Action of 11–12 December 1917

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than half the quota, leaving the Admiralty reluctant to add to the delays. A change in the route needed to be discussed between the Admiralty and local commanders. On 10 December an officer of the Naval Staff attended a conference at Longhope of the officers in charge of the Scandinavian convoys. All agreed that the convoys should sail from Methil, which was better equipped than Lerwick and would be more convenient for the Danish and Swedish trade anyway. Beatty accepted the decisions with a caveat that the new route was closer to German bases and more vulnerable to attack. The only practical solution was to integrate the Scandinavian convoys into the Atlantic convoy system and provide cruiser escorts. Three days after the loss of the 12 December convoy, The Admiralty adopted the resolutions of the Rosyth meeting. In the New Year, convoys were to run from the Humber to Methil daily and from Methil to Scandinavia every three days. Covering forces were to be organised by Beatty and the convoys were to sail north to the latitude of Aberdeen. Because the new route was longer than Lerwick to Bergen and riskier, a battle squadron of the Home Fleet reinforced the local escorts, a departure from the principle of concentration of force since the beginning of the war.

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the time of the attacks in December. Command arrangements were still too fragmented and the inadequate relationship between the Admiralty and local commanders was blamed for the loss of the convoy. The Admiralty was held culpable for failing to notify operational commanders of information which they reasonably could expect to receive. The inquiry concluded that the Admiral of the Orkneys and Shetlands had been saddled with an impossible task. Responsibility for the Scandinavian and coastal convoys should be centralised under the command of a flag officer answerable to the commander in chief of the Grand Fleet. On 24 December, Geddes asked for Jellicoe's resignation and the next day, Jellicoe wrote that the convoy fiasco of 11–12 December had been the latest in many disagreements between them.

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repeated late in the day. The swept channel was extended northwards to Scotland and the Orkney Islands. The monthly quota of 250,000 long tons (250,000 t) of coal required daily convoys from Lerwick, most being neutral Scandinavian ships, usually escorted by two British destroyers from a pool of eight detached from the Grand Fleet, supported by several armed trawlers. To 1 July, 351 ships made the eastbound journey from Lerwick and 385 the return voyage from Norway, an average of 368 round trips a month, for the loss of twenty ships. In July, ten ships were sunk by the attacks of

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official historian, Henry Newbolt, wrote that British suspicions of a German destroyer sortie towards the Northumberland coast might have been roused sooner but for two of the three trawlers which escaped destruction signalling that they had been attacked by a submarine. At noon on 12 December, the Admiralty was still ignorant that German destroyers had been in the war channel during the night. When the convoy reached Immingham in the Humber estuary on the afternoon of 12 December, both destroyer captains were unaware of the attack on their stragglers.

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waters where they were vulnerable to German surface vessels for most of the journey. The return voyage began in Bergen in Norway, a neutral port where sailings could be observed by Germans and the use of neutral ships made it impossible for the British to keep convoy procedures and sailings secret. In November, British coal deliveries were less than half of the monthly 250,000 long tons (250,000 t) quota, making the Admiralty reluctant to allow more delays on the Scandinavian convoy run.

1019: 1010:, on the north bank of the Firth of Forth, which was better equipped than Lerwick and closer to Swedish and Danish trade routes. Convoys should be run to Methil daily but sailings to Scandinavia would be limited to every three days. The southward move would send convoys closer to German bases, against which the convoys should be integrated into the Atlantic convoy system, with cruiser protection. The next Scandinavian convoy sailed from Norway to Lerwick on 20 October. 1572: 507:), equipped with the biggest and most modern destroyers, attacked the British Scandinavian convoy route in two places, the 3rd Half-Flotilla off the Norwegian coast and the 4th Half-Flotilla along the British east coast route. A convoy of six ships, escorted by two destroyers and four trawlers was attacked off Norway and destroyed; the attack in the war channel was less successful but one freighter was sunk, another seriously damaged and four trawlers attacked. 147: 898: 1364: 1263: 36: 992: 551:

that they offered the merchant fleet if the matter could be carried off without German reprisals. The suggestion was all the more compelling to the Norwegians because the British could requisition their ships with no provision for any supplies to Norway. In June 1917, about 300,000 people protested against rising food prices, 40,000 turning out in the capital, Kristiania (now

660: 914:, was pleased with the results of the action off Lerwick but decided to mount another operation when it was clear that Scandinavian ships were still sailing the Bergen–Lerwick route. The next attack was to be a more elaborate operation with attacks at two points on the Scandinavian convoy route. The 2nd (destroyer) Flotilla ( 3407:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. V (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 184–194. 528:(GRT) were matched by only 220,000 GRT of new ship construction. From January to March 1917, 912,000 GRT were lost for a replacement of 326,000 GRT. Neutral shipping was an important addition to the British merchant fleet but in the last quarter of 1916, non-British shipping losses, excluding those of the 1005:

Standing orders made no mention of tactics against surface ship attack and the possibility had never been discussed by destroyer captains The attack off Lerwick showed that the convoy escorts were not sufficient to defeat an attack by surface ships. A meeting was held at Rosyth which recommended that

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In February 1917, the British government took soundings with several neutral governments over the purchase of their merchant fleets but the suggestion was spurned. In negotiations with the Norwegian government about the resumption of coal imports from Britain the Norwegians were so desperate for coal

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The fewer sailings across the North Sea recommended at the Rosyth meeting after the action off Lerwick could not be implemented immediately because of the Anglo-Norwegian coal agreement for the British to deliver 250,000 long tons (250,000 t) of coal per month. In November, deliveries were less

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The court acquitted the naval officers involved in the disaster but blamed the Admiralty for not co-ordinating convoy protection, despite the danger of attacks being recognised after the German attack near Lerwick on 17 October. Several conferences had convened but no changes had been implemented by

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bereft of opportunities to forewarn the Admiralty. Since the attack on the stragglers from the southbound Lerwick convoy was not reported as an attack by surface ships but by a U-boat and the convoy reported that the sound of gunfire was astern, The Senior Naval Officer based at the Tyne judged that

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In 1994, Paul Halpern wrote that the German successes against the Scandinavian convoys caused much unrest in Britain against the Admiralty and was instrumental in the sacking of Jellicoe from the post of First Sea Lord that December. Despite the two raids, Halpern wrote that the German U-boat threat

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and one towards the convoy. The British were outnumbered and downwind, the gale from the north-west, driving spray into the faces of the British gun-crews. As the two destroyers descended into wave troughs, the only parts of the German ships visible were the masts and funnel tops. The German gunners

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25 nmi (29 mi; 46 km) east of the war channel, when its captain was under the impression that his vessel was 6 nmi (6.9 mi; 11 km) east of the Farne Islands. The German destroyers sank it with torpedoes and left the survivors behind, Kolbe forfeiting the opportunity to

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After the action off Lerwick, a conference at the Admiralty was held on 22 October from which on 5 November Beatty and his staff made proposals to change the system of Scandinavian convoys. When the original system of convoys had been proposed, the commanders of the East Coast patrol areas had been

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wrote in 1969 that it was difficult to protect eastbound and westbound Scandinavian convoys at the same time, with sufficient destroyers for one sailing only, which was caused by the Admiralty requirement for the Grand Fleet always to be at readiness to sail if the High Seas Fleet was preparing to

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In 1920, Reinhard Scheer wrote that the attacks on the Scandinavian convoys forced the British to reinforce the escorts defending the merchant ships sailing the route, which added to the British difficulty in finding sufficient ships for convoy escorts around the British Isles. In 1931 the British

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to sweep towards the second rendezvous. The 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron was heading north as the German destroyers steamed south, the light cruisers sailing 10 nmi (12 mi; 19 km) apart; by noon the cruisers were about 150 nmi (170 mi; 280 km) south of the second convoy

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were launching the lifeboats and rafts, lieutenants A. A. D. Grey and L. J. B. Walters saw that the German destroyer V-100 was opposite the torpedo tubes and fired one, which hit without exploding. The other tubes could not be aimed and soon afterwards, Grey was wounded in the thigh. Both officers

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and two more at Immingham on the Humber estuary. The information was misunderstood because "escort forces" in British parlance were routine patrols along the war channel off the coast, not convoy escorts. Most inaccurate was the inference about the southbound convoy from the Firth of Forth, where

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and Molteno ordered an increase of speed to 20 kn (23 mph; 37 km/h) and fifteen minutes later, Molteno received another signal, without the call sign of the sending ship due to German wireless jamming but "enemy destroyers at T rendezvous" (the second rendezvous) could be read. The

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spotted two unusual vessels converging on the destroyer. Challenges were signalled to the ships and the third received a faulty reply. The first German shells cut the main steam-pipe, scalding many of the engine-room crew to death; the captain, Edward Brooke, was wounded, the wireless transmitter

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and then across the North Sea to Norway. Since the autumn of 1914 six minesweeping trawlers sailed from each port on the east coast just before dawn and swept the local section of the channel which was 800 yd (730 m)-wide and 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi)-long, the sweep being

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thought that another coal shortage would cause mass unemployment, social unrest and possibly revolution. It was suggested that rather than sell the fleet, the Norwegians should charter it and that armed British ships be substituted on the routes suffering the worst losses from German U-boats. The

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was torpedoed while escorting colliers northwards up the British coast to Lerwick. In anticipation of the added difficulty of escorting colliers in the autumn, winter and spring, several cruisers were sent to the Humber. The Scandinavian convoys had been a considerable success but had to sail in

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invited to comment and several noted that the system could not be kept secret for long. One officer predicted that arrangements would be needed to protect the convoys from surface ships as well as U-boats; the success of the convoy system since had lulled the British into complacency.

