Autocracy - Knowledge (XXG)

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successor. The threat of overthrow is greater for appointed successors over hereditary successors, as hereditary successors are often younger and less influential. Other autocracies have no appointed successor, and a power struggle will take place upon the death or removal of the autocrat. These methods of succession are a common distinction between monarchical rule and dictatorial rule; monarchies use an established system of succession such as hereditary succession, while dictatorships do not. Autocratic rule is most unstable during succession from one autocrat to another. Orders of succession allow for more peaceful transition of power, but it prevents meaningful vetting of successors for competence or fortitude. When rule passes between autocrats, the incoming autocrat often inherits an established bureaucracy. This bureaucracy facilitates the transfer of power, as the new ruler gains immediate control over the nation without having to conquer its people or win their popular support.

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is virtually nonexistent throughout history, but popular support for democracy is a significant indicator of challenges to autocratic rule. Modernization and increased wealth are often associated with stronger support for democracy, though failing to provide these things also reduces support for the autocratic regime. Popular revolt is most likely to occur during periods of reform. Government reform can provide an impetus for stronger opposition, especially when it does not meet expectations, and it can weaken the centralization of power through poor implementation. When revolt appears likely, an autocrat may grant civil rights, redistribute wealth, or abdicate from power entirely to avoid the threat of violence.

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influential figures are provided benefits by the regime in exchange for their support. Coercing these elites is usually more efficient for the autocrat than intimidating them through violence. Political parties are a common method of co-optation and coercion, as they provide a mechanism to control members of the government, initiate new members, and discourage a military coup. Autocratic governments controlled through a political party last longer on average than other autocratic governments.

1427:, some may allow limited exercise of some rights. These autocracies grant moderate representation to political opponents and allow exercise of some civil rights, though less than those associated with democracy. These are contrasted with closed autocracies, which do not permit the exercise of these rights. Several forms of semi-autocratic government have been defined in which governments blend elements of democracy and autocracy. These include limited autocracy, semi-autocracy, 1916:. This theory was largely abandoned after the increase in autocratic government over the following decades. In the 2010s, the concept of "autocracy promotion" became influential in the study of autocracy, proposing that some governments have sought to establish autocratic rule in foreign nations, though subsequent studies have found little evidence to support that such efforts are as widespread or successful as originally thought. 1151:, but they can also serve as checks on the autocrat. Autocrats must also balance the affiliation that regional elites have over their jurisdiction; too little can prevent effective rule, while too much may cause the elite to favor the region's interests over the autocrat's. Some autocracies incorporate an elected legislature that has a limited ability to check the power of the autocrat, though these are not usually formed through 1820: 827: 1835:. Despite its historical prominence, autocracy has not been widely recognized as its own political theory in the way that democracy has. Autocratic government is generally considered to be less desirable than democratic government. Reasons for this include its proclivity for corruption and violence as well as its lack of efficiency and its weakness in promoting liberty and transparency. 1255: 1887:, or free and fair elections, among others. Both the choice in attributes and the method of measuring them are subjective, and they are defined individually be each index. Despite this, different democracy indices generally produce similar results. Most discrepancies come from the measurement of anocratic governments that blend democratic and autocratic traits. 1462: 1769:. Autocratic governments enjoy similar levels of public support to democratic governments, and a state's status as autocratic is not a significant indicator in whether it is supported by its citizens. Autocrats often appeal to the people by supporting a specific political, ethnic, or religious movement. 1846:

Autocratic government has been found to have effects on a country's politics, including its government's structure and bureaucracy, long after it democratizes. Comparisons between regions have found disparities in citizen attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement depending on whether it

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became more common in European monarchies at the onset of the 16th century as the continent struggled with weak leadership and religious conflict. Legislatures during this period were often tailored to enforce the king's will but not challenge it. This was sometimes justified through the divine right

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under a legal framework, or they may exert influence purely through force. Opinion on whether an autocratic government is legitimate can vary, even among its own population. An autocracy's approach to legitimacy can be affected by recognition from other nations. Widely accepted autocratic governments

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Autocracies face challenges to their authority from several fronts, including the citizenry, political opposition, and internal disloyalty from elites. As autocrats must share their power with the state's elites to see their will carried out, these elites are the greatest threat to the autocrat. Most

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describe autocracies as natural states that arise from this need to monopolize violence. In contrast to Olson, these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler, but as an organization formed by many actors. They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process

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Autocracies impose few to no limits on the power of the autocrat, and any formal institutions that exist create only limited accountability. To maintain power, an autocrat must have the support of elites that hold influence in the country and assist the autocrat in carrying out their will. The amount

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Political repression is the primary method by which autocrats preserve the regime and prevent the loss of power. This repression may take place implicitly by coercing and intimidating potential opposition, or it may involve direct violence. Autocratic governments also engage in co-optation, in which

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to carry out political repression rather than carrying out direct purges. This may be done to more publicly discourage future dissidents. Prior to this trend, autocratic elections rarely invited public participation. They were instead used by elites to choose a leader amongst themselves, such as in

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Historically, the most common claim of legitimacy is birthright in an autocracy that uses hereditary succession. Theocratic governments appeal to religion to justify their rule, arguing that religious leaders must also be political leaders. Other autocrats may use similar claims of divine authority

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While popular support for revolution is often necessary to overthrow an autocratic government, most revolts are accompanied by internal support from elites who believe that it is no longer in their interest to support the autocrat. Overthrow of an autocratic government purely through popular revolt

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There is great variance in the types of states that become autocratic. Neither a state's size, its military strength, its economic success, nor its cultural attributes significantly affect whether it is likely to be autocratic. Autocracy is more likely to form in heterogeneous populations, as there

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introduced the term "stationary bandits" to describe the method of control associated with autocracy, as opposed to the "roaming bandits" that dominate anarchic society. Under this definition, autocrats as stationary bandits see long-term investment in the society that they exploit through taxation

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Many attempts have been made to define the political structure of autocracy. It traditionally entails a single unrestrained ruler, known as an autocrat, though unrestrained non-democratic rule by a group may also be defined as autocratic. Autocracy is distinguished from other forms of government by

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Historically, data on the operation of autocratic government has been limited, preventing detailed study. Study of postcolonial autocracy in Africa has been particularly limited, as these governments were less likely to keep detailed records of their activities relative to other governments at the

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in which a set of rules determines who will be the next autocrat. Otherwise, a successor may be handpicked, either by the autocrat or by another governmental body. Pre-determined successors are incentivized to overthrow and replace the autocrat, creating a dilemma for autocrats wishing to choose a

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to further exercise control while presenting the appearance of democracy. The only limits to autocratic rule are practical considerations in preserving the regime. Autocrats must retain control over the nation's elites and institutions for their will to be exercised, but they must also prevent any

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The decline in autocracy across Western Europe affected autocratic government elsewhere in the world through colonization. Societies without a state were readily colonized by European nations and subsequently adopted democracy and parliamentary government after it became common in Europe. Regions

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nations are more likely to distrust government and free markets, directly hindering the long-term economic prosperity of these nations. Xenophobia is generally more common in post-autocratic nations, and voters in these nations are more likely to vote for far-right or far-left political parties.

1139:, and modern autocracy is often defined as any non-democratic government. As with all forms of government, autocracy has no clearly defined boundaries, and it may intersect with other forms of government. Though autocracy usually encompasses an entire country, it can sometimes take place at 1439:. These governments may begin as democratic governments and then become autocratic as the elected leader seizes control over the nation's institutions and electoral process. Conversely, autocratic governments may transition to democracy through a period of semi-autocratic rule. 1337:

governments. Autocracies with unfair elections will cite election results to prove that the autocrat has a mandate to rule. Some autocracies will use practical considerations to legitimise their rule, arguing that they are necessary to provide basic needs to the population.

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Parliamentary monarchies became common in the 13th century as monarchs sought larger advising bodies that were representative of the kingdom. European nations moved away from feudalism and towards centralized monarchy as the primary form of government in the 14th century.

