1080:, career choices between very different paths, for example, whether to become a lawyer or a clarinetist, are cases where incommensurable values are involved. Value pluralists often assert that values belonging to different types are incommensurable with each other. Value monists, by contrast, usually deny that there are incommensurable values. This question is particularly relevant for ethics. If different options available to the agent embody incommensurable values then there seems to be no rational way to determine what ought to be done since there is no matter of fact as to which option is better. Widespread incommensurability would threaten to undermine the practical relevance of ethics and rational choice.
875:. The same entity can be valuable in different ways: some entities have both intrinsic and extrinsic values at the same time. Extrinsic values can form chains, in which one entity is extrinsically valuable because it is a means to another entity that is itself extrinsically valuable. It is commonly held that these chains must terminate somewhere and that the endpoint can only be intrinsically valuable. The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic values is important for understanding various disagreements within axiology. Different substantive theories of value often agree on whether something, for example knowledge, is valuable while disagreeing on whether the value in question is intrinsic or extrinsic.
817:...typical Greek habit of thinking in axiological antitheses, of always wanting to decide which of two comparable activities, properties, or qualities is the higher, the better, the nobler or the more perfect. The Pythagoreans set the finite above the infinite, the odd above the even, the square above the rectangular, the male above the female. Plato never tires of arguing how much superior ideas are to appearance. Aristotle contrasts the imperfection of the sublunary sphere with the perfection of the celestial sphere. Thus uniform motion is also superior to non-uniform motion, a regular polyhedron is of greater value than any other polyhedron but is itself surpassed by the sphere.
1061:, who holds that there is a psychological bias to mistake stable extrinsic values for intrinsic values. Value pluralists have often attempted to provide exhaustive lists of all value types, but different theorists have suggested very different lists. These lists seem to constitute arbitrary selections unless a clear criterion could be provided why all and only these items are included. But if a criterion was to be found then such a theory would no longer be pluralistic. This dilemma suggests that pluralism is inadequate as an explanation.
989:, is an exception. Error theorists hold that all value-statements are false, and thereby truth-apt, because the world lacks value-features that would be needed to make them true. Non-cognitivists, on the other hand, go one step further by denying that value-statements are truth-apt. This position involves the difficulty of explaining how value-statements can be meaningful despite lacking a truth value. This challenge can be met in different ways.
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668:, on the other hand, contend that there are various different types of intrinsic value, for example, virtue, knowledge, friendship, etc. Value pluralists face the problem of explaining whether or how the different types of value can be compared when making rational decisions. Some philosophers state that values
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bear value. This difference is important when determining whether a value is extrinsic or intrinsic to an entity. Some philosophers hold that objects like
Napoleon's hat are valuable because of their relation to extraordinary persons. From a Kantian perspective, this value must be extrinsic since it
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Substantive theories of value focus on the features in virtue of which something has intrinsic value. Popular candidates for these features include pleasure, virtue and knowledge. Another question concerns the nature of the entities that are the bearers of value. The main approaches to this question
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Some philosophers have questioned whether extrinsic values should be regarded as values at all rather than as mere indications of values. One reason for considering this idea is that adding or removing extrinsically valuable things does not affect the value of the whole if all intrinsically valuable
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disputed whether there are actual things where these value types can come apart. Proposed candidates for bearers of final non-intrinsic value include unique or rare items (e.g. a stamp) or historically significant items (e.g. the pen that
Abraham Lincoln used to sign the Emancipation Proclamation).
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In axiology, it is often important to distinguish between the entity that is valuable and the features in virtue of which it is valuable. For example, an experience may be said to be valuable in virtue of being pleasurable. This distinction is particularly relevant for intrinsic values since it is
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Various arguments have been suggested in the monism-pluralism-dispute. Common-sense seems to favor value pluralism: values are ascribed to a wide range of different things like happiness, liberty, friendship, etc. without any obvious common feature underlying these values. One way to defend value
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value, by contrast, is valuable for its own sake. It is usually accepted that there is a conceptual difference between intrinsic and final values. For example, the pleasure experience may be said to be intrinsically valuable on the one hand, and finally valuable on the other hand. But it has been
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sense. For example, a person may be a bad assassin but being bad as an assassin is not bad in a predicative sense. Axiology is usually interested in the predicative sense of goodness. But some philosophers deny that such a sense exists and therefore hold that all value is relative to a kind.
1134:. But what is good for one person may be bad for another person. For example, having a dry summer may be good for the hiker in virtue of the pleasant hiking conditions, but bad for the farmer, whose crop is dying because of a lack of water. In such cases, the question arises as to what is
1185:). The former belong to axiology proper and express what has worth or value while the latter belong to ethics (and related fields) and express what one ought to do. Philosophers have tried to provide a unified account of these two fields since they seem to be intimately related.
1041:, the thesis that only pleasure has intrinsic value. Pluralist theories, on the other hand, contend that there are various different types of intrinsic value. They maintain that these types of intrinsic values cannot be reduced to a single feature of an act or entity.
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is an ethical theory that holds that, given a certain set of possible actions, we ought to perform the action that has the best overall consequences. So what we ought to do is defined in evaluative terms: whatever leads to the consequences with the highest value.