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Kolbe intended to keep out of sight of land until dark and then close in to look for merchant ships. One of the destroyers suffered engine-trouble and Kolbe limited the speed of the Half-Flotilla to 25 kn (29 mph; 46 km/h), rather than send the destroyer back alone.

3314:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed Books and Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: John Murray. 1347:

were sailing in line astern with the convoy of six merchant ships behind, with armed trawlers in front and to the sides. A strong north-westerly wind was blowing and there was a heavy swell, limiting the speed of the destroyers. Lookouts on the destroyers saw ships to the north,

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were put into a lifeboat, from which they were thrown when it capsized. Grey helped Walters swim to a raft, which had only room for one. Grey, still bleeding, swam towards V-100, the closest German destroyer, whose crew rescued him. Before losing consciousness, Grey saw

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was hit near its gun, the mess deck and the winch being used to launch the lifeboat, casting the occupants into the water. As the trawler was sinking, the German destroyers continued to fire at a range of 700 yd (640 m); the survivors were rescued at about

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coast. Heinrich was surprised to find that it was not illuminated but as little sea traffic passed at night, it had become customary to show the light only at times when ships passed. The escorts of the Scandinavian convoy had requested the light from

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and the armed trawlers with 23 civilian prisoners from the merchant ships, for three wounded among the destroyer crews; the Danish crew refused to be rescued. In 2019, Steve Dunn wrote that the Germans announced that they had taken 52 prisoners from

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on 11 December. The covering force was to follow the route of Scandinavian convoy, rendezvous with the westbound convoy from Norway the following morning (12 December) and then sail eastwards along the convoy route to protect the eastbound convoy

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which would wait to the north-east of the Dogger Bank, the point where the half-flotillas separated, to act as a wireless relay station. The raiding force set out early on 11 December at 19 kn (22 mph; 35 km/h) and at

3353: 1448:, which at 5 nmi (5.8 mi; 9.3 km) had been hit in the engine-room, cabin and mess deck before it sank. The 3-pounder guns on the three remaining trawlers were no match for the firepower of the German destroyers. 1402:

at a standstill in the water, the after gun was hit and knocked out a few minutes later and a torpedo hit was received forward at almost the same time. The ship began to sink and Ransome ordered the ship to be abandoned at

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and as the light was out when the German ships arrived, they had to make a big circuit round the Farne Islands for safety, while looking to the north for the convoy thought to be heading south from the Firth of Forth.

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which signalled to Beatty, the commander-in-chief that several German ships were close by. Cavendish hoped to delay a German attack on the convoy by bold action but the German ships divided, three running parallel to

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on the Humber estuary were convoyed to Lerwick up the war channel, along the east coast of Northern England and Scotland, for dispatch in convoys to Scandinavian neutrals, along with ships carrying general cargo.

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were killed and five bodies washed ashore were buried by the Norwegian Navy at the Frederikstad Cemetery. The Red Cross sent a report to Britain on 9 January 1918 that 61 prisoners were held in Germany, from

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was hit in the engine-room and lost speed; Cavendish ordered a turn to bring the torpedoes to bear but the electric cables to them had been severed and only one was launched. A sudden squall of rain obscured

1721:, mistakenly thinking that it had sunk. As the 4th Half-Flotilla departed, four steam trawlers were seen and taken to be the convoy they were expecting. The German destroyers opened fire on the trawlers at 2467:

The narrative is taken from the British official history, which mistakenly attributes this part of the operation to the 3rd Half-Flotilla. Newbolt is contradicted by Marder (1969), Halpern (1995) and Dunn

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The disruption caused by the naval war Between Britain and Germany affected the other Scandinavian countries. In 1916, Sweden rationed sugar; bread flour, milk and meat in 1917 and potatoes in 1918.

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was far greater and the Germans should have made more of their tactical advantages against the Scandinavian trade. In the first convoy system, which lasted from 28 April 1917 to 18 January 1918, of

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were 1,159,000 GRT and in the next three months were 1,619,000 GRT against new building of 587,000 GRT (most being US construction). British ships were being fitted with defensive armament, often a

270: 3472:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III. New York: Longmans Green & Co. p. 187. 1764:. The Senior Naval Officer at the Tyne signalled the destroyers and received a reply that the sounds had been heard, apparently at a distance, leaving him content that the convoy was safe. 5141: 1520:

covering force was 60 nmi (69 mi; 110 km) west of the convoy and Molteno ordered his four destroyers to race ahead but by the time they arrived, the German destroyers had a

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The Scandinavian convoy was due to make two rendezvous, the first 15 nmi (17 mi; 28 km) south of Lerwick and the second 25 nmi (29 mi; 46 km) south-west of

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Engineer-Commander P. L. Butt and the Chief Engine-room Artificer, George Wood, made several attempts to get into the engine-room to rescue survivors but were thwarted by the steam.

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by when the weather had moderated slightly and Kolbe turned north again, only to be forced by the weather to slow to 9 kn (10 mph; 17 km/h) and then turn south at

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that the reply was wrong. The ships were closer to the convoy and were 5 nmi (5.8 mi; 9.3 km) distant when the two destroyers went to action stations and

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tried to challenge them but was delayed by an unserviceable searchlight, which took ten minutes to get working. The challenge was sent and a warning passed on to

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none were arriving or departing. The only convoys at sea along that part of the coast were the southbound Scandinavian convoy and the coastal convoy escorted by

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with four 105 mm (4.1 in) guns, six torpedo tubes and a speed of 36 kn (41 mph; 67 km/h) the 4th Half-Flotilla was similarly equipped.

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with a naval crew. Neutrals were afraid to arm their ships and compromise their status as non-combatants, making them more vulnerable than British ships.

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and the Ministry of Shipping. The British gained 130 freighters of 200,000 GRT and the Norwegians 250,000 long tons (250,000 t) of coal per month.

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managed to limit the losses of Scandinavian merchant ships. British losses continued unabated and in the last three months of 1916, the loss of 618,000

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to prepare to sail. When the second signal arrived, with the information that the German force was destroyers, the 3rd Cruiser Squadron was ordered at

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glean intelligence about the convoy before turning north, away from it. The flotilla sailed closer to the coast, looking for the Longstone Light, off

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hit by another torpedo and explode as it sank. Butt had come up on deck and waited with Ransome until only the stern was above water, then jumped in.

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the half-flotillas separated, the 3rd continuing north and the 4th towards a point on the English coast 25 nmi (29 mi; 46 km) north of

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received a hit at the front of the engine room, cutting the main steam-pipe, filling the engine-room with super-heated steam, killing the occupants.

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the Engineer-Commander P. L. Butt got into the engine-room and opened a condenser to make sure the ship sank as quickly as possible. As the crew of

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attacked the German cruisers at high speed, opening fire from 6,000 to 7,000 yd (3.0 to 3.5 nmi; 3.4 to 4.0 mi; 5.5 to 6.4 km).

