283:"Airborne transmission refers to infectious agents that are spread via droplet nuclei (residue from evaporated droplets) containing infective microorganisms. These organisms can survive outside the body and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. They infect others via the upper and lower respiratory tracts." The size of the particles for airborne infections need to be < 5 ÎĽm. It includes both dry and wet aerosols and thus requires usually higher levels of isolation since it can stay suspended in the air for longer periods of time. i.e., separate ventilation systems or negative pressure environments are needed to avoid general contamination. e.g.,
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that death rates are highest. If a disease is rapidly fatal, the host may die before the microbe can be passed along to another host. However, this cost may be overwhelmed by the short-term benefit of higher infectiousness if transmission is linked to virulence, as it is for instance in the case of cholera (the explosive diarrhea aids the bacterium in finding new hosts) or many respiratory infections (sneezing and coughing create infectious
1122:, can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Mixed-mode transmission can allow symbionts to have the "best of both worlds" – they can vertically infect host offspring when host density is low, and horizontally infect diverse additional hosts when a number of additional hosts are available. Mixed-mode transmission make the outcome (degree of harm or benefit) of the relationship more difficult to predict, because the
315:
754:, which lands on cow dung, contaminating its appendages with bacteria from the feces, and then lands on food prior to consumption. The pathogen never enters the body of the fly. In contrast, biological vectors harbor pathogens within their bodies and deliver pathogens to new hosts in an active manner, usually a bite. Biological vectors are often responsible for serious
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such as HIV and hepatitis B are thought to not normally be transmitted through mouth-to-mouth contact, although it is possible to transmit some STIs between the genitals and the mouth, during oral sex. In the case of HIV, this possibility has been established. It is also responsible for the increased
1068:
refers to acquisition of symbionts from parents (usually mothers). Vertical transmission can be intracellular (e.g. transovarial), or extracellular (for example through post-embryonic contact between parents and offspring). Both intracellular and extracellular vertical transmission can be considered
1029:
and transmission is complex and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen. Since it takes many generations for a microbe and a new host species to co-evolve, an emerging pathogen may hit its earliest victims especially hard. It is usually in the first wave of a new disease
162:
A 2024 World Health
Organization report standardized the terminology for the transmission modes of all respiratory pathogens in alignment with particle physics: airborne transmission; inhalation; direct deposition; and contact. But these newly standardized terms have yet to be translated to policy,
1017:
Pathogens must have a way to be transmitted from one host to another to ensure their species' survival. Infectious agents are generally specialized for a particular method of transmission. Taking an example from the respiratory route, from an evolutionary perspective viruses or bacteria that cause
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particles pass from one person to the mouth of another person. Although it is usually discussed as a route of transmission, it is actually a specification of the entry and exit portals of the pathogen, and can operate across several of the other routes of transmission. Fecal–oral transmission is
406:
Direct contact occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse. Direct contact also refers to contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms. Additionally, while fecal–oral transmission is primarily considered an indirect contact route, direct contact can also
414:
are infectious, not all infectious diseases are contagious). These diseases can also be transmitted by sharing a towel (where the towel is rubbed vigorously on both bodies) or items of clothing in close contact with the body (socks, for example) if they are not washed thoroughly between uses. For
255:
because patterns of contact vary between different populations and different groups of populations depending on socio-economic, cultural and other features. For example, low personal and food hygiene due to the lack of a clean water supply may result in increased transmission of diseases by the
563:, or by indirect contact such as by sharing a drinking glass or a cigarette. Infections that are known to be transmissible by kissing or by other direct or indirect oral contact include all of the infections transmissible by droplet contact and (at least) all forms of
330:, or talking. Respiratory droplet transmission is the usual route for respiratory infections. Transmission can occur when respiratory droplets reach susceptible mucosal surfaces, such as in the eyes, nose or mouth. This can also happen indirectly via contact with
236:
means that the source of infection for the spread of an illness is unknown or a link in terms of contacts between patients and other people is missing. It refers to the difficulty in grasping the epidemiological link in the community beyond confirmed cases.
986:
activity. It was found that the frequency of influenza-related web searches as a whole rises as the number of people sick with influenza rises. Examining space-time relationships of web queries has been shown to approximate the spread of influenza and
215:
of a disease agent indicates the comparative ease with which the disease agent is transmitted to other hosts. Transmission of pathogens can occur by direct contact, through contaminated food, body fluids or objects, by airborne inhalation or through
1101:
rather than primary metabolism, for example for use in defense against pathogens, but some primary nutritional symbionts are also horizontally (environmentally) acquired. Additional examples of horizontally transmitted beneficial symbionts include
960:. To understand the spread of the vast majority of non-notifiable diseases, data either need to be collected in a particular study, or existing data collections can be mined, such as insurance company data or antimicrobial drug sales for example.
334:
when hands then touch the face. Before drying, respiratory droplets are large and cannot remain suspended in the air for long, and are usually dispersed over short distances. The size of the particles for droplet infections are > 5 ÎĽm.
