469:
cleanliness, resistance to disease, and the tendency to collect flower honey rather than honey dew. The last-named trait is of value only in countries where the colour of the honey determines the price. The
Ligustica has shown that she is able to produce good crops from the red clover. In one other characteristic has the Ligustica proved exceptional and that is in her resistance to Acarine. This is especially true of the dark, leather-coloured variety, whereas the golden strains are highly susceptible to Acarine.
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150:
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25:
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of honey into brood. These light coloured varieties are likewise as already stated unusually susceptible to
Acarine. The reason for this is not known in spite of all the work spent on trying to find it. It is all the more surprising when we consider that the dark, leather-coloured Ligustica has over a period of more than 60 years proved to be one of the most resistant to Acarine.
414:
736:
a week's stopover in Sydney, the bees arrived in
Brisbane. The government of the colony of South Australia passed legislation in 1885 intended to "encourage the culture of Ligurian Bees on Kangaroo Island." Honey from Kangaroo Island is marketed (in 2014) as being from the only pure Ligurian bees in the world.
735:
in South
Australia, sourced from Brisbane where they were previously imported in 1880 from Italy by Chas. Fullwood. Jas. Carroll received a hive of Italian bees in Brisbane, Queensland, in 1877 when Angus Mackay accompanied a hive aboard the City of New York, packaged by Harbison in California. After
495:
Curiously enough, all the above mentioned faults of the
Ligustica appear in greatly emphasised form in the very light coloured strains, with an additional one, an unusually high consumption of stores. In European countries such strains have proved highly unsatisfactory as they tend to turn every drop
468:
From the commercial and breeding point of view the value of the
Ligustica lies in a happy synthesis of a great number of good characteristics. Among these we must mention industry, gentleness, fertility, reluctance to swarm, zeal for building comb, white honey-cappings, a willingness to enter supers,
715:
There is strong evidence that the subsequent
Italian virgin queens hybridised with the English 'black' bee previously imported (source: Barrett, P. "The Immigrant Bees, 1788 to 1898", Vol. IV). Wilhelm Abram brought several queens from Italy to Sydney in December 1880 but it's probable they reached
499:
The almost exclusive concentration of these light-coloured
Italian strains in North America seems to be due to the fact that in sub-tropical Southern and Western States the large queen-rearing centres are concerned mainly with the sale of bees, where honey production plays a secondary role. Hence
487:
The
Ligustica has her drawbacks, and these are serious. She lacks vitality and is inclined to excessive brood rearing. These two faults are the root cause of her other disadvantages. She has too a tendency to drift which is caused by a poor sense of orientation and this can prove a drawback where
638:
Breeders of
Italian bees, as well as other honey bee subspecies, look for certain beneficial characteristics. Depending on the breeding goal, one or more of the following characteristics may be emphasized:
528:
superb comb builder (writing in Switzerland in 1862, H. C. Hermann stated the comb of an Italian bee-cell occupied only 15 cells for every 16 of the common black bee, and the cubic content was larger by
372:. More food has to be consumed to compensate for the greater heat loss from the loose cluster. The tendency to raise broods late in autumn also increases food consumption. Noted beekeeper
391:
Color: Abdomen has brown and yellow bands. Among different strains of Italian bees, there are three different colors: Leather; bright yellow (golden); and very pale yellow (Cordovan).
587:
the strong brood rearing disposition often results in large food consumption in late winter or early spring that causes spring dwindling and hence slow or tardy spring development
987:
1700:
500:
they need a bee which is given to brood rearing to an extreme degree, something which in entirely different climatic conditions constitutes a serious drawback.
624:
are more concerned with nectar processing behaviors, honey storage, and adult maintenance over brood expansion when compared to the African honey bee,
1648:
1687:
811:
840:
Fewell, Jennifer H.; Susan M. Bertram (2002). "Evidence for genetic variation in worker task performance by African and European honeybees".