4790: 4499: 4401: 5708: 5373: 5211: 5198: 5155: 5064: 4592: 4159: 3806: 967:), was to attack shipping at the eastern end of the Lerwick to Bergen route. The 2nd (destroyer) Flotilla was to be escorted by the light cruiser 290: 5555: 5565: 5423: 5337: 5271: 5108: 4987: 4660: 3679: 3535: 3504: 3412: 3363: 3319: 3300: 3262: 350: 5512: 4932: 3717: 2438: 5283: 1419: 573:) would agree to The Tonnage Agreement in which the transport of coal to Norway would be assured by British charter or requisition of the 564: 5497: 4235: 3740: 5482: 4772: 1851:

but by the time his destroyers reached the site of the attack, there was nothing that they could do but rescue survivors. Vice-Admiral

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The 4th Half-Flotilla (Heinrich) was to attack shipping in the convoy channel along the British east coast and the 3rd Half-Flotilla (

696:, whose captain assumed that the convoy was under U-boat attack. The torpedoes and guns could not be used simultaneously, because the 4867: 3920: 794:

The Admiralty postponed the Lerwick to Norway sailing due on 18 October, prompting Beatty to ask why. It transpired that Admiral Sir

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coastal look-outs at Blyth had reported gunfire to the north-east and about fifteen minutes afterwards the observation station at

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which, by noon on 11 December, had sailed as far south as Aberdeen, reaching a point 45 nmi (52 mi; 83 km) east of

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on 17 October, eighteen hours after he received it. The decodes suggested that the ships were chasing convoys; by that time,

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and the German ships joined V-100 to finish off the convoy, which had already sunk the merchant ships and the armed trawler

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and said that after he ordered abandon ship a shell hit the after lifeboat, killing seven men, at which the crew re-boarded

5441: 5383: 5378: 5342: 5276: 5168: 5014: 4597: 3987: 3915: 3846: 3615: 3585: 3580: 1864: 1709:, 30 nmi (35 mi; 56 km) to the south, still vulnerable to interception and destruction before daylight. At 1641:, still ignorant of the German force to the east. The weather deteriorated after dark and in the fog and rain, the Danish 841:

encountered two British destroyers which transmitted news of the German attack to the commodore of flotillas. Admiral Sir

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near Blyth, torpedoed it and again refrained from rescuing survivors. The German destroyers were short of time and left

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sent a wireless signal as it closed with the German ships and another station asked for the signal to be repeated but

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On 5 February, the Admiralty wrote to Beatty, rejecting the criticism by the inquiry of the Lords of the Admiralty.

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In 2019, Steve Dunn wrote that the Germans had managed to limit wireless communication during the raid, which left

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ships. The connivance of the Norwegian government in the arrangement would be camouflaged by being made by the

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leave harbour. It would have been logical to sail fewer, larger convoys, with a more powerful covering force.

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Despite misinterpreting the intercepted signals, the 4th Half-Flotilla was closing on the convoy escorted by

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was too badly damaged to sail before the internment deadline (24 hours) in neutral waters. The torpedo boat

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to sail eastwards and intercept the German cruisers at Horns Reef but the German ships were back in port by

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off the Norwegian coast, the better to fix his position and to hunt for a convoy known to have sailed from

719:. Five more merchant ships were sunk, the Germans giving no time for the crews to abandon ship. The Danish 520:

The German U-boat campaign inflicted serious losses on neutral shipping but British countermeasures in the

5305: 5029: 4964: 4820: 4547: 4474: 4424: 4409: 4391: 4364: 4278: 4245: 3910: 3871: 3851: 3662: 3555: 2442: 1172: 637:, from 454, a loss of 2.2 per cent. Seven depth charge attacks were made by escort ships to no effect and 525: 420: 177: 4838: 1137: 5295: 4949: 4614: 4577: 4507: 4454: 4376: 4344: 4318: 4268: 4199: 4101: 4054: 3900: 3838: 3707: 3590: 1949: 1807:

in eastbound (OZ) convoys suffered three losses; in HZ (westbound) convoys, twelve ships were lost from

1650: 1216: 1056:. A general southbound convoy also left Lerwick for ports on the east coast, escorted by the destroyers 173: 4240: 1534:-hour head start home. The destroyers spent an hour rescuing survivors. Beatty received the message at 194: 1222: 5645: 5560: 4214: 4189: 4164: 3521: 3492: 3334:

From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919: 1917, Year of Crisis

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rendezvous. Because of the bad weather, the German destroyers headed for the Skaggerak to return via

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The further the 3rd Half-Flotilla sailed northwards, the worse the deterioration in the weather. By

559: 5627: 5580: 4766: 4630: 4582: 4459: 4419: 4414: 4359: 4042: 4036: 3937: 2389: 2379: 2178: 1539: 1492: 1210: 1166: 1094: 980: 925:) with the biggest and fastest destroyers in the High Seas Fleet, comprised the 3rd Half-Flotilla ( 922: 697: 168: 1589:. Heinrich inferred that a southbound British convoy escorted by destroyers was due to depart the 1280:

on 12 December Kolbe had to reduce speed due to a storm from north-west. Kolbe changed course for

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Seaborne Trade: The Period of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, with a Map and Statistical Diagrams

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In his 1920 book on the High Seas Fleet, Scheer reported that the Germans took 52 prisoners from

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straggled from the convoy, the escorts taking this for the ship captains deliberately making for

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cent. With convoys along the east coast included, from April 1917 to November 1918, there were

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when close to the east coast, the 4th Half-Flotilla intercepted British wireless messages from

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The Royal Navy knew nothing of the German destroyer sortie for several hours. Not long after

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was invited to leave, reaching Scapa Flow on 15 December, escorted by the covering force.

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to a safer anchorage but fouled the line and ended up being towed into Bekkevig Sound by

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Naval Staff Monograph (Historical) Home Waters Part VIII December 1916 – April 1917

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reached Molteno, without giving its position, he sent a reply giving his speed and

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crossed the front of the convoy to reach the threatened northern side, followed by

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French map of the North Sea, Bergen in Norway is to the east of Lerwick in Shetland

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on 10 December, a southbound convoy, mainly of colliers, departed from Lerwick for

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At 2,000 yd (0.99 nmi; 1.1 mi; 1.8 km), the German ships hit

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against convoys sailing on the Scandinavian convoy route from Norway to Lerwick (

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and anchored near Slotteroe Island to make repairs. The Norwegian torpedo boat

35: 3341: 2399: 2212: 1749: 1598: 1560: 1184: 991: 806:

was not on a mine laying sortie. Oliver kept the information to himself until

3477: 3443: 3386: 1326: 1313: 949:(four 105 mm (4.1 in) guns and six torpedo tubes each) of and the 802:, had received more decoded signals, leading the code breakers to infer that 89: 75: 4887: 4654: 1671: 1622: 1586: 1238: 1051: 1033: 917: 903: 862: 821: 521: 490: 449: 214: 59: 1308:

on 12 December, the convoy was near the second rendezvous at approximately

715:. The German ships fired on the float and a motor boat with survivors from 3355:

Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the Winning of the Great War at Sea

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Southern Thunder: The Royal Navy and the Scandinavian Trade in World War I

5147: 1244: 1230: 1044: 692:

jammed the transmissions. Four merchantmen were sunk; which was heard on

631: 207: 2994: 2992: 1107:, around noon on 12 December. The convoy was escorted by the destroyers 659: 1839: 1499:(Royal Norwegian Navy) ship. Within 45 minutes, all that remained were 1488: 1285: 624: 617: 610: 603: 248: 3276:(pbk. UCL Press, London ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 1892:; 97 of the crew had been killed, including the captain. Four men on 1594: 1281: 1104: 1069:. On 11 December, the daily eastbound Scandinavian convoy comprising 1037: 67: 63: 1803:

sunk. Under the new arrangements from 19 January 1918 to war's end,

1538:

and with no idea of the composition of the German force ordered the

3336:. Vol. IV. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 311–315. 5315: 2211:(Sweden): 1,723 GRT 1,000 long tons (1,000 t) coal bound for 1690: 1570: 1418: 1373:

Neither destroyer captain had been told about the covering force;

1362: 1261: 1237:

on 12 December, for a sweep southwards along the west side of the

1017: 990: 896: 658: 1556: 552: 3517: 252: 3513: 2507: 2505: 1756:

signalled to the Admiralty that the sounds were probably from

1249:(Bovbjerg lighthouse) in Denmark and return during the night. 593:

In April 1917, the British began shipping coal north from the

2947: 2945: 2943: 2804: 2802: 2422:(depot ship) and the senior officer's ship, the old cruiser 1986:

worked to repair the ship but were not ready to sail until

1391:

were characteristically quick and accurate and before long,

1276:

there was a heavy swell and a southerly gale blowing and at

996:

Map of the Firth of Forth, showing Methil on the north shore

3497:

To Crown the Waves: The Great Navies of the First World War

2765: 2763: 1843:

the convoy was safe. When the partial wireless signal from

464: 3119: 3117: 5674:

Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

3044: 3042: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2721: 2719: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2613: 2611: 743:. The master, Roeneviz, was picked up by a lifeboat from 711:, Fox ordered "abandon ship" and eight men got away on a 470: 2534: 2532: 1629:

an hour before Heinrich read the wireless messages. By

3232: 3230: 3228: 3013: 3011: 2874: 2872: 2445:

pom-poms and two twin torpedo tubes; the trawlers one

1752:

reported firing from the same direction. The depot at

1339:, south-west of Bjørnafjorden, the route into Bergen. 3257:(1st ed.). Barnsley: Seaforth Pen & Sword). 2819: 2817: 861:

by when the German ships had reached the vicinity of

751:

and vainly signalled to the Germans to cease firing.

