40:
595:
with AGEP and specific drugs have not been identified. A study conducted in 1995 identified of HLA-B51, HLA-DR11, and HLA-DQ3 of unknown serotypes to be associated with development of AGEP but the results have not been confirmed, expanded to identify the serotypes involved, nor therefore useful in identifying individuals predisposed to develop AGEP in response to any drug. Similarly, a specific T cell receptor variant has been associated with the development of DRESS syndrome, SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN but not AGEP.
848:, are potentially lethal complications of AGEP; preventative methods and rapid treatment of such infections with appropriate antibiotics and, where needed, further supportive measures are critical in the treatment of this complication. Overall, however, AGEP has a lethality of less than 5% with recent reports showing no fatalities. Typically, individuals with AGEP have rapid rates of recovery even in when experiencing the cited complications.
828:
discontinued drug(s). In cases of multiple drug intake, skin and/or in vitro testing may be of some use in identifying the offending drug. Beyond identifying and discontinuing the offending drug, individuals with mild symptoms may require no further treatment. Those troubled by more significant symptoms such as itching or fever may require
819:(SJS/TEN). SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN, while initially described as distinct adverse drug-induced cutaneous reactions are now regarded as manifestations of epidermal necrolysis differing only in extent of skin involvement. While all of five SCARs disorders are potentially lethal, AGEP has the lowest mortality of the group.
594:
associated with development of DRESS syndrome, SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN in response to various drugs which elici these disorders, developed tests to identify individuals who express these serotypes, and thereby determined that these individuals should avoid the offending drug. HLA serotypes associated
589:
to stimulate T cells and the human population expresses some 13,000 different HLA serotypes while an individual expresses only a fraction of them. Since a SCARs-inducing drug or metabolite interacts with only one or a few HLA serotypes, their ability to induce SCARs is limited to those individuals
523:
AGEP also differs from the other SCARs disorders in respect to the level of evidence supporting the underlying mechanism by which a drug or its metabolite stimulates CD8 T or CD4 T cells. Studies indicate that the mechanism by which a drug or its metabolites accomplishes this stimulation involves
495:
that attack self tissues. SCARs are type IV, subtype IVb (DRESS syndrome), type IV, subtype IVc (SJS, SJS/TEN, TEN), or type IV, subtype IVd (AGEP) hypersensitivity reactions. AGEP therefore differs from the other SCARs disorders in that it involves the tissue-injuring action of inappropriately
771:
in which drugs are applied by skin prick or intradermal injection; and oral provocation in which drugs are taken in a single small dose orally. These tests have not been widely adopted because of their insensitivity and, most particular with oral provocation tests, the possibility of causing a
746:
skin lesions at the time of diagnosis, and histological evidence in skin lesions of necrotic keratinocytes, neutrophil-rich infiltrates, eosinophil infiltrates, and/or lack of tortuous or dilated blood vessels favors a diagnosis of to AGEP. Other conditions sometimes confused with AGEP include
584:
proteins may bind to a T-cell receptor to stimulate the receptor-bearing parent T cell to attack self tissues. Alternatively, a drug or metabolite may also stimulate T cells by inserting into the groove on a HLA protein to serve as a non-self epitope, bind outside of this groove to alter a HLA
424:
have been reported to be associated with the development of AGEP in the absence of an apparent drug-induced cause. The pathophysiology for the development of these drug-independent cases of AGEP is unclear. Viral infections have also been observed to be associated with the development of SJS,
827:
The treatment of AGEP begins with the immediate cessation of the offending drug. For individuals developing AGEP while taking multiple drugs, non-essential drugs should be discontinued and essential drugs should be replaced by chemically unrelated drugs that are used as alternatives to the
975:
Alniemi DT, Wetter DA, Bridges AG, El-Azhary RA, Davis MD, Camilleri MJ, McEvoy MT (2017). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, treatments, and outcomes in a series of 28 patients at Mayo Clinic, 1996-2013".
