Adult - Knowledge (XXG)

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adult. This leads into a second feature of this phase of life—feeling in between. Emerging adults feel that they are taking on responsibilities but do not feel like a 'full' adult quite yet. Next, the instability feature notes that emerging adults often move around after their high school years whether that is to college, friends' houses, or living with a romantic partner, as well as moving back home with their parents/guardians for a time.This moving around often ends once the individual's family and career have been set. Tagging along with the instability feature is having self-focus. Emerging adults, being away from their parental and societal routines, are now able to do what they want when they want and where they want before they are put back into a routine when they start a marriage, family, and career. Arnett's last feature of emerging adulthood, an age of possibilities, characterizes this stage as one where "optimism reigns". These individuals believe they have a good chance of turning out better than their parents did.

167:, the development of facial hair, and a deeper voice in men, and pubic hair in both sexes). In the past, a person usually moved from the status of child directly to the status of adult, often with this shift being marked by some type of coming-of-age test or ceremony. During the Industrial Revolution, children went to work as soon as they could in order to help provide for their family. There was not a huge emphasis on school or education in general. Many children could get a job and were not required to have experience as adults are nowadays. Adulthood, in more recent years, as it has been studied has developed a characteristic list, that goes far beyond just ones physical maturity. These markers for a full, mentally developed, adult include traits of personal responsibilities in multiple aspects of life. 202:, or indeed, if such an age even exists. Common claims repeated in the media since 2005 (based upon interpretations of imaging data) have commonly suggested an "end-point" of 25, referring to the prefrontal cortex as one area that is not yet fully mature at the age of 18. However, this is based on an interpretation of a brain imaging study by Jay Giedd, dating back to 2004 or 2005, where the only participants were aged up to 21 years, and Giedd assumed this maturing process would be done by the age of 25 years, whereas more recent studies show prefrontal cortex maturation continuing well past the age of 30 years, marking this interpretation as incorrect and outdated. 425:

lower the age of legal majority (adulthood) to 18. However, there are legal activities where 18 is not the default age of adulthood. There are still some exceptions where 21 (or even higher) is still the benchmark for certain rights or responsibilities. To name a couple examples, for most states in the US a person is not allowed to rent a vehicle unless they are 25. In the US the Gun Control Act of 1968 prohibits those under 21 from purchasing a handgun from a federally licensed dealer (although federal law makes an exception for individuals between the ages of 18 and 20 to obtain one from a private dealer if state law permits.)

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adolescence. The National Library of Medicine (NCBI) highlights some studies that show rates of religiosity declining as people move out of the house and live on their own. Oftentimes when people live on their own, they change their life goals and religion tends to be less important as they discover who they are. Other studies from the NCBI show that as adults get married and have children they settle down, and as they do, there tends to be an increase in religiosity. Everyone's level of religiosity builds at a different pace, meaning that religion relative to adult development varies across cultures and time.

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and 25. Arnett describes these individuals as able to take some responsibility for their lives, but still not completely feeling like an adult. Arnett articulates five distinct features that are unique to this period of development: identity exploration, feeling in between, instability, self-focus, and having possibilities. Arnett makes it clear that these 5 aspects of emerging adulthood are only relevant during the life stage of emerging adulthood.

3302: 1851: 143:. This often encompasses passing a series of tests to demonstrate that a person is prepared for adulthood, or reaching a specified age, sometimes in conjunction with demonstrating preparation. Most modern societies determine legal adulthood based on reaching a legally specified age without requiring a demonstration of physical maturity or preparation for adulthood. 42: 195:

onset of puberty. Girls will go through a growth spurt and gain weight in several areas of their body. Boys will go through similar spurts in growth, though it is usually not in a similar style or time frame. This is due to the natural processes of puberty, but genetics also plays a part in how much weight they gain or how much taller they get.

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16, one is able to obtain a driver's permit or license depending on state laws and is able to work most jobs (except ones requiring heavy machinery) and consent to sexual activity (depending on the state). At 17, one is able to enlist in the armed forces with parental consent although they cannot be deployed to be in combat roles until age 18.