473: 1859:

ordered an inquiry over heads of the First Sea Lord

467: 461: 5600: 5521: 5460: 5422: 5366: 5355: 5259: 5231: 5179: 5101: 5075: 5027: 4980: 4920: 4913: 4741: 4623: 4498: 4400: 4327: 4228: 4132: 4094: 4029: 4020: 3963: 3837: 3826: 3792: 3764: 3726: 3678: 3631: 3624: 1929:crossed into Norwegian territorial waters at about 865:. Beatty sent new orders to the ships on patrol at 684:destroyed and the ship was left dead in the water. 458: 1464:. Some crewmen were rescued by the Germans and at 1155:, the entrance to Bergen. A covering force of the 1732:damaged. Heinrich searched for other ships until 818:were north of Bergen, running southwards for the 189:3rd Half-Flotilla: SMS G-101, G-103, G-104, V-100 3381:. Vol. XVIII (online scan ed.). 1933. 3293:The Starvation Blockades: Naval Blockades of WWI 1093:(British) sailed from Lerwick, due to reach the 826:(Horns Reef) about 9.3 mi (15 km) off 4490:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 1229:to be 30 nmi (35 mi; 56 km) off 1098: 580: 574: 568: 489:. Ships carrying coal from the loading port of 20: 5679:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany 1023:HMS Paladin (1916) a typical M-class destroyer 910:The commander of the High Seas Fleet, Admiral 3529: 3495:; Dickson, W. David; Worth, R., eds. (2013). 3404:Naval Operations (with accompanying map case) 1610:from Lerwick that had sailed on 10 December. 1120:(Lieutenant-Commander R. H. Ransome) and the 834:, the westernmost point of Denmark. At about 264: 8: 2056: 2027: 1665:on 12 December, the 4th Half-Flotilla found 1593:in the evening, that eight cruisers were at 1483:were sunk quickly but the twelve crewmen of 1288:in south-east Norway. Utsire was spotted at 1242: 1193: 926: 915: 882: 827: 819: 723:was fired on as the crew took to the boats. 502: 1576:East coast of Scotland and northern England 1114:(Lieutenant-Commander J. R. C. Cavendish), 153:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 5363: 5072: 4977: 4917: 4026: 3834: 3628: 3536: 3522: 3514: 271: 257: 249: 34: 17: 3435:Germany's High Sea Fleet in the World War 2002:a diplomatic solution was reached and at 1701:While the German destroyers were sinking 847:Admiral Commanding, Orkneys and Shetlands 4779:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3499:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 3295:. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. 1304:the Scandinavian convoy was sighted. By 668:(en route to Rosyth after the Armistice) 5156:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3183: 3084: 3048: 3029: 2998: 2983: 2967: 2951: 2934: 2922: 2890: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2781: 2754: 2725: 2682: 2646: 2617: 2578: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2489: 2358: 2307:Data from Dunn (2019) unless indicated 2280:Data from Dunn (2019) unless indicated 2223:Data from Dunn (2019) unless indicated 2199:(Norway): 1,101 GRT, possibly salt meat 2193:(Norway): 1,701 GRT, possibly salt meat 2170:Data from Dunn (2019) unless indicated 2114:Data from Dunn (2019) unless indicated 2035:Data from Dunn (2019) unless indicated 1966:arrived the next day with an order for 243:prisoner total: 61 (naval and merchant) 3147: 3072: 3060: 3033: 2963: 2808: 2710: 2629: 2602: 2574: 1705:, the Scandinavian convoy was passing 26:Part of The North Sea Campaign of the 5109:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4445:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3438:. London: Cassell. pp. 310–311. 2332:Data from Dunn 2019 unless indicated 1925:Under cover of the squalls and mist, 485:) in the Shetland Islands during the 7: 5513:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3236: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3171: 3159: 3135: 3123: 3108: 3096: 3017: 3002: 2971: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2878: 2863: 2823: 2793: 2769: 2737: 2698: 2686: 2670: 2658: 2523: 2511: 2496: 2227:Cruisers: from 2nd Cruiser Squadron 1696:Coal hoists at Immingham dock (1912) 1183:, with four destroyers, sailed from 786:returned later to rescue survivors. 497:The 2nd (destroyer) Flotilla of the 448:was a German naval operation in the 5669:North Sea operations of World War I 5442:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4236:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2590: 2187:(Denmark): 526 GRT, cargo not known 1511:At noon, the wireless operators on 4175:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2100:4th Half-Flotilla (Paul Heinrich) 700:transmitters were not working but 14: 1597:, several destroyers were in the 1495:, where they were picked up by a 1225:) with four destroyers sailed at 735:on fire and attacked the Swedish 565:Norwegian Shipowners' Association 4538:Second Battle of the Piave River 4160:Russian invasion of East Prussia 1913:; the convoy pilot, embarked on 1267:German diagram of the engagement 1014:British sailings, 10–11 December 853:and Beatty was informed between 454: 145: 132: 5609:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4809:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3487:– via Archive Foundation. 3453:– via Archive Foundation. 3424:– via Archive Foundation. 1955:arrived to take on the crew if 1487:got away by boat and landed on 1360:ordered the convoy to scatter. 800:Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff 191:4th Half-Flotilla: 5 destroyers 5709:Maritime incidents in Scotland 5432:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5291:Deportations from East Prussia 5088:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3274:A Naval History of World War I 1998:was due to run out of time at 1867:the commander in chief of the 1657:4th Half-Flotilla, 12 December 1567:4th Half-Flotilla, 11 December 1: 5343:Ukrainian Canadian internment 1815:in Scandinavian convoys with 1542:the 2nd Cruiser Squadron and 1425: 558:The Norwegian Prime Minister 446:action of 11–12 December 1917 316:Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby 21:Action of 11–12 December 1917 5498:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4797:Estonian War of Independence 4465:Southern Palestine offensive 3396:– via www navy gov au. 2937:, pp. 191–192, 197–198. 2740:, pp. 171–173, 177–188. 2061:Paul Heinrich (destroyers, ) 5452:USA against Austria-Hungary 4851:Turkish War of Independence 4803:Latvian War of Independence 4528:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4119:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2110:Scandinavian convoy escorts 1917:, was among the prisoners. 1857:First Lord of the Admiralty 987:Scandinavian convoy changes 677:on 17 October, lookouts on 5730: 5535:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5083:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4543:Second Battle of the Marne 4430:Second battle of the Aisne 4299:Second Battle of Champagne 4140:German invasion of Belgium 1811:During the war there were 1633:the convoy had passed the 1200:3rd Light Cruiser Squadron 890: 652: 543: 401:Action of 15 February 1918 5641: 5316:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 4845:Irish War of Independence 4588:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4573:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4185:First Battle of the Marne 3551: 3466:Fayle, C. Ernest (1924). 2437:The destroyers had three 2276:Lerwick–Immingham escorts 1974:After various diplomatic 1713:the destroyers came upon 1563:, escaping the cruisers. 1515:received the signal from 1040:estuary, escorted by the 1006:convoys should sail from 763:as they made for home at 286: 222: 183: 158: 125: 42: 33: 25: 5704:20th century in Shetland 5468:Constantinople Agreement 4761:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4624:Co-belligerent conflicts 4593:Second Romanian campaign 4563:Third Transjordan attack 4274:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4180:Battle of Grand Couronné 3401:Newbolt, H. J. (2003) . 