89:, (2) having causes and effects or not, (3) having contingent or necessary existence, (4) being particular or universal and (5) belonging to either the physical or the mental realm or to neither. Despite this diversity of views, there is broad agreement concerning most objects as to whether they are abstract or concrete. So under most interpretations, all these views would agree that, for example, plants are concrete objects while numbers are abstract objects.
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power. A causal power has the ability to affect something causally. Thus, the empty set is abstract because it cannot act on other objects. One problem with this view is that it is not clear exactly what it is to have causal power. For a more detailed exploration of the abstractâconcrete distinction,
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is a discipline that studies the nature and role of abstract objects. It holds that properties can be related to objects in two ways: through exemplification and through encoding. Concrete objects exemplify their properties while abstract objects merely encode them. This approach is also known as the
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because they exhibit characteristics that the traditional duality between concrete and abstract regards as incompatible. Specifically, the ability to have temporal location, but not spatial location, and have causal agency (if only by acting through representatives). These characteristics are
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or philosophical inquiry more broadly. To the extent that philosophy is independent of empirical research, and to the extent that empirical questions do not inform questions about abstracta, philosophy would seem especially suited to answering these latter questions.
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identifies physical objects that are tokens of a particular type of thing. The "type" of which it is a part is in itself an abstract object. The abstractâconcrete distinction is often introduced and initially understood in terms of
232:. If abstracta lack causal powers and spatial location, how do we know about them? It is hard to say how they can affect our sensory experiences, and yet we seem to agree on a wide range of claims about them.
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Recently, there has been some philosophical interest in the development of a third category of objects known as the quasi-abstract. Quasi-abstract objects have drawn particular attention in the area of
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as to what the characteristic marks of concreteness and abstractness are. Popular suggestions include defining the distinction in terms of the difference between (1) existence inside or outside
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uses the terms "concrete" and "formal" to describe two different types of learning. Concrete thinking involves facts and descriptions about everyday, tangible objects, while abstract (
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732:, Continuum, 2010 p. 17: "Kant argues that cognition can only come about as a result of the union of the abstract work of the understanding and the concrete input of sensation."
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refers to a divide between two types of entities. Many philosophers hold that this difference has fundamental metaphysical significance. Examples of concrete objects include
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duality of the concrete and the abstract has led to a large category of social objects having been overlooked or rejected as
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Another popular proposal for drawing the abstractâconcrete distinction contends that an object is abstract if it lacks
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Abstract objects have often garnered the interest of philosophers because they raise problems for popular theories. In
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exhibited by a number of social objects, including states of the international legal system.
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B. Smith (2008), "Searle and De Soto: The New
Ontology of the Social World". In
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Gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood.
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It will sink if its density is greater than the density of the fluid.
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Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
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Hegel's
Science of Logic: A Critical Rethinking in Thirty Lectures
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30:"Abstract entity" redirects here. For conceptual abstraction, see
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Water diffuses through the cell membrane of the root hair cells.
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Concluding
Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
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International
Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems
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The
Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality
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Red light reflected off of an apple and hitting one's eyes
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Abstract
Objects: An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics
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A Treatise
Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
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You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
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Carr, Philip (2012) "The
Philosophy of Phonology" in
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Abrams, Meyer Howard; Harpham, Geoffrey Galt (2011).
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637:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2.
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673:(ed. Kemp, Fernando, Asher), Elsevier, p. 404
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565:Honderich, Ted (2005). "abstract entities".
321:. Some argue that the over-adherence to the
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150:Examples of abstract and concrete objects
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202:Human population (the set of all humans)
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411:) thinking involves a mental process.