618:
a drug) has been found to occur in cases of the DRESS syndrome, SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN. These variations influence the levels and duration of a drug or drug metabolite in tissues and thereby impact the drug's or drug metabolite's ability to evoke SCARs.
189:
involvement have also been reported to complicate AGEP. However, involvement of these organs typically resolve along with the skin eruptions. AGEP typically shows a mild course: usually, it is not associated with life-threatening complicates although
590:
who express HLA serotypes targeted by the drug or metabolite. Thus, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop SCARs in response to a particular drug on the basis of their expression of HLA serotypes. Studies have identified several
762:
Several tests have been proposed to be useful for supporting the diagnosis of and/or implicating a particular drug as the cause of AGEP particularly in individuals who develop skin lesions while taking multiple drugs. These include
141:
and/or their efficiencies in adsorbing, distributing to tissues, metabolizing, and/or eliminating) a particular SCARS-inducing medication. Evidence for these predispositions in AGEP has not been as well-established.
99:). The skin lesions usually resolve within 1–3 days of stopping the offending medication. However, more severe cases are associated with a more persistent disorder that may be complicated by secondary
844:. Individuals with liver, lung, kidney, and/or severe skin complications may require high dosage systemic corticosteroids and organ-specific interventions. Skin infections, which may lead to
129:(TEN) and SJS/TEN overlap indicate that many individuals are predisposed to develop these reactions to a particular medication based on their genetically determined expression of particular
921:
Hoetzenecker W, Nägeli M, Mehra ET, Jensen AN, Saulite I, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Guenova E, Cozzio A, French LE (2016). "Adverse cutaneous drug eruptions: current understanding".
804:
686:. The presence of this mutation in two seemingly unrelated disorders has led to suggestions that the classification of AGEP as a SCARs or a form of psoriasis requires study.
1878:
585:
protein so that it forms a non-self epitope, or bypass the APC by binding directly to a T cell receptor. However, non-self epitopes must bind to specific HLA
1514:
Lerch M, Mainetti C, Terziroli
Beretta-Piccoli B, Harr T (February 2018). "Current Perspectives on Stevens-Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis".
694:
The diagnosis of AGEP may be forthright in typical cases in which an individual: has taken a drug known to cause the disorder; develops multiple sterile
2043:
1360:"Clinicopathologic manifestations of 36 Korean patients with acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis: a case series and review of the literature"
202:
About 90% of AGEP reactions are associated with medications. The remaining cases of AGEP have been associated with infective and other agents.
1125:
1871:
2073:
800:
631:
591:
474:
106:
895:
91:
AGEP is characterized by sudden skin eruptions that appear on average five days after a medication is started. These eruptions are
1980:
1957:
545:
1407:
1864:
500:
and the excessive production of cytokines which stimulate production of, recruit to tissues, and/or activation of neutrophils (
1952:
739:
683:
175:
1598:
Wang CW, Dao RL, Chung WH (2016). "Immunopathogenesis and risk factors for allopurinol severe cutaneous adverse reactions".
154:
arising within large areas of red swollen skin usually within days of taking an inciting drug. The skin eruptions are often
2226:
2187:
2078:
738:. Many cases of AGEP, however, present less clear cut clinical features of the disorder. AGEP must be differentiated from
603:
2147:
816:
808:
122:
1918:
2231:
2207:
655:
607:
1320:
Szatkowski J, Schwartz RA (November 2015). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP): A review and update".
742:(GPP) with which it shares many clinical and histological features. A history of psoriasis, the presence of typical
678:, thereby interfering with the interleukin-36 cytokines' binding to and stimulating IL1RL2 and IL1RAP. However, the
2152:
2013:
812:
126:
39:
2251:
2142:
2137:
773:
1220:
Duong TA, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O (2017). "Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs".
