568:, soon became the most visible forum in post-revolution Iran for religious intellectualism. In this magazine, he published his most controversial articles on religious pluralism, hermeneutics, tolerance, clericalism, etc. The magazine was clamped down in 1998 among many other magazines and newspapers by the direct order of the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic. About a thousand audio tapes of speeches by Soroush on various social, political, religious and literary subjects delivered all over the world are widely in circulation in Iran and elsewhere. Soon, he not only became subject to harassment and state censorship but also lost his job and security. His public lectures at universities in Iran are often disrupted by hardline
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702:. It portrays human beings as weak and susceptible to temptation, even predation. As such, they need a vigilant and transparent form of government. He believes that the assumption of the innate goodness of mankind, shared by radical utopians from anarchists to Islamic fundamentalists underestimates the staying power of social evil and discounts the necessity of a government of
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membership in the
Cultural Revolution Council to Imam Khomeini and has since held no official position within the ruling system of Iran, except occasionally as an advisor to certain government bodies. His principal position has been that of a researcher at the Institute for Cultural Research and Studies.
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Given historical circumstances and contingencies, governments may turn out to be primarily democratic or religious. What alters the hue and color of democracy is a society's specific characteristics and elements. The possibility of a democratic religious government also exists and is attainable, but
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Soroush's political philosophy, as well, remains close to the heart of the liberal tradition, ever championing the basic values of reason, liberty, freedom, and democracy. They are perceived as "primary values," as independent virtues, not handmaidens of political maxims and religious dogma. Soroush
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Over the next year, he lost his three senior academic appointments, including a deanship. Other public appearances, including his
Thursday lectures, were banned. He was forbidden to publish new articles. He was summoned for several long 'interviews' by Iranian intelligence officials. His travel was
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Faith cannot be compulsory. As he told one interviewer, "True believers must embrace the faith of their own free will - not because it was imposed, or inherited, or part of the dominant local culture. To become a believer under pressure or coercion isn't true belief.'" This also means that the
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Soroush rejected the opposition's accusation. There is no independent historical research on
Soroush's role in events that led to the Cultural Revolution and also his membership and his role in the Cultural Revolution Committee. He has welcomed such study in his interview with Professor Forough
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In 1983, owing to certain differences which emerged between him and the management of the
Teacher Training College, he secured a transfer to the Institute for Cultural Research and Studies where he has been serving as a research member of staff until today. He submitted his resignation from
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in
College Park, Maryland. He was also affiliated with other institutions, including Harvard, Princeton, Yale, Columbia, the Leiden-based International Institute as a visiting professor for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) and the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin. He was named by
553:. Soroush's joining the Cultural Revolution Committee has been criticized on two sides. He has been accused by orthodox critics of preventing the Islamization of human sciences and by the opposition of the Islamic Republic regime of Iran to involvement in the dismissal of teachers.
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662:. Soroush maintains that one should distinguish between religion as divinely revealed and the interpretation of religion or religious knowledge which is based on socio-historical factors. The essence of religion is conceived by Soroush as independent from
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Democracy cannot be derived from or based on intrareligious precepts and adjudications by religious jurists. The combination of religion and democracy ultimately depends on the foundations of human rights, justice, and limitations on power.
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vigilantes in the mid-1990s. A law imposing penalties on anyone associating with enemies of the
Islamic republic is thought by his allies to have been at least in part provoked by some of Soroush's lectures and foreign affiliations.
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We do not have one democracy but many democracies in history. We have a plurality of democracies in the international community. What emerged was that democracy prevailed in different eras depending on the conditions of the time.
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A year later, all universities were shut down, and a new body was formed by the name of the
Cultural Revolution Committee comprising seven members, including Abdulkarim Soroush, all of whom were appointed directly by Ayatollah
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Besides opposition from conservatives, Sourush has also been criticized by secular intellectuals who disapprove of the religious aspects of his ideas and argue that religious intellectualism is a paradoxical ideology.
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and has identifiable elements. It is in this way that there are a plurality of democracies in the international community. "Religious democracy" is a subject of intense research in
Iranian intellectual circles.