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The changes that occur during puberty usually happen in an ordered sequence, beginning with thelarche (breast development) at around age 10 or 11, followed by adrenarche (growth of pubic hair due to androgen stimulation), peak height velocity, and finally menarche (the onset of menses), which usually

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Further evidence of adulthood as a social construction is illustrated by the changing criteria of adulthood over time. Historically, adulthood in the U.S. has rested on completing one's education, moving away from the family of origin, and beginning one's career. Other key historical criteria include

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In contrast to biological perspectives of aging and adulthood, social scientists conceptualize adulthood as socially constructed. While aging is an established biological process, the attainment of adulthood is social in its criteria. In contrast to other perspectives that conceptualize aging and the

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In the UK, there have been many proposals to raise the age that one can buy tobacco from 18 to 21 in an attempt to curb teen and young adult use to get to a "smoke-free" UK by 2030. All of these laws made over the years reflect the growing awareness that young adults, while not children, are still in

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As of December 2019, the federal government raised the legal age to purchase tobacco and vaping products from 18 to 21. In states where recreational marijuana is legalized, the default age is also 21, though those younger may be able to obtain medical marijuana prescriptions or cards upon seeing

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Prior to the 1970s, young people were not classed as adults until 21 in most western nations. For example, in the United States, young citizens could not vote in many elections until 21 until July 1971 when the 26th Amendment passed mandating that the right to vote cannot be abridged for anyone 18 or

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The first feature, identity exploration, describes emerging adults making decisions for themselves about their career, education, and love life. This is a time of life when a young person has yet to finalize these decisions but are pondering them, making them feel somewhere in between adolescent and

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At the same time, however, even though the generally accepted age of majority is 18 in most nations, there are rights or privileges afforded to adolescents who have not yet reached legal adulthood. In the United States, youth are able to get a part-time job at 14 provided they have a work permit. At

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One can distinguish the legality of acts of a young person, or of enabling a young person to carry out that act, by selling, renting out, showing, permitting entrance, allowing participation, etc. There may be distinction between commercially and socially enabling. Sometimes there is the requirement

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typically means that one has reached the age of majority – when parents lose parental rights and responsibilities regarding the person concerned. Depending on one's jurisdiction, the age of majority may or may not be set independently of and should not be confused with the minimum ages applicable to

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varies from child to child, but usually begins between 10 and 12 years old. Girls typically begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11, and boys at age 11 or 12. Girls generally complete puberty by 15–17, and boys by age 16 or 17. Nutrition, genetics and environment also usually play a part in the

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Jeffrey Arnett, a psychologist and professor at Clark University in Massachusetts, studied the development of adults and argues that there is a new and distinct period of development in between adolescence and adulthood. This stage, which he calls "emerging adulthood", occurs between the ages of 18

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In Germany, one can purchase beer and wine at the age of 16 although they cannot purchase spirits or hard liquor until 18. The age of consent in Germany is 14 if both partners are under 18. Sexual activity with a person under 18 is punishable if the adult is a person of authority over the minor in

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The Credit Card Act of 2009 imposed tougher safeguards for young adults between the ages of 18 and 20 obtaining a credit card. Young adults under the age of 21 must either have a co-signer 21 or older or show proof (usually a source of income) that they can repay their credit card balance. Unless

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Young people under 21 in the US could also not purchase alcohol, purchase handguns, sign a binding contract, or marry without permission from parents. After the voting age was lowered, many states also moved to lower the drinking age (with most states having a minimum age of 18 or 19) and also to

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as an adult, to be age 7. While certain religions have their guidelines on what it means to be an adult, generally speaking, there are trends that occur regarding religiosity as individuals transition from adolescence to adulthood. The role of religion in one's life can impact development during

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In March 2021, the state of Washington in a 5–4 decision, justices in the Supreme Court of the State of Washington tossed the life without parole sentences of a 19-year-old and a 20-year-old convicted in separate cases of first-degree aggravated murder decades ago, saying, as with juveniles, the

