2178:
600:
540:
528:
588:
576:
564:
552:
612:
406:
The APL insertion on the trapezium and the APB origin on the same bone is the only connection between the thumb's intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. As the thumb is brought into action, these two muscles must coordinate to keep the trapezium stable in the carpus, which is important for the proper
1007:
Aversi-Ferreira, Tales
Alexandre; Maior, Rafael Souto; Carneiro-e-Silva, Frederico O.; Aversi-Ferreira, Roqueline A. G. M. F.; Tavares, Maria Clotilde; Nishijo, Hisao; Tomaz, Carlos (2011).
286:
Passing obliquely downward and lateralward, it ends in a tendon, which runs through a groove on the lateral side of the lower end of the radius, accompanied by the tendon of the
1445:
199:
863:
455:
47:
2043:
1438:
2048:
1837:
1833:
1760:
727:
175:
1804:
431:. In gibbons, however, the APL originates proximally on the radius and ulna, whereas it originates in the middle part of these bones in
337:. Abductor pollicis longus lies close to the radial nerve. The posterior interosseous nerve is derived from spinal segments C7 & C8.
1721:
1652:
1009:"Comparative Anatomical Analyses of the Forearm Muscles of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al. 2000): Manipulatory Behavior and Tool Use"
2198:
1657:
1431:
450:, the APL flexes the thumb rather than extending it like in modern humans. Compared to the wrists of chimpanzees, the human wrist is
439:, and humans. In all these primates, the muscle is inserted onto the base of the first metacarpal and sometimes onto the trapezium (
1785:
804:
301:
part and a proximal, deep part. The superficial part is inserted with one or more tendons into the radial side of the base of the
2117:
1596:
276:
2010:
1894:
1889:
1711:
1568:
628:
469:
position of the trapezium in humans which, in its turn, is a result of the expansion of the trapezoid on the side of the palm.
420:
306:
287:
1138:
Le Minor, JM (1994). "The sesamoid bone of musculus abductor pollicis longus (os radiale externum or prepollex) in primates".
2142:
380:
Multiple APL tendons can be regarded as a functional advantage since injured tendons can be compensated by the healthy ones.
2081:
2038:
2005:
1854:
1849:
1790:
346:
194:
100:
1750:
326:
305:, and the deep part is variably inserted into the trapezium, the joint capsule and its ligaments, and into the belly of
298:
260:
1755:
1558:
1290:"Functional relationship between the abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis muscles: an EMG analysis"
2168:
206:
121:
82:
62:
611:
2086:
1844:
1780:
1614:
477:
424:
867:
599:
539:
527:
2017:
2000:
1169:"A Rare Quadruplicate Arrangement of Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendons — Anatomical and Clinical Relevance"
682:
666:
658:
587:
575:
563:
551:
366:
310:
146:
1901:
1576:
396:
240:
130:
126:
2177:
2071:
2055:
1933:
1745:
1604:
674:
662:
357:
An accessory abductor pollicis longus (AAPL) tendon is present in more than 80% of people, and a separate
182:
170:
31:
1923:
1740:
780:
707:
389:
374:
302:
88:
75:
1966:
638:
1938:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1336:
1020:
633:
2033:
1945:
1879:
1690:
1539:
1534:
432:
244:
141:
892:
46:
2147:
2122:
1680:
1510:
1498:
1586:
1411:
1364:
1311:
1276:
1241:
1198:
1155:
1126:
1091:
1048:
810:
800:
751:
723:
678:
670:
447:
232:
1382:"The evolutionary history of the hominin hand since the last common ancestor of Pan and Homo"
392:, thereby moving the thumb anteriorly. It also assists in extending and rotating the thumb.
1874:
1685:
1401:
1393:
1354:
1344:
1301:
1266:
1231:
1223:
1188:
1180:
1147:
1116:
1081:
1073:
1062:"Anatomic Study of the Abductor Pollicis Longus: A Source for Grafting Material of the Hand"
1038:
1028:
792:
715:
657:
The extrinsic thumb muscles are those originating in the forearm: extensor pollicis longus,
400:
362:
334:
256:
1995:
1828:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1609:
833:
505:
272:
1340:
1024:
17:
2182:
1961:
1529:
1478:
1406:
1381:
1359:
1324:
1306:
1289:
1271:
1254:
1236:
1211:
1193:
1168:
1121:
1104:
1086:
1061:
1043:
1008:
796:
361:
is present in 20% of people. In one study, the accessory tendon was inserted into the
264:
1210:
Michilsens, Fana; Vereecke, Evie E; D'Août, Kristiaan; Aerts, Peter (September 2009).