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sense, an entity is good in relation to a certain kind. For example, a person with a clear voice may be a good singer or a knife with a blunt edge may be a bad knife. But this still leaves it open whether the entity in question is good or bad in an
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made the distinction between natural and supernatural (theological) virtues. This concept led philosophers to distinguish between judgments based on fact and judgments based on values, creating the division between science and philosophy.
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Many evaluative terms are found in everyday language, often with various different meanings. It is important for philosophers to distinguish these different meanings in order to avoid misunderstandings. One such distinction is between a
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The traditional conception of intrinsic value presented above has been criticized in contemporary philosophy on the grounds that it combines various distinct notions that are better discussed separately. One such contrast is between
589:. It includes questions about the nature and classification of values and about what kinds of things have value. It is intimately connected with various other philosophical fields that crucially depend on the notion of value, like
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to have towards this thing, for example, that it would be good to find a cure for cancer because this would be a fitting object of desire. These accounts build on the deontic notion that some of our attitudes towards the world are
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is based on the extrinsic property of having been worn by an extraordinary person. But from a
Moorean perspective, it can be intrinsic since it is born not by the hat but by a state of affairs involving both the hat and Napoleon.
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Between the 5th and 6th centuries BC, it was important in Greece to be knowledgeable if you were to be successful. Philosophers began to recognize that differences existed between the laws and morality of society.
895:. For example, assuming that the phenomenal aspect of a pleasant experience is an intrinsic property, we might say that the experience is intrinsically valuable because of this intrinsic property. An entity with
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to something else. For example, tools like cars or microwaves are said to be extrinsically valuable by virtue of the function they perform, while the well-being they cause is intrinsically valuable, according to
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theories. According to Chris
Heathwood, monism and pluralism can be distinguished according to an evaluation of what is good in people and the concept of "value simpliciter" in terms of intrinsic value.
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on the most fundamental level of reality. One such view holds that a value statement about something just expresses the speaker's approval or disapproval of this thing. This position is opposed by
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is usually held on the level of value-statements or value-attitudes, either concerning all values or specifically concerning ethical values. Cognitivists assert that value-statements are
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1045:, for example, holds that pleasure is only one type of intrinsic value besides other types, like knowledge. It is important to keep in mind that this disagreement only concerns
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monism is to cast doubt on the reliability of common-sense for technical matters like the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic value. This strategy is pursued by
1053:. So hedonists may be happy to concede that knowledge is valuable, but only extrinsically so, given that knowledge can be helpful in causing pleasure and avoiding pain.
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Arneson, P. (2009). Axiology. In S. Littlejohn, & K. Foss (Eds.), Encyclopedia of communication theory. (pp. 70-74). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
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981:, i.e. are either true or false, which is denied by non-cognitivists. Most cognitivists are realists about values: they believe that values are part of reality.
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on its intrinsic features. This means that the entity could not have a different intrinsic value unless it had different intrinsic features.
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being (because it is) pleasurable or beautiful or "true" (e.g., the ascertainment of a fact can be said to be valuable in itself).
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on certain features of the valuable entity. For example, an experience may be said to be intrinsically valuable
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see evaluative concepts as fundamental and define deontic concepts in terms of evaluative concepts.
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are axiological theories that define the value of something in terms of the attitude that would be
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hold that there is only one type of intrinsic value. The paradigm example of monist theories is
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Smart, J. J. C.; Williams, Bernard (1973). "3. Hedonistic and non-hedonistic utilitarianism".
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states that value statements project emotional attitudes as though they were real properties.
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if there is no fact as to whether one is better than or as good as the other: there is
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have led various philosophers to doubt this assumption. The ensuing dispute between
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in value-related fields like ethics, aesthetics or politics and considerations from
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furthered the belief by establishing virtues which should be followed by all.
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961:: that there actually are valuable things. But the difficulties in reaching
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value is central to axiology. One conceptualization holds that something is
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1068:: the question of whether there are incommensurable values. Two values are
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One issue closely related to the monism-pluralism-debate is the problem of
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Orsi, Francesco (2015). "2. Meet the Values: Intrinsic, Final & Co".
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714: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Orsi, Francesco (2015). "3. The
Challenge against Absolute Value".
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Rønnow-Rasmussen, Toni (2015). "2. Intrinsic and extrinsic value".
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Dialogues on Values and
Centers of Value: Old Friends, New Thoughts
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Heathwood, Chris (2015). "8. Monism and
Pluralism about Value".
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Tappolet, Christine (2013). "Evaluative Vs. Deontic
Concepts".
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of value try to determine which entities have intrinsic value.
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The Dimensions of Consequentialism: Ethics, Equality and Risk
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properties that may be responsible for their bearers' having
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objective philosophy that is thought to have contributed to
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An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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Zimmerman, Michael J. (2001). "Appendix: Extrinsic Value".
1237: – Philosophical distinction between 'is' and 'should'
1005:, interprets value-statements as imperatives or commands.
866:, which is ascribed to things that are valuable only as a
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2178:
Zimmerman, Michal J. (2015). "1. Value and Normativity".