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tendency to collect flower honey rather than honey dew (of value only in countries where the colour of the honey determines the price)
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first introduced the Italian bee to Britain in 1859, and regarded it as vastly superior to the Old British Black bee (
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colonies are set out in rows facing in one direction as is the common practice in apiaries almost world-wide
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cleanliness/excellent housekeeper (which some scientists think might be a factor in disease resistance)
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Size: Their bodies are smaller and their overhairs are shorter than those of the darker honeybee races.
808:
437:
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alps in northern Italy are often referred to as the Ligurian bee, which is claimed only survives on
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brood rearing starts late and lasts long into late summer or autumn, irrespective of nectar flow
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Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 96–98.
698:
505:
Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 97–98.
474:
Brother Adam, "Breeding the Honeybee" (Northern Bee Books: Mytholmroyd, 1987), pp. 96–98.
82:
853:
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364:, are less able to cope with the "hard" winters and cool, wet springs of more northern
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for areas with continuous nectar flow and favorable weather throughout the summer
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1862 introduced to Australia, on 9 December into Victoria aboard the steam ship
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The Italian honey bee is endemic to the continental part of Italy, south of the
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Franck, P.; Garnery, L.; Celebrano, G.; Solignac, M.; Cornuet, J.-M. (2000).
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Italian bees, having been conditioned to the warmer climate of the central
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Italian honey bees festooning between two Langstroth hive frames
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1327:
18:
908:
Barrett, P. "The Immigrant Bees, 1788 to 1898", Vols. I-III)
603:, and may therefore be less effective in poorer nectar flows
646:
Resistance to various diseases including tracheal mite and
612:
for areas with periods of dearth of nectar in the summer
479:
While the Italian bee has many strong points, among the
333:. It is likely the most commercially distributed of all
516:
shows strong disposition to breeding and very prolific
345:
to cool temperate, but it is less successful in humid
1559:
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919:"Ligurian Bees Act (No 342 of 48 and 49 Vic, 1885)"
593:tends to forage over shorter distances than either
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
716:New South Wales through other hands earlier on.
485:
466:
809:A comparison of Russian and Italian Honey bees
441:Italian honey bee carrying pollen from flowers
349:regions. Italian bees that originate from the
981:
8:
888:Sydney Morning Herald (Nsw : 1842–1954)
460:, characterized the Italian bee in his book
1547:
988:
974:
966:
755:"Hybrid origins of honeybees from Italy (
135:
122:
584:than the other principal races of Europe.
539:shows lower swarming tendency than other
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
962:list of organisms with sequenced genome
745:
703:1859 introduced into the United Kingdom
826:
824:
483:it has a large number of weak points:
456:, a bee breeder and developer of the
7:
706:1859 introduced to the United States
47:adding citations to reliable sources
842:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
571:inclined to excessive brood rearing
337:, and has proven adaptable to most
653:Early spring buildup in population
14:
1072:Subspecies, Breeds and Phenotypes
609:for areas with strong spring flow
397:Tongue length: 6.3 to 6.6 mm
787:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00945.x
148:
23:
935:The Ligurian or Italian Alp-Bee
34:needs additional citations for