1998:
1815:
480:
408:
1162:"Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis: Pathogenesis, Genetic Background, Clinical Variants and Therapy"
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2202:
1945:
857:
541:
537:
338:
130:
1844:
1490:
403:
752:
278:
2101:
2018:
1962:
780:
tests in which specific drug-reactive lymphocytes or their drug-induced release of AGEP mediators (e.g.
540:(APC) takes up these proteins; digests them into small peptides; places the peptides in a groove on the
346:
85:
150:
AGEP is an acute drug eruption characterized by numerous small, primarily non-follicular, sterile skin
2246:
2096:
2053:
2048:
2003:
525:
282:
194:
of skin lesions may be serious or even life-threatening. AGEP has a mortality rate of less than 5%.
2192:
2124:
2068:
2023:
698:
overlying large areas of red swollen skin starting a few days after initial drug intake; and has a
532:
system. A drug or metabolite covalently binds with a host protein to form a non-self, drug-related
492:
92:
210:
The most frequently reported drugs that have been associated with the development of AGEP include
2063:
2058:
2008:
1928:
1718:
1623:
1539:
1435:"Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis associated with primary Epstein-Barr virus infection"
1245:
1044:
1001:
946:
399:
231:
179:
95:, i.e. small red white or red elevations of the skin that contain cloudy or purulent material (
2179:
1902:
1769:
1710:
1672:
1615:
1580:
1531:
1472:
1454:
1389:
1337:
1299:
1237:
1193:
1121:
1098:
1036:
993:
938:
891:
768:
484:
446:
374:
320:
52:
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on CD8 T or CD4 T cells. Those peptides expressing a drug-related, non-self epitope on their
2197:
2163:
1759:
1749:
1702:
1662:
1654:
1607:
1570:
1523:
1462:
1446:
1379:
1371:
1329:
1289:
1279:
1229:
1183:
1173:
1088:
1080:
1028:
985:
930:
803:(i.e. SCARs). The SCARs group of disorders includes four other drug-induced skin reactions:
791:) are measured have likewise not been broadly adopted because of their lack of specificity.
727:
2241:
1985:
1898:
833:
707:
549:
529:
513:
395:
215:
138:
114:
781:
776:
tests in which the response of individuals' blood mononuclear cells to suspect drugs and
182:). The skin eruptions typically end within a week after causative drug is discontinued.
1975:
1940:
1764:
1737:
1667:
1642:
1559:"Classification of Drug Hypersensitivity into Allergic, p-i, and Pseudo-Allergic Forms"
1467:
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1359:
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837:
829:
659:
635:
517:
505:
488:
387:
358:
191:
100:
1233:
622:
In rare cases, the development of AGEP has been reported to occur in individuals with
2270:
2129:
1048:
784:
767:
in which small amounts of suspect drugs absorbed on patches are applied to the skin;
748:
719:
501:
438:
366:
302:
81:
1693:
Bachelez H (January 2018). "Pustular psoriasis and related pustular skin diseases".
1543:
1005:
2236:
2158:
1722:
1627:
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651:
420:
354:
334:
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227:
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258:
254:
235:
186:
57:
1450:
1433:
Ropars, Nolwenn; Darrieux, Laure; Tisseau, Laurent; Safa, Gilles (2014-09-28).
1358:
Choi MJ, Kim HS, Park HJ, Park CJ, Lee JD, Lee JY, Kim HO, Park YM (May 2010).
1333:
2088:
1641:
Adler NR, Aung AK, Ergen EN, Trubiano J, Goh MS, Phillips EJ (November 2017).
1527:
1268:"Five-Year Retrospective Review of Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis"
934:
867:
788:
764:
723:
663:
611:
458:
391:
342:
307:
286:
262:
250:
246:
223:
219:
211:
1738:"Immunohistopathological Findings of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions"
1458:
1375:
670:. It does so by binding to, but not stimulating, these cytokines' receptors,
1893:
1643:"Recent advances in the understanding of severe cutaneous adverse reactions"
743:
711:
699:
615:
586:
454:
434:
328:
298:
274:
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239:
1773:
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1714:
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1303:
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1040:
997:
942:
1284:
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2115:
1856:
1839:
1178:
715:
623:
450:
294:
266:
163:
155:
1807:
1067:
Garon SL, Pavlos RK, White KD, Brown NJ, Stone CA, Phillips EJ (2017).