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In Quebec, Canada the Quebec legislature in 2020 raised the age one could purchase recreational marijuana from 18 to 21 stepping out of line with most of the country that set a minimum age of 19 (except Alberta, which is 18.) The Quebec government cited the risk that marijuana poses to the brain

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Contemporary experiences of and research on young adults today substitute more seemingly subjective criteria for adulthood which resonate more soundly with young adults' experiences of aging. The criteria are marked by a growing "importance of individualistic criteria and the irrelevance of the

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In 2020, students 16 or older in Oakland, California gained the right to vote in school board elections. There is a growing movement to lower the voting age in the US and many other countries from 18 to 16 in hopes of engaging the youth vote and encouraging greater electoral participation. Some

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As of July 1984, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act mandated that all states raise their respective drinking ages to 21 to create a uniform standard for legally purchasing, drinking, or publicly possessing alcohol with exceptions made for consumption only in private residences under parental

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entering a marriage and becoming a parent. These criteria are social and subjective; they are organized by gender, race, ethnicity, and social class, among other key identity markers. As a result, particular populations feel adult earlier in the life course than do others.

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Shanahan, Michael J.; Porfeli, Erik J.; Mortimer, Jeylan T.; Erickson, Lance D. (15 April 2008). "Subjective Age Identity and the Transition to Adulthood: When do Adolescents Become Adults?". In Settersten, Richard A. Jr.; Furstenberg, Frank F.; Rumbaut, Rubén G. (eds.).

273:, etc. Admission of a young person to a place may be restricted because of danger for that person, concern that the place may lead the person to immoral behavior, or because of the risk that the young person causes damage (for example, at an exhibition of fragile items). 1005:

On average, the onset of puberty is about 18 months earlier for girls (usually starting around the age of 10 or 11 and lasting until they are 15 to 17) than for boys (who usually begin puberty at about the age of 11 to 12 and complete it by the age of 16 to 17, on

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a transitional stage between adolescence and full adulthood and that there should be policy adjustments or restrictions where necessary, especially where it pertains to activities that carry certain degrees of risk or harm to themselves or others.

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is the period beginning at physical sexual maturity, which occurs sometime after the onset of puberty. Although this is the primary definition of the base word "adult", the term is also frequently used to refer to social adults. The two-word term

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The voting age for local elections in most American cities is 18. But in five localities nationwide — four of which are in Maryland — 16 and 17-year-olds are eligible to vote. The cities are Takoma Park, Riverdale, Greenbelt, and Hyattsville.

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demographic markers of normative conceptions of adulthood." In particular, younger cohorts' attainment of adulthood centers on three criteria: gaining a sense of responsibility, independent decision-making, and financial independence.

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Waters, Mary C.; Carr, Patrick J.; Kefalas, Maria J.; Holdaway, Jennifer (15 April 2008). "Becoming Adult: Meanings and Markers for Young Americans". In Settersten, Richard A. Jr.; Furstenberg, Frank F.; Rumbaut, Rubén G. (eds.).

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court must first consider the age of those under 21 before sentencing them to die behind bars. This comes at a time where there are ongoing debates about whether those between 18 and 20 should be exempted from the death penalty.

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older. The voting age was lowered in response to the fact that young men between the ages of 18 and 21 were drafted into the army to fight in the Vietnam War, hence the popular slogan "old enough to fight, old enough to vote"

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attainment of adulthood as a largely universal development, regardless of context, nation, generation, gender, race, or social class. Social scientists regard these aspects as paramount in cultural definitions of adulthood.

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Gambling also varies from 18 to 21 depending on the state and many rental car companies do not rent cars to those under 21 and have surcharges for drivers under 25 (although this is not codified, and is company policy).