2192:
1397:
1323:
Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (January 2006).
1227:
719:
473:
280:
1184:
512:. The APL sesamoid is present in all non-human primates, but only in about half of
1483:
1325:"Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas"
1212:"Functional anatomy of the gibbon forelimb: adaptations to a brachiating lifestyle"
943:
465:
for a range of hand muscles. It is possible that these differences are due to the
451:
358:
330:
112:
1167:
Mehta, Vandana; Arora, Jyoti; Suri, Rajesh Kumar; Rath, Gayatri (February 2009).
1033:
1377:
501:
491:
1823:
1077:
837:
462:
322:
187:
1349:
1103:
Hazani, Ron; Engineer, Nitin J.; Cooney, Damon; Wilhelmi, Bradon J. (2008).
487:
482:
466:
1415:
1368:
1245:
1202:
1130:
1095:
1052:
814:
388:
The chief action of abductor pollicis longus is to abduct the thumb at the
1315:
1280:
1159:
1466:
496:
1706:
513:
509:
440:
416:
1151:
504:(enlarged) into a sixth digit or a so-called "false thumb", a derived
212:
2098:
1915:
1624:
1581:
1520:
1454:
1423:
969:, The evolution of the hominin hand as evidenced by the fossil record
436:
428:
370:
294:
279:, and from the middle third of the dorsal surface of the body of the
243:
the thumb at the wrist. Its tendon forms the anterior border of the
95:
71:
158:
134:
107:
955:
779:
Bouche, P. (2013-01-01), Said, GĂ©rard; Krarup, Christian (eds.),
706:
Focks, Claudia; März, Ulrich (2008-01-01), Focks, Claudia (ed.),
1980:
268:
236:
67:
1427:
1255:"Structure and function of the abductor pollicis longus muscle"
708:"Chapter 4 - Acupuncture Points of the Twelve Primary Channels"
1553:
1458:
377:(1%). Up to seven tendons have been reported in rare cases.
896:
365:(41%); proximally on the abductor pollicis brevis (22%) and
407:
functioning of the thumb (i.e. precision and power grip.)
978:
966:
767:
669:. The intrinsic thumbs muscles originates in the hand:
443:
and bonobos) and thumb sesamoids (crab-eating monkeys).
255:
The abductor pollicis longus lies immediately below the
1376:
Tocheri, Matthew W.; Orr, Caley M.; Jacofsky, Marc C.;
1060:
Bravo, Elena; Barco, Raul; BullĂłn, Adrian (May 2010).
781:"Chapter 19 - Compression and entrapment neuropathies"
2166:
1105:"Anatomic Landmarks for the First Dorsal Compartment"
763:
761:
714:, Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, pp. 79–462,
259:
and is sometimes united with it. It arises from the
329:, which is a continuation of the deep branch of the
2131:
2106:
2097:
2064:
2026:
1988:
1979:
1954:
1914:
1863:
1812:
1803:
1769:
1729:
1720:
1705:
1668:
1623:
1595:
1567:
1552:
1519:
1465:
193:
181:
169:
157:
152:
140:
120:
106:
94:
81:
61:
56:
39:
919:
907:
369:(5%); had a double insertion on the trapezium and
1288:van Oudenaarde, E; Oostendorp, R A (June 1995).
888:
51:Deep muscles of posterior surface of the forearm
931:
1439:
419:to have an APL completely separated from the
8:
746:
744:
345:Abductor pollicis longus is supplied by the
2103:
1985:
1809:
1726:
1717:
1564:
1471:
1446:
1432:
1424:
45:
1405:
1358:
1348:
1305:
1270:
1235:
1192:
1120:
1085:
1042:
1032:
989:
891:, Results. For a dissection example see
2173:
698:
650:
523:
461:) in having considerably longer muscle
321:The abductor pollicis longus muscle is
210:
36:
27:Muscle in the forearm moving the thumb
858:
856:
854:
395:By its continued action, it helps to
7:
768:van Oudenaarde & Oostendorp 1995
1253:van Oudenaarde, E (February 1991).
617:Muscle of the hand. Posterior view.
866:. PT Central. 1998. Archived from
797:10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00019-9
476:embedded into the APL tendon is a
25:
516:, and normally absent in humans.
