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Recitative has also sometimes been used to refer to parts of purely instrumental works which resemble vocal recitatives, in terms of their musical style. In an instrumental recitative, one instrument (or group of instruments) are given the melody line (akin to the role of the singer) and another
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Trope violations: the transition between recitative and aria, and subtle violations on the above 'tropes' are what make some recitatives more creative than others. For example, Bach's use of a plagal cadence; sometimes more than one voice is used ; and sometimes a deceptive cadence replaces the
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Recitative chord progressions: The chord progressions in recitative avoid resolutions and rely heavily on dominant sevenths and diminished chords to postpone the resolution. In the extreme, the instrument(s) start the dialog with a diminished chord, moving from non-resolution to non-resolution,
896:
Recitative cadences: The dialog ends with the instruments. Invariably the instrument(s) complete the final dominant-tonic cadence. Also, typically the voice stops on or before the dominant chord and then the instrument(s) execute a return to the tonic. Occasionally the subdominant-tonic
892:
Recitative is a dialogue between a (usually) solo voice and an instrument or instruments. Usually the voice and instrument(s) alternate, or share a chord while one continues. In this way the speech-like rhythm of the singer does not need to be coordinated and synchronized with the
269:
or ensemble, where the pulse is entirely governed by the music. Secco recitatives can be more improvisatory and free for the singer, since the accompaniment is so sparse; in contrast, when recitative is accompanied by orchestra, the singer must perform in a more structured way.
155:
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239:) in which a singer is allowed to adopt the rhythms and delivery of ordinary speech. Recitative does not repeat lines as formally composed songs do. It resembles sung ordinary speech more than a formal musical composition.
551:), but it was not until the 1950s that the 18th-century method was consistently observed once more. In the 2010s, the early music revival movement has led to the re-introduction of harpsichord in some
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shows the simple accompaniment for a recitative; much of the time, the basso continuo (the lower staff in bass clef) play half notes and whole notes underneath the vocalist's recitative part.
341:
and wishing to recreate the old manner of storytelling and drama, pioneered the use of a single melodic line to tell the story, accompanied by simple chords from a harpsichord or lute.
653:, where recitatives, arias, choruses and other elements were seamlessly interwoven into a whole. Many of Wagner's operas employ sections which are analogous to accompanied recitative.
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496:. When the harpsichord was gradually phased out over the late 18th century, and mostly disappeared in the early 19th century, many opera-houses did not replace it with the
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as an accompanying body. The composer writes an arrangement for the orchestra musicians. As a result, it is less improvisational and declamatory than
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Recitative can be distinguished on a continuum from more speech-like to more musically sung, with more sustained melodic lines. The mostly syllabic
366:(1817, recitatives by Luca Agolini) is a famous example. Later it remained a custom to replace originally spoken dialogue with new recitatives:
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in concertante style (i.e. with soloists). In the second movement of that work, the violinist is the soloist in an instrumental recitative.
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which standardize recitative; so that, in practice, recitative is a rigid musical form. The following are standard tropes of recitative:
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instrument (or group of instruments) are given the accompaniment role. One of the earliest examples is found in the slow movement of
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era, recitatives were commonly rehearsed on their own by the stage director, the singers frequently supplying their own favourite
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1139:"The Connection Between Fenian Lays, Liturgical Chant, Recitative, and Dán Díreach: a Pre-Medieval Narrative Song Tradition"
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Sometimes a distinction is made between the more dramatic, expressive, or interjecting 'orchestral recitative' (
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356:'s so-called concert arias fall into this category). This division of labour persisted into the 19th century:
831:, Op. 40. Other examples of instrumental recitative in twentieth century music include the third movement of
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recitatives were accompanied by a variety of instruments, mostly plucked fretted strings including the
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is also an instrumental recitative, although Owen Jander interprets it as a dialogue.
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included instrumental recitative in his "Prussian" piano sonatas of 1742, composed at
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Instead the violoncello was left to carry on alone, or with reinforcement from a
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used the instrumental recitative in at least three works, including
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were also fond of it. A more inward intensification calls for an
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building up to a temporary or final cadence, as described above.
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Ordinary speech-like singing in opera, cantata, mass or oratorio
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dominant-tonic cadence, as a way of appending a new section.
521:, gives a unique glimpse of this technique in action, as do
935:", Toni Morrison's short story formatted after a recitative
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has also been staged as a musical rather than as an opera.