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is 19 (though there are some exceptions in which Canadians may be considered legal adults in certain situations like sexual consent, which is age 16, and criminal law, federal elections and the military, which is at

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The 1983 Code of Canon Law states, "A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age, and likewise a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age, cannot enter a valid marriage". According to

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In Germany, courts largely sentence defendants under the age of 21 according to juvenile law in a bid to help them reintegrate into society and mete out punishments that fit the crime as well as the offender.

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supervision and permission. This was done in response to reducing the number of drunk driving fatalities prevalent among young drivers. States that choose not to comply can lose up to 10% of highway funding.

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in multiple dictionaries includes "the stage of the life cycle of an animal after reproductive capacity has been attained". Thus, the base definition of the word

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Settersten, Richard A. Jr.; Furstenberg, Frank F.; Rumbaut, Rubén G., eds. (15 April 2008). "On the Frontier of Adulthood: Emerging Themes and New Directions".

128:. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; a person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavior, but still be treated as a 1626: 1346: 2843: 1711: 1737: 1429: 1770: 1594: 1821: 1566: 3395: 1798: 1368: 720:

The Discovery of adolescence is generally dated to 1904, with the publication of the massive study "Adolescence," by G. Stanley Hall, a prominent

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Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (1998). "Learning to Stand Alone: The Contemporary American Transition to Adulthood in Cultural and Historical Context".

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stresses or clarifies that the original definition, based on physical maturity (i.e. having reached reproductive competency), is being used.

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Shanahan, Michael J. (August 2000). "Pathways to Adulthood in Changing Societies: Variability and Mechanisms in Life Course Perspective".

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The Affordable Care Act of 2010 expands the age that young adults can remain on their parent's health insurance plan up to age 26.

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another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person a film; a cinema being allowed to let a young person enter

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Petanjek, Zdravko; Judaš, Miloš; Šimić, Goran; Rašin, Mladen Roko; Uylings, Harry B. M.; Rakic, Pasko; Kostović, Ivica (2011).

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Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2003). "Conceptions of the Transition to Adulthood Among Emerging Adults in American Ethnic Groups".

1060:; Reiss, David (2007). "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Pubertal Timing: Results From Two National Sibling Studies". 4004: 3887: 3189: 2852: 1955:

Arain, Mariam; Haque, Maliha; Johal, Lina; Mathur, Puja; Nel, Wynand; Rais, Afsha; Sandhu, Ranbir; Sharma, Sushil (2013).

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countries already have a voting age of 16 which include Austria, Scotland, Argentina, Brazil, Wales, Cuba, and Ecuador.

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Ryff, Carol D. (16 January 2018). "The Subjective Experience of Life-Span Transitions". In Rossi, Alice S. (ed.).

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One recent area of debate within the science of brain development is the most likely chronological age for full

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Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource

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if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, one may legally be an adult but possess none of the

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Donelson, Elaine (1999). "Psychology of religion and adolescents in the United States: Past to present".

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tradition, adulthood is reached at age 13 for Jewish boys and 12 for Jewish girls in accordance with the

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In May 2021, the state of Texas raised the age that one can be an exotic dancer and work and patronize

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In different cultures, there are events that relate passing from being a child to becoming an adult or

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Gluckman, Peter D.; Hanson, Mark A. (January 2006). "Evolution, development and timing of puberty".

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The age of majority ranges internationally from ages 15 to 21, with 18 being the most common age.

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Barrett, Anne E. (May 2005). "Gendered experiences in midlife: Implications for age identity".

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that requirement is met, one must wait until 21 to be approved for a credit card on their own.