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463:Conceptual framework
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243:and arguably,
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194:A just action
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2679:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Consciousness
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
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2571:
2567:
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2558:
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2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Understanding
2538:
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2528:
2526:
2523:
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2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:Introspection
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
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2426:
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2421:
2419:
2418:Consciousness
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
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2389:
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2373:
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2365:
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2360:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Phenomenology
2338:
2336:
2335:Phenomenalism
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2325:Occasionalism
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:NaĂŻve realism
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Functionalism
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2230:Stephen Yablo
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Richard Rorty
2183:
2181:
2180:Hilary Putnam
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Marvin Minsky
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Immanuel Kant
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:William James
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2051:
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2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Henri Bergson
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
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1945:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1877:Phenomenology
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
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1855:
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1848:
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1659:
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1636:
1634:Notable works
1632:
1626:
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1199:
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1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Phenomenalism
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
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969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Action theory
956:
954:
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950:
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940:
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928:
926:
921:
919:
914:
913:
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863:
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846:
838:
835:
829:
826:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:
793:
786:
783:
780:. Open Court.
779:
773:
770:
766:
762:
761:Gottlob Frege
757:
754:
750:
746:
745:
738:
735:
731:
727:
726:
720:
717:
712:
711:
706:
702:
695:
693:
691:
687:
684:
679:
676:
672:
666:
663:
660:, p. 33.
659:
654:
651:
646:
644:9780199655915
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629:
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604:
603:
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419:
416:
415:
412:
410:
406:
396:
393:
385:
375:
371:
367:
361:
360:
356:
351:This section
349:
345:
340:
339:
333:
331:
328:
324:
320:
319:documentality
316:
307:
305:
303:
302:
296:
288:
286:
284:
280:
279:consciousness
276:
275:Gottlob Frege
272:
270:
266:
265:Immanuel Kant
262:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
201:
198:
197:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
147:
145:
140:
133:In philosophy
132:
130:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:
105:
104:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2576: /
2572: /
2568: /
2485:Mental image
2480:Mental event
2443:Intelligence
2393:Chinese room
2387:
2239:
2190:Gilbert Ryle
2170:Derek Parfit
2160:Thomas Nagel
2090:Fred Dretske
2010:J. L. Austin
1982:Philosophers
1852:Epistemology
1820:
1810:
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1662:NyÄya SĆ«tras
1660:
1650:
1640:
1622:
1538:Wittgenstein
1483:Schopenhauer
1362:
1353:Unobservable
1203:Intelligence
1133:
1108:
1073:Subjectivism
1068:Spiritualism
983:Essentialism
963:Anti-realism
894:
857:
836:
833:
828:
817:the original
807:(4): 62â86.
804:
798:
785:
777:
772:
764:
756:
748:
742:
737:
729:
723:
719:
708:
678:
670:
665:
653:
634:
628:
618:18 September
616:. Retrieved
601:
594:
588:. Routledge.
584:
577:
567:
560:
548:. Retrieved
543:
403:
388:
382:January 2021
379:
364:Please help
352:
311:
299:
292:
273:
258:
241:Edward Zalta
234:
226:epistemology
207:
160:
155:
144:paradigmatic
136:
113:
108:
107:
102:
101:
91:
78:
75:propositions
59:human beings
50:
46:
40:
2632:Abstraction
2570:information
2561:Metaphysics
2535:Tabula rasa
2345:Physicalism
2330:Parallelism
2258:Behaviorism
2215:Michael Tye
2210:Alan Turing
2195:John Searle
2070:Dharmakirti
2045:Tyler Burge
2040:C. D. Broad
1682:Metaphysics
1666:(c. 200 BC)
1656:(c. 350 BC)
1646:(c. 350 BC)
1533:Collingwood
1438:Malebranche
1186:Information
1114:Anima mundi
1093:Type theory
1048:Physicalism
1013:Materialism
968:Determinism
939:Metaphysics
834:Geopolitics
483:Observation
405:Jean Piaget
327:nonexistent
253:metaphysics
237:Ernst Mally
214:physicalism
112:. The term
43:metaphysics
32:abstraction
2621:Categories
2606:Task Force
2574:perception
2448:Artificial
2398:Creativity
2320:Nondualism
2220:Vasubandhu
2140:John Locke
2110:David Hume
2065:Andy Clark
1742:Monadology
1676:(c. 80 BC)
1383:Parmenides
1268:Perception
1166:Experience
1053:Relativism
1028:Naturalism
978:Enactivism
886:PhilPapers
658:Zalta 1983
520:References
473:Nominalism
230:empiricism
218:naturalism
186:Five cars
94:philosophy
87:space-time
2637:Cognition
2470:Intuition
2403:Cognition
2367:Solipsism
2030:Ned Block
2000:Armstrong
1995:Aristotle
1902:Teleology
1867:Mereology
1847:Cosmology
1706:(c. 1000)
1603:Plantinga
1593:Armstrong
1543:Heidegger
1518:Whitehead
1503:Nietzsche
1423:Descartes
1393:Aristotle
1348:Universal
1278:Principle
1248:Necessity
1208:Intention
1161:Existence
1124:Causality
1063:Solipsism
993:Free will
550:4 January
498:Platonism
353:does not
323:platonist
304:article.
