Africanized bee - Knowledge

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the Americas, is an example of a massive biological invasion as earlier told in this article. Here, they analysed whole-genome sequences of 32 Africanized honey bees sampled from throughout Brazil to study the effect of this process on genome diversity. By comparison with ancestral populations from Europe and Africa, they infer that these samples had 84% African ancestry, with the remainder from western European populations. However, this proportion varied across the genome and they identified signals of positive selection in regions with high European ancestry proportions. These observations are largely driven by one large gene-rich 1.4 Mbp segment on chromosome 11 where European haplotypes are present at a significantly elevated frequency and likely confer an adaptive advantage in the Africanized honey bee population.

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mating facility in order to requeen colonies and to prevent reintroduction of unwanted genes or characteristics through unintended crossbreeding with feral colonies. In Puerto Rico, some bee colonies are already beginning to show more gentle behavior. This is believed to be because the more gentle bees contain genetic material that is more similar to the European honey bee, although they also contain Africanized honey bee material. This degree of aggressiveness is surprisingly almost unrelated to individual genetics – instead being almost entirely determined by the entire hive's proportion of aggression genetics.

863:, but after several years in residence in an area interbreeding with the local European strains, as in Brazil, the overall representation of African mtDNA drops to some degree. However, these latter hybrid lines (with European mtDNA) do not appear to propagate themselves well or persist. Population genetics analysis of Africanized honey bees in the United States, using a maternally inherited genetic marker, found 12 distinct mitotypes, and the amount of genetic variation observed supports the idea that there have been multiple introductions of AHB into the United States. 859:) in the Americas: actual matrilineal descendants of the original escaped queens and a much smaller number that are Africanized through hybridization. The matrilineal descendants carry African mtDNA, but partially European nuclear DNA, while the honey bees that are Africanized through hybridization carry European mtDNA, and partially African nuclear DNA. The matrilineal descendants are in the vast majority. This is supported by DNA analyses performed on the bees as they spread northwards; those that were at the "vanguard" were over 90% African mtDNA, indicating an unbroken 965:(periods when plants are not flowering), but this behavior should not be confused with the aforementioned activity. The most common way that a European honey bee hive will become Africanized is through crossbreeding during a new queen's mating flight. Studies have consistently shown that Africanized drones are more numerous, stronger and faster than their European cousins and are therefore able to out-compete them during these mating flights. The result of mating between Africanized drones and European queens is almost always Africanized offspring. 997:. As such, this is generally not practical for most commercial beekeepers outside the U.S., and it is one of the main reasons why Central and South American beekeepers have had to learn to manage and work with the existing Africanized honey bee. Any effort to crossbreed virgin European queens with Africanized drones will result in the offspring exhibiting Africanized traits; only 26 swarms escaped in 1957, and nearly 60 years later there does not appear to be a noticeable lessening of the typical Africanized characteristics. 1006: 974:

superior honey producers, and those beekeepers who have learned to adapt their management techniques now seem to prefer them to their European counterparts. Studies show that in areas of Florida that contain Africanized honey bees, the honey production is higher than in areas in which they do not live. It is also becoming apparent that Africanized honey bees have another advantage over European honey bees in that they seem to show a higher resistance to several health issues, including parasites such as

1108:: There are multiple ways of considering the cause of directional selection on this set of foraging behaviors in honey bees. A proximate factor is one that is developmental and influential on behavior within the lifetime of an organism. Neurological and developmental differences lead to directional selection and changes in the set of foraging behaviors between generations of honey bees. Levels of stress as measured by levels of octopamine is one such contributing developmental factor (Pankiw, 2003). 94: 581: 81: 646: 1036: 746: 669:). This may be linked to the high reproductive rate of the Africanized honey bee, which requires pollen to feed its greater number of larvae. Africanized honey bees are also sensitive to sucrose at lower concentrations. This adaptation causes foragers to harvest resources with low concentrations of sucrose that include water, pollen, and unconcentrated nectar. A study comparing 841:. According to the scientists who analyzed its genetic code, the western honey bee originated in Africa and spread to Eurasia in two ancient migrations. They have also discovered that the number of genes in the honey bee related to smell outnumber those for taste. The genome sequence revealed several groups of genes, particularly the genes related to 818:. African subspecies are assigned to branch A, northwestern European subspecies to branch M, southwestern European subspecies to branch C, and Mideast subspecies to branch O. The subspecies are grouped and listed. There are still regions with localized variations that may become identified subspecies in the near future, such as 957:"Killer bee" is a term frequently used in media such as movies that portray aggressive behavior or actively seeking to attack humans. "Africanized honey bee" is considered a more descriptive term in part because their behavior is increased defensiveness compared to European honey bees that can exhibit similar defensive behaviors when disturbed. 909:, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Some cases even progress to affecting different body systems by causing increased heart rates, respiratory distress, and even renal failure. Africanized honey bee sting cases can become very serious, but they remain relatively rare and are often limited to accidental discovery in highly populated areas. 465: 1023:

barriers to keep livestock at enough of a distance to prevent interaction, and education of the general public to teach them how to properly react when feral colonies are encountered and what resources to contact. The Africanized honey bee is now considered the honey bee of choice for beekeeping in Brazil.

