305:
52:
364:
31:
376:
herds until the wet season, when young bulls join the females, mate, help protect the young calves and then leave. Animals usually remain in the same herd for their entire lives. Herd-switching in cows has been observed; however, this is not a common occurrence. Herds can split into two groups for a short period of time before merging back together.
371:
African forest buffalo have relatively small herds compared to the well-studied Cape buffalo. Cape buffalo can have herds of over 1,000 members; however, African forest buffalo stay in much smaller groups—as small as three and rarely over 30. If
African forest buffalo are in a large group, they spend
379:
African forest buffalo are relatively unaffected by seasonal cycles. However, in the wet season, herds are more spread out in the forest and these animals tend to use resting places based on sand during the wet season, but use dirt and leaves during the dry season. Moreover, in open habitats such as
375:
A herd of
African forest buffalo typically consists of one or occasionally two bulls and a harem of adult females, juveniles and young calves. Unlike Cape buffalo bulls, African forest buffalo bulls remain with the herd continually, year round. On the other hand, Cape buffalo bulls stay in bachelor
339:
Large home ranges can be associated with less-productive habitats; however, a larger area of open grassland has been observed to have a positive relationship with herd size. Home ranges remain remarkably constant and stable year after year. The only documentation of the actual home range boundaries
331:
The mixture of habitats is essential for the
African forest buffalo. Expansion and encroachment of the rainforest on the surrounding savannas and openings are major difficulties of maintaining the ecosystem. African forest buffalo enjoy old logging roads and tracks, where the forest is thinner and
343:
Although the area included in a home range is relatively constant over time, the preferences in regard to what part of the range is most used shift with the seasons. From March until August, African forest buffalo spend most of their time in the forest, while from
September through February, they
291:
The
African forest buffalo is a small subspecies of the African buffalo. Cape buffaloes weigh 425 to 870 kg (937 to 1,918 lb), whereas African forest buffaloes are much lighter, weighing in at 250 to 320 kg (550–705 lbs). Weight is not the only differentiation, however; this
327:
and help the animals handle insects. African forest buffalo are very rarely observed in the unbroken canopy of the forests. They instead spend most of their time in clearings, grazing on grasses and sedges. Consequently, their diet is primarily made up of grasses and other plants that grow in
194:
672:
Hoek, Yntze van der; Lustenhouwer Ivo; Jefferry
Kathryn J.; Hooft Pim van (2012). "Potential Effects of Prescribed Savannah Burning on the Diet Selection of Forest Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer Nanus) in Lope´ National Park, Gabon".
885:
Melletti, Mario; M. M. Delgado; Penteriani
Vincenzo; Mirabile Marzia; Boitani Luigi (2010). "Spatial properties of a forest buffalo herd and individual positioning as a response to environmental cues and social behaviour".
292:
subspecies has a reddish-brown hide that is darker in the facial area. The shape and size of the horns distinguish
African forest buffalo from the other subspecies. African forest buffalo have much smaller horns than their
340:
of these animals is relatively recent, so only time will tell how these boundaries remain over large lengths of time; however, studies have shown almost no movement in range boundaries from one year to the next.
319:
African forest buffalo live in the rainforests of West and
Central Africa; however, their home ranges typically consist of a combination of marshes, grassy savannas and the wet African rainforests.
616:
Bekhuis, Patricia D.B.M.; De Jong, Christine B.; Prins, Herbert H. T. (2008). "Diet selection and density estimates of forest buffalo in Campo-Ma'an
National Park, Cameroon".
336:. In some areas park management staff burn off the savannas on a regular basis to keep the rainforest from growing onto the savannas and changing the ecosystem of the area.
332:
grass and other foods can grow. In these areas, African forest buffalo depend on the grass that is able to develop as a result of the areas that have been previously
854:
Melletti, Mario; Penteriani, Vincenzo; Mirabile, Marzia; Boitani, Luigi (2008). "Effects of habitat and season on the grouping of forest buffalo resting places".
1074:
347:
African forest buffalo arrange themselves into herds, which help in defense against predators; however, they are not immune to assault. Among predators, the
1022:
1048:
1107:
296:
counterparts the Cape, Sudan and Nile buffalo. Cape buffalo horns often grow and fuse together, but African forest buffalo horns rarely fuse.
934:
1117:
351:
is the most common, but is generally only a threat to young buffaloes and will feast on them only when they have the opportunity. The
380:
clearings, herds are more aggregated when resting and are more rounded in shape than herds in forest habitats during the wet season.
1112:
1066:
1053:
304:
1061:
729:
Korte, Lisa M. (2008). "Variation of Group Size Among African Buffalo Herds in a Forest-savanna Mosaic Landscape".
277:, with an annual rainfall around 1,500 mm (59 in). It has been proposed to represent a distinct species,
1079:
987:
51:
780:
949:
170:
750:
Korte, Lisa M. (2009). "Herd-switching in Adult Female African Forest Buffalo Syncerus Caffer Nanus".
696:"Habitat Selection at Two Spatial Scales and Diurnal Activity Patterns of Adult Female Forest Buffalo"
1009:
759:
625:
309:
913:
717:
647:"Forest Buffalo Prefer Clearings to Closed-canopy Forest in the Primary Forest of Northern Congo"
206:
46:
1102:
996:
930:
781:"Habitat Preferences of the Secretive Forest Buffalo Syncerus Caffer Nanus in Central Africa"
903:
895:
871:
863:
840:
830:
819:"Some Behavioral Aspects of Forest Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer Nanus): From Herd to Individual"
803:
795:
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682:
658:
633:
363:
348:
242:
147:
763:
629:
352:
324:
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30:
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867:
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771:
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39:
917:
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1001:
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246:
193:
439:
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266:
103:
927:
Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation
899:
835:
818:
663:
646:
601:
Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour of Wild Cattle. Implications for Conservation
372:
more time grazing, since there is less need to devote time to alert behavior.
