1137:
order for there to be advances in the field of
Nahuatl dialectology. Since the 1970s, there has been an increase in research whose immediate aim is the production of grammars and dictionaries of individual dialects. But there is also a detailed study of dialect variation in the dialect subgroup sometimes known as the Zongolica (Andrés Hasler 1996). A. Hasler sums up the difficulty of classifying Zongolica thus (1996:164): "Juan Hasler (1958:338) interprets the presence in the region of eastern dialect features and central dialect features as an indication of a substratum of eastern Nahuatl and a superstratum of central Nahuatl. Una Canger (1980:15–20) classifies the region as part of the eastern area, while
968:
Empire by diffusion of the defining feature (an innovative verb form) and other features from the prestigious dialect of the capital. The dialects which adopted it could be from multiple genetic divisions of
General Aztec. As for the various Peripheral groupings, their identity as Peripheral is defined negatively, i.e., by their lack the grammatical feature which, it is proposed, defines the Central grouping. Canger recognized the possibility that centuries of population migrations and other grammatical feature diffusions may have combined to obscure the genetic relationships (the branching evolution) among the dialects of Nahuatl.
673:, which became extinct sometime in the 20th century, and General Aztec, which includes the Pipil language and all dialects spoken in Mexico which are clearly closely related to the extinct literary language, Classical Nahuatl. This binary division of Aztecan (Nahuan) was already the majority opinion among specialists, but Campbell and Langacker's new arguments were received as being compelling. Furthermore, in "adopt the term 'General Aztec' ", they may in fact have been the ones to introduce this designation. Part of their reconstruction of the Proto-Aztecan vowels was disputed by Dakin (1983).
496:
2680:
2666:
2900:
Indeed, she clarifies, "I hypothesized that the loss of stem-final vowel in the perfect of some verbs, which is defining for the
Central dialects, had started only after the Mexica entered the Valley of Mexico, i.e., sometime in the fourteenth century" (1988:47). That is, the feature being offered as
602:
The differences among the varieties of
Nahuatl are not trivial, and in many cases result in low or no mutual intelligibility: people who speak one variety cannot understand or be understood by those from another. Thus, by that criterion, they could be considered different languages. The ISO divisions
967:
Canger (1978; 1980) and Lastra de Suarez (1986) have made classification schemes based on data and methodology which each investigator has well documented. Canger proposed a single
Central grouping and several Peripheral groupings. The Center grouping is hypothesized to have arisen during the Aztec
1136:
rarely coincide. As a result, one can give greater or lesser importance to a feature and make the division that one judges appropriate/convenient" (1986:189). And she warned: "We insist that this classification is not satisfactory" (1986:190). Both researchers emphasized the need for more data in
738:
Dakin has proposed a historical internal classification of Nahuan, e.g., Dakin (2000). She asserts two groups of migrations in central Mexico and eventually southwards to
Central America. The first produced Eastern dialects. Centuries later, the second group of migrations produced Western dialects.
581:
consider the varieties of modern
Nahuatl to be distinct languages, because they are often mutually unintelligible, their grammars differ and their speakers have distinct ethnic identities. As of 2008, the Mexican government recognizes thirty varieties that are spoken in Mexico as languages (see the
1128:
Lastra de Suárez in her
Nahuatl dialect atlas (1986) affirmed the concept of the Center/Periphery geographic dichotomy, but amended Canger's assignment of some subgroupings to the Center or the Periphery. The three most important divergences are probably those involving Huastec dialects, Sierra de
831:
As a geographical note: the northern part of the State of Puebla is universally recognized as having two subgroupings. The northern part of the State of Puebla is a long north to south lobe. In the middle of it from east-northeast to west-southwest runs the Sierra de Puebla (as
Nahuanist linguists
585:
Researchers distinguish between several dialect areas that each have a number of shared features: One classification scheme distinguishes innovative central dialects, spoken around Mexico City, from conservative peripheral ones spoken north, south and east of the central area, while another scheme
746:
Dakin (1982) is a book-length study (in
Spanish) of the phonological evolution of Proto-Nahuatl. Dakin (1991) suggested that irregularities in the modern Nahuatl system of possessive prefixes might be due to the presence in Proto-Nahuan of distinct grammatical marking for two types of possession.
762:
A Center-Periphery scheme was introduced by Canger in 1978, and supported by comparative historical data in 1980. Lastra de Suarez's (1986) dialect atlas that divided dialects into center and peripheral areas based on strictly synchronic evidence. The subsequent 1988 article by Canger adduced
820:(a conclusion which has been borne out). But in 1978 Campbell and Langacker made the novel proposal—which met with immediate universal acceptance—that this sound change had occurred back in Proto-Aztecan (the ancestor dialect of Pochutec and General Aztec) and that therefore the corresponding
704:, although they are not distinguished in pronunciation in any modern dialects. She shows the historical basis for the five verb classes, based on how they form the perfect tense-aspect, and she shows that all of the different forms of the perfect tense-aspect derives from a single
742:
Campbell in his grammar of Pipil (1985) discussed the problem of classifying Pipil. Pipil is either a descendant of Nahuatl (in his estimation) or still to this day a variety of Nahuatl (in the estimation of for example Lastra de Suárez (1986) and Dakin (2001)).
783:
The history of research into Nahuan dialect classification in the 20th century up to 1988 has been reviewed by Canger (1988). Before 1978, classification proposals had relied to a greater or lesser degree on the three way interdialectal sound correspondence
660:), made two proposals of lasting impact regarding the internal classification of the Aztecan branch. They introduced the claim, which would quickly be received as proven beyond virtually any doubt, that the well known change of Proto-Uto-Aztecan
958:
Most specialists in Pipil (El Salvador) consider it to have diverged from Nahuatl to the point it should no longer be considered a variety of Nahuatl. Most specialists in Nahuan do not consider Pochutec to have ever been a variety of Nahuatl.
832:
call it) or Sierra Norte de Puebla (as geographers call it). The "Sierra de Puebla" dialects are quite distinct from the "northern Puebla" dialects, which are spoken in northernmost Puebla State and very small parts of neighboring states.
775:, although the descriptor "classical" was never used until the 20th century). Since the 1930s, there have appeared several grammars of individual modern dialects (in either article or book form), in addition to articles of narrower scope.
668:
was a development in Proto-Aztecan (Proto-Nahuan), not a later development in some dialects descended from Proto-Aztecan. Second, they adduced new arguments for dividing the branch in two subdivisions: Pochutec, whose sole member is the
2901:
defining "Central dialects" is claimed to have originated with a dialect which was in fact a late arrival in Central Mexico and is claimed to have spread to dialects of Nahuatl which are known to have arrived centuries earlier.
1258:. The full document has variations on the names especially "autodenominaciones" ("self designations", the names these dialect communities use for their language), along with lists of towns where each variant is spoken.