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areas. This action would be counter-productive. Beekeepers maintaining managed colonies of domestic European bees are our best defense against an area becoming saturated with AHB. These managed bees are filling an ecological niche that would soon be occupied by less desirable colonies if it were vacant.

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to different concentrations of sucrose is a genotypic trait; the genes vary with respect to the sucrose concentration level at which proboscis extension response is manifested. Natural selection is able to directly shift the set of foraging behaviors by operating on the distribution of these genes in

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The sting of the Africanized honey bee is no more potent than any other variety of honey bee, and although they are similar in appearance to European honey bees, they tend to be slightly smaller and darker in color. Although Africanized honey bees do not actively search for humans to attack, they are

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As Africanized honey bees migrate into regions, hives with an old or absent queen can become hybridized by crossbreeding. The aggressive Africanized drones out-compete European drones for a newly developed queen of such a hive, ultimately resulting in hybridization of the existing colony. Requeening,

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The chief difference between the European subspecies of honey bees kept by beekeepers and the African ones is attributable to both selective breeding and natural selection. By selecting only the most gentle, non-defensive subspecies, beekeepers have, over centuries, eliminated the more defensive ones

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The popular term "killer bee" has only limited scientific meaning today because there is no generally accepted fraction of genetic contribution used to establish a cut-off between a "killer" honey bee and an ordinary honey bee. Government and scientific documents prefer "Africanized honey bee" as an

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When resource density is low in Africanized honey bee habitats, it is necessary for the bees to harvest a greater variety of resources because they cannot afford to be selective. Honey bees that are genetically inclined towards resources high in sucrose, such as concentrated nectar, will not be able

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African honey bees abscond (abandon the hive and any food store to start over in a new location) more readily than European honeybees. This is not necessarily a severe loss in tropical climates where plants bloom all year, but in more temperate climates it can leave the colony with not enough stores

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In Central and southern Africa there was formerly no tradition of beekeeping, and the hive was destroyed in order to harvest the honey, pollen and larvae. The bees adapted to the climate of Sub-Saharan Africa, including prolonged droughts. Having to defend themselves against aggressive insects such

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A newer publication shows the genetic admixture of the Africanized honey bees in Brazil. The small number of honey bees with African ancestry that were introduced to Brazil in 1956, which dispersed and hybridized with existing managed populations of European origin and quickly spread across much of

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Honey bee sensitivity to different concentrations of sucrose is determined by a reflex known as the proboscis extension response (PER). Different species of honey bees that employ different foraging behaviors will vary in the concentration of sucrose that elicits their proboscis extension response.

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Africanized honey bees are typically much more defensive, react to disturbances faster, and chase people further (400 metres (1,300 ft)) than other varieties of honey bees. They have killed some 1,000 humans, with victims receiving 10 times more stings than from European honey bees. They

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Not all Africanized honey bee hives display the typical hyper-defensive behavior, which may provide bee breeders a point to begin breeding a gentler stock (gAHBs). Work has been done in Brazil towards this end, but in order to maintain these traits, it is necessary to develop a queen breeding and

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In areas where Africanized honey bees are well established, bought and pre-fertilized (i.e. mated) European queens can be used to maintain a hive's European genetics and behavior. However, this practice can be expensive, since these queens must be bought and shipped from breeder apiaries in areas

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The western honey bee is native to the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. As of the early 1600s, it was introduced to North America, with subsequent introductions of other European subspecies 200 years later. Since then, they have spread throughout the Americas. The 29 subspecies can be

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In areas of suitable temperate climate, the survival traits of Africanized honey bee colonies help them outperform European honey bee colonies. They also return later and work under conditions that often keep European honey bees hive-bound. This is the reason why they have gained a reputation as

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News reports of mass stinging attacks will promote concern and in some cases panic and anxiety, and cause citizens to demand responsible agencies and organizations to take action to help ensure their safety. We anticipate increased pressure from the public to ban beekeeping in urban and suburban

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The venom of an Africanized honey bee is the same as that of a European honey bee, but since the former tends to sting in far greater numbers, deaths from them are naturally more numerous than from European honey bees. While allergies to the European honey bee may cause death, complications from

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lineages, though mtDNA only allows one to detect Africanized colonies that have Africanized queens and not colonies where a European queen has mated with Africanized drones. A test based on single nucleotide polymorphisms was created in 2015 to detect Africanized bees based on the proportion of

