829:
1959:
1636:
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1532:
1132:
142:
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1202:, a small crustacean that inhabits ponds and rivers, is one invertebrate that the thorny-headed worm may occupy. In recent years the occurrence of infections from these parasites have been increasing in Asian aquaculture practices. This crustacean is preyed on by ducks and hides by avoiding light and staying away from the surface. However, when infected by a thorny-headed worm it becomes attracted toward light and swims to the surface.
785:
976:
732:
865:-strands inserted into the tip of the proboscis at one end and into the septum at the other. Their contraction causes the proboscis to be invaginated into its cavity. The whole proboscis apparatus can also be, at least partially, withdrawn into the body cavity, and this is effected by two retractor muscles which run from the posterior aspect of the septum to the body wall.
120:
850:
shapes, usually: longer, more slender hooks are arranged along the length of the proboscis, with several rows of more sturdy, shorter nasal hooks around the base of the proboscis. The proboscis is used to pierce the gut wall of the final host, and hold the parasite fast while it completes its life cycle.
937:
run into the cavity of the body, alongside the proboscis cavity. Each consists of a prolongation of the syncytial material of the proboscis skin, penetrated by canals and sheathed with a muscular coat. They seem to act as reservoirs into which the fluid which is used to keep the proboscis "erect" can
932:
Except for the absence of the longitudinal fibres the skin of the proboscis resembles that of the body, but the fluid-containing tubules of the proboscis are shut off from those of the body. The canals of the proboscis open into a circular vessel which runs round its base. From the circular canal two
1488:
Perrot-Minnot, Marie-Jeanne; Cozzarolo, Camille-Sophie; Amin, Omar; Barčák, Daniel; Bauer, Alexandre; Filipović Marijić, Vlatka; García-Varela, Martín; Servando Hernández-Orts, Jesús; Yen Le, T.T.; Nachev, Milen; Orosová, Martina; Rigaud, Thierry; Šariri, Sara; Wattier, Rémi; Reyda, Florian; Sures,
1206:
will even go so far as to find a rock or a plant on the surface, clamp its mouth down, and latch on, making it easy prey for the duck. The duck is the definitive host for the acanthocephalan parasite. In order to be transmitted to the duck, the parasite's intermediate host (the gammarid) must be
849:
that is usually covered with spiny hooks (hence the common name: thorny or spiny headed worm). The proboscis bears rings of recurved hooks arranged in horizontal rows, and it is by means of these hooks that the animal attaches itself to the tissues of its host. The hooks may be of two or three
946:
The central ganglion of the nervous system lies behind the proboscis sheath or septum. It innervates the proboscis and projects two stout trunks posteriorly which supply the body. Each of these trunks is surrounded by muscles, and this nerve-muscle complex is called a
1880:
Weber, M.; Wey-Fabrizius
Alexandra, R.; Podsiadlowski, L.; Witek, A.; Schill Ralph, O.; Sugár, L.; Herlyn, H.; Hankeln, T. (January 2013). "Phylogenetic analysis of endoparasitic Acanthocephala based on mitochondrial genomes suggests secondary loss of sense organs".
1164:
as a first intermediate host). Inside the intermediate host, the acanthor is released from the egg and develops into an acanthella. It then penetrates the gut wall, moves into the body cavity, encysts, and begins transformation into the infective
522:
Acanthocephalans are highly adapted to a parasitic mode of life, and have lost many organs and structures through evolutionary processes. This makes determining relationships with other higher taxa through morphological comparison problematic.
2370:
1324:. The reason for this was discovered by Schneider in 1871 when he found that an intermediate host, the scarabaeid beetle grub, was commonly eaten raw. The first report of clinical symptoms was by Calandruccio who in 1888 while in
1207:
eaten by the duck. This modification of gammarid behavior by the acanthocephalan is thought to increase the rate of transmission of the parasite to its next host by increasing the susceptibility of the gammarid to predation.
1115:. The bell "swallows" the matured eggs and passes them on into the uterus. (Immature embryos are passed back into the body cavity through the dorsal opening.) From the uterus, mature eggs leave the female's body via her
1328:
infected himself by ingesting larvae. He reported gastrointestinal disturbances and shed eggs in two weeks. Subsequent natural infections have since been reported. Eight species have been isolated from humans to date.
1283:
in Canada were probably acquired from crabs that form an important dietary item of lobsters. Cystacanths occurring in lobsters can cause economic loss to fishermen. There are no known methods of prevention or control.
882:, which measures from 10 to 65 centimetres (3.9 to 25.6 in). A curious feature shared by both larva and adult is the large size of many of the cells, e.g. the nerve cells and cells forming the uterine bell.
1226:
clamps down on the female and holds on for days. Researchers have additionally found that blocking serotonin releases clamping. Another experiment found that serotonin also reduces the photophobic behavior in
1833:
Sielaff, M.; Schmidt, H.; Struck, T. H.; Rosenkranz, D.; Mark Welch, D. B.; Hankeln, T; Herlyn, H. (March 2016). "Phylogeny of
Syndermata (syn. Rotifera): Mitochondrial gene order verifies epizoic
1739:"First record of Acanthocephala parasites eggs in coprolites preliminary assigned to Crocodyliformes from the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous), São Paulo, Brazil"
1172:
The parasite is released when the first intermediate host is ingested. This can be by a suitable final host, in which case the cystacanth develops into a mature adult, or by a
1076:. The male also possesses three pairs of cement glands, found behind the testes, which pour their secretions through a duct into the vasa deferentia. These unite and end in a
4741:
699:
A study of the gene order in the mitochondria suggests that
Seisonidea and Acanthocephala are sister clades and that the Bdelloidea are the sister clade to this group.