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only within the framework of justice and human rights. Religious democracy is an example of how democratic values can exist in a different cultural elaboration than what is usually known before. But, in a
545:'s Teacher Training College where he was appointed the director of the newly established Islamic Culture Group. While in Tehran, Soroush established studies in both history and the philosophy of science.
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Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri, eds. Reason, Freedom & Democracy in Islam: Essential
Writings of Abdolkarim Soroush. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 122-130.
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in 1945. Upon finishing high school, Soroush began studying pharmacy after passing the national entrance exams of Iran. After completing his degree, he soon left Iran for
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Mahmoud Sadri and Ahmad Sadri, eds. Reason, Freedom & Democracy in Islam: Essential
Writings of Abdolkarim Soroush. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p.131.
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and democracy are not identical since democracy is not violated when faith is embraced, it is violated when a particular belief is imposed or disbelief is punished.
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During the 1990s, Soroush gradually became more critical of the political role played by the Iranian clergy. The monthly magazine that he cofounded,
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Soroush's ideas have met with strong opposition from conservative elements in the Islamic Republic. Both he and his audiences were assaulted by
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In 2008, in an online open poll, Soroush was voted the 7th-most intellectual person in the world on the list of Top 100 Public Intellectuals by
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Soroush is primarily interested in the philosophy of science, the philosophy of religion, the philosophical system of Molana Jalaleddin Balkhi (
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play a role in the public arena in a society populated by religious people. Religious democracy falls within the framework of modern
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vigilante groups who see his intellectual endeavors as being mainly motivated by anti-regime politics rather than theology per se.
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in Berlin. He spent the fall semester of 2007 at Columbia University and the spring semester of 2008 at Georgetown University's
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Jahanbakhsh, Forough, Islam, Democracy and Religious Modernism in Iran, 1953-2000: From Bazargan to Soroush, Brill, 2001, p.145
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of Islam" by the media, a title he disputes as he argues his agenda is fundamentally divergent from that of Martin Luther's.
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knowledge. His theory is called "the theoretical contraction and expansion of religious knowledge" and is primarily based on
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while religious knowledge is understood as a finite, limited, and fallible form of human knowledge, thus depending on
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Distinction between values and morals that are considered internal with respect to Islam and those that are external.
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entwines these basic values and beliefs in a rich tapestry of Islamic primary sources, literature, and poetry.
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magazine as one of the most influential intellectuals in the world in 2008. Soroush's ideas, founded on
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society, some other characteristic is deemed important and focused on, and that becomes the basis for
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1161:"Iranian Philosopher Abdolkarim Soroush Named Distinguished Visiting Scholar at John W. Kluge Center"
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The Theoretical Contraction and Expansion of Religion: The Theory of Evolution of Religious Knowledge
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Soroush's political theory is in line with the modern tradition from Locke to the framers of the
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855:"devoted more time berating Soroush ... than condemning the United States or Israel."
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Due to Sorush's prominence in the religious intellectual movement, he has been called "the
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in the 2002–2003 academic year. From 2003 to 2004 he served as a visiting scholar at the
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611:) and comparative philosophy. He is a world expert on Rumi and Persian Sufi poetry.
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Foreign Policy's Second Annual List of the 100 Top Global Thinkers | Foreign Policy
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The Characteristic of the Pious: A Commentary on Imam Ali's Lecture About the Pious
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as a visiting scholar. In the winter of 2012, he was a visiting professor at the
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Reason, Freedom and Democracy in Islam, Essential writings of Adbolkarim Soroush
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Soroush's main contribution to Islamic philosophy is his interpretation of the
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Islamic Law, Epistemology and Modernity. Legal Philosophy in Contemporary Iran
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Lectures in the Philosophy of Social Sciences: Hermeneutics in Social Sciences
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have been criticized from a "traditional" Shi'i standpoint by the philosopher
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in order to continue his studies and become familiar with the Western world.
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1296:"THE DANISH INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS - Aydin: Democracy belongs to us all"
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Distinction between religion as an ideology/identity and religion of truth.
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magazine as one of the world's 100 most influential people in 2005, and by
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Distinction between "minimalist" and "maximalist" interpretation of Islam.