603:
referenced below respond to intelligibility more than to historical or reconstructional considerations. Like the higher-level groupings, they also are not self-evident and are subject to considerable controversy.
708:
morpheme that has developed differently depending on the phonological shape of the verb to which it was suffixed. She also explains the historical development of the applicative suffix with the shape
1160:. She included Pipil in Nahuatl, assigning it to the Eastern Periphery grouping. Lastra's classification of dialects of modern Nahuatl is as follows (many of the labels refer to Mexican states):
840:
Dakin (2003:261) gives the following classification of Nahuatl dialects (in which the word "north" has been replaced by "northern"), based on her earlier publications, e.g., Dakin (2000).
2910:
Spoken in the Sierra de Zongolica, state of Veracruz, which contains a town also named Zongolica, and in the adjacent southeastern part of the state of Puebla, in the vicinity of Tehuacán
771:
Until the middle of the 20th century, scholarship on Nahuan languages was limited almost entirely to the literary language that existed approximately 1540–1770 (which is now known as
3370:
1129:
Zongolica dialects, and northwestern Guerrero dialects. Lastra classifies these as Peripheral, Central, and Central, respectively, while in each case Canger does the opposite.
2941:
is a small mountain range in the northern lobe of the State of Puebla, running east to west. Lastra, Canger, and A. Hasler typically refer to it as "Sierra de Puebla"
1132:
The dialectal situation is very complex and most categorizations, including the one presented above, are, in the nature of things, controversial. Lastra wrote, "The
3683:
3430:
3205:
3568:
3323:
3292:
3158:
3115:
3039:
2784:
3472:
3264:
3233:
642:
Little work has been done in the way of the historical linguistics of Nahuatl proper or the Aztecan (nowadays often renamed Nahuan) branch of Uto-Aztecan.
2839:
1519:
1262:
1251:
3259:
Dakin, Karen (1994). "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas". In Carolyn MacKay; Verónica Vázquez (eds.).
2647:
municipality, Alacranes, Curachitos de Buenavista, San Agustin de Buenaventura, San Diego, Tepalcates, and Tepetates II (Berenjenas); Nayarit state:
680:'s "Five Studies inspired by Nahuatl verbs in -oa" (Canger 1980), in which she explores the historical development of grammar of the verbs ending in
2020:
San Miguel Canoa, Huejotzingo, San Andrés Cholula, San Pedro Cholula, Puebla City, Zitlaltepec, Tlaxcala City, Santa Ana Chauhtempan and Amecameca.
3087:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague, Vol. XIX. Copenhagen: The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen; distributed by C.A. Reitzels Boghandel.
3651:
4320:
4278:
3012:
1501:
1156:, the Aztec capital, is one of the Central dialects. Lastra in her dialect atlas proposed three Peripheral groupings: eastern, western, and
500:
Map showing the areas of Mexico where Nahuatl dialects are spoken today (red) and where it is known to have been spoken historically (green)
3641:
1444:
539:
531:
1295:
586:
distinguishes a basic split between western and eastern dialects. Nahuan languages include not just varieties known as Nahuatl, but also
3676:
1405:
1277:
2950:
3362:
Uto-Aztecan : structural, temporal, and geographic perspectives: papers in memory of Wick R. Miller by the Friends of Uto-Aztecan
1468:
1290:
1282:
3360:
Dakin, Karen (2000). "Proto-Uto-Aztecan *p and the e-/ye- isogloss in Nahuatl dialectology". In Eugene Casad; Thomas Willett (eds.).
3480:
3401:
3272:
3241:
3092:
1426:
1420:
2416:
4359:
2831:
1495:
1483:
1456:
1450:
1364:
1318:
1267:
4240:
1938:
868:
3923:
3700:
3669:
3382:
1555:
1400:
1300:
381:
4369:
3781:
1513:
1346:
1305:
739:
But many modern dialects are the result of blending between particular Eastern dialects and particular Western dialects.
3426:
1561:
1531:
1384:
908:
281:
4153:
898:
4002:
3577:
3124:
3048:
2793:
1507:
1489:
1359:
391:
131:
1230:
Southeastern Puebla (this grouping extends over the Sierra de Zongolica located in the neighboring state of Veracruz)
3505:. Texas Linguistic Forum. Vol. 18. Austin: The University of Texas, Department of Linguistics. pp. 19–128.
4307:
4227:
4194:
3973:
3968:
3732:
1369:
1189:
1170:
920:
4354:
4128:
4019:
1994:
1549:
1537:
1432:
1313:
888:
772:
291:
3413:
Dialectología del náhuatl de los siglos XVI y XVI. Rutas de intercambio en Mesoamérica y el Norte de Mexico, XVI
610:, and they and Pochutec are more closely related to each other than to any other Uto-Aztecan languages (such as
3724:
2513:
2232:
2212:
1573:
1543:
1525:
1477:
1462:
1438:
1389:
1216:
451:
241:
201:
191:
58:
2472:
2384:
3453:
The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results
2885:
Amith's career long dictionary project for the dialect of the Alto Balsas region of Guerrero is recounted in
2388:
971:
Some of the isoglosses used by Canger to establish the Peripheral vs. Central dialectal dichotomy are these:
3909:
3532:
3321:
Dakin, Karen (1991). "Nahuatl Direct and Mediated Possession: A Historical Explanation for Irregularities".
2746:
2400:
2396:
2380:
1990:
1725:
913:
653:
341:
331:
301:
261:
157:
3636:
2240:
1802:
1717:
1341:
4158:
2938:
2392:
1846:
903:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
751:
732:
728:
665:
661:
553:
549:
545:
537:
532:
211:
3646:
2562:
2558:
2488:
2468:
2192:
1651:
4314:
4235:
4217:
3994:
3692:
3616:
3194:. British Archaeological Reports (BAR). BAR International Series. Vol. 2. Oxford. pp. 473–498.
2708:
2216:
2172:
2085:
1326:
1194:
935:
863:
516:
411:
111:
3631:
2480:
1934:
1790:
1701:
1682:
3626:
2404:
4202:
2476:
2306:
2188:
1634:
1379:
1336:
1272:
1233:
Central Guerrero (so called; actually northern Guerrero, specifically the region of the Balsas River)
940:
461:
311:
3657:
ELAR archive of Documentation of Nahuatl Knowledge of Natural History, Material Culture, and Ecology
2854:
2351:
1705:
4168:
4007:
3947:
3884:
3621:
2619:
2180:
1733:
1686:
1354:
925:
649:
623:
441:
2069:
1786:
1737:
606:
Nevertheless, the variants all are clearly related and more closely related to each other than to
4148:
4079:
3952:
3839:
3597:
3420:
3348:
3340:
3309:
3199:
3175:
3144:
3068:
2919:
A. Hasler is referring to J. Hasler's own definitions of "eastern Nahuatl" and "central Nahuatl".
2813:
2595:
2282:
2236:
1818:
1810:
1798:
1745:
1741:
1721:
801:
431:
271:
3878:
2290:
2244:
2045:
1729:
495:
2372:
2118:
1713:
1666:
4212:
4137:
4110:
4056:
3979:
3932:
3872:
3846:
3793:
3765:
3760:
3748:
3589:
3559:
3486:
3476:
3397:
3378:
3278:
3268:
3247:
3237:
3136:
3098:
3088:
3060:
3018:
3008:
3004:
2977:
2805:
2408:
2248:
2140:
2041:
1822:
1814:
1761:
1709:
1373:
1330:
1211:
1149:
945:
893:
735:
in others, and they proposed that this split was among the oldest splits of the Nahuan group.