264:
is more common in cities in underdeveloped countries, without a clean water supply, than in cities with a good plumbing system, we might advance the theory that polio is spread by the fecal-oral route. Two routes are considered to be
1018:
their host to develop coughing and sneezing symptoms have a great survival advantage, as they are much more likely to be ejected from one host and carried to another. This is also the reason that many microorganisms cause
1097:, from the environment or unrelated individuals. This requires that host and symbiont have some method of recognizing each other or each other's products or services. Often, horizontally acquired symbionts are relevant to
181:
disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze
1041:, which are benefits to society that are not reflected in a price to a consumer. This is recognized implicitly when vaccines are offered for free or at a cost to the patient less than the purchase price.
701:
virus. Alternatively, the vehicle may provide an environment in which the agent grows, multiplies, or produces toxin, such as improperly canned foods provide an environment that supports production of
1448:
798:. Vectors are often required in the life cycle of a pathogen. A common strategy used to control vector-borne infectious diseases is to interrupt the life cycle of a pathogen by killing the vector.
829:
primarily considered as an indirect contact route through contaminated food or water. However, it can also operate through direct contact with feces or contaminated body parts, such as through
750:
Vectors may be mechanical or biological. A mechanical vector picks up an infectious agent on the outside of its body and transmits it in a passive manner. An example of a mechanical vector is a
1077:. It has been argued that most organisms experience some form of vertical transmission of symbionts. Canonical examples of vertically transmitted symbionts include the nutritional symbiont
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1009:
etc. Most recently, data from cell phones have been shown to be able to capture population movements well enough to predict the transmission of certain infectious diseases, like rubella.
2469:
488:). In this second case, anal sex is considerably more hazardous since the penis opens more tears in the rectum than the vagina, as the vagina is more elastic and more accommodating.
848:
practices - which can take various forms. Fecal oral transmission can be via foodstuffs or water that has become contaminated. This can happen when people do not adequately
78:– very small dry and wet particles that stay in the air for long periods of time allowing airborne contamination even after the departure of the host. Particle size < 5
67:
individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. The term strictly refers to the transmission of
260:. Differences in incidence of such diseases between different groups can also throw light on the routes of transmission of the disease. For example, if it is noted that
539:
1 (which is usually responsible for oral infections) in genital infections and the increased incidence of the type 2 virus (more common genitally) in oral infections.
88:– small and usually wet particles that stay in the air for a short period of time. Contamination usually occurs in the presence of the host. Particle size > 5 μm.
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this reason, contagious diseases often break out in schools, where towels are shared and personal items of clothing accidentally swapped in the changing rooms.
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agencies, on an international, national, or local level. Public health staff relies on health care workers and microbiology laboratories to report cases of
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or the fluid secreted by the excited female) which carry infectious agents that get into the partner's blood stream through tiny tears in the
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such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels. A vehicle may passively carry a pathogen, as in the case of food or water may carrying
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specialists are employed, who will review medical records to analyze transmission as part of a hospital epidemiology program, for example.
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For diseases transmitted within an institution, such as a hospital, prison, nursing home, boarding school, orphanage, refugee camp, etc.,
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at certain sentinel sites of health care practitioners within a state, for example. Tools have been developed to help track influenza
1057:. Organisms can form symbioses with microbes transmitted from their parents, from the environment or unrelated individuals, or both.
243:
means that the source of the infection has been identified within the reporting location (such as within a country, region or city).
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that can be transmitted in this way include: HIV, hepatitis B and syphilis. Many mutualistic organisms are transmitted vertically.
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Diseases that can be transmitted by direct contact are called contagious (contagious is not the same as infectious; although all
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of inanimate objects. Vehicles that may indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products such as
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1540:"Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Infectious Agents for Health Care Workers: Do surgical masks protect workers?"
609:) or during postnatal physical contact between parents and offspring. In mammals, including humans, it occurs also via
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3774:
3722:
3019:
3001:
2401:
Nussbaumer AD, Fisher CR, Bright M (May 2006). "Horizontal endosymbiont transmission in hydrothermal vent tubeworms".
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2708:
1414:
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159:(i.e. between two individuals in the same place) or may involve travel of the microorganism or the affected hosts.
156:
2130:"Using web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics: a new model for neglected tropical disease surveillance"
1677:
Whittier CA (16 April 2017). "Fecal-Oral
Transmission". In Bezanson M, MacKinnon KC, Riley E, Campbell CJ (eds.).
4059:
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3744:
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464:(see below). Transmission is either directly between surfaces in contact during intercourse (the usual route for
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The mode of transmission is also an important aspect of the biology of beneficial microbial symbionts, such as
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Infections that are transmitted primarily by oral means may be caught through direct oral contact such as
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1539:
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including infection control policy or the pandemic accords or updated
International Health Regulations.
152:
128:
75:
3231:
2228:
Wesolowski A, Metcalf CJ, Eagle N, Kombich J, Grenfell BT, Bjørnstad ON, et al. (September 2015).