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stingless bee species. Thus economic pressures are forcing beekeepers to switch from the traditional stingless bees to the new reality of the Africanized honey bee. Whether this will lead to the extinction of the former is unknown, but they are well adapted to exist in the wild, and there are a

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While bee incidents are much less common than they were during the first wave of Africanized honey bee colonization, this can be largely attributed to modified and improved bee management techniques. Prominent among these are locating bee-yards much farther away from human habitation, creating

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based largely on geographic variations. All subspecies are cross-fertile. Geographic isolation led to numerous local adaptations. These adaptations include brood cycles synchronized with the bloom period of local flora, forming a winter cluster in colder climates, migratory swarming in Africa,

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While studies have shown that Africanized honey bees can infiltrate European honey bee colonies and then kill and replace their queen (thus usurping the hive), this is less common than other methods. Wild and managed colonies will sometimes be seen to fight over honey stores during the dearth

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that acts upon several foraging behavior traits as a common entity. Selection in natural populations of honey bees show that positive selection of sensitivity to low concentrations of sucrose are linked to foraging at younger ages and collecting resources low in sucrose. Positive selection of

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As the Africanized honey bee migrates further north, colonies continue to interbreed with European honey bees. In a study conducted in Arizona in 2004 it was observed that swarms of Africanized honey bees could take over weakened European honey bee hives by invading the hive, then killing the

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In tropical climates they effectively out-compete European honey bees and, at their peak rate of expansion, they spread north at almost two kilometers (about 1¼ mile) a day. There were discussions about slowing the spread by placing large numbers of docile European-strain hives in strategic

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Weinstock, G. M.; Robinson, G. E.; Gibbs, R. A.; Worley, K. C.; Evans, J. D.; Maleszka, R.; Robertson, H. M.; Weaver, D. B.; Beye, M.; Bork, P.; Elsik, C. G.; Hartfelder, K.; Hunt, G. J.; Zdobnov, E. M.; Amdam, G. V.; Bitondi, M. M. G.; Collins, A. M.; Cristino, A. S.; et al. (2006).

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a term for replacing out the older existing queen with a new, already fertilized one, can avoid hybridization in apiaries. As a prophylactic measure, the majority of beekeepers in North America tend to requeen their hives annually, maintaining strong colonies and avoiding hybridization.

742:) are smaller and build smaller comb cells than the European honey bees, their hybrids are not smaller. Africanized honey bees have slightly shorter wings, which can only be recognized reliably by performing a statistical analysis on micro-measurements of a substantial sample. 577:. There are now relatively stable geographic zones in which either Africanized honey bees dominate, a mix of Africanized and European honey bees is present, or only non-Africanized honey bees are found, as in the southern portions of South America or northern North America. 633:, although they do not interbreed or directly compete with each other. The honey production from an individual hive of Africanized honey bees can be as high as 100 kilograms (220 lb). This value exceeds the much smaller 3–5 kilograms (7–11 lb) of the various 711:

sensitivity to high concentrations of sucrose were linked to foraging at older ages and collecting resources higher in sucrose. Additionally of interest, "change in one component of a suite of behaviors appear to direct change in the entire suite."

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in the 1970s, crossing into Central America in 1982, and reaching Mexico in 1985. Because their movement through these regions was rapid and largely unassisted by humans, Africanized honey bees have earned the reputation of being a notorious

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Africanized honey bee stings are usually not caused from allergies to their venom. Humans stung many times by the Africanized honey bees can exhibit serious side effects such as inflammation of the skin, dizziness, headaches, weakness,

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Though Africanized honey bees display certain behavioral traits that make them less than desirable for commercial beekeeping, excessive defensiveness and swarming foremost, they have now become the dominant type of honey bee for

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Mejía Vélez, G (2010). "Insuficiencia renal aguda por picadura múltiple de abejas africanizadas. Comunicación de 43 casos" [Acute renal failure due to multiple stings by Africanized bees. Report on 43 cases].

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Whitfield, C.W.; Behura, S.K.; Berlocher, S.H.; Clark, A.G.; Johnston, J.S.; Sheppard, W.S.; Smith, D.R.; Suarez, A.V.; Weaver, D.; Tsutsui, N.D. (2006). "Thrice out of Africa: Ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee,

698:) forage at older ages and harvest less pollen and more concentrated nectar. The differences in resources collected during harvesting are a result of the European honey bee's sensitivity to sucrose at higher concentrations. 1942:

Chapman, Nadine C.; Harpur, Brock A.; Lim, Julianne; Rinderer, Thomas E.; Allsopp, Michael H.; Zayed, Amro; Oldroyd, Benjamin P. (2015). "A SNP test to identify Africanized honeybees via proportion of 'African' ancestry".