670:
591:
471:
181:
54:
3364:. Hermosillo, Sonora: UniSon (Universidad de Sonora, División de Humanidades y Bellas Artes).
1753:
4364:
4207:
4184:
4163:
4092:
4029:
3824:
3816:
3581:
3541:
3447:
3332:
3301:
3167:
3128:
3052:
3034:
2797:
2779:
2755:
2685:
2204:
1862:
1806:
1769:
1145:
930:
858:
853:
615:
351:
251:
221:
3267:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas. pp. 3–86.
4257:
4252:
4245:
4143:
4098:
4038:
3864:
3853:
3807:
3753:
3709:
3190:(1988). "Subgrupos de los dialectos nahuas". In J. Kathryn Josserand; Karen Dakin (eds.).
2332:
municipality on Gulf of Mexico, Jicacal, San Juan Volador, Santanón, and Sayultepec towns
1749:
1622:
1199:
873:
519:
421:
401:
361:
321:
103:
82:
70:
2208:
2117:
municipality, Agua Caliente, Agua Fria, La Tinaja, and San Pedro Jicora; Nayarit state:
4335:
4262:
4064:
4045:
4013:
3555:
3523:
3498:
3464:
2737:
2703:
2484:
2228:
2037:
1567:
1204:
1138:
878:
627:
587:
527:
371:
486:
4348:
4087:
4069:
3904:
3601:
3563:
3510:
Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1995). "The Search for the Sources of the Nahuatl Saltillo".
3352:
3313:
3179:
3148:
3072:
3030:
2996:
2886:
2817:
2775:
2671:
2544:
2168:
2081:
2073:
1782:
723:
In 1984 Canger and Dakin published an article in which they showed that Proto-Nahuan
645:
631:
611:
3290:
Dakin, Karen (1983). "Proto-Aztecan vowels and Pochutec: an alternative analysis".
2256:
1978:
1946:
1897:
1854:
1850:
1830:
1153:
657:
523:
3546:
3527:
2966:
2760:
2741:
2338:
2220:
1630:
1618:
90:
17:
3786:
3471:. Serie antropológica, no. 62 (in Spanish). Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F.:
3213:
Dakin, Karen (1974). "Dialectología náhuatl de Morelos: Un estudio preliminar".
2629:
2600:
2579:
2549:
2527:
2498:
2450:
2426:
2362:
2343:
2319:
2295:
2267:
2158:
2129:
2099:
2065:
2055:
2028:
2009:
1969:
1951:
1911:
1879:
1835:
1774:
1757:
1691:
1678:
1670:
1656:
1606:
1157:
619:
46:
2679:
1412:
List of Nahuatl dialects recognized in ISO 639-3, ordered by number of speakers
1224:
Puebla–Tlaxcala (areas by the border between the states of Puebla and Tlaxcala)
3336:
3187:
3110:
3080:
2971:
2661:
2587:
2574:
2535:
2224:
2089:
1998:
1986:
1181:
750:
In the 1990s, two papers appeared addressing the old research problem of the "
677:
569:
231:
3490:
3451:
3282:
3251:
3156:
Canger, Una; Karen Dakin (1985). "An inconspicuous basic split in Nahuatl".
3022:
2648:
2644:
2200:
2196:
2114:
1893:
1889:
1874:
1866:
576:
479:
167:
149:
3593:
3140:
3102:
3064:
2809:
1144:
As already alluded to, the nucleus of the Central dialect territory is the
466:
456:
446:
436:
426:
416:
406:
396:
386:
376:
366:
356:
346:
336:
326:
316:
306:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
246:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
176:
2698:
2651:
municipality, El Duraznito, La Laguna, Mesa de las Arpas, and Santa Cruz
2605:
2460:
2455:
2445:
2376:
2324:
2300:
2184:
2176:
2163:
2153:
2077:
1916:
1884:
1840:
1794:
1642:
1133:
607:
74:
66:
3661:
3415:. Round Table. Vol. II. Saltillo, September 9–15. pp. 291–297.
4119:
3830:
3566:(1993). "Pitch Tone and the "Saltillo" in Modern and Ancient Nahuatl".
3371:"Uto-Aztecan in the Linguistic Stratigraphy of Mesoamerican Prehistory"
3344:
2928:
Lastra de Suarez 1986, chapter 4; summarized in Martín, in press, p. 12
2693:
2638:
2634:
2609:
2522:
2464:
2329:
2314:
2252:
2108:
2104:
2036:
Huejutla, Xochiatipan, Huauhtla, Atlapexco, Jaltocán, Calnali, Chalma,
1982:
1930:
1906:
1858:
1626:
1601:
754:" in Nahuatl: a lost paper by Whorf (1993), and Manaster Ramer (1995).
557:
94:
78:
3656:
3394:"Estudios sobre el náhuatl". Avances y balances de lenguas yutoaztecas
3263:. Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1 (in Spanish). México D.F.:
2965:
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019).
2566:
2509:
2503:
2436:
2431:
2412:
2367:
2278:
2272:
2144:
2135:
2060:
2015:
1956:
1924:
1920:
1696:
1661:
1638:
1612:
561:
86:
62:
50:
3192:
Smoke and Mist: Mesoamerican Studies in Memory of Thelma D. Sullivan
3585:
3305:
3227:
3171:
3132:
3056:
2801:
676:
The most comprehensive study of the history of Nahuan languages is
2615:
536:
before *a. Subsequently, some Nahuan languages have changed this
1540: – Southwestern México State, Northwestern Guerrero ~1,500
763:
further historical evidence for this division.(Dakin 2003:261).
3665:
3396:. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, UNAM.
3113:(1988). "Nahuatl dialectology: A survey and some suggestions".
1504: – Northwestern Coastal Chiapas, Southern Veracruz ~5,500
1152:, the enormously influential language spoken by the people of
1246:
List of Nahuatl dialects recognized by the Mexican government
1580:
Geographical distributions of Nahuan languages by ISO code:
1423: – Hidalgo, Western Veracruz, Northern Puebla ~450,000
792:
of Classical Nahuatl and many other dialects corresponds to
552:, but it can still be seen that the language went through a
1141:(1986:189–190) classifies it as part of the central area."