3995:
2270:
Amin, O. M. (1987). "Key to the families and subfamilies of
Acanthocephala, with erection of a new class (Polyacanthocephala) and a new order (Polyacanthorhynchida)".
4613:
1491:"Hooking the scientific community on thorny-headed worms: interesting and exciting facts, knowledge gaps and perspectives for research directions on Acanthocephala"
1180:, everts its proboscis and pierces the gut wall. It then feeds, grows and develops its sexual organs. Adult worms then mate. The male uses the excretions of its
4639:
1972:
2178:
Tada, I; Otsuji, Y; Kamiya, H.; Mimori, T.; Sakaguchi, Y.; Makizumi, S (February 1983). "The first case of a human infected with an acanthocephalan parasite,
868:
Some of the acanthocephalans (perforating acanthocephalans) can insert their proboscis in the intestine of the host and open the way to the abdominal cavity.
1148:
Having been expelled by the female, the acanthocephalan egg is released along with the feces of the host. For development to occur, the egg, containing the
1673:
Freeman, Scott, Lizabeth
Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, and Kim Quillin. Biological Sciences. 5th ed. Glenview, Il: Pearson, 2014. 638. Print.
921:. Inside the syncytium is an irregular layer of circular muscle fibres, and within this again some rather scattered longitudinal fibres; there is no
4587:
816:
by the host, directly, through their body surface. The acanthocephalans lack an excretory system, although some species have been shown to possess
4626:
3701:
2379:
2000:"First report of acanthocephalan parasite, Longicollum pagrosomi Yamaguti, 1935 in cultured red snapper ( Lutjanus erythropterus ) in Taiwan"
1817:
718:. The monophyletic Archiacanthocephala are the sister taxon of a clade comprising Eoacanthocephala and the monophyletic Palaeacanthocephala.
4736:
1111:, a funnel like opening continuous with the uterus. At the junction of the bell and the uterus there is a second, smaller opening situated
828:
2140:
2415:
2326:
1658:
1408:
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spp. to intermediate crab hosts. The cystacanth stage is long lived and probably remains infective throughout the life of the crab.
1218:
to be massively expressed. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in emotions and mood. Researchers have found that during mating
1015:
771:
4731:
4726:
4688:
2452:
1312:
878:
474:
465:
The earliest recognisable description of
Acanthocephala – a worm with a proboscis armed with hooks – was made by Italian author
2447:
993:
749:
517:
31:
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753:
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of the female, preventing subsequent matings from occurring. Embryos develop inside the female, and the life cycle repeats.
4631:
2531:
2521:
2504:
834:
2076:
Moore, J. G.; Fry, G. F.; Englert, E. (March 21, 1969). "Thomy-headed worm infection in North
American prehistoric man".
141:
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1976:
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withdraw when it is retracted, and from which the fluid can be driven out when it is wished to expand the proboscis.
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1400:
4644:
4721:
4716:
4579:
3838:
1454:
1331:
362:
2322:"Altered host behaviour and brain serotonergic activity caused by acanthocephalans: evidence for specificity"
1337:
1196:
Thorny-headed worms begin their life cycle inside invertebrates that reside in marine or freshwater systems.
1060:
which runs from the posterior end of the proboscis sheath to the posterior end of the body. In the male, two
3923:
2536:
1459:
1307:
986:
742:
1958:
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1579:
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2408:
1343:
128:
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4151:
3801:
2499:
792:
Several morphological characteristics distinguish acanthocephalans from other phyla of parasitic worms.
419:
1260:
to the gut, disease and seasonal mortality. Recent research has suggested that there is no evidence of
1176:
host, in which the parasite again forms a cyst. When consumed by a suitable final host, the cycstacant
378:
4548:
4540:
3816:
2307:
Lühe, M. (1904). "Geschichte und
Ergebnisse der Echinorhynchen – Forschung bis auf Westrumb (1821)".
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2011:
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1302:
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Cardia, Daniel F. F.; Bertini, Reinaldo J.; Camossi, Lucilene G.; Letizio, Luiz A. (May 6, 2019).
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The size of these animals varies greatly, some are measured to be a few millimetres in length to
711:
693:
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245:
136:
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1918:"Acanthocephalans from fishes and amphibians in Vietnam, with descriptions of five new species"
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1624:
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1404:
1231:. Thus, it is thought that the thorny-headed worm physiologically changes the behavior of the
1149:
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are found, like the testes, as rounded bodies along the ligament. From the ovaries, masses of
853:
Like the body, the proboscis is hollow, and its cavity is separated from the body cavity by a
470:
449:
analysis has shown that they are descended from, and should be considered as, highly modified
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281:
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2127:
Schmidt, Gerald D. (June 1971). "Acanthocephalan infections of man, with two new records".
