joins the lateral masses from the sixth to the eighth year.
562:
which assist in rotating the head. They are long, and their anterior and posterior tubercles are fused into one mass; the foramen transversarium is directed from below, upward and backward.
487:
are of large size, oval, concave, and approach each other in front, but diverge behind: they are directed upward, medially, and a little backward, each forming a cup for the corresponding
491:
of the occipital bone, and are admirably adapted to the nodding movements of the head. Not infrequently they are partially subdivided by indentations which encroach upon their margins.
464:
On the under surface of the posterior arch, behind the inferior articular facets, are two shallow grooves, the inferior vertebral notches. The lower border gives attachment to the
1279:
Pękala, Przemysław A.; Henry, Brandon M.; Pękala, Jakub R.; Hsieh, Wan Chin; Vikse, Jens; Sanna, Beatrice; Walocha, Jerzy A.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Tomaszewski, Krzysztof A. (2017).
498:
are circular in form, flattened or slightly convex and directed downward and medially, articulating with the axis, and permitting the rotatory movements of the head.
881:
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Craniocervical junction misalignment is also suspected as a factor in neurodegenerative diseases where altered CSF flow plays a part in the pathological process.
357:
The anterior arch forms about one-fifth of the ring: its anterior surface is convex, and presents at its center the anterior tubercle for the attachment of the
626:
Foramen arcual] or a bony bridge above the vertebral artery on the posterior arch of the atlas may be present. This foramen has an overall prevalence of 9.1%.
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449:, which, after ascending through the foramen in the transverse process, winds around the lateral mass in a direction backward and medially to enter the
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that the point of man’s burden had shifted from his shoulders to his head--that man’s true burden was not a physical load, but rather, his mind.
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Between the third and fourth years they unite either directly or through the medium of a separate center developed in the cartilage.
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The posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the
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This part of the vertebral canal is of considerable size, much greater than is required for the accommodation of the spinal cord.
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The transverse processes are large; they project laterally and downward from the lateral masses, and serve for the attachment of
59:
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724: – occipital bone (medial part of the interior nuchal line, and the surface between it and the foramen magnum)
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1031:(Abridged from Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary) (20th ed.). W. B. Saunders Companh. 1959. p. B-16.
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Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebrae, showing ligamentous attachments
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423:. The diminutive size of this process prevents any interference with the movements between the atlas and the skull.
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The lateral masses are the most bulky and solid parts of the atlas, in order to support the weight of the head.
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Just below the medial margin of each superior facet is a small tubercle, for the attachment of the
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The posterior part of the arch presents above and behind a rounded edge for the attachment of the
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1281:"Prevalence of foramen arcuale and its clinical significance: a meta-analysis of 55,985 subjects"
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than normal vertebrae. They are responsible for the nodding and rotation movements of the head.
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Shape and position of atlas (shown in red), from above. The skull is shown in semi-transparent.
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There are 5 types of C1 fractures referred to as the Levine
Classification of Atlas Fractures
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1226:"Accessory mental foramen: an anatomical study on dry mandibles and review of the literature"
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acts as a pivot that allows the atlas and attached head to rotate on the axis, side to side.
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326:. It is ring-like and consists of an anterior and a posterior arch and two lateral masses.
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2028:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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Accessory transverse foramen of the atlas is present in 1.4–12.5% across the population.
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The lines of union extend across the anterior portions of the superior articular facets.
276:, just as Atlas bore the weight of the heavens, the first cervical vertebra supports the
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2011:
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Posterior atlantoöccipital membrane and atlantoaxial ligament (atlas visible at center)
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death may occur. More commonly, subluxation occurs at the C6/C7 level (50% of cases).
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668: – occipital bone (between the superior and inferior nuchal lines)
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1330:"The Incidence and Clinical Implications of Congenital Defects of Atlantal Arch"
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Paraskevas, George; Mavrodi, Alexandra; Natsis, Konstantinos (2015-06-01).
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The atlas's chief peculiarity is that it has no body, which has fused with
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702: – transverse process of the axis (posterior tubercle)
696:(part) – superior part of medial border of the scapula
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748:(superior oblique) – transverse processes of C03–C05.
708: – transverse process of the axis (anterior tubercle)
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and spine. The atlas and axis are specialized to allow a greater
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656: – occipital bone (inferior surface of the base)
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The upper and lower borders respectively give attachment to the
281:
262:
1455:
662: – occipital bone (beneath the jugular process)
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Each carries two articular facets, a superior and an inferior.