136:
696:
are historically and grammatically distinct from verbs in
1486: – Northwestern Oaxaca, Southeastern Puebla ~10,000
3375:
Language contacts in prehistory: studies in stratigraphy
1645:
municipality, San Marcos Acteopan and San Felipe Toctla
1416:(name – location(s) ~approx. number of speakers)
1227:
Xochiltepec–Huatlatlauca (south of the city of Puebla)
804:(1937) had performed an analysis and concluded that
4299:
4271:
4226:
4193:
4177:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4078:
4055:
4028:
3993:
3961:
3940:
3931:
3922:
3897:
3863:
3815:
3806:
3774:
3741:
3717:
3708:
3699:
477:
165:
147:
142:
130:
125:
100:
42:
32:
1429: – San Luis Potosí, Western Hidalgo ~450,000
567:Some authorities, such as the Mexican government,
3503:Nahuatl Studies in Memory of Fernando Horcasitas
3411:Sullivan, Thelma D. (1979). Dakin, Karen (ed.).
758:Modern Nahuan languages and their classification
3475:, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas.
2538:municipality, La Lagartera and Paso de Cupilco
2143:municipality; Veracruz state: interior west of
1552: – Southern Guerrero, Western Oaxaca ~500
1474:Central Puebla – Central Puebla ~18,000
3677:
3569:International Journal of American Linguistics
3501:(1981). "Stress in modern Nahuatl dialects".
3324:International Journal of American Linguistics
3293:International Journal of American Linguistics
3159:International Journal of American Linguistics
3116:International Journal of American Linguistics
3085:Five Studies Inspired by Náhuatl Verbs in -oa
3040:International Journal of American Linguistics
2785:International Journal of American Linguistics
1977:Tamazunchale center, Xilitla; Hidalgo state:
796:in some eastern and southern dialects and to
8:
3236:, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas.
2832:"Variantes lingüísticas por grado de riesgo"
2727:Based on Lastra de Suárez 1986; Fowler 1985.
716:as coming from a single suffix of the shape
27:Uto-Aztecan language family in North America
3261:Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica
4124:
4115:
3937:
3928:
3812:
3714:
3705:
3684:
3670:
3662:
3204:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1669:, Santa María la Alta; a few northwest of
1582:
1221:Nuclear subarea (in and near Mexico, D.F.)
494:
29:
3545:
3469:Las áreas dialectales del náhuatl moderno
3429:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3003:. Mouton Grammar Library, no. 1. Berlin:
2759:
2614:Guerrero state: border area northeast of
560:. Nahuatl is spoken by about 1.7 million
556:stage. The best known Nahuan language is
3229:La evolución fonológica del Protonáhuatl
3037:(1978). "Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I".
2782:(1978). "Proto-Aztecan vowels: Part I".
1937:; Oaxaca state: small area northwest of
1256:Catálogo de Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales
973:
3473:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
3265:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
3234:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
2840:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
2720:
1558: – Southwestern México State ~300
1263:Náhuatl de la Sierra, noreste de Puebla
1252:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
652:(1978), in a paper whose focus was the
137:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
3418:
3197:
828:in Nahuatl dialects were innovations.
4321:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
4279:Nahuatl language in the United States
2411:(1 of the last 2 towns in Veracruz);
515:languages are those languages of the
7:
3377:. John Benjamins. pp. 259–288.
3627:Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl at SIL-MX
2954:, 14 January 2008, pp. 106–129
1637:municipality, Hueyapan, Alpanocan;
1406:Mexicano de la Huasteca Hidalguense
1278:Mexicano de la Huasteca veracruzana
656:of the vowels of Proto-Aztecan (or
1471: – Southern Veracruz ~20,000
1453: – Puebla Highlands ~125,000
1447: – Southeast Puebla ~135,000
1441: – Central Veracruz ~140,000
25:
3637:Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl at SIL-MX
3001:The Pipil Language of El Salvador
1853:, north bank; other communities:
1465: – Tlaxcala, Puebla ~50,000
1296:Náhuatl de la Sierra negra, norte
530:, that changed an original *t to
3440:El náhuatl de Tehuacan-Zongolica
2678:
2664:
2001:municipalities. 1,500 villages.
1546: – Southern Durango ~1,000
1522: – Northwest Puebla ~3,000
1498: – Southern Veracruz ~7,000
1459: – Northern Puebla ~66,000
1310:Náhuatl alto del norte de Puebla
996:- epenthetic y before initial e
1528: – Northern Puebla ~2,000
1291:Náhuatl de la Sierra negra, sur
1283:Náhuatl de la Huasteca potosina
3785:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
2565:, and Santa Ana, southwest of
1633:municipality, Santa Catarina;
1401:Mexicano del oriente de Puebla
767:Studies of individual dialects
688:. Canger shows that verbs in
638:Historical linguistic research
1:
3547:10.1525/aa.1937.39.2.02a00070
3373:. In Henning Andersen (ed.).
2761:10.1525/aa.1937.39.2.02a00070
2044:and Veracruz-Llave; possibly
1365:Mexicano de Tetela del Volcán
1347:Mexicano central de occidente
3652:Tetelcingo Nahuatl at SIL-MX
2495:Nahuatl, Southeastern Puebla
1385:Mexicano del oriente central
1319:Náhuatl del centro de Puebla
1268:Náhuatl del noroeste central
1250:This list is taken from the
731:in some Nahuan dialects and
282:Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl
3617:Classical Nahuatl at SIL-MX
3578:University of Chicago Press
3512:Anthropological Linguistics
3232:(in Spanish). México D.F.:
3215:Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl
3125:University of Chicago Press
3049:University of Chicago Press
2794:University of Chicago Press
2281:; Veracruz state: south of
1360:Mexicano de Puente de Ixtla
1301:Náhuatl central de Veracruz
392:Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl
382:Santa María la Alta Nahuatl
4386:
4241:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
3622:Guerrero Nahuatl at SIL-MX
3392:Dakin, Karen, ed. (2001).