895:. Various definitions of autocracy exist. They may restrict autocracy to cases where power is held by a single individual, or they may define autocracy in a way that includes a group of rulers who wield absolute power. The autocrat has total control over the exercise of 1239:, members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting. A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition, who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state. 1147:

of direct control that an autocrat wields in practice may vary. As an autocratic government solidifies its rule, it develops stronger institutions to carry out the autocrat's will. These institutions are necessary for maintaining control and extracting value from

1416:, where it maintains control purely through rewards for allies and force against enemies. In these regimes, there is no guiding ideology or legal system, and the state serves only to bring about the leader's own personal enrichment. Other descriptors, such as 1736:

in 1991, but it saw a resurgence over the following decades through regional powers such as China, Iran, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. The fall of totalitarian regimes led to authoritarianism becoming the predominant form of autocracy in the 21st century.

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Autocratic regimes in the 21st century have departed from the historical precedent of direct rule in favor of institutions that resemble those of democratic governments. This may include controlled liberties for citizens such as the formation of

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time, and they frequently destroyed the records that did exist. Study of citizen support for autocratic government relative to democratic government has also been infrequent, and most studies conducted in this area have been limited to

1397:. Authoritarian governments maintain control of a nation purely through repression and controlled opposition rather than mandated adherence to a state ideology. These include most traditional monarchies, military dictatorships, 1493:. They are an emergent form of governance, originating from societies that previously lacked a centralized authority. Historical chiefs often held only tenuous power over the chiefdom, but they trended towards autocracy as 1772:

The different forms of autocratic government create significant variance in their foreign policy. Overall, autocratic governments are more likely to go to war than democratic governments, as citizens are not part of the

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marked a significant shift in the perception of dictatorship as a form of tyrannical rule, as revolutionaries justified their actions as a means of combatting tyranny. In Europe, the original forms of dictatorship were

1408:, in which the autocrat rules purely through personal control without any meaningful institutions. These were most common in pre-industrial societies, when large bureaucracies had not yet become standard in government. 1798:. Elections provide several benefits to autocratic regimes, allowing for a venue to restrain or appease the opposition and creating a method to transfer power without violent conflict. Many autocrats also institute 1895:

in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted. The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by

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The concepts of tyranny and despotism as distinct modes of government were abandoned in the 19th century in favor of more specific typologies. Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of

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are more able to convince their own populations of their legitimacy. Less widely accepted autocracies may rally internal support by attributing their lack of recognition to malevolent foreign efforts, such as

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after consolidating power, particularly fascist governments. This allows the autocracy to spread its state ideology, and the existence of foreign adversaries allows the autocrat to rally internal support.

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among individuals with access to violence. For them, these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources. As violence reduces the

1721:. Communist states became the primary model for autocratic government in the late-20th century, and many non-communist autocratic regimes replicated the communist style of government. 1512:, which first developed around the 35th century BCE. These early states were ruled by kings who were both political and religious leaders. These were followed by the first empire, the 6809: 1670:

resulted in a broad shift of governance across Europe, and many nations moved away from traditional monarchies. Most European monarchs were stripped of their powers to become

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indices. These indices measure various attributes of a government's actions and its citizens' rights to sort democracies and autocracies. These attributes might include

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or local levels, even in countries with a more democratic government, if the national government has limited control over a specific area or its political conflicts.

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other individual or group from gaining significant power or influence. Internal challenges are the most significant threats faced by autocrats, as they may lead to a

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within the autocracy, choosing under what circumstances they may be exercised, if at all. Governments may also blend elements of autocracy and democracy, forming an

4916: 1653:. European monarchies moved away from autocracy in the 19th century as legislatures increased in power. In 19th century Latin America, regional rulers known as 1329:

in 17th century England and France. When an autocratic government has a state ideology, this may be used to justify the autocrat's rule. This is most common in

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is another common measure used by autocrats to stay in power; as they are able to draft the constitution unilaterally, it can be tailored to suit their rule.

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who would be temporarily invested with unchecked power to restore stability during periods of crisis. This temporary dictatorship was eventually subverted by

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Autocracy has been the primary form of government for most of human history. One of the earliest forms of government was the chiefdom that developed in

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with historically strong autocratic states were able to resist European colonization or otherwise went unchanged, allowing autocracy to be preserved.

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became popular among political scientists. This theory proposed that autocratic government was approaching a permanent decline to be replaced by

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in 221 BCE, and even its feudal government had stronger elements of autocracy than other instances of feudalism. The early Chinese philosophy of

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Some autocracies emphasize a ruling family rather than a single autocrat. This has been the case of most monarchies. Such arrangements allow for

966:. Monarchy was the predominant form of autocracy for most of history. Dictatorship became more common in the 19th century, beginning with the 5908: 4114: 4086: 4059: 4032: 4005: 3964: 3935: 3908: 3871: 3844: 3767: 3746: 3734: 3690: 3664: 3597: 3554: 3527: 3500: 3470: 3447: 1554:

were often ruled by tyrants, though myth and historical revisionism later re-imagined these tyrants as kings with hereditary succession. The

1211:, formed where there was previously no centralized government. The initial development of an autocracy is attributed to its efficiency over 6795: 4779: 4611: 1220:

and other seizure of resources, as opposed to the bandits in stateless societies that have no incentive to improve society. This creates a

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in German. These terms were eventually used to refer to autocratic rulers in general. The term has since developed a negative connotation.

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emphasized the importance of benevolent autocratic rule to maintain order, and this philosophy heavily influenced future Chinese thought.

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also existed as an autocratic government for most of its early history, first developing states at the end of the fourth millennium BCE.

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in the 24th century BCE. The blending of autocratic rule with religious significance continued under the Akkadian Empire, as the king

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China has been subject to autocratic rule almost without interruption since its ancient feudal society was replaced by the

6776: 6649: 5871: 4902: 1625: 359: 4734: 1843:. Collection of information on autocratic regimes has improved in the 21st century, allowing for more detailed analysis. 7173: 6674: 6669: 6363: 5401: 5034: 7188: 7168: 6877: 6689: 6684: 6469: 4044: 4024: 3947: 553: 68: 7163: 6998: 5671: 5661: 5354: 5014: 4439: 4400: 4078: 4051: 3546: 3519: 1424: 1412:

is a type of personalist dictatorship in which a ruling family directly integrates itself into the state through a

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and demonstrate their support of the state ideology through political engagement. Totalitarian governments are

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and can be influenced by the autocrat in exchange for preferential treatment. Other institutions, such as an

7042: 6975: 6899: 6872: 6539: 6459: 6273: 5876: 5465: 5376: 4650: 4485: 4474: 3956: 3863: 3828: 3718: 3682: 3492: 1140: 1111: 782: 349: 7081: 6916: 5866: 5846: 5733: 5696: 5366: 4994: 1930: 1880: 1671: 1590: 1301: 1152: 1106: 797: 364: 5786: 4305:"The Transformation of the Western State: The Growth of Democracy, Autocracy, and State Power Since 1800" 7219: 6906: 6889: 6020: 5975: 5381: 4258: 3797: 3462: 1876: 1551: 1355: 1326: 1288: 1160: 792: 655: 252: 7047: 5836: 3634: 3621: 3608: 6787: 6529: 6409: 6178: 6000: 5985: 5826: 5753: 5445: 5406: 5391: 4925: 4740: 4606:"A Family of Political Concepts: Tyranny, Despotism, Bonapartism, Caesarism, Dictatorship, 1750-1917" 4574: 3989: 3976: 1901: 1884: 1864: 1832: 1650: 1306: 911: 904: 872: 4691: 7183: 7093: 6911: 6826: 6719: 6634: 6599: 6569: 6489: 6015: 5955: 5763: 5276: 5196: 4226:"Of Gods and Kings: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia: Divine Kingship in Ancient Mesopotamia" 4137: 1662:

The 19th and 20th centuries brought about the decline of traditional monarchies in favor of modern

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Autocratic government has been central to political theory since the development of Ancient Greek

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Tangerås, Thomas P. (2009). "Democracy, autocracy and the likelihood of international conflict".

