2167:
589:
529:
517:
577:
565:
553:
541:
601:
395:
The APL insertion on the trapezium and the APB origin on the same bone is the only connection between the thumb's intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. As the thumb is brought into action, these two muscles must coordinate to keep the trapezium stable in the carpus, which is important for the proper
996:
Aversi-Ferreira, Tales
Alexandre; Maior, Rafael Souto; Carneiro-e-Silva, Frederico O.; Aversi-Ferreira, Roqueline A. G. M. F.; Tavares, Maria Clotilde; Nishijo, Hisao; Tomaz, Carlos (2011).
275:
Passing obliquely downward and lateralward, it ends in a tendon, which runs through a groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, accompanied by the tendon of the
1434:
188:
852:
444:
36:
2032:
1427:
2037:
1826:
1822:
1749:
716:
164:
1793:
420:. In gibbons, however, the APL originates proximally on the radius and ulna, whereas it originates in the middle part of these bones in
326:. Abductor pollicis longus lies close to the radial nerve. The posterior interosseous nerve is derived from spinal segments C7 & C8.
1710:
1641:
998:"Comparative Anatomical Analyses of the Forearm Muscles of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al. 2000): Manipulatory Behavior and Tool Use"
2187:
1646:
1420:
439:, the APL flexes the thumb rather than extending it like in modern humans. Compared to the wrists of chimpanzees, the human wrist is
428:, and humans. In all these primates, the muscle is inserted onto the base of the first metacarpal and sometimes onto the trapezium (
1774:
793:
290:
part and a proximal, deep part. The superficial part is inserted with one or more tendons into the radial side of the base of the
2106:
1585:
265:
1999:
1883:
1878:
1700:
1557:
617:
458:
position of the trapezium in humans which, in its turn, is a result of the expansion of the trapezoid on the side of the palm.
409:
295:
276:
1127:
Le Minor, JM (1994). "The sesamoid bone of musculus abductor pollicis longus (os radiale externum or prepollex) in primates".
2131:
369:
Multiple APL tendons can be regarded as a functional advantage since injured tendons can be compensated by the healthy ones.
2070:
2027:
1994:
1843:
1838:
1779:
335:
183:
89:
1739:
315:
294:, and the deep part is variably inserted into the trapezium, the joint capsule and its ligaments, and into the belly of
287:
249:
1744:
1547:
1279:"Functional relationship between the abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis muscles: an EMG analysis"
2157:
195:
110:
71:
51:
600:
2075:
1833:
1769:
1603:
466:
413:
856:
588:
528:
516:
2006:
1989:
1158:"A Rare Quadruplicate Arrangement of Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendons — Anatomical and Clinical Relevance"
671:
655:
647:
576:
564:
552:
540:
355:
299:
135:
1890:
1565:
385:
229:
119:
115:
2166:
2060:
2044:
1922:
1734:
1593:
663:
651:
346:
An accessory abductor pollicis longus (AAPL) tendon is present in more than 80% of people, and a separate
171:
159:
20:
1912:
1729:
769:
696:
378:
363:
291:
77:
64:
1955:
627:
1927:
1492:
1482:
1477:
1325:
1009:
622:
2022:
1934:
1868:
1679:
1528:
1523:
421:
233:
130:
881:
35:
2136:
2111:
1669:
1499:
1487:
1575:
1400:
1353:
1300:
1265:
1230:
1187:
1144:
1115:
1080:
1037:
799:
789:
740:
712:
667:
659:
436:
221:
1371:"The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo"
381:, thereby moving the thumb anteriorly. It also assists in extending and rotating the thumb.
1863:
1674:
1390:
1382:
1343:
1333:
1290:
1255:
1220:
1212:
1177:
1169:
1136:
1105:
1070:
1062:
1051:"Anatomic Study of the Abductor Pollicis Longus: A Source for Grafting Material of the Hand"
1027:
1017:
781:
704:
646:
The extrinsic thumb muscles are those originating in the forearm: extensor pollicis longus,
389:
351:
323:
245:
1984:
1817:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1598:
822:
494:
261:
1329:
1013:
2171:
1950:
1518:
1467:
1395:
1370:
1348:
1313:
1295:
1278:
1260:
1243:
1225:
1200:
1182:
1157:
1110:
1093:
1075:
1050:
1032:
997:
785:
350:
is present in 20% of people. In one study, the accessory tendon was inserted into the
253:
1199:
Michilsens, Fana; Vereecke, Evie E; D'Août, Kristiaan; Aerts, Peter (September 2009).