944:. Surveillance of infectious diseases in the public realm traditionally has been the responsibility of
815:
685:
Indirect contact transmission, also known as vehicle-borne transmission, involves transmission through
105:
2230:"Quantifying seasonal population fluxes driving rubella transmission dynamics using mobile phone data"
547:
While rare in regards to this sexual practice, some infections that can spread via manual sex include
448:
This refers to any infection that can be caught during sexual activity with another person, including
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1924:"Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: a literature review with suggestions for future research"
1419:
1371:. Palo Alto, California: Department of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University. pp. 1–9.
994:
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85:
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1996:
1827:"Massive Iatrogenic Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Rural Cambodia, 2014-2015"
1519:
1150:
998:
971:
949:
763:
614:
449:
401:
60:
2288:
1609:
1085:(transmitted during passage of infants through the birth canal and also through breastfeeding).
1799:
1542:(OSH Answers Fact Sheets). Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 28 February 2017
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116:, an important transmission route in pediatrics, veterinary medicine and developing countries.
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that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical contact) or by
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2035:
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1980:
1943:
1935:
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1838:
1781:
1772:
Ebert D (2013). "The
Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission".
1682:
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266:
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17:
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in aphids (transovarially transmitted intracellular symbiont) and some components of the
194:, passing the agent causing the disease from parent to offspring, such as in prenatal or
2414:
2245:
2083:
2063:
Ginsberg J, Mohebbi MH, Patel RS, Brammer L, Smolinski MS, Brilliant L (February 2009).
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2015:
1948:
1923:
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of infectious disease spread have been used. Human aggregation can drive transmission,
953:
767:
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431:
64:
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3734:
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3675:
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2529:
1686:
1632:
1208:
1103:
945:
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389:
388:. Spread of respiratory droplets from the wearer can be reduced through wearing of a
385:
148:
136:
68:
44:
32:
This article is about transmission of disease-causing pathogens. For other uses, see
2438:
2000:
1481:"Clinical Educators Guide for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare"
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of transmission have been sought. One proxy in the case of influenza is tracking of
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3712:
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3024:
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91:
direct physical contact – touching an infected individual, including sexual contact
2107:
2014:
Polgreen PM, Chen Z, Segre AM, Harris ML, Pentella MA, Rushton G (November 2009).
1313:
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of an infection, given a contact between an infected host and a noninfected host.
94:
indirect physical contact – usually by touching a contaminated surface, including
2331:
2146:
1984:
1005:
of infectious diseases, such as the annual start of school, bootcamp, the annual
970:
Because these traditional methods are slow, time-consuming, and labor-intensive,
108:– usually from unwashed hands, contaminated food or water sources due to lack of
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3729:
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3458:
3363:
3323:
3161:
2618:
2534:
2517:
1971:
Jones RM, Brosseau LM (May 2015). "Aerosol transmission of infectious disease".
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1038:
899:
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698:
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508:
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369:
227:
203:
2234:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1939:
1825:
Rouet F, Nouhin J, Zheng DP, Roche B, Black A, Prak S, et al. (May 2018).
1220:
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The fecal-oral route of transmission can be a public health risk for people in
71:
directly from one individual to another by one or more of the following means:
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Even in developed countries there are periodic system failures resulting in a
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638:
626:
602:
377:
351:
322:
A common form of transmission is by way of respiratory droplets, generated by
288:
109:
2364:
Kaltenpoth M, Engl T (2013). "Defensive microbial symbionts in
Hymenoptera".
1875:"HIV and Injection Drug Use | HIV Transmission | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC"
1228:
1126:
of the symbiont is sometimes but not always tied to the success of the host.
629:, such as touching a wound, the use of contaminated medical equipment, or an
338:
Organisms spread by droplet transmission include respiratory viruses such as
4039:
3518:
2843:
2551:
2546:
2479:
2377:
2254:
1119:
1082:
1026:
907:
833:. It can also operate through droplet or airborne transmission through the
821:
779:
736:
504:
465:
172:
2430:
2350:
2273:
2214:
2165:
2099:
2049:
1992:
1957:
1860:
1842:
1272:. The University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. Archived from
894:. This is the typical mode of transmission for infectious agents such as
806:
4022:
3937:
3513:
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3488:
3441:
2986:
2782:
2762:
2556:
2499:
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1002:
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830:
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Respiratory droplets are released through talking, coughing, or sneezing.
208:
144:
132:
124:
56:
40:
2422:
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can show the spread of a disease and is at the core of the specialty of
840:
Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate
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3697:
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1037:
Anything that reduces the rate of transmission of an infection carries
1031:
895:
845:
759:
658:
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292:
257:
187:
113:
48:
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can become infected. Another problem in some developing countries, is
4034:
3599:
3252:
2848:
2315:"Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission"
988:
872:
853:
694:
665:
such as heroin, steroids, and hormones. This can act as a vector for
516:
481:
477:
331:
99:
1209:"New WHO proposed terminology for respiratory pathogen transmission"
657:
This is the practice of intravenous drug-users by which a needle or
468:
infections and those infections causing sores) or from secretions (
3263:
2775:
1050:
903:
805:
795:
690:
597:
This is from mother to child (more rarely father to child), often
582:
485:
469:
314:
313:
261:
79:
1631:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3247:
2716:
2613:
1006:
864:
791:
787:
560:
492:
427:
140:
95:
2451:
2016:"Optimizing influenza sentinel surveillance at the state level"
1183:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 391–399.