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had been subject to autocracy, even in different regions within the same country. Citizens of

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against groups that do not comply with the state's vision. Totalitarianism is associated with

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of other influential or powerful members of society. The general public is controlled through

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Comparing Political Regimes: A Thematic Introduction to Comparative Politics, Third Edition

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have been developed to measure how democratic or authoritarian countries are, such as the

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to which autocrats are accountable. Totalitarian autocracies have historically engaged in

1729: 1698: 1679: 1517: 1513: 1390: 1247:. Autocracies formed under these conditions are often more volatile for the same reasons. 1244: 1128: 1071: 989: 981: 935: 896: 831: 804: 660: 650: 447: 344: 4225: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 7086: 6746: 6654: 6644: 6373: 6248: 6233: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6143: 6118: 6073: 6053: 5915: 5886: 5861: 5816: 5796: 5758: 5713: 5593: 5583: 5440: 5271: 5084: 4796: 4559: 4096: 4071: 3821: 3790: 3512: 3485: 3432: 1955: 1925: 1909: 1897: 1762: 1718: 1663: 1559: 1555: 1547: 1264: 1236: 1227: 1175: 1148: 919: 809: 740: 645: 478: 392: 2135: 2133: 2131: 1645:, imperial rule reminiscent of Julius Caesar. These were primarily used to define the 826: 7203: 7071: 6963: 6679: 6509: 6419: 6368: 6338: 6328: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6103: 6093: 6083: 6058: 5925: 5903: 5821: 5728: 5701: 5686: 5628: 5311: 4812: 4769: 4724: 4640: 4595: 4551: 4506: 4458: 4429: 4339: 4299: 4287: 4215: 4170: 3777: 3704: 3700: 1848: 1586: 1563: 1529: 1494: 1382: 1366: 1164: 1055: 1012: 997: 696: 591: 493: 483: 324: 4384: 1819: 6980: 6948: 6867: 6659: 6343: 6333: 6323: 6188: 6183: 6123: 6098: 6068: 6063: 5970: 5965: 5811: 5691: 5425: 5361: 5231: 5221: 5216: 5135: 5125: 5069: 4959: 3480: 1808: 1782: 1750: 1714: 1710: 1618: 1571: 1540: 1498: 1490: 1452: 1394: 1362: 1347: 1268: 1216: 977: 884: 745: 672: 666: 640: 635: 611: 601: 538: 427: 247: 171: 4708: 4154: 1131:

of the people and to choose what liberties they may exercise. It is distinct from

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in 44 BCE, ending the Roman Republic and ushering the creation of the autocratic

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Authoritarian Party Systems: Party Politics in Autocratic Regimes, 1945-2019

1950: 1945: 1892: 1840: 1691: 1642: 1594: 1486: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1378: 1330: 1136: 1132: 968: 951: 915: 892: 888: 558: 452: 442: 437: 422: 417: 407: 281: 242: 231: 216: 181: 149: 93: 88: 40: 4395:"The Tyranny of Dictatorship: When the Greek Tyrant Met the Roman Dictator" 4753: 3997: 3589: 1508:

ruling over conquered territory. The first states were the city-states of

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in which both the autocrat and the subjects benefit over the alternative.

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Autocracy encompasses most non-democratic forms of government, including

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and absolutism, may also be associated with variations of autocracy.

963: 596: 4440:"Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective" 1678:. Totalitarianism first developed as a form of autocracy during the 1577:

Several early military dictatorships formed in East Asia during the

1038:; "power, might"). This became the Hellenistic/Byzantine Greek word 3900: 7063: 5530: 5019: 4954: 3953:

Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science

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Popular Tyranny: Sovereignty and Its Discontents in Ancient Greece

1818: 1744: 1709:. While other forms of European dictatorship were dissolved after 1608: 1461: 1254: 1105: 950:

Autocracy was among the earliest forms of government. It began as

2970: 2968: 2966: 1666:, many of which developed as autocracies. The upheaval caused by 934:, or foreign hostility. Some autocracies establish legislatures, 5525: 4949: 1659:

seized power in several nations as early examples of dictators.

1385:, seeking radically to reform society, and they often engage in 1277: 6791: 4898: 1489:. Chiefdoms are regional collections of villages ruled over by 984:

dictatorships developed in the 20th century with the advent of

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Undue Process: Persecution and Punishment in Autocratic Courts

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was significantly reduced at the end of the Cold War with the

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of kings, particularly in the kingdoms of England and France.

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A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present

3434:

How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory

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when they engage in direct control of citizens' lives, or as

1039: 1033: 1027: 1021: 1015: 3219: 3217: 3048: 3046: 954:, which existed throughout the ancient world in the form of 3884:"Imaginary Kings: Alternatives to Monarchy in Early Greece" 3246: 3244: 2052: 2050: 1987: 1985: 4823:"When was the title "Dictator perpetuus" given to Caesar?" 2690: 2678: 2666: 1215:, as it provides security and negates internal divisions. 1182:

may also give significance to the ruling family through a

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in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an

4253:"Autocratic opening to democracy: why legitimacy matters" 3638: 3625: 3612: 2929: 2927: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2003: 1827:: authoritarian regimes are designated in orange and red. 1701:

first developed as a new form of autocracy following the

1377:. Instead, citizens are expected to devote themselves to 2590: 2588: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1369:

when they do not. Totalitarian governments do not allow

4480:"The Constitutional Economics of Autocratic Succession" 3309: 3307: 2174: 2172: 2037: 2035: 2033: 996:

in 1991, most dictatorships have been characterized as

4777:

Wong, Stan Hok-Wui; Or, Nick H. K. (1 December 2020).

4073:

Generals and Scholars: Military Rule in Medieval Korea

2575: 2573: 2276: 2274: 1127:

the power of the autocrat to unilaterally repress the

3858:

Citizen Support for Democratic and Autocratic Regimes

2476: 2474: 1713:, communism was strengthened and became the basis of 3286: 3033: 3031: 2250: 2203: 2139: 2079: 2077: 1641:, a form of monarchism that rejected feudalism, and 7141: 6991: 6833: 6622: 6391: 6039: 5772: 5652: 5571: 5483: 5474: 5340: 5174: 5103: 4932: 3715:

The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy

2292: 4821: 4778: 4733: 4690: 4604: 4567: 4515: 4478: 4438: 4393: 4348: 4303: 4251: 4224: 4179: 4136: 4070: 4043: 4016: 3975: 3946: 3922:The Politics of Mass Killing in Autocratic Regimes 3919: 3882: 3855: 3820: 3789: 3745: 3708: 3573: 3538: 3511: 3484: 3431: 903:. The concept of autocracy has been recognized in 3948:"Regime Types: Measuring Democracy and Autocracy" 3487:The History of Government from the Earliest Times 3385: 2417: 2405: 4311:Studies in Comparative International Development 3459:The Bloomsbury Companion to Political Philosophy 2998: 2974: 2957: 2151: 1694:, and military dictatorships throughout Europe. 3713:. In Jenkins, Jeffrey A.; Rubin, Jared (eds.). 32:"Autocrat" redirects here. For other uses, see 2110: 1761:Control over the public is maintained through 1674:, or they were displaced entirely in favor of 1597:in Japan between the 12th and 19th centuries. 1174:, which can join autocracies together through 6803: 4910: 4569:"Violence and the Rise of Open-Access Orders" 1065: 1059: 849: 8: 5416: 1404:An absolute autocracy may be referred to as 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 5352: 3951:. In Keman, Hans; Woldendorp, Jaap (eds.). 3710:"Historical Political Economy of Autocracy" 3250: 3223: 3112: 3064: 3052: 2446: 2328: 2316: 2095: 2056: 1276:autocratic governments are overthrown by a 1049: 6810: 6796: 6788: 5480: 4917: 4903: 4895: 4350:"The Autocratic Legacy of Early Statehood" 1155:. These legislatures may also be prone to 856: 842: 776: 578: 312: 84: 47: 4671: 3837:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.001.0001 3514:Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics 3262: 3208: 2726: 1707:mass party said to represent the citizens 1361:Autocratic governments are classified as 1263:led to the replacement of the autocratic 1070:. In the 18th century, the title for the 73:List of countries by system of government 3752:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 3289:, The Legacies Autocracies Leave Behind. 3136: 2894: 2691:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001 2679:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001 2667:Beliaev, Bondarenko & Korotayev 2001 6500:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3747:"Autocratic Regimes and Foreign Policy" 3373: 3361: 3349: 3325: 3298: 3196: 3172: 3010: 2986: 2933: 2918: 2906: 2822: 2642: 2630: 2594: 2552: 2540: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2465: 2434: 2369: 2357: 2340: 2304: 2265: 2227: 2178: 2122: 2068: 2041: 2024: 1981: 1167:, may also limit the autocrat's power. 725: 686: 610: 581: 504: 461: 383: 315: 268: 225: 148: 87: 58: 4692:"The problem with autocracy promotion" 3823:Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850 3397: 3160: 3022: 2870: 2858: 2810: 2738: 2714: 2618: 2606: 2480: 1086:in French, while it was translated to 4514:Miller, Michael K (5 November 2012). 3918:Mukherjee, Bumba; Koren, Ore (2018). 3576:The Encyclopedia of Political Thought 3337: 3313: 3148: 3124: 2945: 2882: 2750: 2702: 2654: 2579: 2564: 2280: 2215: 1991: 1524:was the first of several kings to be 1058:. This was adopted in Old Russian as 7: 4785:Communist and Post-Communist Studies 4612:European Journal of Political Theory 4138:"Origins and evolution of chiefdoms" 3727:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197618608.013.9 3274: 3235: 3184: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3037: 2834: 2393: 2381: 2163: 2083: 1054:, both of which were titles for the 972:in Latin America and the empires of 6610:The End of History and the Last Man 6520:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4735:"Weaknesses of Autocracy Promotion" 3409: 2846: 1300:Autocrats may claim that they have 4797:10.1525/j.postcomstud.2020.53.4.91 4446:International Studies Perspectives 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 1423:Though autocracies often restrict 1207:The earliest autocracies, such as 25: 4877:. Oxford University Press. 2023. 4356:American Political Science Review 4187:International Area Studies Review 3541:The Two Logics of Autocratic Rule 2293:North, Wallis & Weingast 2008 910:Autocrats maintain power through 6580:The Open Society and Its Enemies 4459:10.1111/j.1528-3577.2005.00197.x 4181:"How (not) to measure democracy" 4042:Shen-Bayh, Fiona Feiang (2022). 3287:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 2253:, How Autocracies Are Sustained. 2251:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 2204:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 2140:Grzymala-Busse & Finkel 2022 1686:. This saw the establishment of 1581:. These include the rule of the 1317:to justify their rule, often in 825: 5387:Family as a model for the state 4820:Zeev, Miriam Pucci Ben (1996). 4523:Journal of Theoretical Politics 4135:; Korotayev, Audrey V. (2001). 3887:. In Morgan, Kathryn A. (ed.). 1753:, a 1947 show trial in Slovenia 1734:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1243:is greater inequality and less 994:dissolution of the Soviet Union 6737:Separation of church and state 6635:Collectivism and individualism 6590:The Origins of Totalitarianism 3537:Gerschewski, Johannes (2023). 2999:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2975:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2958:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2152:Gurr, Jaggers & Moore 1990 2004:Oxford English Dictionary 2023 1904:. At the end of the Cold War, 1558:introduced the concept of the 1528:over the following centuries. 1516:, when they were conquered by 887:, while it is contrasted with 534:Intergovernmental organisation 489:Separation of church and state 1: 6777:Category:Political philosophy 6650:Critique of political economy 4709:10.1080/13510347.2015.1095736 4347:Hariri, Jacob Gerner (2012). 4155:10.1080/00988157.2001.9978293 2555:, pp. 240, 242–243, 245. 1728:The strength of autocracy in 1497:governance was replaced with 1467: 1401:, and dominant party states. 7174:Social dominance orientation 6675:Institutional discrimination 6670:History of political thought 5402:Negative and positive rights 4871:"Autocrator (n.), Etymology" 4780:"To Compete or to Cooperate" 3945:Schmidt, Manfred G. (2016). 1504:Early states were formed by 879:. It includes some forms of 331:(socio-political ideologies) 7189:List of totalitarian states 7169:Right-wing authoritarianism 6685:Justification for the state 6470:Two Treatises of Government 4025:University of Toronto Press 3457:Fiala, Andrew, ed. (2015). 1593:beginning in 1170, and the 1379:a single ideological vision 1064:and then modern Russian as 399:(socio-economic ideologies) 69:List of forms of government 7236: 7164:Left-wing authoritarianism 6999:Authoritarian conservatism 5355:Bellum omnium contra omnes 4437:Kinne, Brandon J. (2005). 4079:University of Hawaii Press 4069:Shultz, Edward J. (2000). 4052:Cambridge University Press 3986:The Encyclopedia of Empire 3547:Cambridge University Press 3520:Cambridge University Press 3430:Earle, Timothy K. (1997). 2111:Mukherjee & Koren 2018 1446: 1431:, semi-liberal autocracy, 1425:civil and political rights 1230:, John Joseph Wallis, and 1034: 1022: 1000:rather than totalitarian. 38: 31: 6863:Counterintelligence state 6772: 4875:Oxford English Dictionary 4664:10.1007/s10101-008-0055-6 4392:Kalyvas, Andreas (2007). 4369:10.1017/S0003055412000238 4272:10.1080/01436590600720710 4178:Boese, Vanessa A (2019). 3893:University of Texas Press 3744:Kneuer, Marianne (2017). 3440:Stanford University Press 2206:, How Autocracies Emerge. 1825:Economist Democracy Index 1485:, which date back to the 1325:in ancient China and the 1180:Personalist dictatorships 520:(geo-cultural ideologies) 34:Autocrat (disambiguation) 7159:Inverted totalitarianism 7031:Authoritarian capitalism 6560:The Revolt of the Masses 4625:10.1177/1474885105052703 4603:Richter, Melvin (2005). 4536:10.1177/0951629812460122 4475:Kurrild-Klitgaard, Peter 4414:10.1177/0090591707302208 4200:10.1177/2233865918815571 3974:Schrakamp, Ingo (2016). 3802:Harvard University Press 3760:10.1177/0090591707302208 3328:, pp. 112, 115–116. 