1621:municipality, Coatetelco;
1435: – Guerrero ~200,000
1370:Mexicano alto de occidente
1323:Mexicano bajo de occidente
1306:Náhuatl de la Sierra oeste
4329:
3647:Tenango Nahuatl at SIL-MX
3632:Morelos Nahuatl at SIL-MX
3499:Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda
3465:Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda
3337:10.1086/ijal.57.3.3519722
2976:(22nd ed.). Dallas:
2618:; Morelos state: west of
2514:San Sebastián Zinacatepec
2126:Nahuatl, Eastern Huasteca
2025:Nahuatl, Central Huasteca
1966:Nahuatl, Western Huasteca
1933:; Puebla state: north of
1629:municipality, Cuentepec;
1625:municipality, Xoxocotla;
1595:Municipalities and towns
1516: – Michoacán ~3,000
1092:perfect participle forms
1086:perfect participle forms
963:Center–Periphery division
493:
292:Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl
37:
3642:Orizaba Nawatl at SIL-MX
3528:"The origin of Aztec tl"
3425:: CS1 maint: location (
2974:: Languages of the World
2742:"The origin of Aztec tl"
2626:Nahuatl, Western Durango
2473:Rancho de Cuananchinicha
2423:Nahuatl, Northern Puebla
2385:San Antonio Nanahuatipan
2359:Nahuatl, Northern Oaxaca
2305:inland area surrounding
2264:Nahuatl, Highland Puebla
2233:Tepecoacuilco de Trujano
2213:Huitzuco de los Figueroa
2096:Nahuatl, Eastern Durango
2080:, south of Puebla city,
1570: – El Salvador ~500
1480: – Morelos ~15,000
1394:Mexicano del centro alto
1390:Mexicano del centro bajo
836:Eastern–Western division
800:in yet other dialects).
452:Western Huasteca Nahuatl
242:Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl
202:Central Huasteca Nahuatl
4360:Agglutinative languages
4154:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
3533:American Anthropologist
3438:Hasler, Andrés (1996).
2747:American Anthropologist
2389:San Gabriel Casa Blanca
2354:on Pacific Ocean coast
2052:Nahuatl, Central Puebla
1534: – Morelos ~1,500
1510: – Morelos ~3,500
788:(the lateral affricate
654:internal reconstruction
342:Northern Puebla Nahuatl
332:Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl
302:Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl
262:Highland Puebla Nahuatl
4159:Central Puebla Nahuatl
2939:Sierra Norte de Puebla
2855:"About the Ethnologue"
2381:El Manzano de Mazatlán
1995:Tepehuacán de Guerrero
1760:north of Puebla City,
1726:Santa Catarina Omitlán
1520:Santa María de la Alta
1314:Náhuatl del Istmo bajo
1070:preferred noun plural
1063:preferred noun plural
1054:plural subject suffix
1047:plural subject suffix
522:that have undergone a
212:Central Puebla Nahuatl
4236:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
4218:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
3693:Uto-Aztecan languages
3369:Dakin, Karen (2003).
3226:Dakin, Karen (1982).
2709:Nahuatl transcription
2241:Tlapa de Xalpatláhuac
2173:Alcozauca de Guerrero
2086:Tepatlaxco de Hidalgo
1845:Veracruz-Llave, from
1803:Machito de las Flores
1718:Cualtepec Ixquihuacán
1492: – Puebla ~7,000
1351:Mexicano central bajo
1342:Mexicano de occidente
1327:Mexicano del noroeste
1078:– absence of augment
812:of Proto-Uto-Aztecan
412:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
4370:Dialects by language
2477:Juxtlahuaca District
2401:Teotitlán del Camino
2397:Santa María Teopoxco
2189:Ayutla de los Libres
2040:border area west of
1991:San Felipe Orizatlán
1564: – Puebla ~100
1502:Isthmus-Cosoleacaque
1380:Mexicano del oriente
1337:Mexicano de Guerrero
1178:Western México State
462:Sierra Negra Nahuatl
3728:(including Bannock)
3556:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3524:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
2888:Wall Street Journal
2738:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
2620:Tequesquitengo Lake
2563:San Mateo Almomoloa
2559:Potrero de San José
2489:Concepción Guerrero
2469:Quetzalapa de Azoyú
2393:San Martín Toxpalan
2193:Chiulapa de Álvarez
1847:Jáltipan de Morelos
1652:Santa María la Alta
1576: – Tabasco ~30
1445:Southeastern Puebla
1397:Mexicano del centro
1355:Mexicano de Temixco
650:Ronald W. Langacker
442:Tlamacazapa Nahuatl
4149:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
4003:Downriver Guarijio
2967:"Mexico languages"
2439:and Acaxochitlán.
2237:Tixtla de Guerrero
2217:Mártir de Cuilapan
1961:13 towns in south
1935:Lake Miguel Alemán
1722:San Miguel Tenango
989:- initial vowel e
921:Western Peripheral
869:Tehuacán–Zongolica
802:Benjamin Lee Whorf
432:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
272:Huaxcaleca Nahuatl
4342:
4341:
4336:extinct languages
4308:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4203:Michoacán Nahuatl
4138:Classical Nahuatl
3989:
3988:
3974:Southern Tepehuan
3969:Northern Tepehuan
3918:
3917:
3893:
3892:
3802:
3801:
3790:
3757:
3729:
3560:Frances Karttunen
3448:Kaufman, Terrence
3442:. Mexico: CIESAS.
3014:978-3-11-010344-1
3005:Mouton de Gruyter
2978:SIL International
2867:Canger 1988:42–44
2655:
2654:
2508:Tehuacán region:
2481:San Vicente Piñas
2479:, Cruz Alta, and
2313:Nahuatl, Isthmus-
2249:Zapotitlan Tablas
2147:. 1500 villages.