418:
Some diseases that are transmissible by direct contact include
2065:"Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data"
1908:
887:
which leads to disease transmission via the fecal-oral route.
674:
646:
637:
of infected material. Some diseases that can be transmitted
1681:. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 1.
1438:"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 47"
940:
Tracking the transmission of infectious diseases is called
778:. Biological vectors are usually, though not exclusively,
491:
Some infections transmissible by the sexual route include
139:
can be transmitted to humans who ingest improperly cooked
1580:"Pass the message: Five steps to kicking out coronavirus"
1181:
Parasitism: The
Diversity and Ecology of Animal Parasites
1312:. Washington State Department of Health. Archived from
571:
infections herpes simplex virus (especially HSV-1) and
2289:"Externalities, public goods, and infectious diseases"
2181:"Mathematical modeling of infectious disease dynamics"
2128:
Chan EH, Sahai V, Conrad C, Brownstein JS (May 2011).
1922:
Johnson DL, Mead KR, Lynch RA, Hirst DV (March 2013).
1266:"Routes of transmission of infectious diseases agents"
735:
that does not cause disease itself but that transmits
211:
to enter, survive and multiply in the host, while the
1712:
Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's
Medical Microbiology
1270:
1104:
bioluminescent bacteria associated with bobtail squid
119:
via contaminated hypodermic needles or blood products
1774:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
4106:
3998:
3790:
3639:
3626:
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3422:
3344:
3316:
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3288:
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3093:
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1973:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1714:(28th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
1710:Morse SA, Mietzner TA, Miller S, Riedel S (2019).
856:and before preparing food or tending to patients.
27:Passing of a pathogen from one organism to another
810:1940 US WPA poster encouraging modernized privies
1610:"Principles of Epidemiology: Chain of Infection"
1179:Bush AO, Fernández JC, Esch GW, Seed JR (2001).
661:is shared by multiple individuals to administer
1423:. 28 February 2020 – via pressreader.com.
123:Transmission can also be indirect, via another
1614:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Infection
269:: Airborne infections and droplet infections.
2463:
1679:The International Encyclopedia of Primatology
867:without access to adequate sanitation. Here,
8:
1562:"What is Diseases contagious from droplets?"
1509:"Prevention of hospital-acquired infections"
936:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
879:or surface water). The people who drink the
587:Brocky, Karoly - Mother and Child (1846-50)
3636:
3090:
2964:
2921:
2826:
2495:
2470:
2456:
2448:
251:The route of transmission is important to
147:or, more typically, larger pathogens like
2385:
2340:
2330:
2263:
2253:
2204:
2155:
2145:
2039:
1947:
1850:
1654:Boston University School of Public Health
1534:
1532:
175:agent can be transmitted in two ways: as
1471:
1469:
1397:"Gainers and losers in the time of nCoV"
1383:"Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Resources"
1013:Relationship with virulence and survival
3544:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
2717:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
1767:
1765:
1171:
1161:Transmission coefficient (epidemiology)
1093:Some beneficial symbionts are acquired
143:). Indirect transmission could involve
4127:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
4019:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2313:Funkhouser LJ, Bordenstein SR (2013).
407:result in transmission through feces.
135:or fly) or an intermediate host (e.g.
2287:Graves S, Samuelson DA (March 2022).
1928:American Journal of Infection Control
1786:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555
1738:Great Relationships and Sex Education
1672:
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1602:
1600:
1503:
1501:
7:
3374:Compartmental models in epidemiology
1202:
1200:
1118:Many microbial symbionts, including
875:can pollute drinking water sources (
1310:"Glossary of Notifiable Conditions"
1207:Leung NH, Milton DK (3 July 2024).
1568:from the original on 16 July 2015.
1108:nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants
25:
1454:from the original on 8 March 2020
1243:"Horizontal Disease Transmission"
4123:Economics of Infectious Diseases
2179:Siettos CI, Russo L (May 2013).
2134:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2020:American Journal of Epidemiology
1687:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0193
1626:
1151:Infectious disease: Transmission
484:(this is a more usual route for
1516:World Health Organization (WHO)
1053:-associated dinoflagellates or
982:by finding patterns in certain
715:Transmission by other organisms
532:Sexually transmitted infections
460:(see below) and rarely through
4132:Infectious disease informatics
3963:Transmission-based precautions
2387:11858/00-001M-0000-000E-B76B-E
1335:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
593:Vertically transmitted disease
444:Sexually transmitted infection
1:
3549:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
3324:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
2685:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
1648:LaMorte WW (6 January 2016).
1339:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill.
1247:online-medical-dictionary.org
613:(transmammary transmission).
192:vertical disease transmission
3111:Aerosol-generating procedure
2889:Silent/Subclinical infection
2589:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
2332:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001631
2147:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206
1985:10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448
1831:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1735:Hoyle A, McGeeney E (2019).