1900:in 1974 through applied 1466:Julius Caesar (engraved 1251:Stability and succession 39:Not to be confused with 7043:Authoritarian socialism 6540:The Communist Manifesto 5466:Tyranny of the majority 5377:Consent of the governed 4840:10.3406/antiq.1996.1259 4651:Economics of Governance 4562:; Wallis, John Joseph; 4499:10.1023/A:1005078532251 4250:Burnell, Peter (2006). 4223:Brisch, Nicole (2013). 4143:Reviews in Anthropology 3957:Edward Elgar Publishing 3864:Oxford University Press 3829:Oxford University Press 3719:Oxford University Press 3683:Oxford University Press 3493:Oxford University Press 1672:constitutional monarchs 1453:History of dictatorship 1153:free and fair elections 1112:coronation of Louis XVI 1040: 1028: 1016: 783:Administrative division 727:International relations 5417: 5367:Clash of civilizations 5353: 4883:10.1093/OED/2280847239 4689:Tansey, Oisín (2015). 4015:Siaroff, Alan (2013). 3881:Morris, Sarah (2003). 3854:Mauk, Marlene (2019). 3792:A New History of Korea 3510:Fu, Zhengyuan (1993). 3386:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000 2418:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000 2406:Kurrild-Klitgaard 2000 2142:, How Autocracies Die. 1931:Democratic backsliding 1881:freedom of information 1869:Varieties of Democracy 1828: 1754: 1622: 1591:Goryeo military regime 1478: 1356:dominant-party regimes 1272: 1198:Origin and development 1123: 1120:Gabriel François Doyen 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1066: 1060: 1050: 914:of any opposition and 6907:Dominant-party system 5382:Divine right of kings 4828:L'Antiquité Classique 4754:10.1353/jod.2016.0009 4259:Third World Quarterly 4133:Bondarenko, Dmitri M. 3998:10.1002/9781118455074 3990:John Wiley & Sons 3639:Gibbons et al. (2014) 3635:Divine Right of Kings 3626:Gibbons et al. (2014) 3613:Gibbons et al. (2014) 3590:10.1002/9781118474396 3564:Gibbons, Michael T.; 3463:Bloomsbury Publishing 1877:freedom of expression 1822: 1748: 1715:several dictatorships 1651:Second French Empires 1612: 1552:Etruscan civilization 1465: 1447:Further information: 1327:divine right of kings 1289:hereditary succession 1287:Some autocracies use 1258: 1161:independent judiciary 1109: 907:since ancient times. 793:Democratic transition 656:Self-governing colony 253:Military dictatorship 6530:Democracy in America 5909:political philosophy 5892:political philosophy 5707:political philosophy 5536:political philosophy 5446:Separation of powers 5407:Night-watchman state 5392:Monopoly on violence 4926:Political philosophy 4741:Journal of Democracy 4575:Journal of Democracy 4131:Beliaev, Dmitri D.; 3959:. pp. 111–126. 3819:Lynch, John (1992). 3800:; Shultz, Edward J. 3701:Grzymala-Busse, Anna 3649:Golosov, Grigorii V. 3568:; Ellis, Elisabeth; 3481:Finer, Samuel Edward 2531:, pp. 229, 232. 1902:public choice theory 1885:separation of powers 1865:Freedom in the World 1833:political philosophy 1815:Study and evaluation 1807:. The creation of a 1321:. This includes the 1307:American imperialism 1267:with the autocratic 912:political repression 905:political philosophy 873:system of government 7094:Ecoauthoritarianism 6912:Illiberal democracy 6720:Right-wing politics 6600:A Theory of Justice 6570:The Road to Serfdom 6490:The Social Contract 5197:Christian democracy 4732:Way, Lucan (2016). 3633:Murphy, Andrew R. " 3400:, pp. 155–156. 3376:, p. 222, 235. 3352:, pp. 122–123. 3139:, pp. 100–101. 2921:, pp. 238–239. 2909:, pp. 233–234. 2543:, pp. 239–240. 2519:, pp. 232–233. 2268:, pp. 237–238. 1526:recognized as a god 1449:History of monarchy 1437:electoral autocracy 1414:cult of personality 1184:cult of personality 1172:royal intermarriage 1102:Political structure 832:Politics portal 717:Supranational union 626:Dependent territory 539:National government 6732:Political violence 6727:Political theology 6710:Left-wing politics 6705:Political spectrum 4588:10.1353/jod.0.0060 4564:Weingast, Barry R. 4560:North, Douglass C. 4324:10.1007/BF02716906 4298:; Jaggers, Keith; 4243:10.1111/rec3.12031 3607:Grigg, Julianna. " 2837:, p. 251–253. 2607:Wong & Or 2020 1861:Polity data series 1829: 1805:electoral monarchy 1794:to participate in 1792:opposition parties 1755: 1741:Political activity 1703:Russian Revolution 1623: 1579:post-classical era 1522:Naram-Sin of Akkad 1479: 1375:cultural pluralism 1273: 1261:Russian Revolution 1124: 1074:was translated to 992:states. Since the 928:political ideology 27:Form of government 7197: 7196: 7149:Democracy indices 6841:Absolute monarchy 6785: 6784: 6695:Philosophy of law 6640:Conflict theories 6480:The Spirit of Law 6387: 6386: 5436:Original position 4116:978-90-247-3398-9 4088:978-0-8248-2324-5 4061:978-1-009-19713-7 4034:978-1-4426-0702-6 4007:978-1-118-45507-4 3977:"Akkadian Empire" 3966:978-2-01-694428-8 3937:978-3-319-91758-0 3910:978-0-29279-782-6 3873:978-0-19-885485-2 3846:978-0-19-821135-8 3798:Wagner, Edward W. 3769:978-0-19-022863-7 3736:978-0-19-761860-8 3692:978-0-19-092055-5 3666:978-1-80061-116-0 3620:Hulliung, Mark. " 3599:978-1-118-47439-6 3556:978-1-009-19941-4 3529:978-0-52144-228-2 3502:978-0-19-820664-4 3472:978-1-4411-1434-1 3449:978-0-8047-2856-0 3412:, pp. 64–65. 3277:, pp. 12–15. 3001:, pp. 74–75. 2801:, pp. 33–34. 2789:, pp. 31–33. 2495:, pp. 10–11. 2408:, pp. 68–70. 2166:, pp. 26–27. 1971:Tsarist autocracy 1914:liberal democracy 1908:'s theory of the 1857:democracy indices 1634:French Revolution 1568:dictator for life 1429:liberal autocracy 1323:Mandate of Heaven 1319:absolute monarchy 1232:Barry R. Weingast 1222:Pareto efficiency 1004:Etymology and use 883:and all forms of 866: 865: 817: 816: 788:Democracy indices 763: 762: 566: 565: 375:Semi-presidential 300: 299: 16:(Redirected from 7227: 7210:Authoritarianism 7048:Marxism–Leninism 6929:Managerial state 6812: 6805: 6798: 6789: 6700:Political ethics 6690:Machiavellianism 6630:Authoritarianism 6615: 6605: 6595: 6585: 6575: 6565: 6555: 6545: 6535: 6525: 6515: 6505: 6495: 6485: 6475: 6465: 6455: 6445: 6435: 6425: 6415: 6405: 5481: 5422: 5358: 5348:Balance of power 5322:Social democracy 5317:Social Darwinism 5292:Multiculturalism 5237:Environmentalism 5212:Communitarianism 4919: 4912: 4905: 4896: 4886: 4859: 4825: 4816: 4782: 4773: 4737: 4728: 4694: 4685: 4675: 4644: 4608: 4599: 4571: 4555: 4519: 4510: 4482: 4470: 4442: 4433: 4401:Political Theory 4397: 4388: 4352: 4343: 4307: 4296:Gurr, Ted Robert 4291: 4255: 4246: 4231:Religion Compass 4228: 4219: 4183: 4174: 4140: 4120: 4092: 4076: 4065: 4049: 4038: 4022: 4011: 3979: 3970: 3950: 3941: 3925: 3914: 3886: 3877: 3861: 3850: 3826: 3815: 3796:. Translated by 3795: 3781: 3749: 3740: 3712: 3696: 3670: 3657:World Scientific 3642: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3579: 3570:Ferguson, Kennan 3560: 3544: 3533: 3517: 3506: 3490: 3476: 3453: 3437: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3251:Gerschewski 2023 3248: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3224:Gerschewski 2023 3221: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3113:Gerschewski 2023 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3065:Gerschewski 2023 3062: 3056: 3053:Gerschewski 2023 3050: 3041: 3035: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2463: 2450: 2447:Gerschewski 2023 2444: 2438: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2329:Gerschewski 2023 2326: 2320: 2317:Gerschewski 2023 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2269: 2263: 2254: 2248: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2213: 2207: 2201: 2182: 2176: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2099: 2096:Gerschewski 2023 2093: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2057:Gerschewski 2023 2054: 2045: 2039: 2028: 2022: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1906:Francis Fukuyama 1867:report, and the 1796:unfair elections 1684:Great Depression 1483:tribal societies 1476: 1472: 1469: 1391:communist states 1335:ethnonationalist 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1069: 1063: 1053: 1048:) and the Latin 1043: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1019: 936:unfair elections 858: 851: 844: 830: 829: 777: 621:Associated state 579: 554:Internationalism 544:World government 521: 400: 332: 313: 287:Free association 274: 235: 154: 97: 85: 48: 21: 18:Autocratic ruler 7235: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7137: 6987: 6954:Socialist state 6939:One-party state 6858:Communist state 6829: 6816: 6786: 6781: 6768: 6757:Totalitarianism 6618: 6613: 6603: 6593: 6583: 6573: 6563: 6553: 6543: 6533: 6523: 6513: 6503: 6493: 6483: 6473: 6463: 6453: 6443: 6433: 6430:Treatise on Law 6423: 6413: 6403: 6383: 6041: 6035: 5774: 5768: 5654: 5648: 5567: 5470: 5456:State of nature 5451:Social contract 5431:Ordered liberty 5419:Noblesse oblige 5336: 5170: 5099: 4928: 4923: 4893: 4869: 4866: 4819: 4776: 4731: 4697:Democratization 4688: 4647: 4602: 4558: 4513: 4473: 4436: 4391: 4346: 4294: 4249: 4222: 4177: 4130: 4127: 4117: 4097:Tullock, Gordon 4095: 4089: 4068: 4062: 4041: 4035: 4014: 4008: 3982:MacKenzie, John 3973: 3967: 3944: 3938: 3917: 3911: 3880: 3874: 3853: 3847: 3818: 3812: 3784: 3770: 3743: 3737: 3699: 3693: 3673: 3667: 3647: 3632: 3619: 3606: 3600: 3582:Wiley Blackwell 3572:, eds. (2014). 