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which is still common in the area. The first report of an isolate in historic times was by
4618:
4387:
4292:
4254:
4209:
4141:
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3858:
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505:
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2015:
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808:(tapeworms), although the two groups are not closely related. Adult stages live in the
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1119:, pass into the host's alimentary canal and are expelled from the host's body within
1041:
482:
415:
77:
1300:. This infection was dated to 1869 ± 160 BC. The species involved was thought to be
894:
The body surface of the acanthocephala is peculiar. Externally, the skin has a thin
4367:
4362:
4337:
4312:
4302:
4229:
4098:
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2057:(Acanthocephala) infestation in eiders and its role as a possible cause of death".
1257:
1065:
1056:(an individual organism is either male or female). There is a structure called the
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and resting stages. Complete life cycles have been worked out for only 25 species.
918:
423:
2097:
1755:
1738:
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Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, involving a number of hosts, for both
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stage. This form has all the organs of the adult save the reproductive ones.
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2371:
Parasite Rex: Inside the
Bizarre World of Nature's Most Dangerous Creatures
2357:
2339:
2320:
Tain, Luke; Marie-Jeanne Perrot-Minnot; Frank Cézilly (December 22, 2006).
2252:
2105:
2031:
1951:
1902:
1866:
1782:
1524:
1426:"Descriptio cyprini rutili, quem halawel russi vocant, historico-anatomica"
2299:
2211:
2164:
1628:
531:
gene has revealed that the
Acanthocephala are most closely related to the
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4427:
4407:
4402:
4377:
4357:
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4287:
4282:
4113:
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3400:
3394:
3255:
3196:
3172:
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2839:
2723:
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2605:
2511:
1320:. Lindemann in 1865 reported that this organism was commonly isolated in
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1161:
1142:
955:
926:
915:
842:
528:
232:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1765:
1256:). Heavy infections of up to 750 parasites per bird are common, causing
4432:
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4108:
4083:
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4063:
4019:
3956:
3591:
3567:
3559:
3496:
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3141:
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3011:
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2156:
1595:"Les hôtes des Acanthocéphales. II — Les hôtes définitifs. 1. Poissons"
1361:
1356:
1280:
1116:
1084:
1000: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
952:
805:
756: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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by male's sperm. After fertilization, each egg contains a developing
1061:
911:
862:
841:
The most notable feature of the acanthocephala is the presence of an
446:
431:
163:
4469:
2283:
2195:
2148:
1998:
Cheng, Li‐Wu; Rao, Shreesha; Wang, Pei‐Chi; Chen, Shih‐Chu (2022).
4592:
4181:
4053:
2225:
Haustein, T.; Lawes, M.; Harris, E.; Chiodini, P. L. (June 2010).
1325:
1130:
1120:
1100:
1077:
1027:
827:
783:
689:
457:, but are also described as a subclass of Hemirottoriod rotifera.
1683:
1296:. The earliest known infection was found in a prehistoric man in
1222:
expresses high levels of serotonin. Also during mating, the male
925:. In their micro-structure the muscular fibres resemble those of
886:
is common, with up to 343n having been recorded in some species.
493:
The oldest known remains of acanthocephalans are eggs found in a
4219:
3711:
1430:
Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae
1297:
1088:
4473:
3683:
2689:
2397:
1804:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004),
1808:
Invertebrate Zoology : a functional evolutionary approach
1393:
Crompton, David; Thomasson, William; Nickol, Brent B. (1985).
969:
725:
1547:"Les hôtes des Acanthocéphales. I — Les Hôtes intermédiaires"
324:
1214:
is infected with a thorny-headed worm, the parasite causes
688:
The three rotifer classes and the Acanthocephala make up a
348:
342:
336:
327:
309:
4553:
414:, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the
1973:"Acanthocephalans drilling Acipenser stellatus intestine"
1727:
The invertebrate tree of live; Giribet and Edgecombe 2020
1091:
dehisce into the body cavity, floating in its fluids for
504:
of Brazil, around 70-80 million years old, likely from a
318:
2053:
Itämies, J.; Valtonen, E. T.; Fagerholm, H. P. (1980). "
1279:) and small crabs. Infections found in commercial-sized
1275:
spp. normally occurs between sea ducks (e.g. eiders and
914:
containing fluid and is controlled by a few wandering,
508:. The group may have originated substantially earlier.
910:. The syncytium is traversed by a series of branching
535:. They are possibly closer to the two rotifer classes
547:, producing the names and relationships shown in the
339:
333:
321:
315:
312:
702:
Currently the phylum is divided into four classes –
345:
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1335:is the most common isolate. Other isolates include
812:of their host and uptake nutrients which have been
330:
1812:(7th ed.), Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole,
1805:
1447:
422:, involving at least two hosts, which may include
441:The Acanthocephala were thought to be a discrete
3996:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
788:Some key features of acanthocephalan morphology
692:called Syndermata. This clade is placed in the
1916:Amin, O. A; Heckmann, R. A; Ha, N. V. (2014).
3695:
2409:
1653:(Eighth ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 502.
861:. Traversing the cavity of the proboscis are
832:Scanning electron microscopy of proboscis of
8:
1649:Roberts, Larry S.; Janovy, John Jr. (2009).
