276:, as well as the way their cultures shaped the way the United States took advantage of them. Jackson uses evidence from Official Reports of the War Department or the Department of Interior to show that the United States did not hide the atrocities they committed, nor did they see them as such. In addition to using evidence that the United States provided of their mistreatment of Native Americans, Jackson also took great care to ensure that she included information on how each of the people viewed themselves and how they felt about the way they were treated. For example, at the beginning of her chapter on the Sioux, she provides a history of their name (it comes from the old French word Nadouessioux meaning enemies) but also includes that they refer to themselves as "Dakota."
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the United States took territory from the colonial powers. Most prominently, the United States did not acknowledge or respect Native claims to the land, as recognized by treaties, to the same degree that Spain, Britain, and France had. This was in part, she explains, because the treaties written in
English purposefully had different expectations than those written for and signed by the Native populations. She contextualizes her distress by examining the attitudes of the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary from the end of the 18th century through much of the 19th century. She concludes by stating that through their unjust treatment of Native Americans, the United States violated international law and made itself susceptible to a reputation for cruelty.
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420:, a periodical that existed for most of the 19th century, wrote a review just after the book was published in which they reiterated Jackson's purpose for writing: to draw attention to the disregard of the rights of Native Americans by the United States government and called on the country to adopt a Christian policy toward Native Americans that was both "just and humane." In addition, for decades after it was published, the reporting that Jackson did in
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Over time, her work has been recognized for its important impact on the nation's understanding of the mistreatment of Native
Americans by the United States and prompted discussion on the role of women's voices in history both publicly and academically. However, critics continue to reference the text
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via a limited printing of 2,000 copies. However, this was soon followed by a larger printing from Harper & Row in their
Torchbook series in 1965, with an introductory essay by Andrew F. Rolle but without the fifteen documents that served as an appendix of supporting evidence in the original work
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Jackson begins by providing in her "Introductory" a summary of the policies and positions of the United States relative to the Native
American population; however, because of the time in which she was writing, she refers to them as Indians. Jackson calls attention to the changes that occurred when
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received some adverse criticism and was dismissed as "sentimental". But it had some effect in shaking the moral senses of
America, and in 1881 Congress acted to remedy, in part, the situation of the Ponca people. However, it did not have quite the impact that Jackson wanted, which spurred her to
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She collected information from a number of sources that shaped her well-rounded approach to understanding the experience of Native
Americans and their relationship with the United States. At the start of the book, she provides an appendix of the reports and accounts that she relied on including
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Jackson concludes that "t makes little difference, however, where one opens the record of the history of the
Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain." She calls on all branches of government, no matter how difficult the process or how long over due, to right their wrongs. Jackson
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outlines four changes, the cessation of cheating, robbing, and breaking promises, along with the end of refusing to protect Native
American property rights under American law, that she believes are at least a good start to make up for all of the harm that the United States government caused.
292:, and the Massacres of Apaches, as a demonstration of the violence committed against Native Americans. In addition to explaining the atrocities and violence, Jackson also provides a history of the interactions between the Native Americans and the white population prior to the massacres.
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in which she suggests that while the initial response was lacking in enthusiasm, Jackson’s ‘work had definitely acquainted the public with the deplorable condition of the
American Indian,’ but that its greater importance was laying ‘the groundwork for Jackson’s next Indian crusade,’
350:, at her own expense. She hoped to awaken the conscience of the American people, and their representatives, to the flagrant wrongs that had been done to the American Indians, and persuade them "to redeem the name of the United States from the stain of a century of dishonor".
163:, at her own expense. She hoped to awaken the conscience of the American people, and their representatives, to the flagrant wrongs that had been done to the American Indians, and persuade them "to redeem the name of the United States from the stain of a century of dishonor".
408:, along with Jackson's many magazine articles, letters to editors, and personal contacts, had an effect, and in March 1887 Congress passed a bill partially rectifying the particular situation of the Ponca people whose cause had first attracted her attention. The
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deserves more attention. Undoubtedly, the two projects shared a common concern for the plight of Native
Americans in post-Reconstruction America. But their differences suggest, at the very least, a disconnect between means and ends. To the degree to which
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was born out of Jackson's efforts and called for the return of Native lands to Native Americans in an act of humanitarian reform. Though it did not come close to fully or successfully addressing all of the grievances that Jackson had expressed.