1855:
1111:
Moulton, Andrew (2009). "Clinically
Relevant Spinal Anatomy".
1036:
756:
35:
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Type 1: Isolated bony apophysis (transverse process fracture
511:
which stretches across the ring of the atlas and divides the
27:
First cervical vertebra of the spine which supports the skull
1185:"Atlas of Neuroradiologic Embryology, Anatomy, and Variants"
329:
The atlas and axis are important neurologically because the
807:
Type 5: Bilateral burst fracture (AKA Jefferson
Fracture)
773:
296:(the vertebra below it) forms the joint connecting the
1328:
Kwon, Jong Kyu; Kim, Myoung Soo; Lee, Ghi Jai (2009).
1995:
690:(part) – spinous processes of T02–T05
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1062:Jackowe, David J.; Biener, Michael G. (June 2022).
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66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1022:
810:A break in the first vertebra is referred to as a
631:known as combined arch defect or bipartite atlas.
804:Type 4: Comminuted fracture of the lateral mass
735: – spinous process of the axis
679: – spinous process of the axis
1467:
1385:Hummel, Edze; Groot, Jan C. de (2013-05-01).
413:of a spinous process and gives origin to the
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393:above, and the latter with the axis below.
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1161:. p. 97 – via Internet Archive.
798:Type 2: Isolated posterior arch fractures
311:allows the head to nod up and down on the
292:The atlas is the topmost vertebra and the
146:
1387:"Three cases of bipartition of the atlas"
1361:
1296:
1208:
1157:(edited and revised by) (21st ed.).
1113:Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities
1095:
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
1189:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
801:Type 3: Isolated anterior arch fracture
2002:
1334:Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
1014:
839:
995:This article incorporates text in the
700:intertransversarius posterior cervicis
574:The atlas ossifies from three centers.
232:
137:
706:intertransversarius anterior cervicis
7:
1057:
1055:
1053:
935:Computer generated 3D model of atlas
64:adding citations to reliable sources
1029:Dorland's Pocket Medical Dictionary
468:, which connects it with the axis.
428:posterior atlantooccipital membrane
389:; the former connects it with the
383:anterior atlantooccipital membrane
345:Structure of the atlas, the first
253:(C1) is the most superior (first)
152:Position of the atlas shown in red
25:
820:Hyperextension (Whiplash) Injury
416:recti capitis posteriores minores
2005:
1121:10.1016/B978-141603372-1.50005-6
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619:showing a posterior arch defect
466:posterior atlantoaxial ligament
51:needs additional citations for
1448:, "High Cervical Spine: C1–C2"
1285:Journal of Neurosurgery. Spine
1230:Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
722:rectus capitis posterior minor
387:anterior atlantoaxial ligament
368:anterior longitudinal ligament
1:
2038:Bones of the vertebral column
1046:– via Internet Archive.
374:), for articulation with the
1686:Uncinate process of vertebra
1587:Uncinate process of vertebra
1403:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.01.024
509:transverse atlantal ligament
174:atlas, vertebra cervicalis I
1003:of the 20th edition of
451:vertebrobasilar circulation
432:sulcus arteriae vertebralis
286:Ancient depictions of Atlas
2054:
1966:Superior thoracic aperture
1346:10.3340/jkns.2009.46.6.522
1298:10.3171/2017.1.SPINE161092
969:
672:Interior and dorsal part:
445:This groove transmits the
333:extends down to the axis.
29:
1780:posterior sacral foramina
1242:10.1007/s10006-014-0474-1
1150:Anatomy of the Human Body
677:obliquus capitis inferior
666:obliquus capitis superior
496:inferior articular facets
227:
145:
1768:anterior sacral foramina
660:rectus capitis lateralis
515:into two unequal parts:
457:; it also transmits the
229:Anatomical terms of bone
1024:"Table of Bones, Atlas"
923:Atlas, inferior surface
654:rectus capitis anterior
309:atlanto-occipital joint
1542:Intervertebral foramen
1438:Atlas of Human Anatomy
1174:, pp. 36–37 (10/27/11)
972:anatomical terminology
733:interspinalis cervicis
620:
575:
461:(first spinal nerve).
406:
349:
268:The bone is named for
261:and is located in the
32:Atlas (disambiguation)
753:Clinical significance
614:
578:The atlas is usually
573:
404:
344:
1797:Lateral sacral crest
1195:(4): 774–775. 2003.