103:abstracta
98:semantics
83:consensus
2591:Category
2438:Identity
2381:Concepts
2251:Theories
2235:Zhuangzi
2165:Alva Noë
1920:Category
1842:Axiology
1696:(c.â270)
1624:more ...
1578:Anscombe
1573:Strawson
1568:Davidson
1463:Berkeley
1403:Plotinus
1364:more ...
1303:Relation
1283:Property
1258:Ontology
1181:Identity
1102:Concepts
1033:Nihilism
998:Idealism
946:Theories
856:(1983).
451:See also
210:ontology
191:Justice
175:Redness
161:Concrete
156:Abstract
109:concreta
51:concrete
47:abstract
2601:Project
2554:Related
2413:Concept
2268:Dualism
2241:more...
2100:Goldman
1692:Enneads
1686:(c. 50)
1652:Timaeus
1642:Sophist
1588:Dummett
1583:Deleuze
1523:Russell
1513:Bergson
1508:Meinong
1488:Bolzano
1448:Leibniz
1428:Spinoza
1413:Aquinas
1398:Proclus
1328:Thought
1318:Subject
1298:Reality
1293:Quality
1263:Pattern
1223:Meaning
1198:Insight
1156:Essence
1141:Concept
1043:Realism
1008:Liberty
973:Dualism
893:, from
847:Sources
707:(ed.).
503:Present
374:removed
359:sources
281:. (See
247:in his
167:Tennis
67:numbers
63:planets
2545:Zombie
2530:Qualia
1826:(1981)
1816:(1943)
1806:(1927)
1796:(1846)
1786:(1818)
1776:(1807)
1766:(1783)
1756:(1781)
1746:(1714)
1736:(1710)
1726:(1677)
1722:Ethics
1716:(1641)
1618:Parfit
1608:Kripke
1598:Putnam
1558:Sartre
1548:Carnap
1498:Peirce
1443:Newton
1418:SuĂĄrez
1408:Scotus
1288:Qualia
1253:Object
1243:Nature
1238:Motion
1218:Matter
1151:Entity
1023:Monism
864:
641:
609:
295:causal
55:plants
2453:Human
2175:Plato
2095:Fodor
1872:Meta-
1613:Lewis
1563:Quine
1528:Moore
1493:Lotze
1478:Hegel
1453:Wolff
1433:Locke
1388:Plato
1358:Value
1338:Truth
820:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
703:. In
245:Plato
224:. In
183:Five
2578:self
2515:Pain
2505:Mind
2433:Idea
1553:Ryle
1473:Kant
1468:Hume
1458:Reid
1333:Time
1313:Soul
1308:Self
1233:Mind
1191:Data
1176:Idea
862:ISBN
639:ISBN
620:2012
607:ISBN
552:2021
357:any
355:cite
317:and
267:and
137:The
96:and
77:are
73:and
71:sets
61:and
49:and
884:at
809:doi
725:KrV
368:by
285:.)
259:In
41:In
2623::
837:19
803:.
797:.
689:^
542:.
528:^
271:.
239:,
129:.
120:.
69:,
57:,
1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
931:e
924:t
917:v
870:.
811::
805:7
713:.
647:.
622:.
554:.
395:)
389:(
384:)
380:(
376:.
362:.
38:.
20:)
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