1058:Bee learning and communication
807:Tarpy, David R.; Lee, Jeffrey
728:1880 introduced to New Zealand
662:Ability to ripen honey rapidly
368:. They do not form such tight
329:. On Sicily the subspecies is
1:
555:a willingness to enter supers
536:with brilliant white cappings
731:1884 (Easter) introduced to
665:Honeycomb cappings are white
659:Tendency to limited swarming
1202:Apis mellifera sinisxinyuan
890:. 14 August 1914. p. 6
884:"14 Aug 1914 - BEE CULTURE"
671:Availability and queen cost
580:more prone to drifting and
433:Italian honey bees swarming
1768:
690:1853 introduced to Germany
681:George Imrie's pink pages
643:Gentleness or excitability
577:high consumption of stores
1536:Honeybee Discovery Center
1447:Diseases of the honey bee
1181:Apis mellifera scutellata
999:types and characteristics
947:The Sydney Morning Herald
938:The Sydney Morning Herald
862:10.1007/s00265-002-0501-3
693:1854 introduced into the
606:for cool maritime regions
574:susceptibility to disease
264:
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145:Scientific classification
143:
134:
125:
1747:Western honey bee breeds
1591:Apis mellifera ligustica
1561:Apis mellifera ligustica
1514:Museums and insectariums
1426:Colony collapse disorder
1401:Varroa sensitive hygiene
1188:Apis mellifera siciliana
1167:Apis mellifera monticola
1153:Apis mellifera pomonella
1139:Apis mellifera artemisia
1132:Apis mellifera adansonii
757:Apis mellifera ligustica
725:1877 introduced to Japan
331:Apis mellifera siciliana
325:, where it survived the
286:Apis mellifera ligustica
268:Apis mellifera ligustica
129:Apis mellifera ligustica
1320:Horizontal top-bar hive
1230:Apis mellifera unicolor
1209:Apis mellifera sossimai
1195:Apis mellifera simensis
668:Minimal use of propolis
16:Subspecies of honey bee
1387:Parasites and diseases
1223:Apis mellifera taurica
1216:Apis mellifera syriaca
1174:Apis mellifera remipes
1146:Apis mellifera litorea
685:Worldwide distribution
508:
477:
450:
442:
434:
426:
462:Breeding the Honeybee
448:
440:
432:
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374:Thomas White Woodbury
1526:Bee Museum of Rhodes
1442:Topics in beekeeping
1048:Honey bee life cycle
958:1 March 2012 at the
814:29 June 2010 at the
522:uses little propolis
250:A. m. ligustica
43:improve this article
1521:Malacca Bee Gallery
1421:Deformed wing virus
1312:BS National Beehive
1160:Apis mellifera meda
1094:Carniolan honey bee
854:2002BEcoS..52..318F
779:2000MolEc...9..907F
719:1866 introduced to
417:Italian honey bees
1416:American foulbrood
634:Selective breeding
525:excellent foragers
451:
443:
435:
427:
1729:
1728:
1553:Taxon identifiers
1544:
1543:
1406:Small hive beetle
1395:Varroa destructor
1119:Western honey bee
1114:Russian honey bee
1109:Maltese honey bee
1099:European dark bee
1022:Laying worker bee
818:Extension Service
767:Molecular Ecology
656:Wintering ability
617:Foraging behavior
541:Western honey bee
303:western honey bee
295:Italian Honey bee
282:
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236:A. mellifera
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627:A. m. scutellata
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1368:Honey extractor
1324:Langstroth hive
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1079:Africanized bee
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816:Wayback Machine
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759:) and Sicily (
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733:Kangaroo Island
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622:A. m. ligustica
619:
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507:
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476:
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409:Characteristics
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379:A. m. mellifera
370:winter clusters
355:Kangaroo Island
321:, and north of
315:
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773:(7): 907–921.
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721:Russian Empire
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568:lacks vitality
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481:A.m. ligustica
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307:Apis mellifera
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848:(4): 318–25.