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scholar, public intellectual, and a former professor of philosophy at the
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Wisdom and Livelihood: A Commentary on Imam Ali's Letter to Imam Hasan
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Distinction between "essential" and "accidental" aspects of religion.
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Abdolkarim Soroush Speech at George Washington University, Nov. 2015
160:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1517:"Foreign Policy's First Annual List of the 100 Top Global Thinkers"
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Distinction between "religion" and our "understanding of religion".
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The philosophy of Abdolkarim Soroush can be summarized as follows:
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Jahanbakhsh - inquiring into modern Iranian intellectual history.
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At Oxford, Soroush was heavily influenced by Iranian philosopher
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teaching the intellectual and religious history of modern Iran.
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Since 2000, Abdulkarim Soroush has been a visiting scholar at
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Distinction between religious "belief" and religious "faith".
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Observing the Created: Lectures in Ethics and Human Sciences
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believer "must ... remain free to leave his faith."
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Academic staff of Imam Khomeini International University
928:'s 7 of 100 most influential intellectuals in the world.
533:, Soroush returned to Iran, where he published the book
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of Iran. Soroush is currently a visiting scholar at the
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Islam and Liberal Democracy. Two Visions of Reformation
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Middle East Contemporary Survey ... – Google Books
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At the celebration of the sixteenth anniversary of the
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Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
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A traditional critique of Abdolkarim Soroush's work.
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The Evolution and Devolution of Religious Knowledge
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1041:in: Kurzman, Ch. (ed.): Liberal Islam, Oxford 1998
722:Soroush introduced his own definition of the term
465:. He is among the most influential figures in the
1440:Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East
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1258:Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East
706:to compensate for the weaknesses of human nature.
222:, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a
937:magazine's 45 of 100 world's elite intellectuals
1087:Straight Paths, An Essay on religious Pluralism
840:restricted, then his passport was confiscated.
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1609:"Abdolkarim Soroush; Iran's Democratic Voice"
975:(in Persian and Turkish), reprint Tehran 1980
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8:
686:, to whom he has dedicated one of his books
583:, he taught Islamic political philosophy at
513:It was after receiving a master's degree in
453:), is an Iranian Islamic thinker, reformer,
1321:"AbdolKarim Soroush :: عبدالکريم سروش"
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1993:
1975:
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1009:Sagaciousness, Intellectualism and Pietism
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1075:The definitive edition of Rumi's Mathnavi
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
1355:"Intellectuals « Prospect Magazine"
1057:Intellectualism and Religious Conviction
944:magazine's 40 of 100 top global thinkers
674:Religious "belief" and religious "faith"
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1477:"The 2005 Time 100: Abdolkarim Soroush"
1202:An introduction to Islam – Google Books
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463:Imam Khomeini International University
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726:which is now a topic in contemporary
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7:
973:The Restless Nature of the Universe
967:What is Science, what is Philosophy
848:in 1995, Wright found that Iranian
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203:contains text that is written in a
969:(in Persian), 11th ed. Tehran 1992
25:
2541:20th-century Iranian philosophers
1111:Religious Intellectualism in Iran
1093:Expansion of Prophetic Experience
1029:(in Persian), 2nd ed. Tehran 1994
1023:(in Persian), 3rd ed. Tehran 1996
1021:The Tale of the Lords of Sagacity
1017:(in Persian), 4th ed. Tehran 1996
999:(in Persian), 3rd ed. Tehran 1994
993:(in Persian), 3rd ed. Tehran 1994
981:(in Persian), 5th ed. Tehran 1994
688:Expansion of Prophetic Experience
45:This article has multiple issues.
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805:Soroush's "postmodern" ideas on
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130:
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1453:"Stichting Praemium Erasmianum"
1394:from the original on 2013-11-05
502:Abdolkarim Soroush was born in
467:religious intellectual movement
53:or discuss these issues on the
2596:Iranian political philosophers
1442:, Penguin Press, 2008, p.291-2
1106:Intellectual Movements in Iran
1069:The Tale of Love and Servitude
1:
2551:Georgetown University faculty
2428:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
2418:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
2009:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
730:and means that the values of
2095:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1260:, Penguin Press, 2008, p.268
1047:(2 volumes), 1999 (Persian).