1599:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
1551:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
1235:in order to enter the bird, its final host.
1160:(there is one known life cycle which uses a
1103:.) The fertilized eggs are brought into the
1064:lie on either side of this. Each opens in a
485:in 1809 formally named them Acanthocephala.
453:. This unified taxon is sometimes known as
385:
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369:
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1016:Learn how and when to remove this message
772:Learn how and when to remove this message
2754:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
1743:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1099:. (These embryos hatch into first stage
804:. This is a feature they share with the
418:wall of its host. Acanthocephalans have
4742:Taxa named by Joseph Gottlieb Kölreuter
1378:
1238:Examples of this behaviour include the
951:. In the male at least there is also a
2748:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2718:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
407:, characterized by the presence of an
27:Group of parasitic thorny-headed worms
1883:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1847:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1823:, p. 788ff. – see particularly p. 804
7:
4580:ac029666-9a7a-4946-baad-6f741b761215
3019:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1593:Golvan, Y. J.; De Buron, I. (1988).
1545:de Buron, I.; Golvan, Y. J. (1986).
1468:participating institution membership
998:adding citations to reliable sources
754:adding citations to reliable sources
2231:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2141:American Society of Parasitologists
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561:
554:
2616:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
2327:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
473:proposed the name Acanthocephala.
25:
2227:"An eye-catching acanthocephalan"
1975:. Parasites World. Archived from
1292:In humans, it causes the disease
800:Acanthocephalans lack a mouth or
3660:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2244:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02896.x
1957:
1707:"Nano-Animals, Part I: Rotifers"
1634:
1578:
1530:
1313:Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
974:
933:sac-like projections called the
879:Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
730:
305:
140:
1705:Shimek, Ronald (January 2006).
1032:A diagram of the life cycle of
985:needs additional citations for
741:needs additional citations for
518:List of bilateral animal orders
32:Acanthocephala (disambiguation)
2847:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
962:may possibly be sense-organs.
1:
2098:10.1126/science.163.3873.1324
1756:10.1590/0001-3765201920170848
1396:Biology of the Acanthocephala
1152:, needs to be ingested by an
835:Cathayacanthus spinitruncatus
475:Philipp Ludwig Statius Müller
3459:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1244:spp. which are parasites of
4737:Suicide-inducing parasitism
3516:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3256:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3071:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2982:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2871:Loricifera (corset animals)
2184:The Journal of Parasitology
2129:The Journal of Parasitology
1895:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.017
1859:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.11.017
1837:as sister to endoparasitic
1749:(Supplement 2): e20170848.
1651:Foundations of Parasitology
1612:10.1051/parasite/1988635349
1564:10.1051/parasite/1986615581
4758:
3406:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3152:Annelida (segmented worms)
2977:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2893:Onychophora (velvet worms)
2374:. Free Press. p. 92.
1424:Koelreuter, I. T. (1770).
1401:Cambridge University Press
515:
477:independently called them
29:
3951:
3723:
3719:
3714:phyla/divisions by domain
3656:
3454:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3356:
3349:
3300:
3251:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3232:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3192:
3168:
3137:
3077:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3049:
2972:
2959:
2888:
2866:
2855:
2806:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2792:
2766:
2742:
2713:
2698:
2685:
2650:
2601:
2578:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
2566:
2551:
2435:
1455:Oxford English Dictionary
1332:Moniliformis moniliformis
1310:in 1859 when he isolated
1080:which opens posteriorly.
647:
623:
608:
601:
591:
576:
569:
559:
543:than to the other class,
377:
361:
273:
268:
137:Scientific classification
135:
126:
117:
41:
3012:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2811:Priapulida (penis worms)
2004:Journal of Fish Diseases
1934:10.1051/parasite/2014052
1507:10.1051/parasite/2023026
1210:It is thought that when
4732:Mind-altering parasites
4727:Veterinary parasitology
3924:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3226:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3198:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2919:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2912:Arthropoda (arthropods)
2272:Journal of Parasitology
1460:Oxford University Press
1338:Acanthocephalus bufonis
1052:The Acanthocephala are
3401:Anthozoans inc. corals
3100:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2340:10.1098/rspb.2006.3618
1145:
1037:
902:, which consists of a
838:
789:
391:'head') is a group of
386:
370:
48:Late Cretaceous–Recent
4666:Paleobiology Database
4152:Neocallimastigomycota
3531:Hexapods inc. insects
2841:Nematoda (roundworms)
1134:
1031:
831:
787:
438:have been described.
4575:Fauna Europaea (new)
3817:Coprothermobacterota
2724:Chordata (chordates)
2309:Zoologischer Annalen
1841:within monophyletic
1685:Encyclopedia of Life
1344:Corynosoma strumosum
1254:Somateria mollissima
994:improve this article
750:improve this article
527:analysis of the 18S
489:Evolutionary history
30:For other uses, see
3174:Mollusca (molluscs)
2659:of the animal root
2334:(1605): 3039–3045.
2090:1969Sci...163.1324M
2084:(3873): 1324–1325.
2055:Polymorphus minutus
2016:2022JFDis..45..579C
1458:(Online ed.).