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Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2009). "value, intrinsic".
2078:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
1969:"Moral Anti-Realism > Projectivism and Quasi-realism"
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according to which they could be compared. According to
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Craig, Edward (1996). "Value, ontological status of".
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
664:, the thesis that only pleasure has intrinsic value.
2057:
Frankena, William K. (2006). "Value and Valuation".
1933:
Finlay, Stephen (2006). "Emotive theory of ethics".
1749:
Orsi, Francesco (2015). "1. Value and Normativity".
929:
commonly held that the intrinsic value of an entity
846:
Traditionally, philosophers held that an entity has
825:
schools of thought to flourish, helping to shape an
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1916:Blackburn, Simon (2006). "Error theory of ethics".
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1497:. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 5–6.
2346:
2121:"VII—Value Incommensurability: Some Preliminaries"
1468:Dicken, Thomas M.; Edwards, Rem Blanchard (2001).
2253:Tiberius, Valerie (2015). "9. Prudential Value".
2060:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1953:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1936:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1919:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1563:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
1025:. A traditional dispute in this field is between
2314:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2295:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2158:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2002:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
1521:C. Dikshoorn translator, pages 75 & 75, via
1290: – Personal value, basis for ethical action
941:tradition, which considers concrete things like
891:value is a value an entity has in virtue of its
2038:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1860:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1636:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1604:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1560:Borchert, Donald M. (2006). "Intrinsic Value".
1114:A second important distinction is that between
916:value, i.e. being valuable for their own sake.
815:
1769:The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy
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8:
6486:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
5501:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
1657:
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1628:Zimmerman, Michael J.; Bradley, Ben (2019).
1623:
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1278: – Concept in economics and game theory
1261: – Object or record accepted as payment
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1361:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
636:. It is usually held that intrinsic value
537:
523:
104:
18:
2213:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198784647.003.0009
1543:Honderich, Ted (2005). "good-in-itself".
774:Learn how and when to remove this message
2108:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2097:
2095:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1950:Carson, Thomas L. (2006). "Metaethics".
1877:
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1427:Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1249: – Philosophical study of knowledge
1130:has to do with this person's welfare or
887:values. On a more narrow conception, an
5533:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
2312:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2293:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2156:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2125:Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society
2036:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1858:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1854:"Moral Cognitivism vs. Non-Cognitivism"
1634:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1602:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1495:Environmental Ethics: The Big Questions
1308:
1255: – Russian philosopher (1870–1965)
1157:Philosophers often distinguish between
1146:can solve this problem by defining the
302:
169:
107:
26:
1796:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
1519:The Mechanization of the World Picture
1354:
1267: – Family of philosophical views
7:
2395:. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
2308:"Fitting Attitude Theories of Value"
2276:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1791–99.
2273:International Encyclopedia of Ethics
1885:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
945:to be the bearers of value, and the
712:adding citations to reliable sources
5549:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2416:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2256:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
2181:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
2000:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
1998:Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015).
1973:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1713:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
1665:The Oxford Handbook of Value Theory
1404:"Axiology and aesthetics - article"
1231: – Ethical theory about values
613:in 1887 and by Paul Lapie in 1902.
2374:Value Matters: Studies in Axiology
2287:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2019).
1546:The Oxford Companion to Philosophy
1472:. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 283.
1334:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
14:
1902:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
1816:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice
1812:"Two Concepts of Intrinsic Value"
1316:Flew, Antony (1979). "Axiology".
949:tradition, which holds that only
504:Social and political philosophers
6704:
5730:
5729:
4522:
4521:
4508:
688:
601:. It is also closely related to
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34:
2105:Utilitarianism: For and Against
1630:"Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Value"
1084:Other concepts and distinctions
985:, as originally articulated by
864:extrinsic or instrumental value
699:needs additional citations for
5517:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
4887:Value monism – Value pluralism
2259:. Oxford University Press USA.
2184:. Oxford University Press USA.
1793:Audi, Robert (1999). "value".
1716:. Oxford University Press USA.
1668:. Oxford University Press USA.
1243: – Theory of human action
1097:sense of good and bad. In the
833:. During the medieval period,
1:
2195:Silverstein, Matthew (2016).
2137:10.1093/aristotelian/86.1.117
1799:. Cambridge University Press.
1730:The Nature of Intrinsic Value
609:. The term was first used by
6616:Aestheticization of politics
5581:On the Genealogy of Morality
5541:Critique of Practical Reason
3994:Ordinary language philosophy
2201:Oxford Studies in Metaethics
1899:Mackie, John Leslie (1977).
1423:"Axiology--Theory of Values"
924:Ontological status of values
811:philosophy of ancient Greece
16:Philosophical study of value
4044:Contemporary utilitarianism
3959:Internalism and externalism
2376:. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
2197:"Teleology and Normativity"
1733:. Rowman & Littlefield.
906:having-been-used-by-someone
6778:
5509:A Treatise of Human Nature
3308:Svatantrika and Prasangika
1549:. Oxford University Press.
1517:E. J. Dijksterhuis (1961)
920:things are kept constant.