1415:"Global economy looks woozy"
1337:Sherris Medical Microbiology
579:Mother-to-child transmission
207:describes the ability of an
167:Definition and related terms
3775:Vaccine-preventable disease
3723:Monoclonal antibody therapy
2296:Real-World Economics Review
1800:"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease"
1486:. Commonwealth of Australia
1213:Nature Reviews Microbiology
837:from contaminated toilets.
551:, chlamydia, and syphilis.
356:respiratory syncytial virus
4196:
3916:Respiratory source control
1940:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330
1221:10.1038/s41579-024-01067-5
1146:Cross-species transmission
933:
813:
718:
590:
441:
399:
307:
276:
256:fecal-oral route, such as
31:
18:Autochthonous transmission
4060:Global Health Initiatives
4050:Evolutionary epidemiology
3745:Post-exposure prophylaxis
3681:Antimicrobial stewardship
3404:Multiplicity of infection
3369:Basic reproduction number
3145:Percutaneous inoculation
2629:Host–pathogen interaction
1445:World Health Organization
1045:Beneficial microorganisms
1025:The relationship between
952:to them. The analysis of
820:In the fecal-oral route,
776:African sleeping sickness
643:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
627:due to medical procedures
3878:Protective sequestration
3740:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
3031:Generational difference
2584:Horizontal gene transfer
2574:Antimicrobial resistance
1264:Kurkjian KM, Little SE.
573:infectious mononucleosis
456:, less commonly through
4065:Microbial phylogenetics
3983:Wastewater surveillance
3504:Geographic distribution
3379:Critical community size
3177:Surgical site infection
3025:Iatrogenic/Medical care
2944:Microbial translocation
2940:Endogenous reactivation
2935:Normal flora overgrowth
2884:Opportunistic infection
2656:Opportunistic infection
2378:10.1111/1365-2435.12089
2255:10.1073/pnas.1423542112
1901:"Pathogens and vectors"
1650:"Common Vehicle Spread"
1426:(subscription required)
1288:"Vertical transmission"
1114:Mixed-mode transmission
1089:Horizontal transmission
892:sanitary sewer overflow
155:. Transmissions can be
106:fecal–oral transmission
4137:Microbial bioterrorism
3760:efficacy/effectiveness
3168:Surgical intervention
3060:Breakthrough infection
2682:Genetic predisposition
2666:Susceptible individual
2513:Germ theory of disease
1741:. Taylor and Francis.
1069:a form of non-genetic
1039:positive externalities
976:influenza-like illness
811:
588:
374:streptococcus pyogenes
319:
247:Routes of transmission
234:Community transmission
196:perinatal transmission
3973:Universal precautions
2931:Endogenous overgrowth
2783:Poultry and livestock
1360:Jones JH (May 2007).
1253:on 27 September 2007.
1066:Vertical transmission
1061:Vertical transmission
809:
721:Vector (epidemiology)
719:Further information:
708:Clostridium botulinum
605:(also referred to as
586:
400:Further information:
360:human metapneumovirus
332:contaminated surfaces
317:
76:airborne transmission
4175:Disease transmission
4075:Genomic reassortment
4055:Genetic epidemiology
3894:Health communication
3822:Flattening the curve
3812:Disease surveillance
3595:Systemic/Generalized
3359:Animal disease model
2839:Asymptomatic carrier
1124:evolutionary success
995:Computer simulations
942:disease surveillance
923:Ascaris lumbricoides
861:developing countries
756:blood-borne diseases
667:blood-borne diseases
537:herpes simplex virus
365:Bordetella pertussis
86:droplet transmission
61:communicable disease
55:is the passing of a
4180:Infectious diseases
4142:Pandemic prevention
4098:Viral phylodynamics
4079:Re-emerging disease
3968:Travel restrictions
3172:Postoperative wound
3141:Blood-borne disease
3123:Respiratory droplet
3035:Vertical/Congenital
3020:Nosocomial/Hospital
2977:Spillover infection
2423:10.1038/nature04793
2415:2006Natur.441..345N
2246:2015PNAS..11211114W
2240:(35): 11114–11119.
2117:on 24 October 2018.
2092:10.1038/nature07634
2084:2009Natur.457.1012G
2078:(7232): 1012–1014.
1911:on 24 January 2015.
1843:10.1093/cid/cix1071
1420:Dallas Morning News
1403:. 10 February 2020.
950:reportable diseases
615:Infectious diseases
607:perinatal infection
412:contagious diseases
344:parainfluenza virus
310:Respiratory droplet
4088:Selection pressure
3384:Force of infection
3012:Contagious disease
2947:Endogenous seeding
2844:Chain of infection
2768:Injection drug use
2679:Vaccination status
2562:Case fatality rate
2480:infectious disease
2366:Functional Ecology
2197:10.4161/viru.24041
2032:10.1093/aje/kwp270
1616:. 18 February 2019
999:seasonal variation
863:who live in urban
812:
764:viral encephalitis
589:
402:Contagious disease
320:
273:Airborne infection
241:Local transmission
173:infectious disease
151:with more complex
4162:
4161:
4152:Tropical medicine
4093:Synthetic biology
3994:
3993:
3953:Social distancing
3906:Outbreak response
3527:
3526:
3354:Agent-based model
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
2879:Natural reservoir
2869:Infectious period
2859:Incubation period
2816:
2815:
2772:Natural disaster
2741:Tropical diseases
2724:Biodiversity loss
2661:Risk of infection
2651:Microbiome health
2644:Immunosuppression
2409:(7091): 345–348.