3566:Coole, Diana H. 3563: 3557: 3536: 3530: 3509: 3503: 3491:. Vol. 1. 3479: 3473: 3456: 3450: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861:, pp. 1–2. 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813:, pp. 1–2. 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765:, pp. 1–2. 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2507:, pp. 5–6. 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2479: 2472: 2464: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2279: 2272: 2264: 2257: 2249: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2185: 2177: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2129: 2125:, pp. 7–8. 2121: 2117: 2109: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2031: 2023: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1922: 1873:enfranchisement 1817: 1743: 1730:global politics 1699:communist state 1680:interwar period 1613:Members of the 1607: 1566:when he became 1546:City-states in 1518:Sargon of Akkad 1514:Akkadian Empire 1474: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1344: 1298: 1253: 1245:social cohesion 1205: 1200: 1176:dynastic unions 1129:civil liberties 1104: 1072:Russian emperor 1011:comes from the 1006: 897:civil liberties 862: 824: 819: 818: 805:Democratisation 798:Autocratization 774: 766: 765: 764: 721: 682: 661:Tributary state 651:Satellite state 606: 576: 575:Power structure 568: 567: 519: 518: 500: 471: 457: 448:Totalitarianism 398: 397: 379: 330: 329: 310: 302: 301: 296: 272: 264: 229: 221: 152: 144: 91: 82: 81:Source of power 59:Basic forms of 53:Politics series 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7233: 7231: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7202: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7111: 7106: 7096: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6878:Constitutional 6875: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Social justice 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6655:Egalitarianism 6652: 6647: 6645:Contractualism 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6596: 6586: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6546: 6536: 6526: 6516: 6506: 6496: 6486: 6476: 6466: 6456: 6446: 6436: 6426: 6416: 6406: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5441:Overton window 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5350: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5272:Libertarianism 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4892: 4891:External links 4889: 4888: 4887: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4817: 4774: 4729: 4703:(1): 141–163. 4686: 4645: 4619:(3): 221–248. 4600: 4556: 4530:(2): 153–181. 4511: 4471: 4453:(1): 114–128. 4434: 4408:(4): 412–442. 4389: 4363:(3): 471–494. 4344: 4300:Moore, Will H. 4292: 4266:(4): 545–562. 4247: 4220: 4175: 4149:(4): 373–395. 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4115: 4093: 4087: 4066: 4060: 4039: 4033: 4012: 4006: 3971: 3965: 3942: 3936: 3915: 3909: 3901:10.7560/752764 3878: 3872: 3851: 3845: 3816: 3810: 3782: 3768: 3741: 3735: 3705:Finkel, Eugene 3697: 3691: 3675:Gordon, Andrew 3671: 3665: 3645: 3644: 3643: 3630: 3617: 3598: 3561: 3555: 3534: 3528: 3507: 3501: 3477: 3471: 3454: 3448: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3364:, p. 123. 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3303: 3301:, p. 111. 3291: 3279: 3267: 3263:Shen-Bayh 2022 3255: 3240: 3228: 3213: 3209:Shen-Bayh 2022 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3151:, p. 119. 3141: 3129: 3127:, p. 126. 3117: 3105: 3103:, p. 161. 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3042: 3027: 3025:, p. 489. 3015: 3003: 2991: 2989:, p. 233. 2979: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2936:, p. 179. 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2825:, p. 413. 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2753:, p. 136. 2743: 2731: 2727:Schrakamp 2016 2719: 2707: 2705:, p. 104. 2695: 2693:, p. 381. 2683: 2681:, p. 377. 2671: 2669:, p. 373. 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2584: 2569: 2557: 2545: 2533: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2470: 2468:, p. 548. 2451: 2439: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2360:, p. 549. 2345: 2343:, p. 178. 2333: 2321: 2309: 2307:, p. 547. 2297: 2285: 2270: 2255: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2183: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2127: 2115: 2100: 2088: 2073: 2061: 2046: 2029: 2027:, p. 546. 2008: 1996: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1956:Patrimonialism 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1926:Centralisation 1921: 1918: 1910:end of history 1898:Gordon Tullock 1816: 1813: 1763:indoctrination 1742: 1739: 1719:Eastern Europe 1606: 1603: 1560:Roman dictator 1556:Roman Republic 1548:Ancient Greece 1459: 1456: 1444: 1441: 1343: 1340: 1297: 1294: 1265:Russian Empire 1252: 1249: 1237:economic rents 1228:Douglass North 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1186:, such as the 1103: 1100: 1026:; "self") and 1005: 1002: 920:indoctrination 864: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 835: 834: 821: 820: 815: 814: 813: 812: 810:Hybrid regimes 807: 802: 801: 800: 790: 785: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 761: 760: 759: 758: 753: 748: 743: 741:Regional power 738: 730: 729: 723: 722: 720: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 691: 690: 684: 683: 681: 680: 675: 670: 663: 658: 653: 648: 646:Puppet monarch 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 615: 614: 608: 607: 605: 604: 599: 594: 586: 585: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 564: 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 523: 522: 517: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 499: 498: 497: 496: 491: 481: 479:State religion 473: 472: 470: 469: 466: 462: 459: 458: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 402: 401: 396: 395: 390: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Constitutional 347: 342: 334: 333: 328: 327: 322: 316: 311: 309:Power ideology 308: 307: 304: 303: 298: 297: 295: 294: 289: 284: 276: 275: 273:(rule by none) 266: 265: 263: 262: 257: 256: 255: 245: 237: 236: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 156: 155: 146: 145: 143: 142: 137: 132: 127: 125:Representative 122: 117: 112: 107: 99: 98: 83: 80: 79: 76: 75: 64: 63: 56: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7232: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7133:Shōwa Statism 7131: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072:Caesaropapism 7070: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6964:Islamic state 6962: 6961: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6819:Authoritarian 6813: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Jurisprudence 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510:Rights of Man 6507: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6420:De re publica 6417: 6412: 6411: 6407: 6402: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6040:20th and 21st 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773:18th and 19th 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:Nizam al-Mulk 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5312:Republicanism 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4897: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4791:(4): 91–117. 