831:According to the journalist
2556:Iranian democracy activists
1493:"Intellectuals—the results"
1429:by Robin Wright c2000, p.57
494:in reforming Christianity.
438:[æbdolkæriːmsoruːʃ]
156:the claims made and adding
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2373:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
2273:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
2187:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
694:Soroush's political theory
2121:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
1992:
1974:
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1427:The Last Great Revolution
1035:(in Persian), Tehran 1994
1011:(in Persian), Tehran 1991
1005:(in Persian), Tehran 1995
963:(in Persian), Tehran 1978
957:(in Persian), Tehran 1978
443:Hossein Haj Faraj Dabbagh
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374:religious intellectualism
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304:Hossein Haj Faraj Dabbagh
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2546:Harvard University staff
1081:Tolerance and Governance
1065:(in Persian and Turkish)
846:American embassy seizure
445:(born 16 December 1945;
2105:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
2054:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2014:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
1573:, New York: Routledge,
1382:Meisami, Sayeh (2013).
918:most influential people
340:21st-century philosophy
2438:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
2388:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
2349:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
2217:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2044:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1866:Transcendent theosophy
1147:June 22, 2009, at the
1033:Sturdier than Ideology
955:Dialectical Antagonism
842:
471:University of Maryland
434:Persian pronunciation:
390:Philosophy of religion
325:Imperial State of Iran
2222:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
1567:Dahlén, Ashk (2003),
1388:Oxford Bibliographies
1384:"'Abdolkarim Soroush"
961:Philosophy of History
874:Philosophy of science
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818:Abdollah Javadi-Amoli
801:Criticism and attacks
754:In fact relativistic
700:American Constitution
597:University of Chicago
527:philosophy of science
224:neutral point of view
2453:Reza Davari Ardakani
2329:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
2263:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
2212:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2126:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1274:Journal of Democracy
646:distinction between
585:Princeton University
519:University of London
515:analytical chemistry
459:University of Tehran
398:political philosophy
216:promotional language
2576:Social philosophers
2413:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2334:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
2324:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
2283:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
1793:Medieval psychology
1765:Natural philosophy
1272:, by Robin Wright,
1180:Library of Congress
1166:Library of Congress
985:Knowledge and Value
724:religious democracy
718:Religious democracy
704:checks and balances
535:Knowledge and Value
27:Iranian philosopher
18:Abdul Karim Soroush
2423:Abdolkarim Soroush
2268:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
2182:Hajji Bektash Wali
1718:medieval astronomy
1664:Islamic philosophy
1626:2018-02-09 at the
1550:2012-02-10 at the
1503:2009-09-30 at the
1276:, 7.2 (1996) 64-75
1095:(in Persian), 1999
1089:(in Persian), 1998
1083:(in Persian), 1997
1077:(in Persian), 1996
894:Islamic philosophy
884:Eastern philosophy
879:Iranian philosophy
869:Persian literature
863:Research interests
728:Iranian philosophy
668:empirical evidence
660:Kantian philosophy
589:Wissenschaftkolleg
577:Harvard University
410:Abdolkarim Soroush
378:Persian literature
354:Islamic philosophy
350:Western philosophy
276:Abdolkarim Soroush
218:and inappropriate
141:possibly contains
94:You can assist by
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2339:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
2278:Mahmud Shabistari
2258:Jalaladdin Davani
2207:Nasir al-Din Tusi
2029:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1970:
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1521:ForeignPolicy.com
1063:The World we live
1045:Political Letters
900:Awards and honors
825:Ansar-e Hezbollah
790:(United States).