2181:
1386:
1312:
Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (January 2006).
1216:
708:
462:
269:
1173:
501:. The APL sesamoid is present in all non-human primates, but only in about half of
1472:
1314:"Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas"
1201:"Functional anatomy of the gibbon forelimb: adaptations to a brachiating lifestyle"
932:
454:
for a range of hand muscles. It is possible that these differences are due to the
440:
347:
319:
101:
1156:
Mehta, Vandana; Arora, Jyoti; Suri, Rajesh Kumar; Rath, Gayatri (February 2009).
1022:
1366:
490:
480:
1812:
1066:
826:
451:
311:
176:
1338:
1092:
Hazani, Ron; Engineer, Nitin J.; Cooney, Damon; Wilhelmi, Bradon J. (2008).
476:
471:
455:
1404:
1357:
1234:
1191:
1119:
1084:
1041:
803:
377:
The chief action of abductor pollicis longus is to abduct the thumb at the
1304:
1269:
1148:
1455:
485:
1695:
502:
498:
429:
405:
1140:
493:(enlarged) into a sixth digit or a so-called "false thumb", a derived
201:
2087:
1904:
1613:
1570:
1509:
1443:
1412:
958:, The evolution of the hominin hand as evidenced by the fossil record
425:
417:
359:
283:
268:, and from the middle third of the dorsal surface of the body of the
232:
the thumb at the wrist. Its tendon forms the anterior border of the
84:
60:
147:
123:
96:
944:
768:
Bouche, P. (2013-01-01), Said, GĂ©rard; Krarup, Christian (eds.),
695:
Focks, Claudia; März, Ulrich (2008-01-01), Focks, Claudia (ed.),
1969:
257:
225:
56:
1416:
1244:"Structure and function of the abductor pollicis longus muscle"
697:"Chapter 4 - Acupuncture Points of the Twelve Primary Channels"
1542:
1447:
366:(1%). Up to seven tendons have been reported in rare cases.
885:
354:(41%); proximally on the abductor pollicis brevis (22%) and
396:
functioning of the thumb (i.e. precision and power grip.)
967:
955:
756:
658:. The intrinsic thumbs muscles originates in the hand:
432:
and bonobos) and thumb sesamoids (crab-eating monkeys).
244:
The abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the
1365:
Tocheri, Matthew W.; Orr, Caley M.; Jacofsky, Marc C.;
1049:
Bravo, Elena; Barco, Raul; BullĂłn, Adrian (May 2010).
770:"Chapter 19 - Compression and entrapment neuropathies"
2155:
1094:"Anatomic Landmarks for the First Dorsal Compartment"
752:
750:
703:, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 79–462,
248:
and is sometimes united with it. It arises from the
318:, which is a continuation of the deep branch of the
2120:
2095:
2086:
2053:
2015:
1977:
1968:
1943:
1903:
1852:
1801:
1792:
1758:
1718:
1709:
1694:
1657:
1612:
1584:
1556:
1541:
1508:
1454:
182:
170:
158:
146:
141:
129:
109:
95:
83:
70:
50:
45:
28:
908:
896:
358:(5%); had a double insertion on the trapezium and
1277:van Oudenaarde, E; Oostendorp, R A (June 1995).
877:
40:Deep muscles of posterior surface of the forearm
920:
1428:
408:to have an APL completely separated from the
8:
735:
733:
334:Abductor pollicis longus is supplied by the
2092:
1974:
1798:
1715:
1706:
1553:
1460:
1435:
1421:
1413:
34:
1394:
1347:
1337:
1294:
1259:
1224:
1181:
1109:
1074:
1031:
1021:
978:
880:, Results. For a dissection example see
2162:
687:
639:
512:
450:) in having considerably longer muscle
310:The abductor pollicis longus muscle is
199:
25:
16:Muscle in the forearm moving the thumb
847:
845:
843:
384:By its continued action, it helps to
7:
757:van Oudenaarde & Oostendorp 1995
1242:van Oudenaarde, E (February 1991).
606:Muscle of the hand. Posterior view.