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in 1956 in an effort to increase honey production, but 26 swarms escaped quarantine in 1957. Since then, the hybrid has spread throughout South America and arrived in North America in 1985. Hives were found in south

3238: 2349: 370:. The prospect of killer bees arriving in the United States caused a media sensation in the late 1970s, inspired several horror movies, and sparked debate about the wisdom of humans altering entire ecosystems. 681:

published by Fewell and Bertram in 2002 suggests that the differential evolution of this suite of behaviors is due to the different environmental pressures experienced by African and European subspecies.

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and are more likely to deal with a perceived threat by attacking in large swarms. These hybrids have been known to pursue a perceived threat for a distance of well over 500 meters (1,640 ft).

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of California. Bee experts theorized the colony had not traveled overland but instead "arrived hidden in a load of oil-drilling pipe shipped from South America." The first permanent colonies arrived in

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403, "The Brazilian bee changed this; the only quantitative data are from savanna (cerrado) areas in the states of Goias and Mato Grosso where Kerr (46) found an average of 107.5 colonies of feral

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as ants and wasps, as well as voracious animals like the honey badger, African honey bees evolved as a subspecies group of highly defensive bees unsuitable by a number of metrics for domestic use.

504:. Their expansion stopped for a time at eastern Texas, possibly due to the large population of European honey bee hives in the area. However, discoveries of the Africanized honey bees in southern 399:

in Central and South America due to their genetic dominance as well as ability to out-compete their European counterpart, with some beekeepers asserting that they are superior honey producers and

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more dangerous because they are more easily provoked, quicker to attack in greater numbers, and then pursue the perceived threat farther, for as much as a quarter of a mile (400 metres).

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Wang, Y.; Jorda, M.; Jones, P. L.; Maleszka, R.; Ling, X.; Robertson, H. M.; Mizzen, C. A.; Peinado, M. A.; Robinson, G. E. (2006). "Functional CpG methylation system in a social insect".

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to low sucrose concentration in Africanized honey bees may be a result of selective pressure in times of scarcity when their survival depends on their attraction to low quality resources.

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Avalos, Arián; Fang, Miaoquan; Pan, Hailin; Ramirez Lluch, Aixa; Lipka, Alexander E.; Zhao, Sihai Dave; Giray, Tugrul; Robinson, Gene E.; Zhang, Guojie; Hudson, Matthew E. (2020-07-06).

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in the east. The cold-weather limits of the Africanized honey bee have driven some professional bee breeders from Southern California into the harsher wintering locales of the northern

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which was plaguing beekeepers in the early 2000's. Despite all its negative factors, it is possible that the Africanized honey bee might actually end up being a boon to apiculture.

4008: 1492: 1443: 346:) to prevent the larger queen bees and drones from getting out and mating with the local population of European bees. According to Kerr, in October 1957 a visiting 2486: 3402: 2817: 2609: 937:

As the Africanized honey bee spreads through Florida, a densely populated state, officials worry that public fear may force misguided efforts to combat them:

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403, "On highly attractive flowers in Parana and Sao Paulo, J. S. Moure (personal communication) reports up to 15 workers per m in areas without beekeeping."

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Schneider, S.S.; Deeby, T.; Gilley, D.C.; Degrandi-Hoffman, G. (2004). "Seasonal nest usurpation of European colonies by African swarms in Arizona, USA".

2645: 2990:"Market Scene : 'Killer' Bees Make Honey of a Deal With Brazil : Production has soared since the ornery invaders took over beekeepers' hives" 1603: 386:

of Arizona, a study of trapped swarms in 1994 found that only 15 percent had been Africanized; this number had grown to 90 percent by 1997.

4003: 1077:, but there is little relevant documentation. It appears that cows sustain hundreds of stings if they are attacked, but can survive such injuries. 1395: 350:, noticing that the queen excluders were interfering with the worker bees' movement, removed them, resulting in the accidental release of 26 2281: 1522: 3047:

Caldas, Saulo; Graça, Flávio Augusto Soares; de Barros, Júlia Soares Monteiro; Rolim, Márcia; Peixoto, Tiago da Cunha; Peixoto, Paulo (2013).

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Fewell, Jennifer H.; Bertram, Susan M. (2002). "Evidence for genetic variation in worker task performance by African and European honeybees".

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Livanis, G.; Moss, C. B. (2010). "The effect of Africanized honey bees on honey production in the United States: An informational approach".

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Winston ML, Taylor O, Otis GW (1983). "Some differences between temperate European and tropical African and South American honeybees".

1500: 358:. Following this accidental release, the Africanized honey bee swarms spread out and crossbred with local European honey bee colonies. 3988: 3395: 665:

Africanized honey bees begin foraging at young ages and harvest a greater quantity of pollen compared to their European counterparts (

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Africanized honey bees are a threat to outdoor pets, especially mammals. The most detailed information available pertains to dogs.