777:
703:
695:
667:
533:
442:
414:
324:
151:
134:
117:
that are inappropriately directed against self tissues. Studies on the
110:
1706:
1658:
1575:
1558:
1084:
1019:
Halevy S (August 2009). "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis".
989:
242:. A more complete list of drugs sorted by their intended actions are:
845:
675:
671:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
509:
1786:
Canadian
Medical Association Journal, September 15, 2009, pp 393-396
647:
643:
639:
561:
557:
553:
548:(i.e. MHC) (APC); and presents the MHC-associated peptides to the
159:
118:
1116:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
772:
relapse or worsening or the disorder. In vitro tests, including
599:
109:(SCAR) disorders are regarded as the drug-induced activation of
1860:
174:, and elevated blood levels of markers for inflammation (i.e.
96:
817:
Stevens–Johnson/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap syndrome
1491:"Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis | DermNet NZ"
475:
Severe cutaneous adverse reactions § Pathophysiology
682:
loss of function mutation has been reported in cases of
634:(IL36RA). IL36RA blocks the pro-inflammatory actions of
1069:"Pharmacogenomics of off-target adverse drug reactions"
1120:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 297, 303, 308, 309, 470.
886:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
483:
reaction in which a drug or its metabolite stimulates
103:
and/or involvement of the liver, lung, and/or kidney.
805:
drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
461:
have been associated with the development of AGEP in
425:
SJS/TEN, and TEN in the absence of a causative drug.
1797:
2216:
2178:
2123:
2114:
2087:
2036:
1927:
1911:
1892:
1830:
1801:
1160:Feldmeyer L, Heidemeyer K, Yawalkar N (July 2016).
888:
479:Like other drug-induced SCARs disorders, AGEP is a
51:
29:
24:
1600:Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1266:Thienvibul C, Vachiramon V, Chanprapaph K (2015).
747:pustular eruptions caused by bacteria, funguses,
1563:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology
1688:
1686:
1353:
1351:
1315:
1313:
1322:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1261:
1259:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1062:
1060:
1058:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
1872:
8:
1516:Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
1166:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
799:The disorder is classified in the group of
2170:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
2120:
1933:
1908:
1879:
1865:
1857:
1798:
66:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
47:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
38:
33:Toxic pustuloderma, pustular drug eruption
25:Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
21:
2044:Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
1763:
1753:
1666:
1574:
1466:
1383:
1293:
1283:
1187:
1177:
1092:
1073:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
879:
730:, and infiltration of these tissues by
453:(combined with ultraviolet A to treat
333:Other agents: Hydroxychloroquine (an
2097:Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia
602:, i.e. an individual's efficiency in
7:
978:International Journal of Dermatology
2074:Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis
1414:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
1695:The British Journal of Dermatology
1647:The British Journal of Dermatology
1408:"HYDROXYZINE HYDROCHLORIDE tablet"
801:severe cutaneous adverse reactions
632:interleukin 36 receptor antagonist
433:Herbal medications, spider bites,
16:Severe skin reaction to medication
14:
1272:Dermatology Research and Practice
734:plus, in many but not all cases,
107:Severe cutaneous adverse reaction
1981:Localized heat contact urticaria
1958:Secondary cold contact urticaria
546:major histocompatibility complex
1557:Pichler WJ, Hausmann O (2016).