855:. PT Central. 1998. Archived from
786:10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00019-9
465:embedded into the APL tendon is a
14:
505:, and normally absent in humans.
153:musculus abductor pollicis longus
2165:
1387:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00865.x
1217:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01109.x
709:10.1016/b978-044310028-4.50007-2
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
539:
527:
515:
282:The insertion is divided into a
1174:10.1590/S1807-59322009000200014
594:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
582:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
570:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
558:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
546:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
534:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
522:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
29:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
1823:extensor carpi radialis longus
1750:flexor digitorum superficialis
878:Bravo, Barco & BullĂłn 2010
776:, Peripheral Nerve Disorders,
774:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
1:
336:posterior interosseous artery
260:, below the insertion of the
90:Posterior interosseous artery
1023:10.1371/journal.pone.0022165
461:A small, lens-shaped radial
322:after it passes through the
316:posterior interosseous nerve
228:. Its major function is to
2033:flexor digiti minimi brevis
933:Aversi-Ferreira et al. 2011
2204:
1775:flexor digitorum profundus
853:"Abductor pollicis longus"
823:"Abductor pollicis longus"
362:(15%); or the base of the
196:Anatomical terms of muscle
18:
2188:Muscles of the upper limb
1463:
1067:10.1007/s11999-009-1059-4
469:state found in all known
194:
33:
2000:abductor pollicis brevis
1884:extensor pollicis longus
1879:extensor pollicis brevis
1874:abductor pollicis longus
935:, Results and Discussion
672:abductor pollicis brevis
656:abductor pollicis longus
648:extensor pollicis brevis
618:Extensor pollicis longus
410:extensor pollicis brevis
356:opponens pollicis brevis
296:abductor pollicis brevis
277:extensor pollicis brevis
214:abductor pollicis longus
136:Adductor pollicis muscle
1339:10.1073/pnas.0504899102
497:that first appeared in
2038:abductor digiti minimi
2028:opponens digiti minimi
1995:flexor pollicis brevis
1844:extensor carpi ulnaris
1839:extensor digiti minimi
1780:flexor pollicis longus
1318:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
945:Michilsens et al. 2009
664:flexor pollicis brevis
652:flexor pollicis longus
212:In human anatomy, the
21:anatomical terminology
1913:bicipital aponeurosis
1740:flexor carpi radialis
1055:Clin Orthop Relat Res
780:, Elsevier: 311–366,
475:genera except in the
392:) and flex the hand.
379:carpometacarpal joint
292:first metacarpal bone
266:interosseous membrane
65:Interosseous membrane
2107:extensor retinaculum
1745:flexor carpi ulnaris
1008:(7/e22165): e22165.
701:Atlas of Acupuncture
623:De Quervain syndrome
1935:antebrachial fascia
1869:anatomical snuffbox
1680:triangular interval
1637:intermuscular septa
1529:infraspinous fascia
1524:supraspinous fascia
1330:2006PNAS..103..379S
1014:2011PLoSO...622165A
956:Tocheri et al. 2008
921:van Oudenaarde 1991
744:(1918), see infobox
422:crab-eating monkeys
256:of the body of the
234:anatomical snuffbox
2137:palmar aponeurosis
2132:flexor retinaculum
2112:extensor expansion
1956:osborne's ligament
1834:extensor digitorum
1770:pronator quadratus
1670:quadrangular space
1604:articularis cubiti
968:Salesa et al. 2006
886:Hazani et al. 2008
628:Bennett's fracture
19:This article uses
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2007:adductor pollicis
1990:opponens pollicis
1964:
1963:
1899:
1898:
1788:
1787:
1690:
1689:
1537:
1536:
1289:(Pt 3): 509–515.
1141:10.1159/000147623
1129:Acta Anat (Basel)
909:Mehta et al. 2009
897:Mehta et al. 2009
718:978-0-443-10028-4
668:adductor pollicis
660:opponens pollicis
443:(compared to the
300:opponens pollicis
222:extrinsic muscles
210:
209:
205:
2195:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2125:
2100:
2093:
1975:
1891:extensor indicis
1857:
1806:
1799:
1763:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1675:triangular space
1566:coracobrachialis
1554:
1461:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1408:
1398:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1308:
1298:
1273:
1263:
1238:
1228:
1195:
1185:
1152:
1123:
1113:
1088:
1078:
1061:(5): 1305–1309.