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The Africanized honey bee is widely feared by the public, a reaction that has been amplified by sensationalist movies (such as

1451: 1180: 845:, were closer to vertebrates than other insects. Genes related to enzymes that control other genes were also vertebrate-like. 3472: 190: 2468: 515:

of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry said that Africanized honey bees had established themselves in the

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In October 2010, a 73-year-old man was killed by a swarm of Africanized honey bees while clearing brush on his south

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Pankiw, Tanya (2003). "Directional change in a suite of foraging behaviors in tropical and temperate evolved honey bees (

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Pankiw, T. Jr.; Page, R.E. (2000). "Response thresholds to sucrose predict foraging division of labor in honeybees".

2623: 3361: 3115: 617:. The reduced available winter forage in northern California means that bees must be fed for early spring buildup. 934:) and some of the media reports. Stings from Africanized honey bees kill on average two or three people per year. 3957: 3911: 1194: 855: 770: 760: 751: 738: 554: 251: 38: 3847: 3822: 3602: 3581: 3567: 3553: 3546: 3016: 981: 776: 543: 342:, and were noted to be especially defensive. These hives had been fitted with special excluder screens (called 2653: 3983: 3886: 3741: 3644: 3623: 3609: 2251: 1651: 620:

The arrival of the Africanized honey bee in Central America is threatening the traditional craft of keeping

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Deploy in greater numbers for defense and pursue perceived threats over much longer distances from the hive.

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Ronald M. Nelson; Andreas Wallberg; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões; Daniel J. Lawson; Matthew T. Webster (2017).

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Ronald M. Nelson; Andreas Wallberg; Zilá Luz Paulino Simões; Daniel J. Lawson; Matthew T. Webster (2017).

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assigned to one of four major branches based on work by Ruttner and subsequently confirmed by analysis of

792:, but this means the test can only be done by a sophisticated laboratory. Molecular diagnostics using the 610: 594: 561:, in west-central Colorado, were from an Africanized honey bee hive. The hive was subsequently destroyed. 351: 3998: 3916: 3901: 3315: 2989: 2844:"Genomic regions influencing aggressive behavior in honey bees are defined by colony allele frequencies" 2186: 1331: 930: 707: 500:, and southern California. In June 2005, it was discovered that the bees had spread into southwest 2324: 706:

The differences in a variety of behaviors between different species of honey bees are the result of a

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Are more likely to "abscond"—the entire colony leaves the hive and relocates—in response to stress.

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in the Americas. As of 2002, the Africanized honey bees had spread from Brazil south to northern

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deprivation, preventing introduction into areas with harsh winters or extremely dry late summers.

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enhanced (long-distance) foraging behavior in desert areas, and numerous other inherited traits.

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The descendants of these colonies have since spread throughout the Americas, moving through the

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state officials reported that a colony was found for the first time in a beekeeper's colony in

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number of indigenous plants that the Africanized honey bees do not visit, so the fate of the

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to survive the winter. Thus Africanized honey bees are expected to be a hazard mostly in the

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The first Africanized honey bees in the U.S. were discovered in 1985 at an oil field in the

367: 224: 80: 3789: 3745: 645: 319: 307: 2556: 3254: 3123: 2914:"Genetic structure of the gentle Africanized honey bee population (gAHB) in Puerto Rico" 2859: 2746: 2450: 2365: 2304: 2205: 2147: 2094: 2034: 1856: 1802: 1759: 1283: 3794: 3769: 3753: 3650: 3539: 3503: 3083: 3048: 2940: 2913: 2886: 2843: 2111: 2074: 1574: 745: 598: 343: 3380: 1035: 423:

Have greater defensiveness when in a resting swarm, compared to other honey bee types.

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Galindo-Cardona, A.; Acevedo-Gonzalez, J. P.; Rivera-Marchand, B.; Giray, T. (2013).

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show that they have gotten past this barrier, or have come as a swarm aboard a ship.

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confirmed that bees from a swarm which had aggressively attacked an orchardist near

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in the eastern part of the state. In June 2013, 62-year-old Larry Goodwin of

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Kerr, W. E. (1971). "Contribuição a ecogenetica de algumas especies de abelhas".

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Are more likely to migrate as part of a seasonal response to lowered food supply.

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L.) from Brazil and Uruguay viewed through mitochondrial DNA COI–COII patterns"

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Caron, Dewey M.; Delaney, Deborah A.; Borkoski, Daniel; Bee, Cindy (May 2020).

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Less is known about livestock as victims. There is a widespread consensus that

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completely free of Africanized honey bees, such as the northern U.S. states or

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One of the problems with this test is that there are other subspecies, such as

3799: 3784: 3779: 3759: 3666: 3431: 1864: 1767: 1697: 877: 838: 493: 400: 396: 284: 3239:"Genomewide analysis of admixture and adaptation in the Africanized honeybee" 3131: 3074: 2877: 2578: 2350:"Genomewide analysis of admixture and adaptation in the Africanized honeybee" 3774: 3737: 3698: 3426: 3411: 3065: 2930: 2868: 2528: 2155: 2042: 1956: 860: 823: 765: 574: 539: 505: 477: 464: 347: 326:. The hives containing this particular African subspecies were housed at an 300: 243:) with various European honey bee subspecies such as the Italian honey bee ( 175: 165: 125: 105: 3280: 3221: 3212: 3191: 3190:

Collet T.; Ferreira K.M.; Arias M.C.; Soares A.E.E.; Del Lama M.A. (2006).