2026:(10): 1300–1306.
1837:(11): 1733–1741.
1806:. 23 October 2017
1748:978-1-35118-825-8
1721:978-1-260-01202-6
1696:978-1-119-17931-3
1525:on 26 March 2020.
1346:978-0-8385-8529-0
1316:on 7 January 2010
1298:on 28 March 2007.
1276:on 15 March 2012.
965:infection control
663:intravenous drugs
649:, and many more.
63:from an infected
16:(Redirected from
4187:
4147:Tropical disease
4083:Reverse zoonosis
4070:One Health Model
3899:Health education
3888:Community health
3807:Cordon sanitaire
3780:Ring vaccination
3750:Repurposed drugs
3637:
3556:Gastrointestinal
3399:Machine learning
3203:Gastrointestinal
3154:Intravenous line
3091:
3005:/Cross-infection
2992:Reverse zoonosis
2965:
2922:
2827:
2808:War and conflict
2676:Nutrition status
2639:Immunodeficiency
2496:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2334:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2110:. Archived from
2069:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1907:. Archived from
1905:MetaPathogen.com
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1518:. Archived from
1513:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:The Manila Times
1393:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1294:. Archived from
1284:
1278:
1277:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1249:. Archived from
1239:
1233:
1232:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1176:
1120:human microbiota
1083:human microbiota
1055:human microbiota
984:web search query
852:after using the
850:wash their hands
816:Fecal–oral route
681:Indirect contact
303:
302:
279:Airborne disease
224:Transmissibility
180:
179:
137:tapeworm in pigs
21:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4102:
4015:Antigenic shift
4010:Antigenic drift
4001:
3990:
3854:Barrier nursing
3802:Contact tracing
3793:
3786:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3533:
3523:
3424:
3418:
3409:Serial interval
3328:
3312:
3303:Cervico-vaginal
3298:
3289:Trans-placental
3284:
3268:
3236:
3198:
3134:Vascular system
3133:
3127:
3082:
3070:
3064:
3004:
2996:
2956:
2913:
2831:
2812:
2703:
2634:Immune response
2600:
2579:Drug resistance
2523:Infectious dose
2487:
2476:
2446:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2325:(8): e1001631.
2312:
2311:
2307:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1881:. 30 March 2022
1873:
1872:
1868:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1627:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1132:
1116:
1091:
1075:parental effect
1063:
1047:
1015:
938:
932:
885:open defecation
818:
804:
723:
717:
703:botulinum toxin
683:
655:
635:transplantation
623:
595:
581:
569:Cytomegalovirus
557:
545:
529:
446:
440:
404:
398:
340:influenza virus
312:
306:
300:
299:
281:
275:
253:epidemiologists
249:
177:
176:
169:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4045:Emergent virus
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3978:Vector control
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:N95 respirator
3913:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3794:pharmaceutical
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3640:Pharmaceutical
3634:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3591:Cardiovascular
3589:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3570:Nervous system
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:Infection rate
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3149:Injection site
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3118:Dental aerosol
3115:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:Human-to-human
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Super-spreader
2896:
2894:Superinfection
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2803:Vector control
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:Climate zones
2730:
2728:Climate change
2725:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2544:
2542:Quorum sensing
2539:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2445:
2444:
2393:
2372:(2): 315–327.
2356:
2305:
2279:
2220:
2191:(4): 295–306.
2171:
2120:
2055:
2006:
1979:(5): 501–508.
1963:
1934:(3): 254–258.