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Historically and cross-culturally, adulthood has been determined primarily by the start of

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another person being allowed to sell, rent out, or show the young person pornography, see

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Although few or no established dictionaries provide a definition for the two-word term

4027: 1430:"Legal ages of marriage across Africa: Even when it's 18, they are married off at 12!" 4072: 3857: 3842: 3827: 3782: 3747: 3712: 3692: 3682: 3677: 3656: 3616: 3548: 3450: 3445: 2632: 2184: 1073: 580: 395: 355: 140: 4057: 4047: 865: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3862: 3852: 3792: 3762: 3742: 3641: 3538: 3241: 3125: 1928: 1822:"A Decent Proposal: Exempting Eighteen- to Twenty-Year-Olds from the Death Penalty" 1765: 721: 549: 160: 82: 2006: 118: 41: 2407: 2244: 1563:""Old Enough to Fight, Old Enough to Vote": The WWII Roots of the 26th Amendment" 1417:. College of William & Mary Law School: Faculty Publications. pp. 55–97. 3947: 3737: 3722: 3687: 3543: 3470: 3170: 3052: 3019: 3002: 2821: 2359:

The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences

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define adulthood at age 15, but marriage of girls at an earlier age is common.

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Emerging adulthood: the winding road from the late teens through the twenties

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Evolution, Culture, and Consciousness: The Discovery of the Preconscious Mind

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Lee, Bo Hyeong Jane; Pearce, Lisa D.; Schorpp, Kristen M. (September 2017).

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considered the age of accountability, when a person could be tried and even

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development of people under 21 as justification for the age raise.

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On the frontier of adulthood: theory, research, and public policy

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On the frontier of adulthood: theory, research, and public policy

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On the frontier of adulthood: theory, research, and public policy

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Using the example of pornography, one can distinguish between:

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Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants – E-Book