2141:Francisco Z. Mena
1873:Nahuatl, Isthmus-
1829:Nahuatl, Isthmus-
1791:Coatepec Costales
1635:Tetela del Volcán
1469:Isthmus-Mecayapan
1287:Náhuatl de Oaxaca
1273:Náhuatl del Istmo
1236:Southern Guerrero
1190:Eastern Periphery
1171:Western Periphery
1150:Classical Nahuatl
1126:
1125:
894:Classical Nahuatl
773:Classical Nahuatl
671:Pochutec language
592:Pochutec language
505:
504:
312:Michoacán Nahuatl
182:Classical Nahuatl
132:Regulated by
18:Aztecan languages
16:(Redirected from
4377:
4355:Nahuan languages
4208:Coatepec Nahuatl
4185:Huasteca Nahuatl
4169:Ometepec Náhuatl
4164:Guerrero Nahuatl
4125:
4116:
4020:Upriver Guarijio
3938:
3929:
3813:
3784:
3751:
3727:
3715:
3706:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3605:
3551:
3549:
3519:
3506:
3494:
3460:
3458:
3443:
3434:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3388:
3365:
3356:
3317:
3286:
3255:
3222:
3209:
3203:
3195:
3183:
3152:
3106:
3076:
3035:Ronald Langacker
3026:
2982:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2942:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2780:Ronald Langacker
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2688:
2686:Languages portal
2683:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2475:; Oaxaca state:
2405:Ignacio Zaragosa
2255:municipalities,
2181:Atenango del Río
2006:Nahuatl, Central
1929:Veracruz state:
1583:
1427:Western Huasteca
1421:Eastern Huasteca
1195:Sierra de Puebla
1146:Valley of Mexico
1122:agentive suffix
1115:agentive suffix
1075:o- past augment
974:
885:Western Nahuatl
850:Eastern Nahuatl
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
799:
795:
791:
787:
734:
730:
667:
663:
590:and the extinct
555:
551:
547:
543:
534:
498:
489:
469:
459:
449:
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
359:
352:Ometepec Nahuatl
349:
339:
329:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
252:Guerrero Nahuatl
249:
239:
229:
222:Coatepec Nahuatl
219:
209:
199:
189:
179:
170:
161:
160:
152:
106:
59:Distrito Federal
30:
21:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4325:
4283:
4267:
4258:Tabasco Nahuatl
4253:Isthmus Nahuatl
4246:Orizaba Nahuatl
4222:
4189:
4173:
4144:Morelos Nahuatl
4105:
4074:
4051:
4024:
3985:
3957:
3914:
3889:
3885:Luiseño-Juaneño
3859:
3798:
3770:
3737:
3725:Northern Paiute
3695:
3690:
3613:
3608:
3554:
3522:
3509:
3497:
3483:
3463:
3456:
3446:
3437:
3417:
3410:
3404:
3391:
3385:
3368:
3359:
3320:
3289:
3275:
3258:
3244:
3225:
3212:
3196:
3186:
3155:
3109:
3095:
3079:
3029:
3015:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2643:Durango State:
2245:Xochihuehuetlán
2113:Durango state:
2046:San Luis Potosí
1974:San Luis Potosí
1623:Puente de Ixtla
1617:Morelos state:
1496:Isthmus-Pajapan
1484:Northern Oaxaca
1457:Northern Puebla
1451:Highland Puebla
1414:
1248:
1243:
965:
956:
914:Northern Puebla
899:Tlaxcala–Puebla
889:Central Nahuatl
838:
781:
769:
760:
640:
600:
598:Intelligibility
520:language family
501:
485:
465:
464:
455:
454:
445:
444:
435:
434:
425:
424:
422:Tenango Nahuatl
415:
414:
405:
404:
402:Tabasco Nahuatl
395:
394:
385:
384:
375:
374:
365:
364:
362:Orizaba Nahuatl
355:
354:
345:
344:
335:
334:
325:
324:
322:Morelos Nahuatl
315:
314:
305:
304:
295:
294:
285:
284:
275:
274:
265:
264:
255:
254:
245:
244:
235:
234:
232:Durango Nahuatl
225:
224:
215:
214:
205:
204:
195:
194:
192:Central Nahuatl
185:
184:
175:
174:
166:
156:
155:
148:
126:Official status
121:
107:
104:Language family
102:
83:San Luis Potosi
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4122:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4061:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3782:Colorado River
3778:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3611:External links
3609:
3607:
3606:
3586:10.1086/466194
3576:(2). Chicago:
3552:
3540:(2): 265–274.
3520:
3507:
3495:
3481:
3461:
3444:
3435:
3408:
3402:
3389:
3383:
3366:
3357:
3331:(3): 298–329.
3318:
3306:10.1086/465782
3300:(2): 196–203.
3287:
3273:
3256:
3242:
3223:
3210:
3184:
3172:10.1086/465892
3166:(4): 358–361.
3153:
3133:10.1086/466074
3123:(1). Chicago:
3107:
3093:
3077:
3057:10.1086/465526
3047:(2). Chicago:
3031:Campbell, Lyle
3027:
3013:
2997:Campbell, Lyle
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2957:
2952:Diario Oficial
2943:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2893:
2878:
2876:Canger 1988:49
2869:
2860:
2846:
2823:
2802:10.1086/465526
2792:(2). Chicago:
2776:Campbell, Lyle
2767:
2754:(2): 265–274.
2729:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2704:Pipil language
2701:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2675:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2569:
2557:La Comunidad,
2555:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2485:Putla District
2458:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2352:Maruata Pómaro
2349:
2346:
2341:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2309:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2229:Quechultenango
2166:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2038:Platon Sanchez
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1989:, portions of
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1941:
1927:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1892:municipality,
1887:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1825:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1706:Chachayohquila
1699:
1694:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1615:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:ISO 639-3 code
1587:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1166:modern Nahuatl
1162:
1148:. The extinct
1139:Yolanda Lastra
1124:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1005:
998:
997:
990:
982:
981:
978:
964:
961:
955:
954:
953:
952:
951:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
904:Central Puebla
901:
896:
883:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
842:
837:
834:
780:
779:Classification
777:
768:
765:
759:
756:
639:
636:
599:
596:
503:
502:
499:
491:
490:
483:
475:
474:
372:Pipil language
171:
163:
162:
153:
145:
144:
143:Language codes
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
110:
108:
101:
98:
97:
55:México (state)
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4382:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3564:Lyle Campbell
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:968-837-744-9
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3403:970-18-6966-4
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:968-36-4055-9
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3243:968-5802-92-0
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3094:87-7421-254-0
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2857:. 2012-09-25.
2856:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2676:
2673:
2672:Mexico portal
2662:
2657:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Temascaltepec
2542:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:, El Carmen,
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:Ahuacuotzingo
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2121:municipality
2120:
2116:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:Tlaxcala and
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1863:Hidalgotitlán
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:southeast to
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:Acapetlahuaya
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:Temascaltepec
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
991:
988:
984:
983:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
962:
960:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Temascaltepec
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
886:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Sierra Puebla
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
848:
847:
844:
843:
841:
835:
833:
829:
811:
803:
778:
776:
774:
766:
764:
757:
755:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Lyle Campbell
643:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
583:
582:list below).