1303:Moniliformis clarki
1248:, particularly the
1083:In the female, the
1074:vesiculae seminales
708:Archiacanthocephala
704:Palaeacanthocephala
420:complex life cycles
401:thorny-headed worms
287:Palaeacanthocephala
277:Archiacanthocephala
129:Corynosoma wegeneri
4147:Blastocladiomycota
3387:Calcareous sponges
2572:Porifera (sponges)
1294:acanthocephaliasis
1271:The life cycle of
1233:Gammarus lacustris
1229:Gammarus lacustris
1224:Gammarus lacustris
1220:Gammarus lacustris
1212:Gammarus lacustris
1204:Gammarus lacustris
1199:Gammarus lacustris
1146:
1107:by actions of the
1068:which bears three
1038:
839:
820:(protonephridia).
790:
712:Polyacanthocephala
405:spiny-headed worms
292:Polyacanthocephala
4704:
4703:
4653:Open Tree of Life
4476:Taxon identifiers
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4441:
4440:
4004:
4003:
3947:
3946:
3939:Verrucomicrobiota
3677:
3676:
3652:
3651:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2819:
2818:
2762:
2761:
2681:
2680:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2381:978-0-7432-0011-0
2024:10.1111/jfd.13583
1979:on April 30, 2012
1819:978-0-03-025982-1
1709:. Reefkeeping.com
1466:(Subscription or
1449:"acanthocephalan"
1026:
1025:
1018:
958:. Some scattered
782:
781:
774:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
658:
657:
636:
635:
471:Joseph Koelreuter
469:(1684). In 1771,
299:
298:
264:
16:(Redirected from
4749:
4722:Protostome phyla
4717:Acanthocephalans
4697:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4661:
4660:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4622:
4621:
4609:
4608:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4570:
4569:
4557:
4556:
4544:
4543:
4531:
4530:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4471:
4215:Anthocerotophyta
4094:Hemimastigophora
4015:
3986:Nitrososphaerota
3953:
3929:Thermomicrobiota
3869:Kiritimatiellota
3864:Ignavibacteriota
3829:Deferribacterota
3792:Campylobacterota
3777:Bdellovibrionota
3725:
3721:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3681:
3358:
3314:
3214:
3190:
3166:
3135:
3131:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3043:
2970:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2886:
2864:
2857:
2828:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2740:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2687:
2664:
2599:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2464:
2444:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2395:
2385:
2361:
2351:
2316:
2303:
2278:(6): 1216–1219.
2257:
2256:
2246:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2043:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1768:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1614:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1390:
1316:from a child in
1288:Human infections
1058:genital ligament
1021:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1001:
978:
970:
859:proboscis sheath
802:alimentary canal
777:
770:
766:
763:
757:
734:
726:
716:Eoacanthocephala
604:
594:
572:
562:
555:
397:acanthocephalans
389:
382:
381:
373:
366:
365:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
282:Eoacanthocephala
259:
145:
144:
122:
112:
49:
45:Temporal range:
39:
21:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4612:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4573:
4565:
4560:
4552:
4547:
4539:
4534:
4526:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4478:
4468:
4459:
4437:
4388:Gnathostomulida
4293:Xenacoelomorpha
4259:
4255:Flowering plant
4210:Marchantiophyta
4176:
4142:Chytridiomycota
4128:
4000:
3943:
3899:Planctomycetota
3859:Gemmatimonadota
3844:Elusimicrobiota
3737:Acidobacteriota
3715:
3708:
3678:
3673:
3648:
3574:Phylactolaemata
3362:
3352:
3351:
3337:
3328:Xenambulacraria
3304:
3260:
3237:
3203:
3185:Kryptotrochozoa
3179:
3157:
3127:
3114:
3105:Monoblastozoa (
3081:
3039:
3026:
2998:Micrognathozoa
2986:
2949:
2924:
2897:
2875:
2851:
2815:
2782:
2771:
2758:
2729:
2703:
2694:
2677:
2654:
2638:
2621:
2590:
2582:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2462:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2392:
2382:
2364:
2319:
2306:
2284:10.2307/3282307
2269:
2266:
2264:Further reading
2261:
2260:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2196:10.2307/3281300
2177:
2176:
2172:
2149:10.2307/3277920
2126:
2125:
2121:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2059:Ann. Zool. Fenn
2052:
2051:
2047:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1487:
1486:
1475:
1465:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1392:
1391:
1380:
1375:
1353:
1290:
1194:
1129:
1050:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1002:
991:
979:
968:
944:
892:
874:
826:
798:
778:
767:
761:
758:
747:
735:
724:
686:
677:
668:
659:
649:Acanthocephala
637:
520:
514:
499:Late Cretaceous
491:
463:
393:parasitic worms
308:
304:
258:
139:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Acanthocephalan
15:
12:
11:
5:
4755:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4685:
4675:
4662:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4610:
4597:
4584:
4571:
4562:Fauna Europaea
4558:
4545:
4532:
4528:Acanthocephala
4519:
4514:Acanthocephala
4504:
4488:
4486:
4484:Acanthocephala
4480:
4479:
4474:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4453:
4451:
4448:Incertae sedis
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Micrognathozoa
4390:
4385:
4383:Acanthocephala
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:Lycopodiophyta
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Ancyromonadida
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3991:Thermoproteota
3988:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Pseudomonadota
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Mycoplasmatota
3876:
3874:Lentisphaerota
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Fusobacteriota
3851:
3849:Fibrobacterota
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Armatimonadota
3749:
3744:
3742:Actinomycetota
3739:
3733:
3731:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3539:Platyhelminths
3535:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3366:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3333:Centroneuralia
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3132:
3129:Lophotrochozoa
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3044:
3041:Platytrochozoa
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3003:
3000:(Limnognathia)
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2787:
2776:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2629:(Triploblasts)
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2610:and relatives)
2602:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:Mesomycetozoea
2534:
2529:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2473:Diaphoretickes
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2391:
2390:External links
2388:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2362:
2317:
2304:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2217:
2170:
2119:
2068:
2045:
2010:(4): 579–593.