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(28 October 2020). 1370:Adolescent Rationality and Development 2591:"Emerging adults: The in-between age" 2584: 2582: 2580: 1533:"Age of Majority by State as of 2020" 1128:from the original on 26 February 2017 995:from the original on January 10, 2023 945:from the original on January 10, 2023 291:being allowed to purchase pornography 249:, traveling abroad, involvement with 7: 1957:"Maturation of the adolescent brain" 1759:Lindeman, Tracey (30 October 2019). 299:disseminating pornography to a minor 294:being allowed to possess pornography 1428:Spooner, Samantha (July 14, 2014). 1062:Journal of Research on Adolescence 1056:Ge, Xiaojia; Natsuaki, Misaki N.; 882:Human Development: A Lifespan View 25: 2589:Munsey, Christopher (June 2006). 2304:Aronson, Pamela (February 2008). 2011:LII / Legal Information Institute 1936:from the original on 13 June 2021 1904:from the original on 13 June 2021 1828:from the original on 13 June 2021 1801:from the original on 13 June 2021 1740:from the original on 13 June 2021 1714:from the original on 22 June 2021 1659:from the original on 13 June 2021 1588:"Statute 82 Page 1213-2 PDF file" 1290:"The Teenage Brain: Self Control" 1217:from the original on 14 June 2022 1118:"What is It About 20-Somethings?" 701:"What Is It About 20-Somethings?" 85:. In the human context, the term 3300: 2633:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2007.00016.x 1820:Michaels, Andrew (9 June 2016). 1773:from the original on 24 May 2021 1647:DeMatteo, Megan (22 July 2020). 1074:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00546.x 636:McNamara, Thomas Edward (2004). 487:Social construction of adulthood 2715:from the original on 2021-08-22 2686:from the original on 2022-10-18 2661:from the original on 2022-10-18 2566:from the original on 2020-11-02 2488:Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2014). 2353:Barrett, Anne E. (March 2003). 2038:from the original on 2021-05-10 1879:from the original on 2021-06-13 1854:from the original on 2021-06-13 1685:from the original on 2021-06-13 1629:from the original on 2021-06-13 1600:from the original on 2021-05-15 1569:from the original on 2021-06-13 1514:from the original on 2021-01-08 1451:Bellemare, Steven (July 2008). 1395:from the original on 2021-12-07 1349:from the original on 2021-12-13 903:from the original on 2023-01-10 879:Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010). 711:from the original on 2011-05-11 618:from the original on 2022-11-05 126:psychological adult development 2621:Child Development Perspectives 2126:. Routledge. pp. 97–113. 1457:Paediatrics & Child Health 1337:Epstein, Robert (2007-06-01). 685:: 1–16 – via umnikizdes. 546:The Disappearance of Childhood 408:The legal age of adulthood in 401:The legal age of adulthood in 386:The legal age of adulthood in 350:The legal age of adulthood in 1: 3396:Industrial and organizational 2853:Development of the human body 929:Jones & Bartlett Learning 157:secondary sex characteristics 89:has meanings associated with 3637:Human factors and ergonomics 2556:"Jeffrey Jensen Arnett, PhD" 2408:10.1016/j.jaging.2004.05.002 2245:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667 2198:Levinson, Daniel J. (1979). 2030:Niel, Clara (October 2020). 1415:Adulthood in Law and Culture 1339:"The Myth of the Teen Brain" 1094:. 2018-04-26. Archived from 738:Journal of Biosocial Science 674:SETTERSTEN, RICHARD (2015). 461:sexually oriented businesses 333:Democratic Republic of Congo 265:, being a model or actor in 124:Human adulthood encompasses 2492:. Oxford University Press. 2200:The Seasons of a man's life 1623:alcoholpolicy.niaaa.nih.gov 1288:; Caudle, Kristina (2013). 1242:Developmental Psychobiology 956:occurs around age 12 or 13. 644:University Press of America 4105: 2233:Annual Review of Sociology 2124:Gender and the life course 1502:B. A., Political Science. 1434:Mail & Guardian Africa 924:Women's Gynecologic Health 342:In most of the world, the 209: 174:, the first definition of 36:Adulthood (disambiguation) 29: 4023: 3326:Applied behavior analysis 3298: 3106: 1413:Hamilton, Vivian (2016). 850:10.1016/j.tem.2005.11.006 750:10.1017/s0021932000006349 360:Newfoundland and Labrador 27:Being that is fully grown 2396:Journal of Aging Studies 2372:10.1093/geronb/58.2.s101 2322:10.1177/0891243207311420 2060:. Taylor & Francis. 1306:10.1177/0963721413480170 1026:Elsevier Health Sciences 971:Phillips, D. C. (2014). 3602:Behavioral neuroscience 3166:Behavioral neuroscience 1367:Moshman, David (2011). 1174:10.1073/pnas.1105108108 3652:Psychology of religion 3592:Behavioral engineering 3529:Human subject research 3185:Cognitive neuroscience 3151:Affective neuroscience 2747:10.1006/jado.1999.0212 2735:Journal of Adolescence 1236:Romer, Daniel (2010). 54: 32:Adult (disambiguation) 4028:Wiktionary definition 3564:Self-report inventory 3559:Quantitative research 2595:Monitor on Psychology 1875:. 19 September 2019. 1736:. 18 September 2018. 1379:10.4324/9780203835111 1058:Neiderhiser, Jenae M. 364:Northwest Territories 109:who has attained the 44: 3554:Qualitative research 3509:Behavior epigenetics 2310:Gender & Society 2202:. Ballantine Books. 1710:. 22 February 2021. 1470:10.1093/pch/13.6.475 1440:on January 24, 2018. 1373:. Psychology Press. 697:Marantz Henig, Robin 646:. pp. 262–263. 