580:
578:
573:
571:
565:
563:
562:Nahua peoples
559:
541:
535:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
497:
492:
488:
484:
482:
481:
476:
473:
470: –
468:
463:
460: –
458:
453:
450: –
448:
443:
440: –
438:
433:
430: –
428:
423:
420: –
418:
413:
410: –
408:
403:
400: –
398:
393:
390: –
388:
383:
380: –
378:
373:
370: –
368:
363:
360: –
358:
353:
350: –
348:
343:
340: –
338:
333:
330: –
328:
323:
320: –
318:
313:
310: –
308:
303:
300: –
298:
293:
290: –
288:
283:
280: –
278:
273:
270: –
268:
263:
260: –
258:
253:
250: –
248:
243:
240: –
238:
233:
230: –
228:
223:
220: –
218:
213:
210: –
208:
203:
200: –
198:
193:
190: –
188:
183:
180: –
178:
172:
169:
164:
159:
154:
151:
146:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
124:
118:
115:
114:
113:
109:
105:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4331:
4315:Proto-Nahuan
4313:
4306:
4136:
4097:
4044:
4037:
4012:
3978:
3877:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3573:
3567:
3537:
3531:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3468:
3452:
3439:
3412:
3393:
3374:
3361:
3328:
3322:
3297:
3291:
3260:
3228:
3218:
3214:
3191:
3163:
3157:
3120:
3114:
3084:
3044:
3038:
3000:
2989:Bibliography
2970:
2960:
2951:
2946:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2896:
2890:, 2006-02-27
2887:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2849:
2838:
2826:
2789:
2783:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2732:
2723:
2257:Balsas River
2209:Huamuxtitlán
2134:Hidalgo and
2070:Huatlathauca
1979:Chapulhuacan
1947:Sierra Negra
1898:Tatahuicapan
1855:Cosoleacaque
1851:Rio Chiquito
1831:Cosoleacaque
1787:Chilacachapa
1738:Tetelatzingo
1611:Morelos and
1579:
1415:
1255:
1249:
1165:
1154:Tenochtitlan
1143:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1067:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1001:
993:
986:
970:
966:
957:
845:
839:
830:
809:
782:
770:
761:
749:
745:
741:
737:
724:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
675:
658:Proto-Nahuan
644:
641:
605:
601:
584:
575:
568:
566:
524:sound change
512:
508:
506:
478:
116:
3995:Tarahumaran
3910:Tübatulabal
3752:(including
3580:: 165–223.
3188:Canger, Una
3111:Canger, Una
3081:Canger, Una
2596:Tlamacazapa
2283:Entabladero
2066:Atoyatempan
1819:Tlacultlapa
1811:Miacacsingo
1799:Los Sabinos
1746:Xochitlasco
1742:Tlalitzlipa
1734:Tepetzintla
1687:Tepetzintla
1562:Tlalitzlipa
1532:Tlamacazapa
1374:Mexicaneros
1372:(spoken by
1331:Mexicaneros
1329:(spoken by
1038:"to grind"
1032:"to grind"
1016:totoltetl
980:Peripheral
727:had become
548:or back to
528:Whorf's law
526:, known as
517:Uto-Aztecan
112:Uto-Aztecan
47:El Salvador
4349:Categories
4008:Tarahumara
3518:(1): 1–15.
3384:1588113795
3221:: 227–234.
3051:: 85–102.
2972:Ethnologue
2796:: 85–102.
2715:References
2588:Tetelcingo
2575:Tetelcingo
2536:Comalcalco
2291:Huaxcaleca
2090:Tochimilco
2082:Teopantlán
2074:Huehuetlán
1999:Tlanchinol
1987:Pisaflores
1730:Tenantitla
1702:Ahuacatlán
1683:Ahuacatlán
1508:Tetelcingo
1490:Huaxcaleca
1254:(INALI)'s
1175:West coast
1134:isoglosses
1120:ketl/-katl
1022:teksistli
926:Mexicanero
678:Una Canger
624:Tarahumara
570:Ethnologue
173:Variously:
4334:indicate
3953:Pima Bajo
3840:Kitanemuk
3602:144639961
3421:cite book
3353:151441318
3314:143920332
3200:cite book
3180:143084964
3149:144210796
3127:: 28–72.
3073:143091460
2818:143091460
2649:Acaponeta
2645:Mezquital
2594:Nahuatl,
2573:Nahuatl,
2543:Nahuatl,
2521:Nahuatl,
2444:Nahuatl,
2417:Coxcatlán
2373:Apixtepec
2348:Michoacán
2339:Michoacán
2337:Nahuatl,
2289:Nahuatl,
2221:Mochitlán
2201:Copalillo
2197:Comonfort
2152:Nahuatl,
2119:Del Nayer
2115:Mezquital
1945:Nahuatl,
1905:Nahuatl,
1894:Mecayapan
1890:Mecayapan
1875:Mecayapan
1867:Soconusco
1768:Nahuatl,
1714:Cuacuilco
1677:Nahuatl,
1667:Atenayuca
1650:Nahuatl,
1631:Tepoztlán
1619:Miacatlán
1600:Nahuatl,
1514:Michoacán
1090:-nik/-wik
1084:-nki/-wki
941:Michoacán
786:/t͡ɬ~t~l/
577:Glottolog
480:Glottolog
168:ISO 639-3
150:ISO 639-2
91:Michoacán
4213:Pochutec
4178:Huasteca
4080:Corachol
3980:Tepecano
3962:Tepehuan
3924:Southern
3873:Cahuilla
3847:Tataviam
3794:Kawaiisu
3775:Southern
3766:Timbisha
3761:Comanche
3749:Shoshoni
3701:Northern
3526:(1937).
3491:19632019
3467:(1986).
3450:(2001).
3283:34716589
3252:10216962
3083:(1980).
3023:13433705
2999:(1985).
2740:(1937).
2699:Pochutec
2658:See also
2606:Guerrero
2461:Acatepec
2456:Guerrero
2446:Ometepec
2409:Tesonapa
2377:Cosolapa
2325:Veracruz
2301:Veracruz
2185:Atlixtac
2177:Alpoyeca
2164:Guerrero
2154:Guerrero
2078:Molcaxac
2042:Cototlán
1917:Veracruz
1885:Veracruz
1841:Veracruz
1823:Tonalapa
1815:Texcalco
1795:Guerrero
1770:Coatepec
1762:Zoquitla
1758:Zacatlán
1710:Cuacuila
1679:Zacatlán
1671:Tehuacán
1643:Acteopan
1592:State(s)
1586:Language
1550:Ometepec
1538:Coatepec
1433:Guerrero
1212:Huasteca
1184:–Nayarit
1158:Huasteca
1106:"black"
1100:"black"
977:Central
946:Pochutec
931:Coatepec
909:Ometepec
859:Guerrero
808:was the
752:saltillo
666:*/t͡ɬa-/
634:, etc.)