164:musculus abductor pollicis longus
2176:
1398:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00865.x
1228:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01109.x
720:10.1016/b978-044310028-4.50007-2
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
293:The insertion is divided into a
1185:10.1590/S1807-59322009000200014
605:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
593:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
581:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
569:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
557:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
545:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
533:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
40:Abductor pollicis longus muscle
1834:extensor carpi radialis longus
1761:flexor digitorum superficialis
889:Bravo, Barco & BullĂłn 2010
787:, Peripheral Nerve Disorders,
785:Handbook of Clinical Neurology
1:
347:posterior interosseous artery
271:, below the insertion of the
101:Posterior interosseous artery
1034:10.1371/journal.pone.0022165
472:A small, lens-shaped radial
333:after it passes through the
327:posterior interosseous nerve
239:. Its major function is to
2044:flexor digiti minimi brevis
944:Aversi-Ferreira et al. 2011
2215:
1786:flexor digitorum profundus
864:"Abductor pollicis longus"
834:"Abductor pollicis longus"
373:(15%); or the base of the
207:Anatomical terms of muscle
29:
2199:Muscles of the upper limb
1474:
1078:10.1007/s11999-009-1059-4
480:state found in all known
205:
44:
2011:abductor pollicis brevis
1895:extensor pollicis longus
1890:extensor pollicis brevis
1885:abductor pollicis longus
946:, Results and Discussion
683:abductor pollicis brevis
667:abductor pollicis longus
659:extensor pollicis brevis
629:Extensor pollicis longus
421:extensor pollicis brevis
367:opponens pollicis brevis
307:abductor pollicis brevis
288:extensor pollicis brevis
225:abductor pollicis longus
147:Adductor pollicis muscle
18:Abductor pollicis longus
1350:10.1073/pnas.0504899102
508:that first appeared in
2049:abductor digiti minimi
2039:opponens digiti minimi
2006:flexor pollicis brevis
1855:extensor carpi ulnaris
1850:extensor digiti minimi
1791:flexor pollicis longus
1329:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
956:Michilsens et al. 2009
675:flexor pollicis brevis
663:flexor pollicis longus
223:In human anatomy, the
32:anatomical terminology
1924:bicipital aponeurosis
1751:flexor carpi radialis
1066:Clin Orthop Relat Res
791:, Elsevier: 311–366,
486:genera except in the
403:) and flex the hand.
390:carpometacarpal joint
303:first metacarpal bone
277:interosseous membrane
76:Interosseous membrane
2118:extensor retinaculum
1756:flexor carpi ulnaris
1019:(7/e22165): e22165.
712:Atlas of Acupuncture
634:De Quervain syndrome
1946:antebrachial fascia
1880:anatomical snuffbox
1691:triangular interval
1648:intermuscular septa
1540:infraspinous fascia
1535:supraspinous fascia
1341:2006PNAS..103..379S
1025:2011PLoSO...622165A
967:Tocheri et al. 2008
932:van Oudenaarde 1991
755:(1918), see infobox
433:crab-eating monkeys
267:of the body of the
245:anatomical snuffbox
2148:palmar aponeurosis
2143:flexor retinaculum
2123:extensor expansion
1967:osborne's ligament
1845:extensor digitorum
1781:pronator quadratus
1681:quadrangular space
1615:articularis cubiti
979:Salesa et al. 2006
897:Hazani et al. 2008
639:Bennett's fracture
30:This article uses
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2018:adductor pollicis
2001:opponens pollicis
1975:
1974:
1910:
1909:
1799:
1798:
1701:
1700:
1548:
1547:
1300:(Pt 3): 509–515.
1152:10.1159/000147623
1140:Acta Anat (Basel)
920:Mehta et al. 2009
908:Mehta et al. 2009
729:978-0-443-10028-4
679:adductor pollicis
671:opponens pollicis
454:(compared to the
311:opponens pollicis
233:extrinsic muscles
221:
220:
216:
16:(Redirected from
2206:
2181:
2180:
2172:
2136:
2111:
2104:
1986:
1902:extensor indicis
1868:
1817:
1810:
1774:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1686:triangular space
1577:coracobrachialis
1565:
1472:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1319:
1309:
1284:
1274:
1249:
1239:
1206:
1196:
1163:
1134:
1124:
1099:
1089:
1072:(5): 1305–1309.