277:of supervision by a 241:, buying/possessing 147:Biological adulthood 81:and thus capable of 4084:Biological concepts 4033:Wiktionary category 3597:Behavioral genetics 3569:Statistical surveys 3426:Occupational health 3161:Behavioral genetics 1343:Scientific American 1165:2011PNAS..10813281P 1159:(32): 13281–13286. 744:(1). January 1983. 251:alcoholic beverages 155:(the appearance of 4005:Schools of thought 3908:Richard E. Nisbett 3788:Donald T. Campbell 3466:Sport and exercise 3008:Emerging adulthood 2786:10.1111/jssr.12367 1974:10.2147/NDT.S39776 1122:The New York Times 981:. pp. 18–19. 705:The New York Times 522:Bar or Bat Mitzvah 416:in the U.S. is 21. 305:pornographic actor 55: 4066: 4065: 4043:Wikimedia Commons 3970:Counseling topics 3933:Ronald C. Kessler 3923:Shelley E. Taylor 3848:Lawrence Kohlberg 3823:Stanley Schachter 3622:Consumer behavior 3504:Archival research 3272:Psycholinguistics 3156:Affective science 3066: 3065: 2930:Adult development 2908:Child development 2820: 2819: 2533:978-0-226-74890-0 2499:978-0-19-992938-2 2466:978-0-226-74890-0 2432:978-0-226-74890-0 2169:10.1159/000022591 2157:Human Development 2133:978-1-351-32902-6 2067:978-0-415-78421-4 2007:"age of majority" 1900:. 29 April 2021. 1797:. 11 March 2021. 1388:978-0-203-83511-1 1254:10.1002/dev.20442 1213:. 19 March 2019. 1035:978-0-323-29163-7 988:978-1-4833-6475-9 979:SAGE Publications 938:978-1-284-12501-6 896:978-0-495-60037-4 309:child pornography 237:, serving in the 69:that has reached 16:(Redirected from 4096: 4000:Research methods 3943:Richard Davidson 3938:Joseph E. LeDoux 3813:George A. Miller 3803:David McClelland 3798:Herbert A. Simon 3698:Edward Thorndike 3519:Content analysis 3304: 3277:Psychophysiology 3093: 3086: 3079: 3070: 3046:Social and legal 2846: 2839: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2797: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2586: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2374: 2365:(2): S101–S109. 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2163:(5/6): 295–315. 2152: 2146: 2145: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1986: 1976: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1884: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1796: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1700: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1539:. 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Miller 3775: 3773:Abraham Maslow 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Ernest Hilgard 3755: 3753:Donald O. Hebb 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3733:J. P. Guilford 3730: 3728:Gordon Allport 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3708:John B. Watson 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3499:Animal testing 3495: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3315: 3307: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3202:Cross-cultural 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2998:Preadolescence 2990: 2989: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2809: 2780:(3): 678–689. 2760: 2741:(2): 187–204. 2725: 2696: 2671: 2646: 2607: 2576: 2547: 2532: 2513: 2498: 2480: 2465: 2446: 2431: 2413: 2402:(2): 163–183. 2386: 2345: 2293: 2274:(100): 63–76. 2258: 2239:(1): 667–692. 2223: 2208: 2190: 2147: 2132: 2114: 2099: 2081: 2066: 2048: 2022: 1998: 1947: 1915: 1889: 1864: 1839: 1812: 1784: 1751: 1725: 1695: 1670: 1639: 1610: 1579: 1553: 1524: 1494: 1443: 1420: 1405: 1387: 1359: 1329: 1277: 1248:(3): 263–276. 1228: 1198: 1139: 1108: 1079: 1068:(4): 767–788. 1048: 1034: 1010: 987: 960: 937: 931:. p. 22. 913: 895: 871: 828: 813: 796: 781: 763: 728: 707:. p. 10. 699:(2010-08-18). 688: 666: 652: 628: 602: 601: 599: 596: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 572: 570: 567: 513: 510: 488: 485: 418: 417: 406: 399: 384: 321: 320: 313: 312: 301: 295: 292: 289: 279:legal guardian 269:, running for 210:Main article: 207: 204: 148: 145: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4101: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3990:Psychologists 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3980:Organizations 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3928:John Anderson 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858:Ulric Neisser 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3843:Endel Tulving 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3828:Robert Zajonc 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3783:Jerome Bruner 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3748:B. F. Skinner 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3713:Clark L. Hull 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3693:Sigmund Freud 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3683:William James 3681: 3679: 3678:Wilhelm Wundt 3676: 3674: 3671: 3670:Psychologists 3666: 3658: 3657:Psychometrics 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3617:Consciousness 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549:Psychophysics 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3491:Methodologies 3488: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3451:Psychotherapy 3449: 3447: 3446:Psychometrics 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 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