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2530:Philosophy of mathematics
2520:Philosophy of information
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2306:Jacobson, Daniel (2011).
2074:Peterson, Martin (2013).
1852:van Roojen, Mark (2018).
1828:10.1007/s10677-006-9009-7
1493:Keller, David R. (2010).
1347:Hartmann, Eduard (1887).
1200:Fitting-attitude theories
1191:Fitting-attitude theories
251:Middle Eastern philosophy
4860:Universal prescriptivism
2152:"Incommensurable Values"
1596:Schroeder, Mark (2016).
1421:Hart, Samuel L. (1971).
1120:being good for the world
937:can be divided into the
616:The distinction between
6747:Concepts in metaphysics
6636:Evolutionary aesthetics
6586:The Aesthetic Dimension
4649:Artificial intelligence
3999:Postanalytic philosophy
3940:Experimental philosophy
2391:Marías, Julián (1967).
2353:. New York: Macmillan.
2150:Hsieh, Nien-hê (2016).
1349:Philosophie des Schönen
1124:Being good for a person
1116:being good for a person
805:found that axiological
6737:Concepts in aesthetics
6566:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
6516:Lectures on Aesthetics
4132:Social constructionism
3144:Hellenistic philosophy
2560:Theoretical philosophy
2535:Philosophy of religion
2525:Philosophy of language
2334:The Structure of Value
2242:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2030:Mason, Elinor (2018).
1755:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1692:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1235:Fact–value distinction
819:
626:intrinsically valuable
599:philosophy of religion
567:: "value, worth"; and
474:Aesthetic philosophers
6711:Philosophy portal
5573:The Methods of Ethics
4811:Divine command theory
4806:Ideal observer theory
4515:Philosophy portal
4034:Scientific skepticism
4014:Reformed epistemology
2540:Philosophy of science
2393:History of Philosophy
1810:Bradley, Ben (2006).
1379:Logique de la volonté
1152:good for each persons
1074:no common value scale
856:good for its own sake
634:good for its own sake
581:: "study of") is the
55:Philosophy portal
6656:Philosophy of design
6536:In Praise of Shadows
6526:The Critic as Artist
5690:Political philosophy
3935:Critical rationalism
3642:Edo neo-Confucianism
3486:Acintya bheda abheda
3465:Renaissance humanism
3176:School of the Sextii
2550:Practical philosophy
2545:Political philosophy
2119:Raz, Joseph (1986).
1376:Lapie, Paul (1902).
1017:Monism and pluralism
893:intrinsic properties
831:Christian Philosophy
708:improve this article
674:realists about value
654:Substantive theories
499:Philosophers of mind
6666:Philosophy of music
6641:Mathematical beauty
5660:Evolutionary ethics
5621:Reasons and Persons
5597:A Theory of Justice
4751:Uncertain sentience
3506:Nimbarka Sampradaya
3417:Korean Confucianism
3164:Academic Skepticism
1410:. 14 November 2016.
1382:. Paris: F. Alcan.
1159:evaluative concepts
862:is contrasted with
652:to something else.
611:Eduard von Hartmann
509:Women in philosophy
239:Indigenous American
22:Part of a series on
6752:Descriptive ethics
6742:Concepts in ethics
6661:Philosophy of film
6651:Patterns in nature
6621:Applied aesthetics
6596:Why Beauty Matters
6382:Life imitating art
6243:Art for art's sake
5655:Ethics in religion
5650:Descriptive ethics
5485:Nicomachean Ethics
4127:Post-structuralism
4029:Scientific realism
3984:Quinean naturalism
3964:Logical positivism
3920:Analytical Marxism
3139:Peripatetic school
3051:Chinese naturalism
2578:Aesthetic response
2505:Applied philosophy
2349:Axiological Ethics
2330:Hartman, Robert S.
2289:"Consequentialism"
1336:Entry on Axiology.
1271:Russian philosophy
1229:Axiological ethics
1215:to define what is
1150:as the sum of the
1148:good for the world
1136:good for the world
1066:incommensurability
1001:, as developed by
809:characterized the
803:E. J. Dijksterhuis
666:Pluralist theories
202:Eastern philosophy
6719:
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6671:Psychology of art
6546:Art as Experience
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5710:Social philosophy
5695:Population ethics
5685:Philosophy of law
5665:History of ethics
5148:Political freedom
4825:Euthyphro dilemma
4616:Suffering-focused
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3181:Neopythagoreanism
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2555:Social philosophy
2370:Rescher, Nicholas
2222:978-0-19-878464-7
2085:978-1-107-03303-0
2032:"Value Pluralism"
2009:978-0-19-995930-3
1779:978-0-470-99721-5
1504:978-1-4051-7639-2
1408:www.infotaste.com
1282:Value (economics)
1187:Consequentialists
1049:value, not value
951:states of affairs
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1967:Joyce, Richard.