4790: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4658:(2): 99–117. 4657: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4487: 4486:Public Choice 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4318:(1): 73–108. 4317: 4313: 4312: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4194:(2): 95–127. 4193: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3811:9780674615762 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3542: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3388:, p. 63. 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3343: 3340:, p. 96. 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3319: 3316:, p. 95. 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3265:, p. 22. 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3226:, p. 28. 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3211:, p. 28. 3210: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3137:Tangerås 2009 3133: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3118: 3115:, p. 11. 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3091:, p. 37. 3090: 3085: 3082: 3079:, p. 32. 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3055:, p. 31. 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3016: 3013:, p. 13. 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2977:, p. 90. 2976: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2960:, p. 74. 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2895:Hulliung 2014 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2873:, p. 58. 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2849:, p. 48. 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2777:, p. 16. 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2741:, p. 40. 2740: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2717:, p. 38. 2716: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2660: 2657:, p. 15. 2656: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633:, p. 91. 2632: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2597:, p. 90. 2596: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2582:, p. 66. 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2567:, p. 70. 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2449:, p. 32. 2448: 2443: 2440: 2437:, p. 18. 2436: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2420:, p. 66. 2419: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2384:, p. 34. 2383: 2378: 2375: 2372:, p. 20. 2371: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2331:, p. 13. 2330: 2325: 2322: 2319:, p. 17. 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2286: 2283:, p. 14. 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2230:, p. 57. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2218:, p. 67. 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2154:, p. 85. 2153: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2098:, p. 29. 2097: 2092: 2089: 2086:, p. 24. 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2059:, p. 30. 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2044:, p. 79. 2043: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1849:postcommunist 1844: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:Yeon Gaesomun 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Julius Caesar 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1530:Ancient Egypt 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1495:heterarchical 1492: 1488: 1484: 1464: 1458:Early history 1457: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:revolutionary 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:authoritarian 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:dictatorships 1341: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1240: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1165:civil society 1163:or an active 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1057: 1056:Roman emperor 1052: 1047: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1014: 1013:Ancient Greek 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 998:authoritarian 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 970: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 837: 836: 833: 828: 823: 822: 811: 808: 806: 803: 799: 796: 795: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 780: 779: 778: 770: 769: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 732: 731: 728: 724: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 697:Confederation 695: 694: 693: 692: 689: 685: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 668: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 617: 616: 613: 609: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:Unitary state 590: 589: 588: 587: 584: 580: 572: 571: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 526: 525: 524: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 503: 495: 494:State atheism 492: 490: 487: 486: 485: 484:Secular state 482: 480: 477: 476: 475: 474: 467: 464: 463: 460: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 394: 391: 389: 388:Authoritarian 386: 385: 382: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 365:Parliamentary 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 336: 335: 326: 323: 321: 318: 317: 314: 306: 305: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 271: 267: 261: 258: 254: 251: 250: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 224: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 153:(rule by few) 151: 147: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 78: 77: 74: 71: 70: 66: 65: 62: 57: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 35: 30: 19: 7220:Dictatorship 7062: 6976:Majoritarian 6949:Police state 6917:Totalitarian 6882: 6868:Dictatorship 6845: 6823:totalitarian 6761: 6660:Elite theory 6608: 6598: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6558: 6548: 6538: 6528: 6518: 6508: 6498: 6488: 6478: 6468: 6458: 6448: 6438: 6428: 6418: 6408: 6398: 5697:Guicciardini 5653:Early modern 5476:Philosophers 5426:Open society 5362:Body politic 5232:Distributism 5222:Conservatism 5217:Confucianism 5136:Gerontocracy 5126:Dictatorship 5115: 5080:Sovereignty‎ 5070:Ruling class 4960:Emancipation 4945:Citizenship‎ 4874: 4831: 4827: 4788: 4784: 4748:(1): 64–75. 4745: 4739: 4700: 4696: 4655: 4649: 4616: 4610: 4582:(1): 55–68. 4579: 4573: 4527: 4521: 4493:(1): 63–84. 4490: 4484: 4450: 4444: 4405: 4399: 4360: 4354: 4315: 4309: 4263: 4257: 4237:(2): 37–46. 4234: 4230: 4191: 4185: 4146: 4142: 4101: 4072: 4045: 4018: 3985: 3952: 3921: 3888: 3857: 3822: 3791: 3786:Lee, Ki-Baik 3751: 3714: 3678: 3652: 3575: 3540: 3513: 3486: 3458: 3433: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3374:Richter 2005 3369: 3362:Schmidt 2016 3357: 3350:Schmidt 2016 3345: 3333: 3326:Schmidt 2016 3321: 3299:Schmidt 2016 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3253:, p. 7. 3238:, p. 3. 3231: 3204: 3199:, p. 2. 3197:Golosov 2021 3192: 3187:, p. 6. 3180: 3175:, p. 1. 3173:Golosov 2021 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3067:, p. 3. 3060: 3040:, p. 1. 3018: 3011:Golosov 2021 3006: 2994: 2987:Siaroff 2013 2982: 2953: 2941: 2934:Tullock 1987 2919:Richter 2005 2914: 2907:Richter 2005 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2823:Kalyvas 2007 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2645:, p. 8. 2643:Tullock 1987 2638: 2631:Siaroff 2013 2626: 2614: 2602: 2595:Siaroff 2013 2560: 2553:Siaroff 2013 2548: 2541:Siaroff 2013 2536: 2529:Siaroff 2013 2524: 2517:Siaroff 2013 2512: 2505:Tullock 1987 2500: 2493:Golosov 2021 2488: 2466:Burnell 2006 2442: 2435:Tullock 1987 2413: 2401: 2396:, p. 7. 2389: 2377: 2370:Tullock 1987 2365: 2358:Burnell 2006 2341:Tullock 1987 2336: 2324: 2312: 2305:Burnell 2006 2300: 2288: 2266:Siaroff 2013 2228:Tullock 1987 2223: 2211: 2181:, p. 7. 2179:Tullock 1987 2159: 2147: 2123:Tullock 1987 2118: 2113:, p. 5. 