1056:
1046:
1036:
993:
987:
981:
976:
970:
964:
958:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
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905:
899:
886:
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879:
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875:
860:
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848:
846:
844:
830:
824:
823:
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776:
770:
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756:
748:
739:
738:
737:
736:
703:
686:
655:
614:
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
530:
494:and the extinct
411:In other animals
401:radial deviation
375:first metacarpal
335:supinator muscle
231:) is one of the
213:edit on Wikidata
49:
37:
21:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
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2189:
2188:
2187:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2152:
2132:
2127:
2107:
2093:
2060:
2056:palmaris brevis
2022:
1971:
1950:
1906:
1864:
1859:
1829:brachioradialis
1813:
1795:
1770:
1765:
1746:palmaris longus
1730:
1709:
1697:
1664:
1643:brachial fascia
1638:axillary fascia
1633:axillary sheath
1619:
1605:triceps brachii
1591:
1556:
1544:
1515:
1461:
1452:
1422:
1378:Marzke, Mary W.
1375:
1322:
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582:
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546:
543:
534:
531:
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413:
386:
355:
343:
319:
253:
217:
115:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2212:
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2201:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2095:
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2074:
2068:
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2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
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2051:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1962:cubital tunnel
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1929:common tendons
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
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1831:
1820:
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1807:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
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1793:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1741:pronator teres
1737:
1735:
1724:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1699:
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1612:
1607:
1601:
1599:
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1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:deltoid fascia
1526:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1392:(4): 544–562.
1380:(April 2008).
1373:
1335:(2): 379–382.
1320:
1285:
1250:
1222:(3): 335–354.
1207:
1179:(2): 153–155.
1164:
1135:
1100:
1057:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
994:
982:
971:
959:
948:
936:
934:, Introduction
924:
912:
900:
881:
850:
825:
805:
771:
757:
752:Gray's Anatomy
740:
728:
697:
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694:
691:
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687:
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561:
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549:
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544:
537:
535:
532:
525:
521:
518:
412:
409:
385:
382:
371:thenar muscles
354:
351:
342:
339:
318:
315:
265:dorsal surface
252:
249:
219:
218:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
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185:
179:
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149:
144:
138:
137:
124:
118:
117:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
89:1st metacarpal
85:
79:
78:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:lateral volar
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
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1873:
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1862:
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1598:
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1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:subscapularis
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:infraspinatus
1492:
1490:
1489:supraspinatus
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
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1437:
1435:
1430:
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1426:
1417:
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1408:
1403:
1399:
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1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
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1268:
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1247:
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1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:(3): 227–31.
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
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1063:
1058:
1054:
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1040:
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1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
991:
990:Le Minor 1994
986:
983:
980:
975:
972:
968:
963:
960:
957:
952:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
928:
925:
922:, Conclusions
921:
916:
913:
909:
904:
901:
898:
894:
890:
885:
882:
870:on 2012-02-04
869:
865:
859:
857:
855:
851:
839:
835:
829:
826:
816:
812:
808:
806:9780444529022
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:
747:
745:
741:
731:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
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692:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
654:
651:
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640:
637:
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632:
630:
627:
626:
622:
613:
608:
601:
596:
589:
584:
577:
572:
565:
560:
553:
548:
541:
536:
529:
524:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:hypertrophied
499:
498:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
458:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:modern humans
422:
418:
410:
408:
404:
402:
398:
393:
391:
383:
381:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
350:
348:
340:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
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230:
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214:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
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189:
186:
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165:
162:
160:
156:
151:
148:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
125:
123:
119:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2133:
2108:
2076:
2065:intermediate
2027:medial volar
1928:
1884:
1865:
1815:superficial:
1814:
1771:
1732:superficial:
1731:
1712:compartments
1675:
1647:
1559:compartments
1484:rotator cuff
1389:
1385:
1332:
1328:
1297:
1293:
1262:
1258:
1219:
1215:
1176:
1172:
1143:
1139:
1115:(e53): e53.
1112:
1108:
1069:
1065:
1016:
1012:
985:
974:
962:
951:
939:
927:
915:
910:, Discussion
903:
884:
874:25 September
872:. Retrieved
868:the original
843:25 September
841:. Retrieved
828:
818:, retrieved
788:
784:
774:
750:
733:, retrieved
711:
701:
653:
500:where it is
495:
492:giant pandas
481:
471:
456:
445:
414:
405:
394:
387:
379:
359:muscle belly
356:
344:
341:Blood supply
331:radial nerve
320:
292:
285:
263:part of the
254:
228:
224:
222:
176:A04.6.02.049
163:
113:Radial nerve
1511:teres major
1499:teres minor
1265:: 221–227.