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In the early operas and cantatas of the
Florentine school,
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Jander, Owen (1985), "Beethoven's 'Orpheus in Hades': The
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during the late 16th century, formed the substance of
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856:(1968), the opening section of the last movement of
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composers to employ instrumental recitative include
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476:to provide sustained tone. Later, in the operas of
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1118:Beethoven's Concertos: History, Style, Performance
753:, and in the opening section of the Finale of his
352:which might be by a different composer (some of
1027:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
500:, a hammered-string keyboard invented in 1700.
333:on the writings of the ancient Greeks and with
165:Cantata 140, "Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme"
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1120:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
8:
1095:, Elliott Stock, 1894; Pranava Books, 2013.
1079:Divas and Scholars: Performing Italian Opera
1003:J. S. Lessner: '"Gounod: Ear for Melody" in
660:, being put to ironic use in the finale of
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484:, the accompaniment was standardised as a
807:recitative as part of its Introduction).
525:methods of the period and some scores of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1081:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1024:, eds. (2001). "Orchestral recitative".
656:Recitative is also occasionally used in
376:(1821, adapted 1841 with recitatives by
978:
955:
227:) is a style of delivery (much used in
1093:Mediaeval Music: An Historical Sketch
645:Later operas, under the influence of
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7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
547:, the instrument being supplied by
1109:of the Fourth Piano Concerto", in
884:There are certain conventions, or
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1739:Formal sections in music analysis
823:", and also composed a piece for
572:Accompanied recitative, known as
410:with recitatives respectively by
281:, such as the tones used for the
217:, also known by its Italian name
838:Quintet for Clarinet and Strings
715:, which is marked "Recitative".
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34:
780:accompaniment to represent the
309:The first use of recitative in
45:needs additional citations for
1:
723:'s court in Berlin. In 1761,
265:, and finally the full-blown
731:and soon after composed his
713:violin concerto in D, RV 208
258:(using orchestra), the more
248:("dry", accompanied only by
1113:Vol. 8, No. 3 (Spring 1985)
325:, father of the astronomer
1755:
901:) cadence is used instead.
866:(1975), and the second of
829:Variations on a Recitative
733:Symphony No. 7 ("Le Midi")
816:Five Pieces for Orchestra
1116:Plantinga, Leon (1999),
1091:Hope, Robert C. (1894),
1077:Gossett, Philip (2006),
1064:Jander 1985, pp. 195–212
1030:(2nd ed.). London:
880:The tropes of recitative
813:labeled the last of his
873:12 New Etudes for Piano
774:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
702:Instrumental recitative
635:recitativo accompagnato
608:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
255:recitativo accompagnato
224:[retʃitaˈtiːvo]
1137:Hirt, Aindrias (Andy),
1055:Plantinga 1996, p. 186
843:Richard Rodney Bennett
821:Das obligate Rezitativ
507:. A 1919 recording of
380:for the Paris Opera),
167:
147:
1662:Stile rappresentativo
1141:on otago.academia.edu
985:Hope 1894, p. ??
922:or accompanied speech
841:(1946), the first of
763:Fourth Piano Concerto
688:used it in his opera
670:. It also appears in
447:by such composers as
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135:
1032:Macmillan Publishers
994:Gossett 2006, p. 249
863:String Quartet No. 3
739:Ludwig van Beethoven
667:The Threepenny Opera
627:recitativo obbligato
533:for a production of
517:, issued by Italian
368:Carl Maria von Weber
313:was preceded by the
54:improve this article
1335:Tragédie en musique
1204:Concert performance
751:Piano Sonata No. 31
743:Piano Sonata No. 17
721:Frederick the Great
651:through-composition
594:Thus saith the Lord
458:The Rake's Progress
337:on the writings of
319:Florentine Camerata
143:Lascia ch'io pianga
1667:Tenore contraltino
1111:19th-Century Music
784:in his orchestral
770:Romantic music era
614:; the opening of "
441:Claudio Monteverdi
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159:A recitative from
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1729:Opera terminology
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1101:978-1-40868-650-8
1041:978-1-56159-239-5
964:recitativi secchi
811:Arnold Schoenberg
800:Roméo et Juliette
727:took his post at
545:Royal Opera House
514:Barber of Seville
451:, reappearing in
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408:Sergei Diaghilev
335:Erycius Puteanus
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1632:Solita forma
1616:
1512:Da capo aria
1406:Sprechgesang
1366:Kammersänger
1305:Haute-contre
1259:Sung-through
1117:
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1106:
1092:
1078:
1072:Bibliography
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926:Sprechgesang
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787:Scheherazade
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725:Joseph Haydn
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619:
604:Joseph Haydn
597:
585:
577:
574:accompagnato
573:
571:
565:
562:Accompagnato
561:
557:
540:Don Giovanni
538:
531:Hans Richter
512:
502:
465:
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456:
445:Romantic era
428:
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371:
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331:Girolamo Mei
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76:
69:"Recitative"
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Accompagnato
1734:Vocal music
1612:Prima donna
1587:Opera seria
1507:Convenienze
1497:Comprimario
1487:Chiaroscuro
1249:Patter song
1244:Opera house
1199:Chest voice
939:Spoken word
876:(1977–86).