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in New York and was shocked by the story of government mistreatment that she found. She wrote in a letter, "I shall be found with 'Indians' engraved on my brain when I am dead.—A fire has been kindled within me which will never go out."
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in New York and was shocked by the story of government mistreatment that she found. She wrote in a letter, "I shall be found with 'Indians' engraved on my brain when I am dead.—A fire has been kindled within me which will never go out."
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countered Roosevelt's dismissal of Jackson's argument by stating that Roosevelt's view of Native American history was "Eurocentric, racist, male-dominated, and environmentally obtuse from a late-twentieth-century point of view."
174:, because it was assumed that all Indians were the same. Her book brought to light the injustices enacted upon the Native Americans as it chronicled the ruthlessness of white settlers in their greed for land, wealth, and power.
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Having shared the legal and cultural trouble that the aforementioned tribes experienced at the hands of the United States, Jackson goes on to provide detailed descriptions of three massacres: The
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chronicles the treatment of American Indians by the United States beginning in colonial times through to her present. The book can be broken down into four major themes:
317:(making the entire Native American population wards of the nation) had begun to draw the attention of the public. Jackson attended a meeting in Boston in 1879 at which
139:(making the entire Native American population wards of the nation) had begun to draw the attention of the public. Jackson attended a meeting in Boston in 1879 at which
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forced removal of these (and other) tribes to reservations located on land that was unsuitable for farming or sustaining the Native American way of life
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of the 1970s, it was not until the 1980s that more extensive attention to Jackson and others like her began to appear in academic journals.
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records of prices that white men paid for scalps (of Native Americans) and personal testimonials of grievances that Sioux had experienced.
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led her from the east coast to California where she found inspiration for the novel. Christine Holbo argues that, 'The divide separating
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Holbo, Christine (2010). ""Industrial & Picturesque Narrative": Helen Hunt Jackson's California Travel Writing for the Century".
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The book consists primarily of the tribal histories of seven different tribes. Among the incidents it depicts is the eradication of
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in an attempt to change government ideas and policy toward Native Americans at a time when effects of the 1871
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The book was originally published in 1881 and Jackson personally sent a copy of her book to every member of
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Women, language, and linguistics : three American stories from the first half of the twentieth century
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in an attempt to change government ideas/policy toward Native Americans at a time when effects of the 1871
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can be read as an appeal on behalf of Native American rights, a continuation of the project laid out in
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Women, Language and Linguistics: Three American Stories from the First Half of the Twentieth Century
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the novel must be read against its romantic interpretation of mission- and Mexican-era California.'
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was used to justify arguments against government treatment of Native Americans, especially by the
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Davis, Carlyle Channing; Alderson, William A. (1914). "CHAPTER V: WHERE RAMONA WAS WRITTEN".
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via a limited printing of 2,000 copies, and has been reprinted numerous times since then.
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Although there was a good deal of adverse criticism even at the time of its publication,
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The seven chapters that follow the introduction each describe the general history of the
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promises and treaties issued and broken by the United States government to these tribes
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legalistic human rights activism from the kaleidoscopic and even campy aesthetics of
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After a long hiatus, the book was first reprinted in 1964 by Ross & Haines of
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The great father : the United States government and the American Indians
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White Robe's dilemma : tribal history in American literature
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917:(Abridged ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
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White Robe's Dilemma: Tribal History in American Literature
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from the late 19th and early 20th centuries are reviews of
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massacres of the Native American people by white Americans.
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in the colonial period, despite their recent conversion to
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first published in 1881 that chronicled the experiences of
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Non-fiction books about indigenous peoples of the Americas
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the mistreatment of seven major Native American tribes
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383:However, more than a century later, historian
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375:Initially, some critics, including President
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880:. Digireads Com. pp. iv.
814:. Digireads Com. p. 342.
781:. Digireads Com. p. 337.
715:. Digireads Com. p. 136.
649:. Digireads Com. pp. xi.
218:Originally published in 1881,
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575:Prucha, Francis Paul (1986).
876:Hunt Jackson, Helen (2012).
810:Hunt Jackson, Helen (2012).
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481:devotes a single chapter to
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1010:"A Century of Dishonor".
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137:Indian Appropriations Act
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381:The Winning of the West.
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514:Falk, Julia S. (1999).
459:A Century of Dishonor’s
327:Great Sioux Reservation
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75:1881 (publication year)
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