3272:Halpern, P. G. (1995) . 3162:, pp. 182–183, 186. 2514:, pp. 133, 130–131. 2303:Lerwick–Immingham convoy 1827:sailings in convoys and 1424:German destroyer G-101, 5531:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5483:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4791:Greater Poland Uprising 4691:National Protection War 4568:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4518:German spring offensive 4513:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4289:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4264:Second Battle of Artois 4145:Battle of the Frontiers 1990:after the deadline. At 849:received the signal at 589:The Scandinavian convoy 5556:Paris Peace Conference 5544:Ukraine–Central Powers 5338:Massacres of Albanians 5306:Late Ottoman genocides 5113:Bulgarian occupations 4821:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4785:Hungarian–Romanian War 4603:Naval Victory Bulletin 4598:Armistice with Germany 4548:Hundred Days Offensive 4475:Battle of La Malmaison 4425:Second battle of Arras 4392:Battle of Transylvania 4246:Second Battle of Ypres 4114:Sarajevo assassination 4003:South African Republic 2181:(GRT), cargo not known 2057: 2028: 1698: 1578: 1432: 1370: 1269: 1243: 1194: 1099: 1025: 998: 927: 916: 907: 883: 828: 820: 670: 581: 575: 569: 503: 159:Commanders and leaders 5566:Treaty of St. Germain 5539:Russia–Central Powers 5493:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5321:Pontic Greek genocide 5296:Destruction of Kalisz 5272:Eastern Mediterranean 4833:Polish–Lithuanian War 4615:Armistice of Belgrade 4578:Armistice of Salonica 4508:Operation Faustschlag 4455:Third Battle of Oituz 4377:Baranovichi offensive 4345:Lake Naroch offensive 4319:Battle of Robat Karim 4294:Vistula–Bug offensive 4269:Battles of the Isonzo 4200:First Battle of Ypres 3310:Hurd, A. S. (2003) . 1994:on 14 December, when 1694: 1653:, their destination. 1574: 1503:and a few lifeboats. 1422: 1366: 1265: 1021: 994: 931:Hans Kolbe) with the 900: 662: 223:Casualties and losses 5561:Treaty of Versailles 5277:Mount Lebanon famine 5192:in the United States 5160:Russian occupations 4874:Turkish–Armenian War 4815:Polish–Ukrainian War 4755:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4702:Central Asian Revolt 4485:Armistice of Focșani 4215:Battle of Sarikamish 4165:Battle of Tannenberg 3561:Military engagements 3291:Hawkins, N. (2003). 3253:Dunn, S. R. (2019). 3198:, pp. 177, 180. 3032:, pp. 186–188; 3001:, pp. 186–188; 2893:, pp. 190–191; 2862:, pp. 189–190; 2772:, pp. 180, 282. 1978:, while the crew of 1791:convoyed eastwards, 1736:then sailed back to 1635:Longstone Lighthouse 1548:Battle Cruiser Force 1544:4th Cruiser Squadron 1468:three were found by 1435:After opening fire, 1181:2nd Cruiser Squadron 1179:in command), of the 936:-class torpedo boats 755:was finished off by 698:range and deflection 570:Norges Rederiforbund 499:Imperial German Navy 391:2nd Heligoland Bight 296:1st Heligoland Bight 5714:October 1917 events 5699:History of Shetland 5628:They shall not pass 5551:Treaty of Bucharest 5508:Treaty of Bucharest 5447:USA against Germany 5424:Declarations of war 5128:German occupations 5041:British casualties 4900:Soviet–Georgian War 4827:Egyptian Revolution 4767:Armeno-Georgian War 4631:Somaliland campaign 4583:Armistice of Mudros 4460:Battle of Caporetto 4450:Battle of Mărășești 4420:Zimmermann telegram 4415:February Revolution 4360:Battle of the Somme 4284:Bug-Narew Offensive 4259:Battle of Gallipoli 4251:Sinking of the RMS 4043:Scramble for Africa 4037:Franco-Prussian War 3693:Sinai and Palestine 3358:. London: Pimlico. 3186:, pp. 193–194. 3174:, pp. 185–186. 3150:, pp. 313–314. 3126:, pp. 186–188. 3111:, pp. 186–187. 3099:, pp. 183–184. 3087:, pp. 379–380. 2986:, pp. 186–187. 2954:, pp. 186–188. 2925:, pp. 190–191. 2850:, pp. 189–190. 2838:, pp. 188–189. 2811:, pp. 312–313. 2796:, pp. 177–178. 2605:, pp. 293–294. 2593:, pp. 270–271. 2499:, pp. 129–130. 2269:+2 other destroyers 2179:Gross Register Tons 2166:Scandinavian convoy 2146:Commander Fullerton 2064:3rd Half-Flotilla: 1540:5th Battle Squadron 1450:Commander Fullerton 1323: / 1133:Commander Fullerton 1100:Marstein fyrstasjon 1095:Marstein Lighthouse 778:and the Belgian SS 526:gross register tons 396:11–12 December 1917 280:North Sea 1914–1918 85: / 50:11–12 December 1917 5588:Treaty of Lausanne 5503:Paris Economy Pact 5437:UK against Germany 5367:Entry into the war 5333:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5052:Ottoman casualties 4862:Franco-Turkish War 4742:Post-War conflicts 4726:Russian Revolution 4708:Invasion of Darfur 4673:Kelantan rebellion 4661:Kurdish rebellions 4637:Mexican Revolution 4470:October Revolution 4435:Kerensky offensive 4410:Capture of Baghdad 4387:Monastir offensive 4372:Brusilov offensive 4210:Battle of Kolubara 4049:Russo-Japanese War 2029:Kaiserliche Marine 1699: 1579: 1433: 1371: 1270: 1198:from Lerwick. The 1122:Admiralty trawlers 1026: 999: 908: 739:and the Norwegian 671: 655:Action off Lerwick 649:Action off Lerwick 597:to Lerwick in the 504:Kaiserliche Marine 174:J. R. C. Cavendish 5684:Conflicts in 1917 5654: 5653: 5637: 5636: 5621:The Golden Virgin 5615:Mutilated victory 5596: 5595: 5576:Treaty of Trianon 5571:Treaty of Neuilly 5478:Damascus Protocol 5351: 5350: 5311:Armenian genocide 5268:Allied blockades 5240:Belgian refugees 5023: 5022: 4933:Strategic bombing 4909: 4908: 4894:Franco-Syrian War 4868:Greco-Turkish War 4856:Anglo-Turkish War 4839:Polish–Soviet War 4773:German Revolution 4749:Russian Civil War 4732:Finnish Civil War 4558:Battle of Megiddo 4533:Battle of Goychay 4480:Battle of Cambrai 4440:Battle of Mărăști 4355:Battle of Jutland 4335:Erzurum offensive 4190:Siege of Przemyśl 4170:Siege of Tsingtao 4155:Battle of Galicia 4085:Second Balkan War 4073:Italo-Turkish War 4030:Pre-War conflicts 4016: 4015: 3906:Portuguese Empire 3822: 3821: 3784:German New Guinea 3766:Asian and Pacific 3506:978-1-61251-269-3 3414:978-1-84342-493-2 3365:978-1-84413-411-3 3350:Massie, Robert K. 3321:978-1-84342-567-0 3312:The Merchant Navy 3302:978-0-85052-908-1 3264:978-1-5267-2663-6 2897:, pp. 73–74. 2205:(Sweden): 832 GRT 2177:(Britain): 2,284 2013:New convoy system 1982:, with help from 1921:Subsequent events 1258:3rd Half-Flotilla 1157:armoured cruisers 770:, the British SS 439: 438: 301:22 September 1914 247: 246: 121: 120: 5721: 5689:1917 in Scotland 5581:Treaty of Sèvres 5473:Treaty of London 5364: 5142:Northeast France 5073: 5045:Parliamentarians 4978: 4940:Chemical weapons 4918: 4679:Senussi campaign 4649:Muscat rebellion 4643:Maritz rebellion 4611: 4553:Vardar offensive 4382:Battle of Romani 4350:Battle of Asiago 4340:Battle of Verdun 4304:Kosovo offensive 4079:First Balkan War 4027: 3926:Russian Republic 3835: 3629: 3571:Economic history 3538: 3531: 3524: 3515: 3510: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3380: 3369: 3345: 3325: 3306: 3287: 3268: 3240: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3037: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3006: 2996: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2867: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2812: 2806: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2758: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2435: 2429: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2060: 2031: 2022:Orders of battle 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1973: 1932: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819:lost, a rate of 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799:convoyed ships, 1798: 1794: 1790: 1747: 1743: 1735: 1724: 1712: 1686: 1682: 1664: 1645:and the Swedish 1632: 1628: 1584: 1553: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1493:Selbjørnsfjorden 1467: 1456: 1430: 1427: 