972:
817:
Melletti, Mario; Penteriani Vincenzo; Mirabile Marzia; Boitani Luigi (2007).
712:
695:
63:
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83:
1027:
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845:
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320:
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123:
113:
1040:
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93:
73:
943:
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is the only predator which is capable of killing an adult buffalo.
313:
303:
323:
are the area where the buffalo graze, while the marshes serve as
1014:
265:). However, it is the only subspecies that occurs mainly in the
947:
599:
Melletti et al. 1318>Melletti M. and Burton J. (Eds). 2014.
956:
16:Buffalo subspecies from Western and Central Africa
451:
449:
447:
779:Melletti M.; Penteriani V.; Boitani L. (2007).
577:
575:
440:https://www.britannica.com/animal/Cape-buffalo
410:
408:
481:
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8:
428:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
520:
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29:
20:
907:
875:
844:
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662:
362:
388:
455:Melletti M. and Burton J. (eds). 2014.
438:Cape Buffalo, Encyclopedia Britannica
925:Melletti M.; Burton J., eds. (2014).
485:Melletti, Penteriani, and Boitani 186
7:
241:, is the smallest subspecies of the
14:
367:Head of an African forest buffalo
868:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00965.x
800:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00196.x
772:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00978.x
743:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00430.x
638:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.00956.x
344:favor the savannas and marshes.
50:
308:Wild African forest buffalo at
929:. Cambridge University Press.
424:Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011).
263:Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis
1:
1108:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa
603:(Cambridge University Press).
512:Bekheis, Jong, and Prins 674
259:Syncerus caffer brachyceros
1136:
856:African Journal of Ecology
752:African Journal of Ecology
675:African Journal of Ecology
618:African Journal of Ecology
1118:Mammals described in 1785
900:10.1007/s10164-009-0199-z
836:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-240R1.1
664:10.1017/S0030605302000121
261:), and the Nile buffalo (
212:
205:
200:
191:
176:
169:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
328:clearings and savannas.
201:The range in dark green
713:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-423.1
694:Korte, Lisa M. (2008).
645:Blake, Stephen (2002).
245:. It is related to the
24:African forest buffalo
1113:Mammals of West Africa
368:
316:
251:Syncerus caffer caffer
225:African forest buffalo
988:Syncerus caffer nanus
958:Syncerus caffer nanus
503:van der Hoek et al. 1
366:
307:
233:), also known as the
230:Syncerus caffer nanus
180:Syncerus caffer nanus
823:Journal of Mammalogy
700:Journal of Mammalogy
590:Melletti et al. 1317
581:Melletti et al. 1316
560:Melletti et al. 1315
494:Melletti et al. 1313
414:Melletti et al. 1312
310:Loango National Park
888:Journal of Ethology
764:2009AfJEc..47..125K
630:2008AfJEc..46..668B
788:Journal of Zoology
731:Journal of Zoology
369:
317:
1090:
1089:
950:Taxon identifiers
936:978-1-107-03664-2
829:(#5): 1312–1318.
687:10.1111/aje.12010
426:Ungulate Taxonomy
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186:(Boddaert, 1785)
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162:S. c. nanus
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21:
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894:(#3): 421–428.
884:
853:
816:
794:(#2): 178–186.
783:
778:
758:(#1): 125–127.
749:
737:(#3): 229–236.
728:
706:(#1): 115–125.
693:
671:
644:
624:(#4): 668–675.
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359:Social behavior
349:African leopard
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243:African buffalo
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948:
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691:
681:(#1): 94–101.
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353:Nile crocodile
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280:Syncerus nanus
275:Western Africa
271:Central Africa
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215:Syncerus nanus
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171:Trinomial name
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148:S. caffer
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657:(#1): 81–86.
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255:Sudan buffalo
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239:Congo buffalo
236:
235:dwarf buffalo
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40:San Diego Zoo
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156:Subspecies:
146:
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104:Artiodactyla
18:
1036:iNaturalist
982:Wikispecies
909:10261/62522
877:10261/62295
862:: 121–124.
846:10261/62519
809:10261/62369
287:Description
267:rainforests
120:Subfamily:
1097:Categories
610:References
569:Korte 125
551:Korte 121
542:Korte 234
533:Korte 122
524:Korte 116
464:Korte 123
402:Korte 115
334:clear-cut
142:Species:
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
1103:Syncerus
1067:14200712
967:Wikidata
918:31163978
722:86366800
473:Blake 81
321:Savannas
207:Synonyms
135:Syncerus
110:Family:
94:Mammalia
84:Chordata
80:Phylum:
74:Animalia
60:Domain:
1028:4262529
1015:4447736
973:Q382977
760:Bibcode
626:Bibcode
325:wallows
300:Ecology
294:savanna
253:), the
237:or the
130:Genus:
124:Bovinae
114:Bovidae
100:Order:
90:Class:
38:At the
1054:898730
1041:199289
933:
916:
720:
1080:37446
1002:7L4HG
914:S2CID
784:(PDF)
718:S2CID
384:Notes
314:Gabon
1075:NCBI
1049:ITIS
1023:GBIF
931:ISBN
651:Oryx
273:and
223:The
1062:MSW
1010:EoL
997:CoL
904:hdl
896:doi
872:hdl
864:doi
841:hdl
831:doi
804:hdl
796:doi
792:271
768:doi
739:doi
735:275
708:doi
683:doi
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634:doi
269:of
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574:^
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257:(
249:(
227:(
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