620:Tepehuán
608:Pochutec
487:azte1234
472:Pochutec
75:Guerrero
67:Veracruz
4365:Nahuatl
4332:Italics
4300:History
4228:Eastern
4195:Western
4129:Central
4120:Nahuatl
4111:Aztecan
4093:Huichol
3948:Oʼodham
3933:Tepiman
3831:Vanyume
3825:Serrano
3754:Gosiute
3742:Central
3718:Western
3594:1753556
3345:3519722
3141:1753556
3103:7276374
3065:1753556
2810:1753556
2694:Nahuatl
2639:Nayarit
2635:Durango
2610:Morelos
2584:Morelos
2532:Tabasco
2523:Tabasco
2465:Arcelia
2415:state:
2330:Pajapan
2315:Pajapan
2307:Córdoba
2253:Zitlala
2225:Olinalá
2109:Nayarit
2105:Durango
2033:Hidalgo
1983:Lolotla
1939:Acatlán
1931:Orizaba
1907:Orizaba
1859:Oteapan
1754:Yehuala
1750:Xonotla
1641:state:
1627:Temixco
1602:Morelos
1574:Tabasco
1544:Durango
1526:Tenango
1478:Morelos
1463:Central
1439:Orizaba
1200:Isthmus
1182:Durango
1104:yayawik
1098:tliltik
874:Isthmus
854:Huastec
846:Nahuatl
816:before
616:Huichol
558:Nahuatl
513:Aztecan
95:Durango
79:Morelos
71:Hidalgo
38:Aztecan
4099:Cazcan
4057:Cahita
4039:Eudeve
4030:Opatan
3879:Cupeño
3854:Tongva
3817:Serran
3600:
3592:
3489:
3479:
3400:
3381:
3351:
3343:
3312:
3281:
3271:
3250:
3240:
3178:
3147:
3139:
3101:
3091:
3071:
3063:
3021:
3011:
2816:
2808:
2567:Toluca
2554:México
2516:areas
2510:Chilac
2504:Puebla
2471:, and
2437:Naupan
2432:Puebla
2413:Puebla
2407:, and
2368:Oaxaca
2279:Jopala
2273:Puebla
2251:, and
2205:Cualac
2145:Tuxpan
2136:Puebla
2072:, and
2061:Puebla
2016:Puebla
1997:, and
1957:Puebla
1925:Oaxaca
1923:, and
1921:Puebla
1900:towns
1865:, and
1807:Maxela
1779:México
1697:Puebla
1662:Puebla
1639:Puebla
1613:Puebla
1217:Center
1024:"egg"
1018:"egg"
1010:"all"
1004:"all"
810:reflex
662:*/ta-/
509:Nahuan
117:Nahuan
87:Oaxaca
63:Puebla
51:Mexico
43:Region
33:Nahuan
4272:Other
4263:Pipil
4065:Yaqui
4046:Opata
4014:Tubar
3941:Pimic
3898:Other
3865:Cupan
3808:Takic
3710:Numic
3598:S2CID
3457:(PDF)
3349:S2CID
3341:JSTOR
3310:S2CID
3176:S2CID
3145:S2CID
3069:S2CID
2835:(PDF)
2814:S2CID
2616:Taxco
2277:near
2259:area
2076:near
1568:Pipil
1205:Pipil
1008:nochi
1002:mochi
879:Pipil
806:/t͡ɬ/
790:/t͡ɬ/
718:-liwa
714:-lwia
628:Yaqui
588:Pipil
4088:Cora
4070:Mayo
3905:Hopi
3733:Mono
3590:OCLC
3487:OCLC
3477:ISBN
3431:link
3427:link
3398:ISBN
3379:ISBN
3279:OCLC
3269:ISBN
3248:OCLC
3238:ISBN
3206:link
3137:OCLC
3099:OCLC
3089:ISBN
3061:OCLC
3019:OCLC
3009:ISBN
2937:The
2806:OCLC
2637:and
2608:and
2512:and
2107:and
1896:and
1036:tisi
1030:tesi
814:*/t/
712:and
710:-lia
702:-owa
700:and
698:-iya
692:and
684:and
648:and
632:Mayo
622:and
612:Cora
574:and
554:/tɬ/
533:/tɬ/
507:The
93:and
49:and
3787:Ute
3582:doi
3542:doi
3333:doi
3302:doi
3168:doi
3129:doi
3053:doi
2798:doi
2756:doi
2630:azn
2601:nuz
2580:nhg
2550:nhv
2528:nhc
2499:npl
2451:nht
2427:ncj
2363:nhy
2344:ncl
2320:nhp
2296:nhq
2268:azz
2159:ngu
2130:nhe
2100:azd
2056:ncx
2029:nch
2010:nhn
1970:nhw
1952:nsu
1912:nlv
1880:nhx
1836:nhk
1775:naz
1692:nhi
1657:nhz
1607:nhm
1068:meh
1061:tin
1045:h/ʔ
826:/l/
824:or
822:/t/
818:/a/
798:/l/
794:/t/
733:/i/
729:/e/
706:-ki
694:-ia
690:-oa
686:-ia
682:-oa
664:to
614:or
550:/t/
546:/l/
544:to
511:or
467:xpo
457:nsu
447:nhw
437:nuz
427:nhg
417:nhi
407:nhv
397:nhc
387:npl
377:nhz
367:ppl
357:nlv
347:nht
337:ncj
327:nhy
317:nhm
307:ncl
297:nhp
287:nhx
277:nhk
267:nhq
257:azz
247:ngu
237:nhe
227:nln
217:naz
207:ncx
197:nch
187:nhn
177:nci
158:nah
4351::
3596:.
3588:.
3574:59
3572:.
3562:;
3558:;
3538:39
3536:.
3530:.
3516:37
3514:.
3485:.
3423:}}
3419:{{
3347:.
3339:.
3329:57
3327:.
3308:.
3298:49
3296:.
3277:.
3246:.
3219:11
3217:.
3202:}}
3198:{{
3174:.
3164:51
3162:.
3143:.
3135:.
3121:54
3119:.
3097:.
3067:.
3059:.
3045:44
3043:.
3033:;
3017:.
3007:.
2969:.
2837:.
2812:.
2804:.
2790:44
2788:.
2778:;
2752:39
2750:.
2744:.
2561:,
2487:,
2483:;
2463:,
2403:;
2399:,
2395:,
2391:,
2387:,
2383:,
2379:,
2375:,
2247:,
2243:,
2239:,
2235:,
2231:,
2227:,
2223:,
2219:,
2215:,
2211:,
2207:,
2203:,
2199:,
2195:,
2191:,
2187:,
2183:,
2179:,
2175:,
2171:,
2088:,
2084:,
2068:,
1993:,
1985:,
1981:,
1919:,
1861:,
1857:,
1821:,
1817:,
1813:,
1809:,
1805:,
1801:,
1797:,
1793:,
1789:,
1785:,
1756:,
1752:,
1748:,
1744:,
1740:,
1736:,
1732:,
1728:,
1724:,
1720:,
1716:,
1712:,
1708:,
1704:,
1113:ki
1052:lo
994:ye
725:*ɨ
720:.
626:,
618:,
594:.
564:.
540:tɬ
89:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
57:,
53::
4102:?
3789:)
3756:)
3685:e
3678:t
3671:v
3604:.
3584::
3550:.
3544::
3493:.
3459:.
3433:)
3406:.
3387:.
3355:.
3335::
3316:.
3304::
3285:.
3254:.
3208:)
3182:.
3170::
3151:.
3131::
3105:.
3075:.
3055::
3025:.
2980:.
2843:.
2820:.
2800::
2764:.
2758::
1685:-
1681:-
1376:)
1333:)
1118:-
1111:-
1066:-
1059:-
1050:-
1043:-
992:#
987:e
985:#
630:/
579:,
572:,
542:/
538:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.