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6224:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5902:Psychoanalysis
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5705:Secular ethics
5702:
5700:Rehabilitation
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5565:Utilitarianism
5562:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:Existentialist
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Constructivism
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4794:Non-naturalism
4791:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4621:Utilitarianism
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4318:Middle Eastern
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Existentialism
4079:
4077:Deconstruction
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:Applied ethics
3906:
3904:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3874:Nietzscheanism
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3816:Utilitarianism
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3714:Transcendental
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3652:Existentialism
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Augustinianism
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3353:Zoroastrianism
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3196:Church Fathers
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2711:Libertarianism
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2515:Metaphilosophy
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2411:"Value Theory"
2401:
2400:External links
2398:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2366:
2359:
2343:Findlay, J. N.
2339:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2298:
2279:
2262:
2245:
2228:
2221:
2187:
2161:
2142:
2131:(1): 117–134.
2111:
2091:
2084:
2066:
2049:
2015:
2008:
1990:
1959:
1942:
1925:
1908:
1891:
1871:
1841:
1822:(2): 111–130.
1802:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1736:
1719:
1695:
1671:
1647:
1615:
1598:"Value Theory"
1569:
1552:
1535:
1526:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1478:
1460:
1413:
1395:
1388:
1368:
1339:
1325:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:Value (ethics)
1285:
1279:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1253:Nikolay Lossky
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1085:
1082:
1059:J. J. C. Smart
1018:
1015:
999:Prescriptivism
925:
922:
852:good in itself
843:
840:
835:Thomas Aquinas
782:
781:
696:
694:
687:
681:
678:
630:good in itself
545:
544:
542:
541:
534:
527:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Metaphysicians
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
464:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
422:Metaphilosophy
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
370:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
307:
306:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
260:
259:
258:
248:
247:
246:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
174:
173:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
147:
142:
137:
132:
131:
130:
125:
112:
111:
103:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
89:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6774:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6677:
6676:Theory of art
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6598:
6597:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6466:Hippias Major
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6325:Entertainment
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:Art manifesto
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6238:Appropriation
6236:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6130:Merleau-Ponty
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5945:Abhinavagupta
5943:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Postmodernism
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5766:
5764:
5759:
5757:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5736:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5622:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5603:
5598:
5595:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5515:
5510:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:Moral courage
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:Good and evil
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5041:Family values
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Quasi-realism
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:Environmental
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4601:Particularism
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4559:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:Miscellaneous
4453:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:Miscellaneous
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Structuralism
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Postmodernism
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Phenomenology
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Vienna Circle
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Moral realism
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Phenomenology
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Individualism
3719:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3586:Judeo-Islamic
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:ʿIlm al-Kalām
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Shuddhadvaita
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:Scholasticism
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:Conceptualism
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Particularism
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Functionalism
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Eliminativism
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
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2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Compatibilism
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Particularism
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
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2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2448:
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2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2383:3-937202-67-6
2379:
2375:
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2360:0-333-00269-5
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2240:
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2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2174:
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2166:
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2157:
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2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2096:
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2087:
2081:
2077:
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2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2037:
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2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1979:on 1 May 2020
1978:
1974:
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1963:
1960:
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1937:
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1539:
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1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1479:90-420-1397-4
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1471:
1464:
1461:
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1444:
1440:
1436:
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1389:9780665877926
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1125:
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1071:
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1062:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:quasi-realism
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
932:
923:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
876:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
839:
836:
832:
828:
827:ontologically
824:
818:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
798:
794:
790:
778:
775:
767:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
732:
728:
725: –
724:
720:
719:Find sources:
713:
709:
703:
702:
697:This section
695:
691:
686:
685:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:philosophical
580:
579:
572:
566:
560:
555:
551:
540:
535:
533:
528:
526:
521:
520:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
461:
460:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Phenomenology
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
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6544:
6534:
6514:
6504:
6494:
6484:
6474:
6464:
6411:
6387:Magnificence
6369:
6219:
6185:Schopenhauer
6020:Coomaraswamy
5938:Philosophers
5926:
5857:Aestheticism
5714:
5670:Human rights
5639:
5613:After Virtue
5339:Schopenhauer
5113:Moral agency
4986:Common sense
4882:Universalism
4850:Expressivism
4830:Intuitionism
4801:Subjectivism
4746:Terraforming
4721:Professional
4520:
4506:
4177:
4168:Postcritique
4158:Kyoto School
4117:Posthumanism
4097:Hermeneutics
3952: /
3893:Contemporary
3869:Newtonianism
3832:Cartesianism
3791:Reductionism
3627:Conservatism
3622:Collectivism
3560:
3288:Sarvāstivadā
3266:Anekantavada
3191:Neoplatonism
3159:Epicureanism
3092:Pythagoreans
3031:Confucianism
2997:Contemporary
2987:Early modern
2891:Anti-realism
2845:Universalism
2802:Subjectivism
2598:Epistemology
2414:
2392:
2373:
2348:
2336:. USI Press.
2333:
2311:
2301:
2292:
2282:
2272:
2265:
2255:
2248:
2239:Value Theory
2238:
2231:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2180:
2155:
2145:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2075:
2069:
2063:. Macmillan.
2059:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2035:
1999:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1972:
1962:
1956:. Macmillan.
1952:
1945:
1939:. Macmillan.
1935:
1928:
1922:. Macmillan.
1918:
1911:
1901:
1894:
1888:. Routledge.