1990:
1964:
1908:
1889:(1): 182–189.
1872:
1839:Acanthocephala
1825:
1818:
1796:
1729:
1720:
1697:
1675:
1666:
1659:
1641:
1605:(5): 349–375.
1585:
1557:(5): 581–592.
1537:
1489:Bernd (2023).
1473:
1439:
1416:
1409:
1403:. p. 27.
1377:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1289:
1286:
1193:
1190:
1138:Pomphorhynchus
1128:
1125:
1049:
1046:
1024:
1023:
982:
980:
973:
967:
964:
943:
942:Nervous system
940:
898:covering the
891:
888:
873:
870:
845:, protrudable
825:
822:
797:
794:
780:
779:
738:
736:
729:
723:
720:
683:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
656:
655:
652:
651:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
634:
633:
630:
629:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
607:
602:
600:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
575:
570:
568:
560:
558:
553:
513:
510:
490:
487:
479:Echinorhynchus
467:Francesco Redi
462:
459:
302:Acanthocephala
297:
296:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
271:
270:
266:
265:
256:Acanthocephala
253:
249:
248:
243:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
210:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
50:
44:
42:Acanthocephala
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4754:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4172:Basidiomycota
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Glomeromycota
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Stramenopiles
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4044:Apusomonadida
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:Nanoarchaeota
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3966:Euryarchaeota
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Spirochaetota
3912:
3910:
3909:Rhodothermota
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Dictyoglomota
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3823:Cyanobacteria
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Chrysiogenota
3810:
3808:
3807:Chloroflexota
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:Calditrichota
3785:
3783:
3782:Caldisericota
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3757:Atribacterota
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3669:
3668:dubious phyla
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:Hemichordates
3464:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Glass sponges
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Deuterostomia
3321:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:of Bilateria
3308:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3142:Cycliophora (
3140:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Panarthropoda
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Stramenopiles
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2463:(major groups
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:on behalf of
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2065:(4): 285–289.
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1660:9780073028279
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1410:9780521246743
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:pathogenicity
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:cement glands
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:fertilization
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:developmental
1035:
1030:
1020:
1017:
1009:
999:
995:
989:
988:
983:This section
981:
977:
972:
971:
965:
963:
961:
957:
954:
950:
941:
939:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
889:
887:
885:
881:
880:
871:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
837:
836:
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
795:
793:
786:
776:
773:
765:
755:
751:
745:
744:
739:This section
737:
733:
728:
727:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:
695:
691:
681:
680:
672:
671:
663:
662:
654:
653:
650:
645:
644:
641:
640:
632:
631:
628:
627:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
606:
605:
599:
596:
595:
589:
588:
585:
584:
581:
580:
574:
573:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
511:
509:
507:
506:crocodyliform
503:
500:
496:
488:
486:
484:
483:Karl Rudolphi
480:
476:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
434:. About 1420
433:
430:, birds, and
429:
425:
424:invertebrates
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
388:
380:
374:
372:
364:
359:
353:
303:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
272:
267:
262:
257:
254:
251:
250:
247:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:
125:
121:
116:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4483:
4454:
4446:
4382:
4368:Orthonectida
4363:Gastrotricha
4338:Nematomorpha
4313:Chaetognatha
4303:Hemichordate
4230:Pteridophyta
4099:Malawimonada
3973:Korarchaeota
3934:Thermotogota
3919:Synergistota
3894:Nitrospirota
3889:Nitrospinota
3834:Deinococcota
3767:Bacteroidota
3666:Potentially
3661:
3614:
3590:
3584:Gymnolaemata
3579:Stenolaemata
3568:Ectoproctans
3566:
3537:
3508:
3484:
3478:Pterobranchs
3465:
3441:
3417:
3393:
3369:
3363:within phyla
3361:Major groups
3231:
3218:Bryozoa s.l.
3209:Lophophorata
3197:
3173:
3151:
3143:
3106:
3095:Orthonectida
3070:
3018:
3017:
3010:
2999:
2918:
2911:
2840:
2798:Scalidophora
2747:
2735:Ambulacraria
2722:
2635:(see below↓)
2615:
2607:
2571:
2522:Opisthokonta
2369:
2366:Zimmer, Carl
2331:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2275:
2271:
2237:(6): 787–8.
2234:
2230:
2220:
2190:(1): 205–8.