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Currently testing techniques have moved away from external measurements to

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thought to have links to evolutionary lineages from Africa. Some belong to

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area. In February 2009, Africanized honey bees were found in southern

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property, as determined by Georgia's Department of Agriculture. In 2012,

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conditions than the European strain of honey bee then in use throughout

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Guard the hive aggressively, with a larger alarm zone around the hive.

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Mountains, which would be included in the Mideast subspecies branch.

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Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases

2818:"Preparing for the "Africanized" honey bee: A program for Arizona" 1004: 906: 774:, but others have an indeterminate origin; the Egyptian honeybee ( 744: 644: 579: 481: 480:

and north to Central America, Trinidad (the West Indies), Mexico,

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Lists general information and resources for Africanized Honeybee.

3330:. National Invasive Species Information Center. Species Profile. 2259: 1663: 1596:"'Killer bees' leave Texas man dead, woman in serious condition" 980:, some fungal diseases like chalkbrood, and even the mysterious 520: 3384: 1286:. Entomology & Nematology Department. University of Florida 853:

There are two lineages of the East African lowland subspecies (

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Africanized honey bees, as opposed to other Western bee types:

3749: 2451:"Africanized honey bee - Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier" 2282:"Mitochondrial DNA characterization of Africanized honey bee ( 2075:"Insights into social insects from the genome of the honeybee 1626:"Africanized bees reach Colorado, turn up in Palisade orchard" 1174: 1172: 1030: 896:

Africanized honey bees exhibit far greater defensiveness than

414:

more frequently and go farther than other types of honey bees.

2907: 2905: 2964:"Group Genomics Drive Aggression in Africanized Honey Bees" 2770:"Mid-Atlantic Apiculture Research and Extension Consortium" 426:

Live more often in ground cavities than the European types.

258:

The East African lowland honey bee was first introduced to

2455:

University of Florida Entymology and Nematology Department

609:. This is a more difficult area to prepare bees for early 3367:

Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services

2487:"Are Africanized honey bees more deadly than other bees?" 1468:. Utah Department of Agriculture and Food. Archived from 715:

to sustain themselves in harsher environments. The noted

432:

Have a higher proportion of "guard" bees within the hive.

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placement in, such as is required for the production of

2650:

Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

1047: 42: 2704:

Killer Bees: The Africanized honey bee in the Americas

2258:. University of Florida. ENY-114/MG113. Archived from 1258:

Killer bees: The Africanized honey bee in the Americas

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Although the native East African lowland honey bees (

3192:"Genetic structure of African honeybee populations ( 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2837: 2835: 2708:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 1523:"Killer bees stung Georgia man to death, tests show" 1450:. Associated Press. 12 February 2009. Archived from 1225:"Thousands of bees attack Texas couple, kill horses" 1195:"Thousands of bees attack Texas couple, kill horses" 1009:

A Puerto Rican Africanized Bee, using its proboscis.