1045:
1035:
1025:
982:
976:
970:
965:
959:
953:
947:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
849:
838:
837:
835:
833:
819:
813:
812:
811:
810:
765:
759:
754:
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737:
728:
727:
726:
725:
692:
675:
644:
603:
591:
579:
567:
555:
543:
531:
519:
483:and the extinct
400:In other animals
390:radial deviation
364:first metacarpal
324:supinator muscle
220:) is one of the
202:edit on Wikidata
38:
26:
2203:
2202:
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2196:
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2192:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2156:
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2141:
2121:
2116:
2096:
2082:
2049:
2045:palmaris brevis
2011:
1960:
1939:
1895:
1853:
1848:
1818:brachioradialis
1802:
1784:
1759:
1754:
1735:palmaris longus
1719:
1698:
1686:
1653:
1632:brachial fascia
1627:axillary fascia
1622:axillary sheath
1608:
1594:triceps brachii
1580:
1545:
1533:
1504:
1450:
1441:
1411:
1367:Marzke, Mary W.
1364:
1311:
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919:
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719:
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402:
375:
344:
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206:
104:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2175:
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2147:
2146:
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2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2057:
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2050:
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2047:
2042:
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2035:
2030:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:cubital tunnel
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1918:common tendons
1915:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1860:
1858:
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1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
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1829:
1820:
1809:
1807:
1796:
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1785:
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1777:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1730:pronator teres
1726:
1724:
1713:
1704:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1677:
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1618:
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1610:
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1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:deltoid fascia
1515:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1381:(4): 544–562.
1369:(April 2008).
1362:
1324:(2): 379–382.
1309:
1274:
1239:
1211:(3): 335–354.
1196:
1168:(2): 153–155.
1153:
1124:
1089:
1046:
992:
990:
987:
984:
983:
971:
960:
948:
937:
925:
923:, Introduction
913:
901:
889:
870:
839:
814:
794:
760:
746:
741:Gray's Anatomy
729:
717:
686:
685:
683:
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545:
538:
536:
533:
526:
524:
521:
514:
510:
507:
401:
398:
374:
371:
360:thenar muscles
343:
340:
331:
328:
307:
304:
254:dorsal surface
241:
238:
208:
207:
198:
192:
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186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
162:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
113:
107:
106:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
78:1st metacarpal
74:
68:
67:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
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2094:
2091:
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2077:
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2072:
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2068:
2067:
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2062:
2059:
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2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:lateral volar
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1954:
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1498:
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1493:subscapularis
1491:
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1483:infraspinatus
1481:
1479:
1478:supraspinatus
1476:
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1138:
1135:(3): 227–31.
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1103:
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979:Le Minor 1994
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957:
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914:
911:, Conclusions
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:
883:
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859:on 2012-02-04
858:
854:
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795:9780444529022
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492:
491:hypertrophied
488:
487:
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468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
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438:
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414:modern humans
411:
407:
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117:
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108:
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100:
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73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2122:
2097:
2065:
2054:intermediate
2016:medial volar
1917:
1873:
1854:
1804:superficial:
1803:
1760:
1721:superficial:
1720:
1701:compartments
1664:
1636:
1548:compartments
1473:rotator cuff
1378:
1374:
1321:
1317:
1286:
1282:
1251:
1247:
1208:
1204:
1165:
1161:
1132:
1128:
1104:(e53): e53.
1101:
1097:
1058:
1054:
1005:
1001:
974:
963:
951:
940:
928:
916:
904:
899:, Discussion
892:
873:
863:25 September
861:. Retrieved
857:the original
832:25 September
830:. Retrieved
817:
807:, retrieved
777:
773:
763:
739:
722:, retrieved
700:
690:
642:
489:where it is
484:
481:giant pandas
470:
460:
445:
434:
403:
394:
383:
376:
368:
348:muscle belly
345:
333:
330:Blood supply
320:radial nerve
309:
281:
274:
252:part of the
243:
217:
213:
211:
165:A04.6.02.049
152:
102:Radial nerve
1500:teres major
1488:teres minor
1254:: 221–227.