2187:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1967:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1850:
1846:
1843:Hemirotifera
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1807:
1799:
1766:11449/189712
1746:
1742:
1732:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1700:
1689:, retrieved
1684:
1678:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1498:
1494:
1453:
1442:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1395:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1253:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1192:Host control
1184:to plug the
1181:
1177:
1171:
1156:, usually a
1147:
1136:
1109:uterine bell
1108:
1082:
1073:
1066:vas deferens
1057:
1051:
1048:Reproduction
1039:
1033:
1012:
1003:
992:Please help
987:verification
984:
948:
945:
934:
931:
893:
877:
875:
867:
858:
854:
852:
840:
833:
799:
791:
768:
759:
748:Please help
743:verification
740:
701:
698:
687:
648:
624:
609:
577:
525:Phylogenetic
521:
492:
478:
464:
440:
404:
400:
396:
384:
368:
301:
300:
255:
239:
229:(unranked):
219:(unranked):
206:
193:
180:
170:Subkingdom:
127:
36:
4601:iNaturalist
4508:Wikispecies
4423:Brachiopoda
4398:Cycliophora
4343:Onychophora
4318:Kinorhyncha
4240:Ginkgophyta
4235:Cycadophyta
4200:Chlorophyta
4190:Glaucophyta
3884:Myxococcota
3802:Chlorobiota
3797:Chlamydiota
3642:Tusk shells
3627:Cephalopods
3598:Polychaetes
3545:Turbellaria
3526:Crustaceans
3502:Secernentea
3492:Chromadorea
3473:Acorn worms
3443:Echinoderms
3435:Vertebrates
3377:Demosponges
3311:is disputed
2773:Protostomia
2661:is disputed
2588:ParaHoxozoa
2143:: 582–584.
2137:Allen Press
1273:Polymorphus
1266:Polymorphus
1241:Polymorphus
1070:diverticula
1034:Polymorphus
966:Life cycles
949:retinaculum
923:endothelium
818:flame cells
626:Monogononta
598:Eurotatoria
541:Monogononta
502:Bauru Group
223:Protostomia
187:ParaHoxozoa
4711:Categories
4456:Parakaryon
4418:Entoprocta
4353:Arthropoda
4348:Tardigrada
4328:Priapulida
4323:Loricifera
4308:Echinoderm
4278:Ctenophora
4250:Gnetophyta
4205:Charophyta
4195:Rhodophyta
4167:Ascomycota
4162:Zygomycota
4104:Metamonada
4079:Euglenozoa
4064:Ciliophora
3772:Balneolota
3747:Aquificota
3622:Gastropods
3603:Clitellata
3510:Arthropods
3449:Sea lilies
3395:Cnidarians
3313:; see also
3243:Brachiozoa
3006:Syndermata
2965:Gnathifera
2663:; see also
2608:Trichoplax
2606:Placozoa (
2593:Planulozoa
2315:: 139–250.
1835:Seisonidea
1470:required.)
1436:: 494–503.
1373:References
1258:ulceration
1250:eider duck
1167:cystacanth
1158:crustacean
1006:March 2021
908:cell walls
884:Polyploidy
810:intestines
762:March 2021
722:Morphology
694:Gnathifera
611:Bdelloidea
566:Syndermata
545:Seisonidea
537:Bdelloidea
516:See also:
455:Syndermata
428:amphibians
375:'thorn' +
261:Koelreuter
246:Gnathifera
4373:Dicyemida
4245:Pinophyta
4124:Telonemia
4059:Cryptista
4049:Breviatea
4034:Amoebozoa
4029:Alveolata
4010:Eukaryote
3762:Bacillota
3608:Sipuncula
3555:Monogenea
3550:Trematoda
3521:Myriapods
3486:Nematodes
3430:Tunicates
3425:Lancelets
3419:Chordates
3411:Myxozoans
3318:Nephrozoa
3307:phylogeny
3107:Salinella
3062:Rouphozoa
2903:Tactopoda
2832:Nematoida
2784:Ecdysozoa
2705:Bilateria
2692:Bilateria
2673:Benthozoa
2668:Eumetazoa
2657:phylogeny
2627:Bilateria
2517:Amoebozoa
2495:Alveolata
2483:Cryptista
2458:Eukaryota
2180:Bolbosoma
2040:246297133
1983:August 3,
1853:: 79–92.
1791:155091017
1775:0001-3765
1621:0003-4150
1573:0003-4150
1367:Monogenea
1216:serotonin
1174:paratenic
1154:arthropod
1054:dioecious
927:nematodes
904:syncytium
900:epidermis
847:proboscis
824:Proboscis
796:Digestion
579:Seisonida
549:cladogram
529:ribosomal
512:Phylogeny
497:from the
495:coprolite
481:in 1776.
445:. Recent
412:proboscis
409:eversible
395:known as
213:Nephrozoa
200:Bilateria
174:Eumetazoa
160:Kingdom:
154:Eukaryota
4493:Wikidata
4433:Annelida
4428:Mollusca
4408:Phoronid
4403:Nemertea
4378:Rotifera
4358:Flatworm
4333:Nematoda
4298:Chordate
4288:Cnidaria
4283:Placozoa
4114:Rhizaria
4089:Haptista
4069:Cercozoa
3729:Bacteria
3632:Bivalves
3616:Molluscs
3592:Annelids
2951:Spiralia
2558:Animalia
2512:Amorphea
2490:Rhizaria
2478:Hacrobia
2468:Excavata
2453:Bacteria
2368:(2000).