3935: 3877: 3856: 3808: 3717: 3659: 3486: 3450: 3419: 3104:Michener, C D (1975). "The Brazilian Bee Problem". 1073:suffer occasional Africanized honey bee attacks in 597:of the United States, reaching as far north as the 550:, was killed by a swarm of Africanized honey bees. 3059:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 18. 2701: 2185:Smith, D. R.; Taylor, O. R.; Brown, W. M. (1989). 1997:"Research upsetting some notions about honey bees" 1255: 3017:"Tucson family grieves dogs killed in bee attack" 1547:"Africanized bees blamed in death of Georgia man" 1121: 716: 62:"Killer bee" redirects here. For other uses, see 1181:"Richard Moore Outdoor Report: Africanized Bees" 876:and created a number of subspecies suitable for 2848:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1493:"Killer bees now documented in 8 Utah counties" 1444:"African bees found in Utah for the first time" 939: 306:, who had interbred honey bees from Europe and 235:), produced originally by crossbreeding of the 1894:Davies, Nicholas B. (2012). "Chapter 1". 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 3396: 2293:Journal of Apicultural Research and Bee World 8: 4009:Invasive animal species in the United States 796:(mtDNA) cytochrome b gene can differentiate 3332:United States National Agricultural Library 3308:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 2469:"The Common Races of Honey Bees PerfectBee" 1656:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 1310:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 275:have also killed horses and other animals. 26: 3403: 3389: 3381: 2252:"African Honey Bee: What You Need to Know" 1652:"African honey bee: What you need to know" 1571:"Africanized bees found in East Tennessee" 573:European queen and establishing their own 70: 3272:1983/9a0f0728-cf3f-4eb8-8375-620db9a19ca0 3270: 3211: 3082: 3064: 2939: 2929: 2885: 2867: 2383:1983/9a0f0728-cf3f-4eb8-8375-620db9a19ca0 2381: 2110: 1964: 472:Africanized honey bees are considered an 1573:. Bloomsburg. 2012-04-10. Archived from 1125:the honey bee population (Pankiw, 2003). 511:On 11 September 2007, Commissioner 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3148: 1662:. University of Florida. Archived from 1396:United States Department of Agriculture 1312:(IFAS) Extension. University of Florida 1137: 1098: 28: 1919:Szalanski, A.L.; McKern, J.A. (2007). 1422:"'Killer bees' descend on New Orleans" 2820:. Beesource Beekeeping. Beesource.com 1896:An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology 299:are descended from hives operated by 7: 3347:Center for Invasive Species Research 3326:Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier 2589:from the original on 11 October 2016 2557:10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.May.10269 2414:"Why are Africanized bees defensive" 2280:Szalanski, A.L.; Magnus, R. (2010). 1330:Le Page, Andrew (10 May 1989). 1235:from the original on 8 November 2016 1145: 1143: 1141: 837:, and is unusual in having very few 3124:10.1146/annurev.en.20.010175.002151 1845:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1791:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1748:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1122:§ Proboscis extension response 717:§ Proboscis extension response 438:Cannot survive extended periods of 2610:"Beekeepers warn of summer threat" 1898:. UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2. 694:For example, European honey bees ( 295:The Africanized honey bees in the 57: 3487:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes 2646:"Florida African bee Action Plan" 1205:from the original on 10 June 2016 2608:Warner, Amanda (21 April 2009). 1424:. Digitaljournal.com. 2007-09-12 1179:Moore, Richard (18 March 2020). 1034: 92: 79: 4004:Beekeeping in the United States 947:Florida African Bee Action Plan 805:African and European ancestry. 565:locations, particularly at the 3473:Bee learning and communication 3015:Sanders, Shaley (2020-05-19). 2755:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.013 1733:10.1080/0005772x.1983.11097902 1491:Wright, Becky (May 18, 2017). 1027:Impact on pets and livestock 237:East African lowland honey bee 1: 3340:Visscher, Kirk (2020-01-24). 2449:Ellis, Jamie (January 2008). 2286:L.) populations from the USA" 1602:. 2 June 2013. Archived from 686:Proboscis extension responses 283:There are 29 recognized 249:) and the Iberian honey bee ( 2988:Margolis, Mac (1994-04-05). 1349:Sanford, Malcolm T. (2006). 1262:. Harvard University Press. 449:higher population densities. 382:from Mexico in 1990. In the 64:Killer bees (disambiguation) 3617:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan 3107:Annual Review of Entomology 1945:Molecular Ecology Resources 728:accepted scientific taxon. 586:Gila River Indian Community 460:North American distribution 219:) and colloquially as the " 4025: 921: 833:is the third insect whose 252:A. m. iberiensis 241:A. m. scutellata 61: 3989:Agricultural pest insects 3958:Honeybee Discovery Center 3869:Diseases of the honey bee 3596:Apis mellifera scutellata 3414:types and characteristics 2700:Winston, Mark L. (1992). 2513:"Africanized killer bees" 1865:10.1007/s00265-003-0640-1 1768:10.1007/s00265-002-0501-3 1698:10.1007/s00040-004-0753-1 1157:. Smithsonian Institution 871:Consequences of selection 856:Apis mellifera scutellata 739:Apis mellifera scutellata 642:bees remains to be seen. 555:Colorado State University 246:A. m. ligustica 89:Scientific classification 87: 78: 73: 3979:Western honey bee breeds 3936:Museums and insectariums 3848:Colony collapse disorder 3823:Varroa sensitive hygiene 3603:Apis mellifera siciliana 3582:Apis mellifera monticola 3568:Apis mellifera pomonella 3554:Apis mellifera artemisia 3547:Apis mellifera adansonii 3245:(Submitted manuscript). 