702:of biopsied lesions that shows
491:(i.e. CD4 T cells) to initiate
1953:Primary cold contact urticaria
1742:Journal of Immunology Research
1021:Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol
740:generalized pustular psoriasis
684:generalized pustular psoriasis
630:gene. This gene codes for the
544:(i.e. HLA) component of their
176:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1:
2227:Necrolytic migratory erythema
2188:Erythema annulare centrifugum
2079:Chronic spontaneous urticaria
1234:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30378-6
1919:Urticarial allergic eruption
1612:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000286
1033:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32832cf64e
168:a high number of neutrophils
2208:Annular erythema of infancy
923:Seminars in Immunopathology
2295:
2153:Toxic epidermal necrolysis
2014:Delayed pressure urticaria
1451:10.1016/j.jdcr.2014.09.004
1334:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.07.017
813:toxic epidermal necrolysis
624:loss of function mutations
516:and autoimmune responses (
472:
127:toxic epidermal necrolysis
2252:Necrolytic acral erythema
2143:Erythema multiforme major
2138:Erythema multiforme minor
1994:
1971:
1936:
1528:10.1007/s12016-017-8654-z
1118:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
935:10.1007/s00281-015-0540-2
774:mixed lymphocyte reaction
755:(i.e. causative agent of
46:
37:
2148:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
1999:Dermatographic urticaria
1376:10.5021/ad.2010.22.2.163
890:. (10th ed.). Saunders.
838:systemic corticosteroids
809:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
481:type IV hypersensitivity
409:Chlamydophila pneumoniae
404:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
172:eosinophils in the blood
123:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
84:that in 90% of cases is
2203:Erythema gyratum repens
858:List of skin conditions
834:topical corticosteroids
542:human leukocyte antigen
538:antigen-presenting cell
339:calcium channel blocker
185:Rare cases of lung and
131:human leukocyte antigen
115:innate immune responses
1887:Urticaria and erythema
753:varicella zoster virus
706:just below the skin's
487:(i.e. CD8 T cells) or
373:(an indirectly acting
74:pustular drug eruption
2102:Hereditary angioedema
2019:Cholinergic urticaria
1963:Reflex cold urticaria
1364:Annals of Dermatology
347:proton-pump inhibitor
337:agent), diltiazem (a
86:related to medication
2247:Generalized erythema
2054:Autoimmune urticaria
2049:Adrenergic urticaria
2004:Vibratory angioedema
1755:10.1155/2017/6928363
1228:(10106): 1996–2011.
1179:10.3390/ijms17081214
526:antigen presentation
493:autoimmune reactions
113:which then initiate
2193:Erythema marginatum
2125:Erythema multiforme
2069:Schnitzler syndrome
2024:Aquagenic urticaria
1285:10.1155/2015/260928
710:(outermost layer),
321:Anti-inflammatories
158:and accompanied by
2064:Galvanic urticaria
2059:Exercise urticaria
2009:Pressure urticaria
1929:Physical urticaria
1912:Allergic urticaria
1831:External resources
807:(DRESS syndrome),
769:skin allergy tests
400:coxsackie B4 virus
382:Microbe infections
375:platelet inhibitor
232:hydroxychloroquine
180:C-reactive protein
146:Signs and symptoms
78:toxic pustuloderma
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2180:Figurate erythema
2110:
2109:
2032:
2031:
1854:
1853:
1707:10.1111/bjd.16232
1659:10.1111/bjd.15423
1576:10.1159/000453265
1439:JAAD Case Reports
1127:978-1-4160-2999-1
1085:10.1111/bcp.13294
990:10.1111/ijd.13434
638:cytokines (viz.,
485:cytotoxic T cells
369:medication), and
63:
62:
19:Medical condition
2284:
2232:Erythema toxicum
2198:Erythema migrans
2164:Erythema nodosum
2121:
1934:
1909:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1799:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1736:Orime M (2017).
1733:
1727:
1726:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1653:(5): 1234–1247.
1638:
1632:
1631:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1569:(3–4): 166–179.
1554:
1548:
1547:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1287:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1132:
1131:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1079:(9): 1896–1911.