570:Ansar-e Hezbollah
451:حسين حاج فرج دباغ
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2408:Ismail al-Faruqi
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2019:Abu Bakr al-Razi
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521:that he went to
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1527:on 2014-10-22
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2478:Partawi Shah
2473:Javadi Amoli
2458:Ahmad Fardid
2422:
2403:Martin Lings
2253:Hajji Bayram
2227:Ibn Taymiyya
2156:Omar Khayyám
2141:Ayn-al-Quzat
2136:Ahmad Yasavi
2049:Ibn Masarrah
1983:by century (
1981:Philosophers
1876:Contemporary
1778:
1745:
1735:
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1612:
1569:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
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1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
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1396:. Retrieved
1387:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1349:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:the original
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1300:the original
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1125:
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1071:(in Persian)
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1059:(in Persian)
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923:
913:
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853:Ali Khamenei
843:
838:
833:Robin Wright
830:
822:
811:hermeneutics
807:epistemology
804:
792:
785:
775:
773:
764:
760:
753:
741:
723:
721:
710:
697:
687:
681:
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655:a posteriori
653:
647:
641:
638:Epistemology
613:
606:
574:
565:
563:
559:
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547:
538:
534:
529:. After the
512:
501:
481:
475:
442:
409:
408:
256:
238:
229:
214:by removing
210:Please help
202:
172:
163:
140:
110:
104:January 2024
101:
88:copy editing
86:may require
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2571:1945 births
2393:René Guénon
2383:Gohar Shahi
2319:Mulla Sadra
2243:Ibn Khaldun
1854:metaphysics
1800:(mysticism)
1782:(education)
1760:Metaphysics
1739:(dialectic)
1725:Eschatology
1702:(intellect)
1414:, chpt. 5b.
1412:Dahlén 2003
1245:Dahlén 2003
1234:Dr. Soroush
1213:Dahlén 2003
1132:, chpt. 6a.
1130:Dahlén 2003
736:rationality
2535:Categories
2248:Yunus Emre
2192:Ibn Sab’in
2161:Suhrawardi
2151:Ibn Tufail
2070:Al-Ghazali
2024:Apharabius
1859:psychology
1829:Avicennism
1691:(theology)
1531:2017-03-05
1463:2010-12-04
1398:2021-10-12
1365:2010-02-19
1331:2006-12-29
1306:2006-12-29
1247:, chpt. 7.
1215:, chpt. 6.
1117:References
780:magazine (
756:liberalism
664:experience
603:Philosophy
531:revolution
488:relativism
310:1945-12-16
232:April 2023
212:improve it
166:April 2023
150:improve it
96:editing it
50:improve it
2525:Biography
2309:Mir Damad
2302:17th–19th
2236:14th–16th
2202:al-Abharī
2197:Ibn Arabi
2131:Ahi Evren
2090:Bahmanyār
1849:cosmology
1834:Averroism
1767:(physics)
1713:astrology
1708:Cosmology
815:Ayatollah
770:Reception
749:democracy
498:Biography
154:verifying
56:talk page
2146:Averroes
2085:Ibn Hazm
2080:Avicenna
2034:Al Amiri
2004:Al-Kindi
1997:9th–10th
1907:ʼIjtihād
1892:ʻAṣabīya
1885:Concepts
1824:Farabism
1779:Madrasah
1624:Archived
1548:Archived
1501:Archived
1497:Prospect
1392:Archived
1145:Archived
1100:See also
926:magazine
924:Prospect
889:Theology
777:Prospect
732:religion
649:a priori
551:Khomeini
483:Prospect
441:), born
2499:Portals
2365:present
1927:Maslaha
1811:Schools
1798:Sufism
1682:Alchemy
1605:(Video)
1561:Sources
745:secular
644:Kantian
447:Persian
148:Please
1957:Tawḥīd
1917:ʻIrfān
1730:Ethics
1688:Aqidah
1675:Fields
1577:
795:Luther
784:) and
543:Tehran
508:London
504:Tehran
425:listen
394:Social
361:School
346:Region
321:Tehran
2363:20th–
1962:Ummah
1952:Shūrā
1947:Qiyās
1937:Qadar
1922:Ijmāʿ
1902:Iʻjaz
1819:Early
1773:Peace
1755:Logic
1736:Kalam
940:2010
931:2009
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911:2005
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566:Kiyan
517:from
370:Islam
366:Irfan
2513:Iran
2293:Jami
2175:13th
2114:12th
2063:11th
1942:Qalb
1932:Nafs
1912:ʻIlm
1844:Sufi
1746:Fiqh
1614:Time
1575:ISBN
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609:Rumi
477:Time
461:and
455:Rumi
396:and
300:Born
1897:Ḥāl
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336:Era
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