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796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
762:
758:
749:
746:
740:
734:
730:
727:
724:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
705:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:
688:
684:
682:
680:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
645:
642:
641:
640:
633:
631:
629:
628:
623:
616:
611:
608:
605:
602:
598:
597:
592:
589:
586:
583:
579:
576:
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566:
562:
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548:
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538:
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531:
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518:
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497:
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484:
482:
470:
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459:
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447:
439:
431:
424:
420:
415:
408:
403:
402:cubital index
399:
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389:
385:
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381:
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375:
371:
367:
363:
362:Mediterranean
358:
356:
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348:
344:
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336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
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296:
292:
288:
287:
276:
271:
269:
263:
260:
256:
252:
251:
246:
243:
242:
238:
237:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
133:
130:
124:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
58:"Italian bee"
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1560:
1531:Honey Museum
1458:by countries
1394:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1103:
1084:Buckfast bee
946:
937:
913:
904:
892:. Retrieved
887:
878:
845:
841:
835:
803:
770:
766:
761:A. M. Sicula
760:
756:
748:
711:
699:Jan Dzierżon
677:
647:
637:
626:
621:
620:
600:
594:
498:
494:
486:
480:
478:
467:
461:
458:Buckfast bee
454:Brother Adam
452:
421:outside the
404:: 2.2 to 2.5
377:
359:
330:
327:last ice age
316:
306:
294:
290:
285:
284:
283:
267:
265:
249:
248:
244:Subspecies:
234:
222:
128:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1662:iNaturalist
1585:Wikispecies
1490:New Zealand
1456:Beekeeping
1343:Honey super
1287:Royal jelly
1245:Cultivation
1104:Italian bee
949:14 Aug 1914
944:Bee Culture
940:30 Oct 1862
532:covers the
343:subtropical
297:which is a
291:Italian bee
202:Hymenoptera
126:Italian bee
1752:Subspecies
1736:Categories
1378:Jenter kit
1363:Bee smoker
1358:Queen clip
1338:Hive frame
1252:Beekeeping
1043:Bee colony
1036:Life cycle
1017:Worker bee
1005:Bee castes
741:References
563:Weaknesses
552:gentleness
335:honey bees
299:subspecies
182:Arthropoda
69:newspapers
1465:Australia
1353:Hive tool
1316:Flow Hive
1296:Equipment
1277:Honeycomb
1027:Drone bee
1012:Queen bee
997:Honey bee
894:20 August
601:mellifera
511:Strengths
366:latitudes
230:Species:
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
99:June 2010
1628:10456203
1610:BugGuide
1599:BioLib:
1570:Wikidata
1282:Propolis
1257:Apiology
1063:Swarming
956:Archived
870:22128779
812:Archived
795:10886654
712:Alhambra
678:Source:
549:industry
503:—
472:—
425:entrance
419:bearding
351:Ligurian
347:tropical
339:climates
208:Family:
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
1693:1131136
1654:7631122
1576:Q961761
1495:Ukraine
1480:Ireland
1470:Hungary
1411:Waxworm
1308:Beehive
1262:Beeswax
850:Bibcode
775:Bibcode
697:by Dr.
596:carnica
582:robbing
386:Anatomy
301:of the
293:or the
289:is the
275:Spinola
218:Genus:
198:Order:
192:Insecta
188:Class:
83:scholar
1719:197276
1667:372091
1641:APISMI
1303:Apiary
868:
793:
695:Poland
648:Varroa
490:
323:Sicily
313:Origin
277:, 1806
212:Apidae
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1615:96150
1602:70382
1485:Nepal
1475:India
1435:Lists
1267:Honey
1053:Brood
866:S2CID
674:Color
543:races
534:honey
400:Mean
341:from
90:JSTOR
76:books
1706:7469
1701:NCBI
1688:ITIS
1680:6360
1649:GBIF
1636:EPPO
896:2015
791:PMID
650:mite
529:30%)
492:...
423:hive
319:Alps
223:Apis
62:news
1675:ISC
1623:EoL
1328:Nuc
858:doi
783:doi
599:or
382:).
309:).
45:by
1738::
1716::
1703::
1690::
1677::
1664::
1651::
1638::
1625::
1612::
1587::
1572::
1330:,
1326:-
1322:,
1318:,
1314:,
886:.
864:.
856:.
846:52
844:.
823:^
789:.
781:.
769:.
765:.
763:)"
630:.
464::
357:.
1334:)
1310:(
989:e
982:t
975:v
921:.
898:.
872:.
860::
852::
797:.
785::
777::
771:9
305:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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