1064:
1053:
1052:
1016:
1010:
1009:
972:
955:
954:
918:
899:
884:
728:stratum spinosum
528:pathways of the
386:Infections with
216:aminopenicillins
139:T-cell receptors
72:; also known as
42:
22:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2256:
2242:Palmar erythema
2212:
2174:
2128:
2106:
2083:
2037:Other urticaria
2028:
1990:
1986:Solar urticaria
1967:
1923:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1219:
1218:
1205:
1159:
1158:
1135:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1066:
1065:
1056:
1018:
1017:
1013:
974:
973:
958:
920:
919:
902:
885:
881:
876:
854:
825:
797:
708:Stratum corneum
692:
660:dendritic cells
550:T-cell receptor
524:subverting the
477:
471:
469:Pathophysiology
431:
396:cytomegalovirus
384:
310:: Terbinafine,
208:
200:
192:superinfections
148:
101:skin infections
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2277:Drug eruptions
2269:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
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2167:
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2111:
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2093:
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2071:
2066:
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2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1976:Heat urticaria
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1941:Cold urticaria
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1876:
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1805:
1803:
1802:Classification
1795:
1794:External links
1792:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1728:
1701:(3): 614–618.
1682:
1633:
1590:
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1522:(1): 147–176.
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984:(4): 405–414.
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860:
853:
850:
830:antihistamines
824:
821:
796:
795:Classification
793:
691:
688:
636:Interleukin-36
598:Variations in
518:Interleukin 22
512:) and promote
506:Interleukin 17
489:T helper cells
473:Main article:
470:
467:
430:
427:
388:Parvovirus B19
383:
380:
379:
378:
359:bronchodilator
331:
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249:: Penicillin,
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2130:drug eruption
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
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2020:
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2015:
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1609:
1606:(4): 339–45.
1605:
1601:
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1495:dermnetnz.org
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896:0-7216-2921-0
893:
889:
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869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
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851:
849:
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831:
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806:
802:
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792:
790:
786:
785:interleukin 4
783:
779:
775:
770:
766:
760:
758:
754:
750:
749:herpesviridae
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:keratinocytes
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:keratinocytes
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
593:
592:HLA serotypes
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:innate immune
527:
521:
519:
515:
514:innate immune
511:
507:
503:
502:Interleukin 8
499:
494:
490:
486:
482:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:radiocontrast
436:
428:
426:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
376:
372:
368:
367:antihistamine
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
330:
326:
322:
319:
317:
313:
309:
306:
304:
303:pristinamycin
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
244:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
203:
197:
195:
193:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
145:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
82:skin reaction
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2237:Erythroderma
2169:
2159:panniculitis
2157:
1838:
1814:
1782:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1698:
1694:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1370:(2): 163–9.
1367:
1363:
1328:(5): 843–8.
1325:
1321:
1275:
1271:
1225:
1221:
1169:
1165:
1117:
1111:
1076:
1072:
1027:(4): 322–8.
1024:
1020:
1014:
981:
977:
929:(1): 75–86.
926:
922:
887:
882:
842:antipyretics
826:
798:
782:interferon-Îł
761:
693:
679:
656:synoviocytes
627:
621:
612:metabolizing
608:distributing
597:
522:
478:
463:case reports
432:
429:Other agents
421:Echinococcus
419:
413:
407:
385:
355:decongestant
335:antimalarial
312:ketoconazole
291:levofloxacin
279:sulfonamides
228:sulfonamides
209:
201:
184:
149:
105:
90:
80:) is a rare
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
1748:: 6928363.
1445:(1): 9–11.
1172:(8): 1214.
863:Skin lesion
815:(TEN), and
765:patch tests
757:chicken pox
736:eosinophils
732:neutrophils
664:macrophages
498:neutrophils
459:xenobiotics
371:clopidogrel
363:hydroxyzine
351:clenbuterol
316:fluconazole
308:Antifungals
259:clindamycin
255:amoxicillin
247:Antibiotics
236:terbinafine
187:bone marrow
133:(i.e. HLA)
58:Dermatology
30:Other names
2089:Angioedema
1500:2021-01-14
1418:25 October
1278:: 260928.