803:contains a
747:The Tempest
631:stromentato
588:, and more
578:stromentato
505:double bass
494:violoncello
488:and a bass
486:harpsichord
433:Jacopo Peri
406:(staged by
1724:Song forms
1718:Categories
1703:Hovsångare
1622:Ritornello
1617:Recitative
1607:Portamento
1567:Melodramma
1542:Intermezzo
1537:Impresario
1527:Falsettone
1492:Coloratura
1320:Répétiteur
1214:Head voice
1007:, May 2021
1005:Opera News
945:References
849:Impromptus
662:Kurt Weill
649:, favored
616:Comfort ye
498:fortepiano
474:pipe organ
470:chitarrone
453:Stravinsky
412:Eric Satie
403:La colombe
275:recitative
260:melismatic
219:recitativo
171:Recitative
80:newspapers
1677:Tessitura
1602:Pasticcio
1597:Passaggio
1532:Fioritura
1502:Contralto
1472:Cantabile
1462:Cabaletta
1442:Bel canto
1401:Spieloper
1396:Sitzprobe
1391:Singspiel
1386:Regieoper
1376:Leitmotif
1310:Intermède
1300:Entr'acte
1264:Surtitles
1234:Monodrama
1229:Melodrama
1224:Mad scene
1181:by origin
973:Citations
933:Recitatif
920:Melodrama
582:orchestra
566:obbligato
527:Meyerbeer
321:in which
273:The term
233:oratorios
161:J.S. Bach
1657:Stagione
1627:Sinfonia
1552:Libretto
1522:Falsetto
1482:Cavatina
1477:Castrato
1457:Burletta
1452:Brindisi
1340:Travesti
1315:Overture
1254:Prompter
1209:Duodrama
962:plural:
914:See also
805:trombone
759:in tempo
673:Carousel
658:musicals
397:Mireille
315:monodies
299:accentus
295:collects
250:continuo
237:cantatas
1687:Vibrato
1682:Verismo
1652:Squillo
1637:Soprano
1562:Maestro
1557:Licenza
1467:Cadenza
1447:Bravura
1415:Italian
1325:Roulade
1187:English
886:tropes,
794:(whose
709:Vivaldi
599:Messiah
553:Baroque
509:Rossini
478:Vivaldi
358:Rossini
346:Baroque
344:In the
339:Hucbald
317:of the
305:Origins
291:preface
283:epistle
94:scholar
1647:Spinto
1582:Musico
1547:Legato
1432:Arioso
1349:German
1330:Timbre
1295:Encore
1280:Claque
1273:French
1239:Number
1124:
1099:
1085:
1038:
899:plagal
854:guitar
790:) and
768:Other
612:arioso
535:Mozart
482:Händel
387:Carmen
354:Mozart
297:; see
287:gospel
263:arioso
235:, and
229:operas
138:Handel
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1696:Other
1592:Ossia
1437:Banda
1179:terms
1176:Opera
950:Notes
847:Five
825:organ
620:secco
523:cello
466:secco
429:Secco
423:Secco
311:opera
101:JSTOR
87:books
1517:Diva
1422:Aria
1356:Fach
1122:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1036:ISBN
852:for
778:harp
676:and
606:and
590:song
564:(or
490:viol
480:and
435:and
414:and
400:and
293:and
267:aria
73:news
870:'s
860:'s
845:'s
835:'s
749:),
711:'s
664:'s
637:).
629:or
576:or
537:'s
519:HMV
511:'s
492:or
455:'s
418:).
394:'s
384:'s
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140:'s
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1168:e
1161:t
1154:v
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745:(
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210:v
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186:ɛ
183:r
180:ˌ
177:/
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98:·
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