1884:
1862:. Retrieved
1857:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1788:
1768:
1761:
1752:Value Theory
1751:
1729:
1722:
1712:
1689:Value Theory
1688:
1664:
1638:. Retrieved
1633:
1606:. Retrieved
1601:
1566:. Macmillan.
1562:
1555:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1469:
1463:
1433:(1): 29–41.
1430:
1426:
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1407:
1398:
1378:
1371:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1328:
1322:. Macmillan.
1318:
1311:
1247:Epistemology
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1144:Utilitarians
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
993:, following
987:J. L. Mackie
983:Error theory
978:
971:cognitivists
956:
935:
927:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
888:
884:
880:
877:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
845:
820:
816:
801:
785:
770:
764:January 2009
761:
751:
744:
737:
730:
718:
706:Please help
701:verification
698:
673:
670:do not exist
669:
665:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:by virtue of
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
603:value theory
576:
564:
549:
548:
466:Philosophers
374:Epistemology
195:South Africa
150:Contemporary
99:Philosophies
6480:(c. 335 BC)
6470:(c. 390 BC)
6449:Work of art
6402:Picturesque
6258:Avant-garde
6215:Winckelmann
6090:Kierkegaard
6015:Collingwood
5985:Baudrillard
5912:Romanticism
5882:Historicism
5816:Mathematics
5488:(c. 322 BC)
5354:Kierkegaard
5173:Stewardship
4950:Rousseauian
4867:Rationalism
4779:Cognitivism
4726:Programming
4701:Meat eating
4674:Engineering
4163:Objectivism
4102:Neo-Marxism
4064:Continental
3974:Meta-ethics
3954:Coherentism
3859:Hegelianism
3796:Rationalism
3756:Natural law
3736:Materialism
3662:Historicism
3632:Determinism
3523:Navya-Nyāya
3298:Sautrāntika
3293:Pudgalavada
3229:Vaisheshika
3082:Presocratic
2982:Renaissance
2921:Physicalism
2906:Materialism
2812:Normativity
2797:Objectivism
2782:Emergentism
2772:Behaviorism
2721:Metaphysics
2687:Determinism
2626:Rationalism
2207:: 214–240.
1983:10 December
1864:10 December
1108:predicative
1104:unqualified
1099:attributive
1095:attributive
1091:predicative
795:' student,
607:meta-ethics
389:Metaphysics
304:By religion
160:Continental
140:Renaissance
6757:Metaethics
6726:Categories
6419:Recreation
6397:Perception
6290:Creativity
5990:Baumgarten
5980:Baudelaire
5862:Classicism
5777:Aesthetics
5384:Bonhoeffer
5093:Immorality
5036:Eudaimonia
4996:Conscience
4991:Compassion
4877:Skepticism
4872:Relativism
4789:Naturalism
4769:Absolutism
4741:Technology
4591:Deontology
4462:Amerindian
4369:Australian
4308:Vietnamese
4288:Indonesian
3837:Kantianism
3786:Positivism
3776:Pragmatism
3751:Naturalism
3731:Liberalism
3709:Subjective
3647:Empiricism
3551:Avicennism
3496:Bhedabheda
3380:East Asian
3303:Madhyamaka
3283:Abhidharma
3149:Pyrrhonism
2916:Nominalism
2911:Naturalism
2840:Skepticism
2830:Relativism
2820:Absolutism
2749:Naturalism
2659:Deontology
2631:Skepticism
2616:Naturalism
2606:Empiricism
2570:Aesthetics
2474:Philosophy
2438:PhilPapers
2388:140 pages.
2365:100 pages.
2338:384 pages.
2042:9 December
1640:8 December
1608:8 December
1303:References
1297:Value-form
1241:Praxeology
1132:well-being
1078:Joseph Raz
1043:W. D. Ross
1003:R. M. Hare
995:A. J. Ayer
991:Emotivists
967:naturalism
931:supervenes
902:Being-rare
807:antithesis
734:newspapers
723:"Axiology"
595:aesthetics
397:Aesthetics
86:Categories
28:Philosophy
6424:Reverence
6330:Eroticism
6300:Depiction
6273:Masculine
6175:Santayana
6135:Nietzsche
6080:Hutcheson
6070:Heidegger
6055:Greenberg
6010:Coleridge
5975:Balthasar
5960:Aristotle
5922:Theosophy
5917:Symbolism
5892:Modernism
5877:Formalism
5645:Casuistry
5557:Either/Or
5464:Korsgaard
5459:Azurmendi
5424:MacIntyre
5364:Nietzsche
5294:Augustine
5289:Confucius
5269:Aristotle
5245:Ethicists
5203:Intrinsic
5168:Suffering
5078:Happiness
5051:Free will
5031:Etiquette
4976:Authority
4920:Epicurean
4915:Confucian
4910:Christian
4845:Emotivism
4669:Discourse
4606:Pragmatic
4578:Normative
4341:Pakistani
4303:Taiwanese
4250:Ethiopian
4223:By region
4209:By region
4024:Scientism
4019:Systemics
3879:Spinozism
3806:Socialism
3741:Modernism
3704:Objective
3612:Anarchism
3546:Averroism
3435:Christian
3387:Neotaoism
3358:Zurvanism
3348:Mithraism
3343:Mazdakism
3114:Cyrenaics
3041:Logicians
2674:Free will
2636:Solipsism
2583:Formalism
1836:144778528
1772:. Wiley.