1406: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327:59.833°N 3.833°E 1324: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1248: 1236: 1228: 1223:Louis Woollcombe 1197: 1190: 1102: 1031: 978: 954:-class destroyer 930: 928:Korvettenkapitän 921: 886: 872: 868: 860: 856: 852: 837: 833: 825: 809: 766: 676: 599:Shetland Islands 584: 578: 572: 546:The Neutral Ally 516:Neutral shipping 506: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 376:2nd Dover Strait 366:1st Dover Strait 346:29 February 1916 331:Noordhinder Bank 281: 273: 266: 259: 250: 151: 149: 148: 138: 136: 135: 109: 108: 106: 105: 104: 102: 97: 96: 91: 86: 83: 82: 81: 78: 44: 43: 38: 18: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5659: 5658: 5655: 5650: 5633: 5592: 5524: 5517: 5488:Treaty of Darin 5456: 5418: 5374:Austria-Hungary 5360: 5347: 5328:Rape of Belgium 5255: 5227: 5175: 5169:Western Armenia 5164:Eastern Galicia 5097: 5071: 5035: 5034:Civilian impact 5033: 5019: 4976: 4905: 4737: 4667:Ovambo Uprising 4619: 4605: 4494: 4396: 4323: 4241:Battle of Łomża 4224: 4220:Christmas truce 4195:Race to the Sea 4128: 4090: 4012: 3983:Austria-Hungary 3959: 3894:Empire of Japan 3831: 3829: 3818: 3802:U-boat campaign 3788: 3760: 3722: 3674: 3620: 3601:Popular culture 3547: 3542: 3507: 3491: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3462: 3460:Further reading 3457: 3448: 3446: 3428: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3400: 3391: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3348: 3328: 3322: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3284: 3271: 3265: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3040: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3009: 2997: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970:, p. 378; 2966:, p. 311; 2962: 2958: 2950: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921:, p. 182; 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2870: 2858: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2685:, p. 378; 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577:, p. 747; 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2453: 2436: 2432: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2330: 2312:Peter Willemoes 2305: 2278: 2236:Vincent Molteno 2221: 2168: 2152:Lord Alverstone 2135:Armed trawlers 2112: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1976:tergiversations 1971: 1940:offered to tow 1930: 1923: 1881: 1832: 1831:a loss rate of 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809:2,185 sailings. 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797:1,806 westbound 1796: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1770: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1722: 1710: 1703:Peter Willemoes 1697: 1684: 1680: 1674:, on the north 1667:Peter Willemoes 1662: 1659: 1643:Peter Willemoes 1630: 1626: 1582: 1577: 1569: 1551: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1509: 1465: 1454: 1431: 1428: 1404: 1369: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1289: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1234: 1226: 1188: 1173:Vincent Molteno 1139:Lord Alverstone 1029: 1024: 1016: 997: 989: 976: 912:Reinhard Scheer 906: 895: 893:High Seas Fleet 889: 879: 870: 866: 858: 854: 850: 835: 807: 792: 764: 674: 669: 657: 651: 591: 548: 542: 518: 513: 487:First World War 457: 453: 442: 441: 440: 435: 431:24 October 1918 341:2nd Dogger Bank 326:1st Dogger Bank 291:U-Boat Campaign 282: 279: 277: 242: 237: 235: 234:: 97 men killed 206: 190: 178:Vincent Molteno 176: 167: 165:Reinhard Scheer 146: 144: 133: 131: 100: 98: 94: 92: 88: 87: 84: 79: 76: 74: 72: 71: 70: 28:First World War 12: 11: 5: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5631: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5523:Peace treaties 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5409:United Kingdom 5406: 5401: 5399:Ottoman Empire 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5303: 5301:Sack of Dinant 5298: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5265: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5249:United Kingdom 5246: 5237: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5209: 5203:POW locations 5201: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5185: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5079: 5077: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5054: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5038: 5036: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5003:United Kingdom 5000: 4998:Ottoman Empire 4995: 4990: 4984: 4982: 4975: 4974: 4972:Trench warfare 4969: 4968: 4967: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4924: 4922: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4688: 4685:Volta-Bani War 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4523:Zeebrugge Raid 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4314:Battle of Loos 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4205:Black Sea raid 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4107:Historiography 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4061:Bosnian Crisis 4058: 4055:Tangier Crisis 4052: 4046: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3988:Ottoman Empire 3985: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3967: 3965:Central Powers 3961: 3960: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3948:British Empire 3943:United Kingdom 3940: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3921:Russian Empire 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3841: 3839:Entente Powers 3832: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3807:North Atlantic 3798: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3718:Central Arabia 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3682: 3680:Middle Eastern 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3637: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3581:Historiography 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3489: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3455: 3426: 3413: 3398: 3370: 3364: 3346: 3326: 3320: 3307: 3301: 3288: 3282: 3269: 3263: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241: 3239:, p. 178. 3224: 3222:, p. 282. 3212: 3210:, p. 180. 3200: 3188: 3176: 3164: 3152: 3140: 3138:, p. 188. 3128: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3075:, p. 314. 3065: 3063:, p. 314. 3053: 3051:, p. 188. 3038: 3036:, p. 312. 3022: 3020:, p. 179. 3007: 3005:, p. 179. 2988: 2976: 2974:, p. 177. 2956: 2939: 2927: 2911: 2899: 2883: 2881:, p. 181. 2868: 2866:, p. 181. 2852: 2840: 2828: 2813: 2798: 2786: 2784:, p. 185. 2774: 2759: 2757:, p. 186. 2742: 2730: 2728:, p. 157. 2715: 2713:, p. 311. 2703: 2701:, p. 177. 2691: 2689:, p. 180. 2675: 2673:, p. 166. 2663: 2661:, p. 165. 2651: 2649:, p. 154. 2634: 2632:, p. 297. 2622: 2620:, p. 184. 2607: 2595: 2583: 2581:, p. 152. 2567: 2565:, p. 152. 2555: 2543: 2541:, p. 376. 2528: 2526:, p. 133. 