1914:
1892:
1866:
1817:
1791:
1761:
1747:
1727:
1720:
1702:
1695:
1666:
1637:
1596:
1571:
1553:
1528:
1497:
1465:
1429:
1406:
1388:
1374:
1363:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1301:
1279:
1256:
1234:
1196:
1189:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1112:
1090:
1087:
1062:
1059:
1046:
1043:
1014:
1011:
954:aggregate data
931:
928:
881:polluted water
814:Main article:
803:
800:
768:Chagas disease
716:
713:
682:
679:
654:
653:Needle sharing
651:
639:iatrogenically
622:
619:
591:Main article:
580:
577:
565:herpes viruses
556:
553:
544:
541:
528:
525:
521:trichomoniasis
442:Main article:
439:
436:
432:conjunctivitis
420:athlete's foot
397:
396:Direct contact
394:
308:Main article:
305:
297:
277:Main article:
274:
271:
248:
245:
213:infectiousness
168:
165:
149:macroparasites
121:
120:
117:
103:
92:
89:
83:
69:microorganisms
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4192:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3958:Sterilization
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Surgical mask
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3883:Public health
3881:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Phage therapy
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3718:Immunotherapy
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:Antimicrobial
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3567:Genitourinary
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:in population
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:Herd immunity
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:Genitourinary
3271:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:Contamination
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:Vector-borne
3182:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2969:Cross-species
2966:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2909:Window period
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Latent period
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Deforestation
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2698:Stress levels
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:Pathogenicity
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
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2485:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2466:
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2459:
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2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
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2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
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2352:
2348:
2343:
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2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2283:
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2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1880:
1876:
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1862:
1858:
1853:
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1840:
1836:
1832:
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1821:
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1801:
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1787:
1783:
1779:
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1731:
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1723:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:public domain
1615:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
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1348:
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1192:
1190:9780521664479
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1010:
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990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:public health
943:
937:
929:
927:
925:
924:
919:
915:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
871:or untreated
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
827:
823:
817:
808:
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789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
739:by conveying
738:
734:
730:
729:
722:
714:
712:
710:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:contamination
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:Transmission
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
594:
585:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
552:
550:
542:
540:
538:
535:incidence of
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:genital warts
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
413:
408:
403:
395:
393:
391:
390:surgical mask
387:
386:coronaviruses
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
333:
329:
325:
316:
311:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
280:
272:
270:
268:
263:
259:
254:
246:
244:
242:
238:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
219:
214:
210:
206:
205:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
174:
166:
164:
160:
158:
157:autochthonous
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
115:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
73:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:public health
42:
35:
30:
19:
3866:Notification
3837:Hand washing
3832:Food hygiene
3817:Disinfection
3713:Immunization
3664:Anthelmintic
3652:prophylactic
3540:Respiratory
3464:Hyperendemic
3414:WAIFW matrix
3069:Environment-
2822:Transmission
2798:Urbanization
2596:Host tropism
2492:Determinants
2478:Concepts in
2406:
2402:
2396:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2322:
2319:PLOS Biology
2318:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2140:(5): e1206.
2137:
2133:
2123:
2112:the original
2075:
2071:
2058:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1909:the original
1904:
1895:
1885:12 September
1883:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1810:12 September
1808:. Retrieved
1803:
1794:
1777:
1773:
1752:. Retrieved
1737:
1730:
1711:
1705:
1678:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1618:. Retrieved
1613:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1574:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1515:
1488:. Retrieved
1456:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1377:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:the original
1304:
1296:the original
1292:medterms.com
1291:
1282:
1274:the original
1269:
1259:
1251:the original
1246:
1237:
1212:
1180:
1174:
1117:
1095:horizontally
1092:
1064:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1016:
993:
969:
962:
958:epidemiology
939:
921:
911:
889:
858:
839:
835:toilet plume
819:
772:Lyme disease
749:
747:to another.
726:
724:
706:
684:
656:
624:
598:
596:
558:
546:
530:
490:
447:
426:, syphilis,
417:
409:
405:
363:
348:adenoviruses
337:
321:
285:tuberculosis
282:
250:
240:
239:
233:
232:
223:
222:
212:
202:
200:
170:
161:
122:
53:transmission
52:
38:
34:Transmission
29:
4119:Eradication
4030:Biosecurity
3755:Vaccination
3730:Inoculation
3708:Drug safety
3703:Combination
3630:and Control
3578:Soft tissue
3532:Anatomical
3499:Seasonality
3479:Mesoendemic
3459:Holoendemic
3452:Farr's laws
3364:Attack rate
3162:Animal bite
3158:Insect bite
3094:Respiratory
2721:Air quality
2709:Environment
2619:Comorbidity
2535:Attack rate
2518:Infectivity
1879:www.cdc.gov
1780:: 623–643.
1584:www.who.int
1546:28 February
1490:10 November
1362:"Notes on R
1156:Rodentology
1071:inheritance
900:hepatitis A
877:groundwater
699:hepatitis A
671:Hepatitis C
611:breast milk
509:hepatitis B
370:pneumococci
228:probability
220:organisms.