2091: 2071:, p. 2. 2069:Tullock 1987 2064: 2042:Siaroff 2013 2025:Burnell 2006 1999: 1889: 1854: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1809:constitution 1788: 1783:expansionism 1771: 1760: 1756: 1751:Nagode Trial 1727: 1723: 1711:World War II 1696: 1661: 1654: 1631: 1624: 1619:Adolf Hitler 1599: 1589:in 642, the 1576: 1572:Roman Empire 1545: 1541:Confucianism 1534: 1503: 1501:governance. 1499:hierarchical 1491:tribal chief 1480: 1422: 1403: 1395:Nazi Germany 1363:totalitarian 1360: 1345: 1315: 1299: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1269:Soviet Union 1241: 1226: 1217:Mancur Olson 1206: 1169: 1145: 1125: 1077:authocrateur 1008: 1007: 982:Totalitarian 978:Napoleon III 967: 949: 930:, religion, 909: 885:dictatorship 876: 868: 867: 746:Middle power 673:Vassal state 667:Buffer state 665: 641:Puppet state 636:Protectorate 612:Client state 602:Principality 428:Distributism 370:Presidential 248:Dictatorship 226: 172:Gerontocracy 94:rule by many 67: 51:Part of the 45: 29: 7116:Imperialism 7082:Enlightened 7036:Pinochetism 6924:Mafia state 6895:Proletarian 6884:Dictablanda 6534:(1835–1840) 6414:(c. 350 BC) 6404:(c. 375 BC) 6021:Tocqueville 5986:Saint-Simon 5951:Montesquieu 5802:Bolingbroke 5734:Machiavelli 5614:Ibn Khaldun 5579:Alpharabius 5572:Middle Ages 5397:Natural law 5372:Common good 5297:Nationalism 5257:Imperialism 5227:Corporatism 5202:Colonialism 5182:Agrarianism 5161:Technocracy 5141:Meritocracy 5121:Bureaucracy 5111:Aristocracy 4834:: 251–253. 4673:10419/81362 3398:Tansey 2015 3161:Kneuer 2017 3023:Hariri 2012 2871:Gordon 2003 2859:Shultz 2000 2811:Morris 2003 2739:Brisch 2013 2715:Brisch 2013 2619:Miller 2012 2481:Murphy 2014 1994:, Glossary. 1966:Triumvirate 1941:Mafia state 1936:Kleptocracy 1800:show trials 1775:selectorate 1668:World War I 1639:Bonapartism 1585:kingdom by 1537:Qin dynasty 1510:Mesopotamia 1475: 1589 1471: 1587 1399:theocracies 1192:North Korea 1141:subnational 1083:autocrateur 1061:samod′rž′c′ 980:in Europe. 960:city-states 945:coup d'état 940:show trials 916:co-optation 751:Great power 736:Small power 678:Viceroyalty 549:Nationalism 413:Colonialism 393:Libertarian 355:Directorial 232:rule by one 212:Technocracy 207:Stratocracy 187:Meritocracy 177:Kleptocracy 167:Aristocracy 7204:Categories 7154:Deep state 7014:Khomeinism 6992:Ideologies 6934:Ochlocracy 6900:Right-wing 6873:Benevolent 6827:government 6742:Separatism 6550:On Liberty 6450:The Prince 6179:Huntington 5682:Campanella 5609:al-Ghazali 5558:Thucydides 5516:Lactantius 5461:Statolatry 5287:Monarchism 5267:Liberalism 5192:Capitalism 5175:Ideologies 5156:Plutocracy 5104:Government 5060:Revolution 5045:Propaganda 4995:Legitimacy 4970:Government 3622:Absolutism 3419:References 3338:Boese 2019 3314:Boese 2019 3149:Kinne 2005 3125:Kinne 2005 2946:Lynch 1992 2883:Grigg 2014 2751:Finer 1997 2703:Finer 1997 2655:Earle 1997 2580:Finer 1997 2565:Finer 1997 2281:Earle 1997 2216:Finer 1997 1992:Fiala 2015 1779:militarism 1767:propaganda 1626:Absolutism 1615:Nazi Party 1605:Modern era 1473: – c. 1352:monarchies 1302:legitimacy 1296:Legitimacy 1188:Kim family 1157:corruption 1095:Autokrator 1089:Autocrator 1067:samoderžec 1046:αὐτοκράτωρ 1041:autocrator 932:birthright 924:propaganda 756:Superpower 712:Superstate 707:Federation 702:Devolution 688:Federalism 529:City-state 202:Plutocracy 197:Particracy 61:government 7215:Authority 7184:Strongman 7077:Despotism 7053:Stalinism 7009:Francoism 7004:Chiangism 6959:Theocracy 6944:Oligarchy 6846:Autocracy 6825:forms of 6460:Leviathan 6440:Monarchia 6434:(c. 1274) 6269:Oakeshott 6214:Mansfield 6209:Luxemburg 6194:Kropotkin 6089:Bernstein 6042:centuries 5956:Nietzsche 5899:Jefferson 5827:Condorcet 5775:centuries 5754:Pufendorf 5619:Marsilius 5506:Confucius 5491:Aristotle 5484:Antiquity 5412:Noble lie 5332:Third Way 5327:Socialism 5252:Feudalism 5207:Communism 5187:Anarchism 5166:Theocracy 5151:Oligarchy 5131:Democracy 5116:Autocracy 5030:Pluralism 5015:Obedience 4980:Hierarchy 4940:Authority 4848:0770-2817 4813:234556117 4805:0967-067X 4770:155187881 4762:1086-3214 4725:146222778 4717:1351-0347 4682:1435-6104 4641:143577539 4633:1474-8851 4596:153774943 4552:153751930 4544:0951-6298 4507:154097838 4467:1528-3577 4430:144115904 4422:0090-5917 4377:0003-0554 4340:154432421 4332:0039-3606 4288:153419534 4280:0143-6597 4216:191935546 4208:2233-8659 4171:162365014 4163:0093-8157 4102:Autocracy 3778:144115904 3275:Mauk 2019 3236:Mauk 2019 3185:Mauk 2019 3101:Mauk 2019 3089:Mauk 2019 3077:Mauk 2019 3038:Mauk 2019 2835:Zeev 1996 2394:Mauk 2019 2382:Mauk 2019 2164:Mauk 2019 2084:Mauk 2019 1951:Oligarchy 1946:Monocracy 1893:Juan Linz 1841:East Asia 1823:The 2022 1692:communist 1676:republics 1656:caudillos 1643:Caesarism 1595:shogunate 1487:Neolithic 1410:Sultanism 1406:despotism 1371:political 1331:communist 1209:chiefdoms 1203:Formation 1149:the state 1137:feudalism 1133:democracy 1092:and then 1080:and then 1051:imperator 1009:Autocracy 990:communist 969:caudillos 956:chiefdoms 952:despotism 893:feudalism 889:democracy 869:Autocracy 583:Unitarism 559:Globalism 465:Religious 453:Tribalism 443:Socialism 438:Feudalism 423:Despotism 418:Communism 408:Anarchism 345:Communist 292:Stateless 282:Anarchism 243:Despotism 227:Autocracy 217:Theocracy 182:Kritarchy 150:Oligarchy 135:Socialist 89:Democracy 41:adhocracy 7142:See also 7019:Putinism 6890:Military 6715:Centrism 6410:Politics 6400:Republic 6369:Voegelin 6349:Spengler 6334:Shariati 6309:Rothbard 6264:Nussbaum 6164:Habermas 6139:Fukuyama 6129:Foucault 6054:Ambedkar 6031:Voltaire 6001:de Staël 5976:Rousseau 5857:Franklin 5832:Constant 5792:Beccaria 5624:Muhammad 5604:Gelasius 5589:Averroes 5563:Xenophon 5543:Polybius 5496:Chanakya 5341:Concepts 5307:Populism 5277:Localism 5262:Islamism 5247:Feminism 5146:Monarchy 5050:Property 5040:Progress 5005:Monopoly 4975:Hegemony 4856:41658953 4566:(2008). 4477:(2000). 4385:54222556 4302:(1990). 4125:Journals 4107:Springer 4099:(1987). 3928:Springer 3788:(1984). 3707:(2022). 3677:(2003). 3651:(2021). 3609:Monarchy 3483:(1997). 3410:Way 2016 2847:Lee 1984 1920:See also 1583:Goguryeo 1550:and the 1506:warlords 1433:anocracy 1044:(Greek: 1032:(Greek: 1020:(Greek: 974:Napoleon 901:anocracy 881:monarchy 877:autocrat 631:Dominion 360:Legalist 340:Absolute 325:Republic 320:Monarchy 192:Noocracy 162:Anocracy 115:Economic 105:Demarchy 7179:Statism 7099:Fascism 6971:Tyranny 6851:Tsarist 6752:Statism 6665:Elitism 6623:Related 6424:(51 BC) 6354:Strauss 6329:Scruton 6324:Schmitt 6314:Russell 6234:Michels 6229:Maurras 6224:Marcuse 6184:Kautsky 6154:Gramsci 6149:Gentile 6119:Dworkin 6109:Du Bois 6104:Dmowski 6099:Chomsky 6094:Burnham 6079:Benoist 6049:Agamben 6016:Thoreau 6006:Stirner 5996:Spencer 5941:Mazzini 5931:Maistre 5926:Madison 5921:Le Play 5852:Fourier 5817:Carlyle 5797:Bentham 5787:Bastiat 5782:Bakunin 5759:Spinoza 5749:Müntzer 5719:Leibniz 5692:Grotius 5672:Bossuet 5639:Plethon 5584:Aquinas 5553:Sun Tzu 5521:Mencius 5511:Han Fei 5282:Marxism 5242:Fascism 5075:Society 5000:Liberty 4985:Justice 4965:Freedom 3984:(ed.). 2799:Fu 1993 2787:Fu 1993 2775:Fu 1993 2763:Fu 1993 1961:Statism 1688:fascist 1621:in 1940 1617:salute 1443:History 1418:tyranny 1311:Zionism 1213:anarchy 1122:, 1775) 986:fascist 964:empires 773:Related 468:Secular 433:Fascism 270:Anarchy 260:Tyranny 120:Liberal 7121:Nazism 7058:Maoism 7024:Ziaism 6614:(1992) 6604:(1971) 6594:(1951) 6584:(1945) 6574:(1944) 6564:(1929) 6554:(1859) 6544:(1848) 6524:(1820) 6514:(1791) 6504:(1790) 6494:(1762) 6484:(1748) 6474:(1689) 6464:(1651) 6454:(1532) 6444:(1313) 6374:Walzer 6364:Taylor 6319:Sartre 6284:Popper 6279:Pareto 6274:Ortega 6259:Nozick 6249:Mouffe 6199:Laclau 6159:Guénon 6144:Gandhi 6084:Berlin 6074:Bauman 6069:Badiou 6059:Arendt 6026:Tucker 5916:Le Bon 5877:Herder 5867:Haller 5862:Godwin 5847:Fichte 5842:Engels 5837:Cortés 5807:Bonald 5764:Suárez 5739:Milton 5729:Luther 5702:Hobbes 5687:Filmer 5677:Calvin 5662:Boétie 5655:period 5634:Ockham 5501:Cicero 5302:Nazism 5090:Utopia 5065:Rights 5055:Regime 5025:People 5010:Nation 4854: 4846: 4811: 4803: 4768: 4760: 4723: 4715: 4680: 4639: 4631: 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