2516: 2501: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2470: 2460: 2451: 2430: 2416:, the cruiser 2367: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2348:+ two trawlers 2346: 2340: 2329: 2328:Armed trawlers 2326: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2239: 2220: 2219:Covering force 2217: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2062: 2055:2nd Flotilla: 2053: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2011: 1922: 1919: 1880: 1877: 1813:7,653 sailings 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1695: 1676:Northumberland 1658: 1655: 1591:Firth of Forth 1575: 1568: 1565: 1508: 1507:Covering force 1505: 1489:Stolmen Island 1485:Lord Alverston 1481:Lord Alverston 1423: 1367: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1221:, SNO Captain 1022: 1015: 1012: 995: 988: 985: 901: 891:Main article: 888: 880: 878: 875: 873:the next day. 843:Frederic Brock 791: 788: 663: 653:Main article: 650: 647: 595:Humber Estuary 590: 587: 560:Gunnar Knudson 544:Main article: 541: 538: 530:Central Powers 517: 514: 512: 509: 437: 436: 434: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 361:19 August 1916 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 284: 283: 278: 276: 275: 268: 261: 253: 245: 244: 229: 225: 224: 220: 219: 192: 186: 185: 181: 180: 171: 161: 160: 156: 155: 142: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117:German victory 115: 111: 110: 58: 56: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 31: 30: 23: 22: 16: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5726: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5657: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5414:United States 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5031: 5026: 5016: 5015:United States 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4966: 4965:Convoy system 4963: 4962: 4961: 4960:Naval warfare 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4720:Kaocen revolt 4718: 4715: 4714:Easter Rising 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279:Great Retreat 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4150:Battle of Cer 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4067:Agadir Crisis 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3955:United States 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872:French Empire 3870: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3825: 3815: 3814:Mediterranean 3812: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3794:Naval warfare 3791: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3670:Italian Front 3668: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3658:Eastern Front 3656: 3654: 3653:Western Front 3651: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3611:Puppet states 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3519: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330:Marder, A. J. 3327: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3283:1-85728-498-4 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2909:, p. 74. 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2829: 2826:, p. 73. 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2553:, p. 62. 2552: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2447:3-pounder gun 2444: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970:to depart by 1969: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1928: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861:John Jellicoe 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1829:126 sinkings, 1795:sunk; of the 1784: 1781: 1780:Arthur Marder 1772: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1754:North Shields 1751: 1740:, meeting at 1739: 1731: 1728:was sunk and 1727: 1720: 1716: 1708: 1707:Coquet Island 1704: 1693: 1689: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:Farne Islands 1636: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1463: 1462: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1332:59.833; 3.833 1298: 1287: 1283: 1264: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1233:in Norway by 1232: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1153:Bjørnafjorden 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1089:(Danish) and 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1020: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1003: 993: 986: 984: 982: 973: 972: 966: 961: 959: 955: 953: 948: 944: 940: 937: 935: 929: 924: 923:Paul Heinrich 920: 919: 913: 905: 902:Chart of the 899: 894: 885: 884:Hochseeflotte 881: 876: 874: 864: 848: 844: 840: 832: 831: 824: 823: 817: 813: 805: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 681: 667: 661: 656: 648: 646: 643: 642: 636: 635: 629: 628: 622: 621: 615: 614: 608: 607: 600: 596: 588: 586: 583: 582:Rederiforbund 577: 576:Rederiforbund 571: 566: 561: 556: 554: 547: 539: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 515: 510: 508: 505: 500: 495: 492: 488: 484: 478: 451: 447: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:16 March 1917 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 285: 274: 269: 267: 262: 260: 255: 254: 251: 240: 233: 230: 227: 226: 221: 218: 217: 212: 211: 205: 204: 199: 198: 193: 188: 187: 182: 179: 175: 172: 170: 169:Paul Heinrich 166: 163: 162: 157: 154: 143: 141: 140:German Empire 130: 129: 124: 116: 113: 112: 107: 69: 65: 61: 57: 54: 53: 49: 46: 45: 41: 37: 32: 29: 24: 19: 5656: 5626: 5619: 5607: 5214: / 5146: 4981:Conscription 4945:Cryptography 4882:Iraqi Revolt 4309:Siege of Kut 4252: 3830:participants 3779:German Samoa 3713:South Arabia 3496: 3481:. Retrieved 3468: 3447:. Retrieved 3434: 3418:. Retrieved 3403: 3390:. Retrieved 3374: 3354: 3333: 3311: 3292: 3273: 3254: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3184:Newbolt 2003 3179: 3167: 3155: 3143: 3131: 3104: 3092: 3085:Halpern 1995 3080: 3068: 3056: 3049:Newbolt 2003 3030:Newbolt 2003 3025: 2999:Newbolt 2003 2984:Newbolt 2003 2979: 2968:Halpern 1995 2959: 2952:Newbolt 2003 2935:Newbolt 2003 2930: 2923:Newbolt 2003 2914: 2902: 2891:Newbolt 2003 2886: 2860:Newbolt 2003 2855: 2848:Newbolt 2003 2843: 2836:Newbolt 2003 2831: 2789: 2782:Newbolt 2003 2777: 2755:Newbolt 2003 2733: 2726:Newbolt 2003 2706: 2694: 2683:Halpern 1995 2678: 2666: 2654: 2647:Newbolt 2003 2625: 2618:Newbolt 2003 2598: 2586: 2579:Newbolt 2003 2570: 2563:Newbolt 2003 2558: 2551:Hawkins 2003 2546: 2539:Halpern 1995 2519: 2492: 2473: 2463: 2454: 2433: 2424: 2418: 2413:Morning Star 2412: 2406: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2342: 2336: 2331: 2317: 2311: 2306: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2264: 2258: 2242: 2231: 2222: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2174: 2169: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2128: 2122: 2113: 2103:5 Destroyers 2092: 2085: 2079: 2072: 2047: 2041: 2034: 2016: 2006: 1995: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1865:David Beatty 1863:and Admiral 1844: 1837: 1785: 1776: 1761: 1757: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1714: 1702: 1700: 1666: 1660: 1646: 1642: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1580: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1500: 1497:Sjøforsvaret 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1460: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1413: 1408: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1299: 1271: 1245:Bovbjerg Fyr 1217: 1211: 1205: 1176: 1167: 1161: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1116: 1110: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:(Norwegian) 1074: 1070: 1065: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1027: 1008:Methil Docks 1004: 1000: 970: 962: 957: 951: 946: 942: 938: 933: 909: 838: 815: 811: 803: 796:Henry Oliver 793: 783: 779: 775: 772:City of Cork 771: 767: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 713:Carley float 708: 706: 701: 693: 689: 685: 679: 672: 665: 640: 633: 626: 619: 612: 605: 592: 557: 549: 534:4.7-inch gun 519: 496: 482: 445: 443: 421:Mine Barrage 395: 351:2nd Yarmouth 336:Lowca/Parton 311:1st Yarmouth 238: 231: 215: 209: 202: 196: 126:Belligerents 5244:Netherlands 5221:Switzerland 5102:Occupations 5093:Spanish flu 4870:(1919–1922) 4864:(1918–1921) 4858:(1918–1923) 4847:(1919–1921) 4841:(1919–1921) 4835:(1919–1920) 4811:(1918–1920) 4805:(1918–1920) 4799:(1918–1920) 4781:(1918–1920) 4763:(1918–1920) 4757:(1917–1921) 4751:(1917–1921) 4698:(1916-1918) 4696:Arab Revolt 4687:(1915–1917) 4681:(1915–1917) 4669:(1914-1917) 4663:(1914–1917) 4657:(1914–1921) 4651:(1913–1920) 4639:(1910–1920) 4633:(1900–1920) 4606: [ 4124:July Crisis 4045:(1880–1914) 3708:Mesopotamia 3586:Home fronts 3545:World War I 3449:10 December 3148:Scheer 1920 3073:Marder 1969 3061:Scheer 1920 3034:Scheer 1920 2964:Marder 1969 2809:Scheer 1920 2711:Scheer 1920 2630:Marder 1969 