2798:bee-health.extension.org 2675:"Africanized Honey Bees" 2418:www.socal-beekeeping.com 2356:(Submitted manuscript). 1306:"Africanized Honey Bees" 982:colony collapse disorder 777:Apis mellifera lamarckii 696:Apis mellifera ligustica 667:Apis mellifera ligustica 651:Engelmann's prickly pear 39:latest accepted revision 3994:Invasive insect species 3742:Horizontal top-bar hive 3645:Apis mellifera unicolor 3624:Apis mellifera sossimai 3610:Apis mellifera simensis 3342:"Africanized Honey Bee" 3324:"Africanized Honeybee ( 3066:10.1186/1678-9199-19-18 2931:10.1186/1471-2156-14-65 2869:10.1073/pnas.1922927117 2529:10.4037/ccn2006.26.3.23 2511:Mitchell, Anne (2006). 2436:Smithsonian Institution 2156:10.1126/science.1135213 2043:10.1126/science.1132772 1957:10.1111/1755-0998.12411 1527:The Florida Times-Union 1284:"Africanized Honey Bee" 1254:Winston, M. L. (1992). 723:Morphology and genetics 3809:Parasites and diseases 3638:Apis mellifera taurica 3631:Apis mellifera syriaca 3589:Apis mellifera remipes 3561:Apis mellifera litorea 3213:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800875 2313:10.3896/IBRA.1.49.2.06 1010: 950: 835:genome has been mapped 755: 657: 589: 531:Counties by May 2017. 469: 338:, in the southeast of 3316:University of Florida 1811:10.1007/s002650050664 1454:on 12 September 2016. 1376:: 89–90 Supplemental. 1008: 748: 708:directional selection 648: 583: 467: 213:Africanized honey bee 191:A. m. scutellata 59:Hybrid species of bee 3948:Bee Museum of Rhodes 3864:Topics in beekeeping 3463:Honey bee life cycle 2735:Ecological Economics 2620:Wichita Falls, Texas 1388:"African Honey Bees" 1355:American Bee Journal 969:Impact on apiculture 211:, also known as the 3943:Malacca Bee Gallery 3843:Deformed wing virus 3734:BS National Beehive 3575:Apis mellifera meda 3509:Carniolan honey bee 3304:"African honey bee" 3255:2017MolEc..26.3603N 2860:2020PNAS..11717135A 2854:(29): 17135–17141. 2747:2010EcoEc..69..895L 2681:. UF/IFAS Extension 2517:Critical Care Nurse 2366:2017MolEc..26.3603N 2305:2010JApiR..49..177S 2206:1989Natur.339..213S 2148:2006Sci...314..645W 2103:10.1038/nature05260 2095:2006Natur.443..931T 2035:2006Sci...314..642W 2005:. 29 December 2006. 1857:2003BEcoS..54..458P 1803:2000BEcoS..47..265P 1760:2002BEcoS..52..318F 898:European honey bees 732:Morphological tests 29:Page version status 3838:American foulbrood 3312:Featured Creatures 2473:www.perfectbee.com 2432:"Africanized Bees" 1658:(IFAS) Extension. 1466:"Africanized bees" 1402:on 18 October 2010 1151:"Africanized Bees" 1046:. You can help by 1011: 756: 658: 649:Gathering pollen, 590: 553:In May 2014, 470: 375:San Joaquin Valley 297:Western Hemisphere 35: 3966: 3965: 3828:Small hive beetle 3817:Varroa destructor 3534:Western honey bee 3529:Russian honey bee 3524:Maltese honey bee 3514:European dark bee 3437:Laying worker bee 3263:10.1111/mec.14122 3249:(14): 3603–3617. 3243:Molecular Ecology 2995:Los Angeles Times 2719:978-0-674-50353-3 2679:sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu 2615:Times Record News 2374:10.1111/mec.14122 2360:(14): 3603–3617. 2354:Molecular Ecology 2256:Edis.ifas.ufl.edu 2142:(5799): 645–647. 2089:(7114): 931–949. 1905:978-1-4051-1416-5 1660:Edis.ifas.ufl.edu 1577:on April 13, 2012 1370:Ciência e Cultura 1336:Los Angeles Times 1064: 1063: 977:Varroa destructor 843:circadian rhythms 831:western honey bee 816:mitochondrial DNA 794:mitochondrial DNA 661:Foraging behavior 567:Isthmus of Panama 229:western honey bee 205: 204: 47:29 September 2024 16:(Redirected from 4016: 3694:Honey extraction 3687:Alcoholic drinks 3405: 3398: 3391: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3335: 3319: 3292: 3274: 3233: 3215: 3177: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3097: 3096: 3086: 3068: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2933: 2909: 2900: 2899: 2889: 2871: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2661: 2652:. Archived from 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2626:on 28 March 2014 2622:. Archived from 2605: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2489:. Archived from 2483: 2477: 2476: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2385: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2323:. Archived from 2290: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2214:10.1038/339213a0 2191: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2114: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1968: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1836: 1823: 1822: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1686:Insectes Sociaux 1681: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1583: 1582: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1499:. 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Kerr 281: 209:Africanized bee 201: 91: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4022: 4020: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3984:Hybrid animals 3981: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3922:United Kingdom 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3795:Queen excluder 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3770:Wax foundation 3767: 3762: 3757: 3754:Stewarton hive 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3651:Honey bee race 3648: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3540:Apis laboriosa 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3504:Cape honey bee 3501: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 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