874:References
868:Pustulosis
789:granulysin
751:, and the
724:spongiosis
496:activated
437:(used for
392:mycoplasma
343:omeprazole
287:vancomycin
283:quinolones
281:, various
277:, various
263:cephalexin
251:ampicillin
224:quinolones
220:macrolides
212:penicillin
121:syndrome,
1894:Urticaria
1459:2352-5126
1412:Daily Med
1049:205434868
840:, and/or
823:Treatment
744:psoriatic
712:apoptotic
700:histology
690:Diagnosis
626:in their
616:excreting
604:absorbing
587:serotypes
455:psoriasis
435:iopamidol
329:celecoxib
299:meropenem
275:cefazolin
271:cefoxitin
240:diltiazem
206:Medicines
53:Specialty
2271:Category
2219:erythema
2116:Erythema
1946:Familial
1840:Orphanet
1774:29226159
1715:29333670
1677:28256714
1620:27362322
1585:27960170
1544:46796285
1536:29188475
1477:27075126
1394:20548906
1342:26354880
1304:26783390
1242:28476287
1198:27472323
1103:28345177
1041:19458527
1006:21325754
998:28084022
943:26553194
852:See also
716:necrotic
704:pustules
696:pustules
451:psoralen
443:lacquers
295:imipenem
267:cefepime
164:headache
156:pruritic
152:pustules
93:pustules
1903:chronic
1821:D056150
1765:5684554
1723:4436573
1668:5582023
1628:9183824
1468:4802527
1385:2883418
1295:4689982
1250:9506967
1189:5000612
1094:5555876
811:(SJS),
778:ELISPOT
726:of the
668:T cells
534:epitope
457:), and
447:mercury
415:E. coli
325:Aspirin
135:alleles
125:(SJS),
111:T cells
2217:Other
1845:293173
1772:
1762:
1721:
1713:
1675:
1665:
1626:
1618:
1583:
1542:
1534:
1475:
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1392:
1382:
1340:
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1222:Lancet
1196:
1186:
1124:
1101:
1091:
1047:
1039:
1004:
996:
951:333724
949:
941:
894:
846:sepsis
714:(i.e.
680:IL36RN
676:IL1RAP
672:IL1RL2
666:, and
648:IL-36Îł
644:IL-36β
640:IL-36α
628:IL36RN
614:, and
582:HLA-DR
578:HLA-DQ
574:HLA-DP
570:HLA-DO
566:HLA-DM
510:GM-CSF
418:, and
238:, and
1899:acute
1719:S2CID
1624:S2CID
1540:S2CID
1246:S2CID
1045:S2CID
1002:S2CID
947:S2CID
787:, or
650:) on
580:, or
562:HLA-C
558:HLA-B
554:HLA-A
536:. An
198:Cause
160:fever
119:DRESS
1816:MeSH
1770:PMID
1746:2017
1711:PMID
1673:PMID
1616:PMID
1581:PMID
1532:PMID
1473:PMID
1455:ISSN
1420:2020
1390:PMID
1338:PMID
1300:PMID
1276:2015
1238:PMID
1194:PMID
1122:ISBN
1099:PMID
1037:PMID
994:PMID
939:PMID
892:ISBN
674:and
646:and
600:ADME
365:(An
178:and
170:and
76:and
70:AGEP
1760:PMC
1750:doi
1703:doi
1699:178
1663:PMC
1655:doi
1651:177
1608:doi
1571:doi
1567:171
1524:doi
1463:PMC
1447:doi
1380:PMC
1372:doi
1330:doi
1290:PMC
1280:doi
1230:doi
1226:390
1184:PMC
1174:doi
1089:PMC
1081:doi
1029:doi
986:doi
931:doi
759:).
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349:),
345:(a
341:),
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97:pus
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