204:infectivity
153:life cycles
127:, either a
4169:Categories
4002:infections
3943:Sanitation
3911:Quarantine
3770:resistance
3688:Antiseptic
3669:Ascaricide
3659:Antifungal
3647:Antibiotic
3628:Prevention
3561:Intestinal
3494:Prevalence
3474:Inequality
3423:Occurrence
3222:Breastmilk
3106:Bioaerosol
3078:Sapronosis
3053:Horizontal
2925:Endogenous
2904:Viral load
2864:Index case
1320:3 February
1167:References
1141:Bugchasing
1136:Bioaerosol
934:See also:
913:Salmonella
842:sanitation
802:Fecal–oral
784:mosquitoes
782:, such as
780:arthropods
758:, such as
673:(HCV) and
669:, such as
621:Iatrogenic
603:childbirth
543:Manual sex
462:manual sex
378:diphtheria
352:rhinovirus
289:chickenpox
178:horizontal
110:sanitation
4114:Discovery
4040:Disease X
4000:Emerging
3948:Screening
3849:Isolation
3693:Antiviral
3519:Twindemic
3469:Incidence
3346:Modelling
3309:Perinatal
3241:Cutaneous
3132:Linked to
3042:Perinatal
2961:Exogenous
2953:formation
2695:Pregnancy
2552:Endotoxin
2547:Virulence
2185:Virulence
1229:1740-1534
1099:secondary
1027:virulence
1003:outbreaks
980:epidemics
918:parasites
908:Rotavirus
844:and poor
822:pathogens
743:from one
741:pathogens
737:infection
631:injection
601:, during
567:, namely
505:gonorrhea
497:chlamydia
466:bacterial
304:infection
201:The term
4023:EARS-Net
3938:Safe sex
3890:services
3861:Lockdown
3632:measures
3534:location
3514:Syndemic
3509:Sporadic
3489:Pandemic
3484:Outbreak
3442:Epidemic
3295:Prenatal
3187:Mosquito
3071:to-human
3046:Neonatal
3039:Prenatal
2987:Zoonosis
2832:concepts
2763:Humidity
2748:Commerce
2624:Diabetes
2557:Exotoxin
2439:18356960
2431:16710420
2351:23976878
2302:: 25–56.
2274:26283349
2215:23552814
2166:21647308
2100:19020500
2050:19822570
2001:11166016
1993:25816216
1958:23040490
1861:29211835
1589:24 March
1566:Archived
1479:(2010).
1449:Archived
1130:See also
1079:Buchnera
1032:aerosols
1020:diarrhea
930:Tracking
831:anal sex
752:housefly
733:organism
641:include
599:in utero
527:Oral sex
513:syphilis
493:HIV/AIDS
458:oral sex
454:anal sex
424:impetigo
328:sneezing
324:coughing
267:airborne
209:organism
145:zoonoses
133:mosquito
131:(e.g. a
125:organism
59:causing
57:pathogen
41:medicine
3827:Hygiene
3765:booster
3698:Asepsis
3437:Endemic
3432:Cluster
3016:Source
2951:Biofilm
2788:Poverty
2758:Ecology
2736:El Niño
2689:Smoking
2567:factors
2508:Biofilm
2484:Outline
2411:Bibcode
2342:3747981
2265:4568255
2242:Bibcode
2206:3710332
2157:3104029
2080:Bibcode
2041:2800268
1949:4692156
1852:5963970
1754:11 July
1659:21 July
1620:21 July
1458:8 March
1215:: 1–2.
972:proxies
896:cholera
869:excreta
846:hygiene
760:malaria
695:fomites
659:syringe
561:kissing
486:viruses
450:vaginal
382:rubella
301:Droplet
293:measles
258:cholera
226:is the
188:fomites
184:vectors
114:hygiene
49:biology
4035:CRISPR
3987:Zoning
3842:Gloves
3253:Fomite
3087:Routes
2982:Vector
2849:Fomite
2830:Basic
2793:Travel
2673:Gender
2437:
2429:
2403:Nature
2349:
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2203:
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1956:
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1804:nhs.uk
1745:
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989:dengue
920:(e.g.
916:, and
873:sewage
854:toilet
731:is an
728:vector
693:, and
519:, and
517:herpes
482:rectum
478:vagina
438:Sexual
430:, and
384:, and
218:vector
129:vector
100:fomite
47:, and
4107:Other
3615:Fetus
3610:Mouth
3605:Tooth
3600:Blood
3587:Joint
3447:Curve
3317:Other
3264:wound
3262:Open
3232:Feces
3227:Water
2918:Modes
2776:Flood
2500:Agent
2435:S2CID
2292:(PDF)
2115:(PDF)
2104:S2CID
2068:(PDF)
1997:S2CID
1523:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1477:NHMRC
1452:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1051:coral
904:polio
865:slums
826:fecal
792:fleas
788:ticks
691:blood
474:penis
470:semen
428:warts
262:polio
3871:list
3792:Non-
3582:Bone
3574:Skin
3258:Soil
3248:Burn
3210:Food
3192:Tick
2854:Host
2614:Burn
2606:Host
2427:PMID
2347:PMID
2270:PMID
2211:PMID
2162:PMID
2096:PMID
2046:PMID
1989:PMID
1954:PMID
1887:2023
1857:PMID
1812:2023
1756:2023
1743:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1661:2020
1622:2020
1591:2020
1548:2017
1492:2020
1460:2020
1341:ISBN
1322:2010
1225:ISSN
1185:ISBN
1106:and
1007:Hajj
1001:and
796:lice
794:and
774:and
745:host
555:Oral
141:pork
112:and
96:soil
65:host
3931:PPE
3619:Eye
3280:Sex
3101:Air
2670:Age
2419:doi
2407:441
2382:hdl
2374:doi
2337:PMC
2327:doi
2260:PMC
2250:doi
2238:112
2201:PMC
2193:doi
2152:PMC
2142:doi
2088:doi
2076:457
2036:PMC
2028:doi
2024:170
1981:doi
1944:PMC
1936:doi
1847:PMC
1839:doi
1782:doi
1683:doi
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