2603:Marder 1969 2575:Massie 2003 2439:4-inch guns 2284:Destroyers 2254:Destroyers 2247:John Harper 2245:(Commander 2197:Kong Magnus 2140:Livingstone 2118:Destroyers 1961:HNoMS 1935:HNoMS 1907:Livingstone 1869:Grand Fleet 1853:Eric Geddes 1825:30,713 ship 1805:2,045 ships 1789:1,617 ships 1491:, north of 1446:Livingstone 1429: 1916 1330: / 1127:Livingstone 1085:(Swedish), 1075:Kong Magnus 830:Blåvandshuk 737:H. Wikander 236:52 captured 93: / 5663:Categories 5461:Agreements 5261:War crimes 5137:Luxembourg 5030:Casualties 3901:Montenegro 3736:South West 3616:Technology 3606:Propaganda 3596:Opposition 3493:O'Hara, V. 3430:Scheer, R. 3342:1072069754 3246:References 2323:4 colliers 2213:Gothenburg 2066:Hans Kolbe 2048:Königsberg 2000:6:30 a.m., 1992:00:30 a.m. 1988:5:30 p.m., 1879:Casualties 1750:Hartlepool 1742:4:15 p.pm. 1723:4:30 a.m.; 1685:11:30 p.m. 1661:At around 1631:11:00 p.m. 1627:4:00 p.m., 1583:4:00 p.m., 1536:12:20 p.m. 1466:2:20 p.m., 1405:12:20 p.m. 1302:11:30 p.m. 1294:10:00 a.m. 1218:Birkenhead 1189:10:00 p.m. 1185:Scapa Flow 1042:destroyers 965:Hans Kolbe 859:5:00 p.m., 776:Ben Cleugh 511:Background 416:2nd Ostend 411:1st Ostend 381:4 May 1917 241:: 4 killed 99: ( 5358:Diplomacy 5065:Olympians 4988:Australia 4955:Logistics 4888:Vlora War 4817:(1918–19) 4793:(1918–19) 4787:(1918–19) 4775:(1918–19) 4722:(1916–17) 4704:(1916–17) 4655:Zaian War 4645:(1914–15) 4365:first day 4253:Lusitania 4081:(1912–13) 4075:(1911–12) 4063:(1908–09) 4057:(1905–06) 4039:(1870–71) 3828:Principal 3688:Gallipoli 3591:Memorials 3576:Geography 3566:Aftermath 3478:310597113 3444:495246260 3387:816504329 3237:Dunn 2019 3220:Dunn 2019 3208:Dunn 2019 3196:Dunn 2019 3172:Dunn 2019 3160:Dunn 2019 3136:Dunn 2019 3124:Dunn 2019 3109:Dunn 2019 3097:Dunn 2019 3018:Dunn 2019 3003:Dunn 2019 2972:Dunn 2019 2919:Dunn 2019 2907:Hurd 2003 2895:Hurd 2003 2879:Dunn 2019 2864:Dunn 2019 2824:Hurd 2003 2794:Dunn 2019 2770:Dunn 2019 2738:Dunn 2019 2699:Dunn 2019 2687:Dunn 2019 2671:Dunn 2019 2659:Dunn 2019 2524:Dunn 2019 2512:Dunn 2019 2497:Dunn 2019 2485:Footnotes 2443:2-pounder 2419:Brilliant 2396:Strongbow 2386:Mary Rose 2345:(damaged) 2337:J J Smart 2320:(Denmark) 2265:Sorceress 2234:(Captain 2185:Maracaibo 2129:Partridge 2058:Kommodore 2040:SMS 2004:6:20 a.m. 1972:3:00 p.m. 1950:HMS 1931:3:00 p.m. 1899:Partridge 1890:Partridge 1885:Partridge 1845:Partridge 1768:Aftermath 1746:4:00 a.m. 1734:5:00 a.m. 1711:4:00 a.m. 1681:9:30 p.m. 1672:Seahouses 1663:0:30 a.m. 1623:Fife Ness 1587:Inchkeith 1552:1:03 p.m. 1517:Partridge 1472:Sorceress 1470:HMS 1459:HMS 1455:6:30 p.m. 1414:Partridge 1409:Partridge 1400:Partridge 1393:Partridge 1388:Partridge 1379:Partridge 1350:Partridge 1345:Partridge 1290:6:00 a.m. 1278:3:00 a.m. 1274:9:00 p.m. 1239:Skaggerak 1235:8:30 a.m. 1227:5:15 p.m. 1204:HMS 1171:(Captain 1160:HMS 1125:HMT 1117:Partridge 1109:HMS 1087:Maracaibo 1058:HMS 1045:HMS 1034:Immingham 1030:2:00 p.m. 981:Newcastle 977:4:00 p.m. 969:SMS 918:Kommodore 904:Skagerrak 871:5:00 a.m. 867:6:15 p.m. 863:Stavanger 855:4:00 p.m. 851:3:50 p.m. 836:3:30 p.m. 822:Horns Rev 808:2:20 p.m. 782:escaped; 780:Londinier 768:P. Fannon 765:8:20 a.m. 753:Margrethe 733:Margrethe 721:Margrethe 717:Strongbow 709:Mary Rose 702:Mary Rose 694:Mary Rose 686:Mary Rose 680:Strongbow 675:6:00 a.m. 673:At about 639:HMS 522:North Sea 491:Immingham 450:North Sea 406:Zeebrugge 232:Partridge 228:3 wounded 208:HMS 203:Partridge 195:HMS 101:North Sea 60:North Sea 5646:Category 5233:Refugees 5199:Italians 5188:Germans 5148:Ober Ost 4928:Aviation 4022:Timeline 3993:Bulgaria 3774:Tsingtao 3751:Togoland 3698:Caucasus 3633:European 3625:Theatres 3432:(1920). 3352:(2003). 3332:(1969). 2591:NSM 1933 2391:Obedient 2381:Sarpedon 2314:(Sweden) 2243:Minotaur 2052:cruiser) 1817:55 ships 1773:Analysis 1726:JJ Smart 1546:and the 1212:Yarmouth 1195:en route 1168:Minotaur 774:and SAS 749:Kristine 741:Kristine 632:SM 625:SM 618:SM 611:SM 604:SM 321:Cuxhaven 184:Strength 90:56°N 3°E 55:Location 5694:Lerwick 5384:Germany 5284:Germany 5212:Germany 5132:Belgium 5117:Albania 5076:Disease 5056:Sports 5008:Ireland 4921:Warfare 4914:Aspects 4102:Origins 4095:Prelude 3998:Senussi 3978:Germany 3973:Leaders 3911:Romania 3852:Belgium 3847:Leaders 3746:Kamerun 3728:African 3663:Romania 3641:Balkans 3556:Outline 3483:28 June 2468:(2019). 2425:Leander 2376:Marmion 2232:Shannon 2209:Bothnia 2203:Torleif 2191:Bollsta 2175:Cordova 1996:Sabrina 1984:Sabrina 1952:Sabrina 1911:Cordova 1909:and SS 1849:bearing 1840:Room 40 1833:.41 per 1821:.72 per 1801:23 were 1793:17 were 1637:on the 1559:in the 1529:⁄ 1513:Shannon 1315:59°50′N 1286:Drammen 1253:Actions 1206:Chatham 1177:Shannon 1162:Shannon 1103:) near 1091:Cordova 1083:Bothnia 1079:Torleif 1071:Bollsta 1036:in the 877:Prelude 816:Brummer 804:Brummer 790:Pursuit 761:Brummer 729:Brummer 690:Brummer 666:Brummer 483:Lerrick 426:Tondern 386:Lerwick 356:Jutland 5404:Russia 5379:France 5207:Canada 5122:Serbia 4993:Canada 4950:Horses 4902:(1921) 4896:(1920) 4890:(1920) 4884:(1920) 4876:(1920) 4829:(1919) 4823:(1919) 4769:(1918) 4734:(1918) 4728:(1917) 4716:(1916) 4710:(1916) 4675:(1915) 4087:(1913) 4069:(1911) 4051:(1905) 4008:Darfur 3933:Serbia 3916:Russia 3879:Greece 3867:France 3857:Brazil 3703:Persia 3646:Serbia 3503: 3476: 3442: 3420:16 May 3411: 3392:16 May 3385: 3362: 3340: 3318: 3299: 3280: 3261: 2441:, two 2407:Marvel 2401:Tirade 2343:Ranter 2339:(sunk) 2238:, SNO) 2123:Pellew 2050:-class 2007:Pellew 1980:Pellew 1968:Pellew 1957:Pellew 1946:Pellew 1942:Pellew 1927:Pellew 1894:Pellew 1855:, the 1835:cent. 1730:Ranter 1604:Rother 1595:Rosyth 1561:Baltic 1501:Pellew 1442:Pellew 1437:Pellew 1384:Pellew 1375:Pellew 1358:Pellew 1354:Pellew 1341:Pellew 1318:3°50′E 1282:Utsira 1111:Pellew 1105:Bergen 1060:Rother 1038:Humber 845:, the 812:Bremse 798:, the 757:Bremse 725:Bremse 641:Itchen 540:Norway 239:Pellew 197:Pellew 150: 137: 114:Result 68:Norway 64:Bergen 62:, off 5601:Other 5394:Japan 5389:Italy 5216:camps 5060:Rugby 4610:] 3889:Japan 3884:Italy 3862:China 3756:North 3379:(PDF) 2449:each. 2353:Notes 2295:Garry 2259:Sable 2158:Tokio 2093:V-100 2086:G-104 2080:G-103 2073:G-101 2042:Emden 1963:Brand 1915:Tokio 1903:Tokio 1762:Garry 1738:Emden 1651:Blyth 1619:Garry 1477:Tokio 1461:Sable 1398:With 1306:11:45 1231:Jæren 1145:Tokio 1053:Garry 971:Emden 958:V-100 947:G-104 943:G-103 939:G-101 839:Elise 784:Elise 745:Habil 731:left 634:UC-55 306:Texel 216:Garry 95:56; 3 5181:POWs 4500:1918 4402:1917 4328:1916 4229:1915 4133:1914 3938:Siam 3741:East 3501:ISBN 3485:2020 3474:OCLC 3451:2020 3440:OCLC 3422:2020 3409:ISBN 3394:2020 3383:OCLC 3360:ISBN 3338:OCLC 3316:ISBN 3297:ISBN 3278:ISBN 3259:ISBN 2374:HMS 2318:Nike 2293:HMS 2289:Ouse 2287:HMS 2263:HMS 2257:HMS 2241:HMS 2230:HMS 2156:HMT 2150:HMT 2144:HMT 2138:HMT 2127:HMS 2121:HMS 2091:SMS 2084:SMS 2078:SMS 2071:SMS 1937:Hvas 1760:and 1758:Ouse 1719:Nike 1715:Nike 1647:Nike 1617:and 1615:Ouse 1606:and 1599:Tyne 1557:Kiel 1479:and 1386:and 1343:and 1215:and 1165:and 1142:and 1081:and 1073:and 1063:and 1050:and 1047:Ouse 956:SMS 952:B 97 934:G101 887:plan 857:and 814:and 759:and 727:and 664:SMS 630:and 627:U-52 620:U-94 613:U-60 606:U-67 553:Oslo 444:The 210:Ouse 80:03°E 77:56°N 47:Date 1683:to 1625:by 1608:Moy 1581:At 1457:by 1300:At 1241:to 1187:at 1175:of 1066:Moy 1028:At 555:). 5665:: 4608:It 3227:^ 3116:^ 3041:^ 3010:^ 2991:^ 2942:^ 2871:^ 2816:^ 2801:^ 2762:^ 2745:^ 2718:^ 2637:^ 2610:^ 2531:^ 2504:^ 2410:, 2404:, 2398:, 2394:, 2388:, 2384:, 2378:, 1948:. 1905:, 1901:, 1871:. 1475:. 1426:c. 1209:, 1148:. 1136:, 1130:, 983:. 945:, 941:, 623:, 616:, 609:, 481:, 213:, 200:, 66:, 5032:/ 3537:e 3530:t 3523:v 3509:. 3368:. 3344:. 3324:. 3305:. 3286:. 3267:. 2428:. 2249:) 2045:( 1531:2 1527:1 1524:+ 1522:2 1202:( 1097:( 567:( 501:( 477:/ 474:k 471:ɪ 468:r 465:ɛ 462:l 459:ˈ 456:/ 272:e 265:t 258:v 103:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

Action of 11–12 December 1917

Index