645:Transverse processes
640:Muscular attachments
582:from three centers.
554:Transverse processes
378:(dens) of the axis.
75:"Atlas" anatomy
60:improve this article
2033:Bones of the thorax
1792:Medial sacral crest
1787:Median sacral crest
955:Skull and atlas of
546:) and its membranes
1981:Infrasternal angle
1943:Xiphisternal joint
1923:Suprasternal notch
1656:Thoracic vertebrae
1646:Vertebra prominens
1607:Posterior tubercle
1592:Transverse foramen
1579:Cervical vertebrae
1444:2017-11-20 at the
1068:Journal of Anatomy
970:This article uses
812:Jefferson fracture
772:. You can help by
713:Posterior tubercle
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459:suboccipital nerve
436:anatomical variant
407:
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1993:
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1971:Intercostal space
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1756:sacral tuberosity
1739:sacral promontory
1597:Anterior tubercle
1537:Vertebral foramen
1503:General structure
1391:The Spine Journal
1159:Lea & Febiger
1080:10.1111/joa.13613
1064:"Atlas and Talus"
979:Occipital condyle
950:
836:Additional images
790:
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688:splenius cervicis
538:transmitting the
513:vertebral foramen
503:Vertebral foramen
421:ligamentum nuchae
347:cervical vertebra
324:the next vertebra
255:cervical vertebra
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49:This article
47:
43:
38:
37:
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19:
1877:
1802:Sacral canal
1703:
1617:lateral mass
1611:
1569:Spinal canal
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1397:(5): e1–e5.
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746:longus colli
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628:Arch defects
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372:fovea dentis
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360:longus colli
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198:A02.2.02.101
173:
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113:
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96:
89:
82:
70:
58:Please help
53:verification
50:
1145:Gray, Henry
566:Development
540:spinal cord
531:of the axis
163:Identifiers
2022:Categories
1866:false ribs
1714:mammillary
1679:transverse
1552:transverse
985:References
781:April 2014
607:Variations
116:April 2019
86:newspapers
30:See also:
18:Atlas bone
1928:Manubrium
1861:true ribs
1709:accessory
1704:Processes
1557:articular
1547:Processes
1495:Vertebrae
1411:1529-9430
1354:2005-3711
1307:1547-5646
1250:1865-1569
1201:0195-6108
1115:: 13–43.
1088:0021-8782
958:Niassodon
615:An axial
588:cartilage
536:posterior
337:Structure
331:brainstem
1888:tubercle
1848:Rib cage
1674:inferior
1669:superior
1442:Archived
1419:23415018
1372:20062566
1315:28621616
1266:32194827
1258:25394607
1147:(1924).
966:See also
875:3D image
635:Function
580:ossified
521:anterior
419:and the
411:rudiment
385:and the
366:and the
2012:Anatomy
1915:Sternum
1562:spinous
1520:pedicle
1485:of the
1363:2803266
1210:8148658
1097:9119609
1001:page 99
617:CT scan
560:muscles
525:smaller
489:condyle
364:muscles
257:of the
247:anatomy
186:D001270
158:Details
100:scholar
1998:Portal
1839:Thorax
1819:Coccyx
1726:Sacrum
1525:lamina
1417:
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1037:98-578
1035:
1009:(1918)
315:. The
249:, the
102:
95:
88:
81:
73:
1883:angle
1878:Parts
1612:Atlas
1530:notch
1487:torso
1483:Bones
1262:S2CID
999:from
298:skull
270:Atlas
259:spine
251:atlas
233:[
222:12519
169:Latin
107:JSTOR
93:books
1903:head
1898:neck
1856:Ribs
1826:none
1734:Base
1639:dens
1634:Axis
1515:Arch
1510:Body
1415:PMID
1407:ISSN
1368:PMID
1350:ISSN
1311:PMID
1303:ISSN
1254:PMID
1246:ISSN
1197:ISSN
1125:ISBN
1084:ISSN
1044:2023
1033:LCCN
534:the
519:the
494:The
483:The
317:dens
307:The
294:axis
282:Zeus
278:head
263:neck
210:1038
193:TA98
181:MeSH
79:news
1399:doi
1358:PMC
1342:doi
1293:doi
1238:doi
1205:PMC
1117:doi
1092:PMC
1076:doi
1072:240
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523:or
272:of
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245:In
217:FMA
205:TA2
62:by
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20:)
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