463:moment arms
448:chimpanzees
399:the wrist (
317:Innervation
299:superficial
275:, from the
153:Identifiers
2109:posterior:
2077:interossei
2034:hypothenar
1824:mobile wad
1587:brachialis
992:, Abstract
838:GPnotebook
820:2020-10-22
735:2020-10-22
693:References
323:innervated
142:Antagonist
2134:anterior:
2072:lumbrical
1875:supinator
1805:posterior
1597:posterior
483:Carnivora
478:primitive
467:supinated
415:The only
363:trapezium
353:Variation
309:(APB) or
257:supinator
251:Structure
131:extension
127:Abduction
83:Insertion
2193:Category
1934:extensor
1722:anterior
1610:anconeus
1569:anterior
1467:Shoulder
1416:18380869
1369:16387860
1246:19519640
1203:19219322
1131:19092992
1096:19760470
1053:21789230
1013:PLOS ONE
815:23931789
623:See also
514:gorillas
497:Simocyon
474:sesamoid
457:Pan-Homo
441:siamangs
417:primates
384:Function
273:anconeus
87:Base of
2183:Anatomy
1707:Forearm
1653:lateral
1479:deltoid
1457:of the
1455:Muscles
1407:2409097
1386:J. Anat
1360:1326154
1337:Bibcode
1316:7559124
1307:1167009
1294:J. Anat
1281:2032936
1272:1256056
1259:J. Anat
1237:2750765
1216:J. Anat
1194:2666473
1173:Clinics
1160:7817720
1122:2586286
1109:ePlasty
1087:2853646
1044:3137621
1021:Bibcode
1000:Sources
520:Gallery
452:derived
437:bonobos
429:gibbons
325:by the
261:lateral
235:of the
122:Actions
57:Details
2169:Portal
2099:fascia
2087:palmar
2082:dorsal
1996:thenar
1939:flexor
1916:fascia
1838:brevis
1676:spaces
1658:medial
1625:fascia
1582:biceps
1521:fascia
1414:
1404:
1367:
1357:
1314:
1304:
1279:
1269:
1244:
1234:
1201:
1191:
1158:
1129:
1119:
1094:
1084:
1051:
1041:
893:Fig. 3
813:
803:
726:
665:, and
510:ursids
397:abduct
295:distal
281:radius
241:abduct
116:C8, T1
96:Artery
72:radius
63:Origin
1955:other
1866:deep:
1772:deep:
1669:other
645:Notes
506:trait
211:[
200:38515
159:Latin
135:thumb
108:Nerve
1981:Hand
1836:and
1412:PMID
1365:PMID
1312:PMID
1277:PMID
1242:PMID
1199:PMID
1156:PMID
1127:PMID
1092:PMID
1049:PMID
876:2016
845:2016
811:PMID
801:ISBN
724:ISBN
681:and
490:and
427:and
423:are
269:ulna
237:hand
188:2517
171:TA98
68:Ulna
1554:Arm
1459:arm
1402:PMC
1394:doi
1390:212
1355:PMC
1345:doi
1333:103
1302:PMC
1298:186
1267:PMC
1263:174
1232:PMC
1224:doi
1220:215
1189:PMC
1181:doi
1148:doi
1144:150
1117:PMC
1082:PMC
1074:doi
1070:468
1039:PMC
1029:doi
895:in
793:doi
789:115
716:doi
488:red
459:LCA
446:In
229:APL
195:FMA
183:TA2
133:of
2195::
1410:.
1400:.
1388:.
1384:.
1363:.
1353:.
1343:.
1331:.
1327:.
1310:.
1296:.
1292:.
1275:.
1261:.
1257:.
1240:.
1230:.
1218:.
1214:.
1197:.
1187:.
1177:64
1175:.
1171:.
1154:.
1142:.
1125:.
1111:.
1107:.
1090:.
1080:.
1068:.
1064:.
1047:.
1037:.
1027:.
1015:.
1011:.
853:^
836:.
809:,
799:,
783:,
760:^
743:^
722:,
710:,
677:,
673:,
661:,
435:,
349:.
313:.
297:,
290:.
283:.
247:.
129:,
74:,
70:,
2171::
1714:)
1710:(
1561:)
1557:(
1523::
1447:e
1440:t
1433:v
1418:.
1396::
1371:.
1347::
1339::
1318:.
1283:.
1248:.
1226::
1205:.
1183::
1162:.
1150::
1133:.
1113:8
1098:.
1076::
1055:.
1031::
1023::
1017:6
878:.
847:.
795::
718::
685:.
227:(
215:]
34:.
20:)
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