1447:0031-8205
1357:cite book
1351:. Berlin.
1047:intrinsic
1031:pluralist
979:truth-apt
910:extrinsic
889:intrinsic
881:intrinsic
850:if it is
628:if it is
622:extrinsic
618:intrinsic
585:study of
489:Logicians
484:Ethicists
442:Political
402:Education
323:Christian
318:Confucian
217:Indonesia
171:By region
109:By period
6732:Axiology
6699:Category
6631:Axiology
6500:(c. 500)
6490:(c. 100)
6365:Judgment
6320:Emotions
6315:Elegance
6295:Cuteness
6268:Feminine
6231:Concepts
6200:Tanizaki
6180:Schiller
6165:Richards
6155:Rancière
6125:Maritain
6060:Hanslick
6000:Benjamin
5872:Feminism
5841:Theology
5821:Medieval
5811:Japanese
5806:Internet
5735:Category
5675:Ideology
5640:Axiology
5469:Nussbaum
5419:Frankena
5414:Anscombe
5404:Williams
5359:Sidgwick
5279:Valluvar
5274:Diogenes
5259:Socrates
5183:Theodicy
5178:Sympathy
5143:Pacifism
5133:Morality
5046:Fidelity
5026:Equality
4981:Autonomy
4969:Concepts
4930:Feminist
4905:Buddhist
4835:Nihilism
4774:Axiology
4731:Research
4664:Computer
4659:Business
4527:Category
4482:Yugoslav
4472:Romanian
4379:Scottish
4364:American
4293:Japanese
4273:Buddhist
4255:Africana
4245:Egyptian
4087:Feminist
4009:Rawlsian
4004:Quietism
3902:Analytic
3854:Krausism
3761:Nihilism
3726:Kokugaku
3689:Absolute
3684:Idealism
3672:Humanism
3460:Occamism
3427:European
3372:Medieval
3318:Yogacara
3278:Buddhist
3271:Syādvāda
3154:Stoicism
3119:Cynicism
3107:Sophists
3102:Atomists
3097:Eleatics
3036:Legalism
2977:Medieval
2901:Idealism
2855:Ontology
2835:Nihilism
2739:Idealism
2497:Branches
2486:Branches
2434:Axiology
2372:(2005).
2345:(1970).
2332:(1967).
1265:Nihilism
1223:See also
1051:at large
1039:hedonism
873:hedonism
793:Socrates
789:Socrates
662:hedonism
550:Axiology
447:Religion
432:Ontology
412:Language
366:Branches
313:Buddhist
268:American
190:Ethiopia
155:Analytic
135:Medieval
76:Glossary
61:Contents
6694:Outline
6609:Related
6476:Poetics
6444:Tragedy
6434:Sublime
6407:Quality
6392:Mimesis
6350:Harmony
6335:Fashion
6310:Ecstasy
6305:Disgust
6221:more...
6190:Scruton
6115:Lyotard
6050:Goodman
6030:Deleuze
5965:Aquinas
5955:Alberti
5928:more...
5907:Realism
5887:Marxism
5867:Fascism
5850:Schools
5836:Science
5791:Ancient
5633:Related
5379:Tillich
5344:Bentham
5319:Spinoza
5314:Aquinas
5299:Mencius
5213:Western
5188:Torture
5153:Precept
5108:Loyalty
5103:Liberty
5098:Justice
5011:Dignity
5001:Consent
4945:Kantian
4935:Islamic
4898:Schools
4784:Realism
4716:Nursing
4711:Medical
4696:Machine
4636:Applied
4477:Russian
4446:Spanish
4441:Slovene
4431:Maltese
4426:Italian
4406:Finland
4374:British
4356:Western
4346:Turkish
4331:Islamic
4326:Iranian
4278:Chinese
4265:Eastern
4232:African
4179:more...
3864:Marxism
3694:British
3637:Dualism
3533:Islamic
3491:Advaita
3481:Vedanta
3455:Scotism
3450:Thomism
3392:Tiantai
3335:Persian
3323:Tibetan
3313:Śūnyatā
3254:Cārvāka
3244:Ājīvika
3239:Mīmāṃsā
3219:Samkhya
3134:Academy
3087:Ionians
3061:Yangism
3018:Chinese
3009:Ancient
2972:Western
2967:Ancient
2926:Realism
2883:Reality
2873:Process
2754:Realism
2734:Dualism
2729:Atomism
2611:Fideism
2409:(ed.).