2358:17015346
2253:19689468
2106:17807812
2032:35083744
1952:25331738
1922:Parasite
1903:23044398
1867:26702959
1783:31090797
1713:July 27,
1691:July 24,
1525:37350678
1516:10288976
1495:Parasite
1351:See also
1281:lobsters
1246:seabirds
1150:acanthor
1143:bluefish
1113:dorsally
960:papillae
956:ganglion
935:lemnisci
916:amoeboid
906:with no
896:tegument
843:anterior
814:digested
533:rotifers
451:rotifers
426:, fish,
371:akanthos
269:Classes
252:Phylum:
233:Spiralia
164:Animalia
150:Domain:
4681:4053880
4499:Q178235
4413:Bryozoa
4109:Provora
4084:Jakobea
4074:Discoba
4020:Protist
3957:Archaea
3710:Extant
3637:Chitons
3560:Cestoda
3497:Enoplea
3371:Sponges
3144:Symbion
3087:Mesozoa
2527:Animals
2448:Archaea
2424:Extant
2349:1679890
2300:3437357
2292:3282307
2212:6827437
2204:3281300
2165:5090967
2157:3277920
2114:6120428
2086:Bibcode
2078:Science
2012:Bibcode
1943:4204126
1629:3059956
1362:Digenea
1357:Cestoda
1277:scoters
1178:excysts
1162:mollusc
1127:Release
1117:oviduct
1085:ovaries
953:genital
912:tubules
806:cestoda
551:below.
461:History
436:species
432:mammals
387:kephale
363:ἄκανθος
4678:uBio:
4606:151826
4273:Sponge
4265:Animal
3662:bolded
2505:Plants
2442:Domain
2426:animal
2378:
2356:
2346:
2298:
2290:
2251:
2210:
2202:
2163:
2155:
2112:
2104:
2038:
2030:
1950:
1940:
1928:: 53.
1901:
1865:
1816:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1657:
1627:
1619:
1571:
1523:
1513:
1501:: 23.
1407:
1322:Russia
1318:Prague
1186:vagina
1135:Adult
1105:uterus
1097:embryo
1062:testes
919:nuclei
863:muscle
855:septum
447:genome
443:phylum
379:κεφαλή
263:, 1771
4694:18814
4689:WoRMS
4671:67118
4658:49622
4645:10232
4632:64238
4614:IRMNG
4567:15463
4182:Plant
4134:Fungi
4054:CRuMs
2824:N+L+P
2532:Fungi
2429:phyla
2288:JSTOR
2200:JSTOR
2182:sp".
2153:JSTOR
2135:(3).
2110:S2CID
2036:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1464:
1326:Italy
1308:Lambl
1141:in a
1121:feces
1101:larva
1078:penis
690:clade
403:, or
358:Greek
240:Clade
207:Clade
194:Clade
181:Clade
4640:NCBI
4627:ITIS
4588:GBIF
4536:BOLD
4220:Moss
3712:life
3305:The
2655:The
2376:ISBN
2354:PMID
2296:PMID
2249:PMID
2208:PMID
2161:PMID
2102:PMID
2028:PMID
1985:2009
1948:PMID
1899:PMID
1863:PMID
1814:ISBN
1779:PMID
1771:ISSN
1715:2008
1693:2015
1655:ISBN
1625:PMID
1617:ISSN
1569:ISSN
1521:PMID
1405:ISBN
1341:and
1298:Utah
1036:spp.
890:Skin
872:Size
714:and
539:and
53:PreꞒ
4619:121
4549:EoL
4523:AFD
3162:M+K
3054:R+M
2991:M+S
2860:L+P
2344:PMC
2336:doi
2332:273
2280:doi
2239:doi
2192:doi
2145:doi
2094:doi
2082:163
2020:doi
1938:PMC
1930:doi
1891:doi
1855:doi
1845:".
1761:hdl
1751:doi
1607:doi
1559:doi
1511:PMC
1503:doi
1264:of
1089:ova
1072:or
996:by
857:or
752:by
416:gut
4713::
4691::
4668::
4655::
4642::
4629::
4616::
4603::
4593:67
4590::
4577::
4564::
4551::
4541:11
4538::
4525::
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4495::
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2330:.
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2274:.
2247:.
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2206:.
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2188:69
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2080:.
2063:17
2061:.
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2026:.
2018:.
2008:45
2006:.
2002:.
1946:.
1936:.
1926:21
1924:.
1920:.
1897:.
1887:66
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1861:.
1851:96
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1555:61
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1519:.
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1499:30
1497:.
1493:.
1476:^
1452:.
1434:15
1432:.
1428:.
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1381:^
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399:,
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367:,
328:oʊ
242::
209::
196::
183::
103:Pg
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337:ɛ
334:s
331:ˈ
325:θ
322:n
319:æ
316:k
313:ˌ
310:ə
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108:N
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88:T
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