452:moment arms
437:chimpanzees
388:the wrist (
306:Innervation
288:superficial
264:, from the
142:Identifiers
2098:posterior:
2066:interossei
2023:hypothenar
1813:mobile wad
1576:brachialis
981:, Abstract
827:GPnotebook
809:2020-10-22
724:2020-10-22
682:References
312:innervated
131:Antagonist
2123:anterior:
2061:lumbrical
1864:supinator
1794:posterior
1586:posterior
472:Carnivora
467:primitive
456:supinated
404:The only
352:trapezium
342:Variation
298:(APB) or
246:supinator
240:Structure
120:extension
116:Abduction
72:Insertion
2182:Category
1923:extensor
1711:anterior
1599:anconeus
1558:anterior
1456:Shoulder
1405:18380869
1358:16387860
1235:19519640
1192:19219322
1120:19092992
1085:19760470
1042:21789230
1002:PLOS ONE
804:23931789
612:See also
503:gorillas
486:Simocyon
463:sesamoid
446:Pan-Homo
430:siamangs
406:primates
373:Function
262:anconeus
76:Base of
2172:Anatomy
1696:Forearm
1642:lateral
1468:deltoid
1446:of the
1444:Muscles
1396:2409097
1375:J. Anat
1349:1326154
1326:Bibcode
1305:7559124
1296:1167009
1283:J. Anat
1270:2032936
1261:1256056
1248:J. Anat
1226:2750765
1205:J. Anat
1183:2666473
1162:Clinics
1149:7817720
1111:2586286
1098:ePlasty
1076:2853646
1033:3137621
1010:Bibcode
989:Sources
509:Gallery
441:derived
426:bonobos
418:gibbons
314:by the
250:lateral
224:of the
111:Actions
46:Details
2158:Portal
2088:fascia
2076:palmar
2071:dorsal
1985:thenar
1928:flexor
1905:fascia
1827:brevis
1665:spaces
1647:medial
1614:fascia
1571:biceps
1510:fascia
1403:
1393:
1356:
1346:
1303:
1293:
1268:
1258:
1233:
1223:
1190:
1180:
1147:
1118:
1108:
1083:
1073:
1040:
1030:
882:Fig. 3
802:
792:
715:
654:, and
499:ursids
386:abduct
284:distal
270:radius
230:abduct
105:C8, T1
85:Artery
61:radius
52:Origin
1944:other
1855:deep:
1761:deep:
1658:other
634:Notes
495:trait
200:[
189:38515
148:Latin
124:thumb
97:Nerve
1970:Hand
1825:and
1401:PMID
1354:PMID
1301:PMID
1266:PMID
1231:PMID
1188:PMID
1145:PMID
1116:PMID
1081:PMID
1038:PMID
865:2016
834:2016
800:PMID
790:ISBN
713:ISBN
670:and
479:and
416:and
412:are
258:ulna
226:hand
177:2517
160:TA98
57:Ulna
1543:Arm
1448:arm
1391:PMC
1383:doi
1379:212
1344:PMC
1334:doi
1322:103
1291:PMC
1287:186
1256:PMC
1252:174
1221:PMC
1213:doi
1209:215
1178:PMC
1170:doi
1137:doi
1133:150
1106:PMC
1071:PMC
1063:doi
1059:468
1028:PMC
1018:doi
884:in
782:doi
778:115
705:doi
477:red
448:LCA
435:In
218:APL
184:FMA
172:TA2
122:of
2184::
1399:.
1389:.
1377:.
1373:.
1352:.
1342:.
1332:.
1320:.
1316:.
1299:.
1285:.
1281:.
1264:.
1250:.
1246:.
1229:.
1219:.
1207:.
1203:.
1186:.
1176:.
1166:64
1164:.
1160:.
1143:.
1131:.
1114:.
1100:.
1096:.
1079:.
1069:.
1057:.
1053:.
1036:.
1026:.
1016:.
1004:.
1000:.
842:^
825:.
798:,
788:,
772:,
749:^
732:^
711:,
699:,
666:,
662:,
650:,
424:,
338:.
302:.
286:,
279:.
272:.
236:.
118:,
63:,
59:,
2160::
1703:)
1699:(
1550:)
1546:(
1512::
1436:e
1429:t
1422:v
1407:.
1385::
1360:.
1336::
1328::
1307:.
1272:.
1237:.
1215::
1194:.
1172::
1151:.
1139::
1122:.
1102:8
1087:.
1065::
1044:.
1020::
1012::
1006:6
867:.
836:.
784::
707::
674:.
216:(
204:]
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