1455:2105883
1276:Utility
1209:fitting
1204:fitting
1179:fitting
1093:and an
959:realism
947:Moorean
943:persons
939:Kantian
823:skeptic
748:scholar
680:History
638:depends
452:Science
407:History
333:Islamic
293:Russian
288:Italian
273:British
263:Western
256:Iranian
232:Vietnam
207:Chinese
180:African
118:Ancient
81:History
66:Outline
6600:(2009)
6590:(1977)
6580:(1946)
6570:(1939)
6560:(1935)
6550:(1934)
6540:(1933)
6530:(1891)
6520:(1835)
6510:(1757)
6377:Kitsch
6355:Humour
6285:Comedy
6263:Beauty
6205:Vasari
6195:Tagore
6170:Ruskin
6110:Lukács
6100:Langer
6045:Goethe
5970:Balázs
5950:Adorno
5831:Nature
5796:Africa
5624:(1984)
5616:(1981)
5608:(1979)
5600:(1971)
5592:(1903)
5584:(1887)
5576:(1874)
5568:(1861)
5560:(1843)
5552:(1820)
5544:(1788)
5536:(1785)
5528:(1780)
5520:(1759)
5512:(1740)
5504:(1726)
5496:(1677)
5454:Taylor
5439:Parfit
5434:Singer
5409:Mackie
5284:Cicero
5225:Virtue
5158:Rights
5083:Honour
4940:Jewish
4736:Sexual
4644:Animal
4626:Virtue
4570:Ethics
4436:Polish
4416:German
4411:French
4396:Danish
4386:Canada
4336:Jewish
4298:Korean
4283:Indian
3825:People
3746:Monism
3699:German
3667:Holism
3600:Modern
3578:Jewish
3501:Dvaita
3474:Indian
3397:Huayan
3249:Ajñana
3206:Indian
3071:Greco-
3056:Taoism
3046:Mohism
2992:Modern
2959:By era
2948:By era
2863:Action
2744:Monism
2664:Virtue
2646:Ethics
2380:
2357:
2219:
2082:
2006:
1834:
1776:
1501:
1476:
1453:
1445:
1386:
1173:(like
1169:) and
1161:(like
1027:monist
750:
743:
736:
729:
721:
591:ethics
578:-logia
571:-λογία
552:(from
379:Ethics
348:Taoist
343:Jewish
283:German
278:French
212:Indian
145:Modern
6689:Index
6458:Works
6439:Taste
6429:Style
6210:Wilde
6150:Plato
6145:Pater
6105:Lipps
6065:Hegel
6035:Dewey
6025:Danto
6005:Burke
5826:Music
5801:India
5784:Areas
5716:Index
5478:Works
5449:Adams
5444:Nagel
5399:Dewey
5394:Rawls
5374:Barth
5369:Moore
5334:Hegel
5309:Xunzi
5264:Plato
5254:Laozi
5235:Wrong
5208:Japan
5198:Value
5193:Trust
5088:Ideal
4955:Stoic
4706:Media
4691:Legal
4467:Aztec
4421:Greek
4401:Dutch
4391:Czech
4240:Bantu
3677:Anti-
3224:Nyaya
3214:Hindu
3074:Roman
2868:Event
2510:Logic
1832:S2CID
1451:JSTOR
1259:Money
1213:right
1183:ought
1175:right
914:final
897:final
885:final
868:means
797:Plato
755:JSTOR
741:books
650:means
587:value
554:Greek
384:Logic
328:Hindu
227:Korea
222:Japan
185:Egypt
71:Lists
6413:Rasa
6371:Kama
6345:Gaze
6280:Camp
6160:Rand
6095:Klee
6085:Kant
6075:Hume
5995:Bell
5429:Hare
5389:Foot
5349:Mill
5329:Kant
5324:Hume
5304:Mozi
5220:Vice
5138:Norm
5066:Evil
5061:Good
5021:Duty
4761:Meta
4684:Land
4611:Role
4596:Care
3568:Sufi
3402:Chan
3261:Jain
3234:Yoga
2764:Mind
2704:Hard
2692:Hard
2378:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2217:ISBN
2080:ISBN
2044:2020
2004:ISBN
1985:2020
1866:2020
1774:ISBN
1642:2020
1610:2020
1499:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1443:ISSN
1384:ISBN
1363:link
1217:good
1163:good
1118:and
1029:and
973:and
908:are
904:and
883:and
727:news
620:and
605:and
565:axia
559:ἀξία
427:Mind
338:Jain
6340:Fun
6120:Man
6040:Fry
5230:Vow
4960:Tao
4654:Bio
3842:Neo
3407:Zen
2436:at
2209:doi
2133:doi
1824:doi
1435:doi
1211:or
1181:or
1167:bad
1165:or
1138:or
1126:or
1106:or
1009:'s
854:or
710:by
632:or
597:or
417:Law
6728::
6568:"
6558:"
6528:"
2413:.
2310:.
2291:.
2215:.
2205:11
2203:.
2199:.
2164:^
2154:.
2129:86
2127:.
2123:.
2094:^
2034:.
2018:^
1971:.
1874:^
1856:.
1844:^
1830:.
1818:.
1814:.
1739:^
1698:^
1674:^
1650:^
1632:.
1618:^
1600:.
1572:^
1449:.
1441:.
1431:32
1429:.
1425:.
1406:.
1359:}}
1355:{{
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1154:.
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1122:.
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2386:.
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2211::
2139:.
2135::
2088:.
2046:.
2012:.
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1826::
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