109:’s created a program called Food Action Nippon Program ("FAN"). The slogan for the program was "Everybody, let's increase the Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio!". It was aimed to educated consumers about Japan's low food self-sufficiency ratio and to encourage domestic consumption. In 2005, "Food Education" legislation was created to encourage using locally-grown food for public school lunches. Through this legislation, children were taught about local agriculture and food traditions and local farmers were benefited as well.
31:. In 2012 around 4% of the total work force in Japan was categorized as "agricultural workers", which was much higher than the United States (2.6%), England (1.5%) and Germany (2.8%). In order to support farming the Japanese government issued farmers massive grants. Due to increasing technology farming has increased in efficiency to where large rice fields can be harvested in about three days.
117:
Due to the aging of Japan and the decrease of couples having children, a large percent of the
Japanese population is over the age of 65. Kazuhito Yamashita has claimed that this has resulted in an increase of government debt and makes agricultural protectionism no longer affordable. Japan, along with
122:
and member countries signed the agreement in 2016. The negotiation was aimed to eliminate tariffs on all products, without exceptions, within ten years from the conclusion. Yamashita also claims that trade liberalization is beneficial, as it lowers the food price and helps the government get rid of
43:
Farmers have received much political support in Japan. According to researchers such as Yusaku
Horiuchi and Jun Saito, there are several possible reasons for this. One was that until the 1994 electoral reform, farmers were able to provide more organized political support such as votes, as consumers
63:
has also sought to get rural votes by advocating for income compensation for farmers. Two party competition & political mobilization around 2008 contributed to the government's increased effort to raise citizens’ concerns for food self-sufficiency issue.
96:
was found in
Japanese beef in 2001. To best eliminate its negative effect, politicians quickly organized gathering to devour beef and invited mass media and ate beef in front of TV cameras to demonstrate its safety.
437:
Yamashita, Kazuhito; (2015); Japanese
Agriculture Trade Policy and Sustainable Development; Issue Paper No. 56; International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland, www.ictsd.org.
34:
Japanese farms have also received support from the country's consumers, who are more likely to purchase domestically produced goods regardless of price, compared with goods produced in other countries.
72:
Other than politician influence on food protectionism, observers of Japan have thought that
Japanese consumers seem to be willing to support the high price because of issues related with
106:
181:
Naoi, Megumi; Kume, Ikuo (October 2011). "Explaining Mass
Support for Agricultural Protectionism: Evidence from a Survey Experiment During the Global Recession".
44:
are more diffused and unorganized, making it difficult to collectively act and lobby. After the reform this became more difficult to accomplish and after the
52:
341:
23:
from international competition. The country has limited land to use for farming and until recent years, has been a protectionist country regarding
27:. Farming in Japan has experienced economic inefficiency but has not dissuaded some Japanese from choosing to become either full or part-time
119:
76:
as well. Possible disease and poison in import food made many
Japanese worrisome and turned to domestic produced goods only. In 2001,
324:
232:
92:, etc. In 2008, dumplings imported from China were found to be poisoned. There were cases of unsafe food found in Japan as well.
56:
45:
414:
365:
453:
60:
458:
141:
320:
289:
258:"Cultivating Rice and Votes: The Institutional Origins of Agricultural Protectionism in Japan"
238:
228:
198:
160:
312:
279:
269:
190:
152:
93:
389:
221:
447:
73:
24:
274:
257:
194:
316:
293:
242:
202:
89:
223:
The logic of collective action : public goods and the theory of groups
85:
81:
48:' decentralization reform in 2015 it became more difficult for farmers.
284:
164:
28:
156:
55:
made an effort to push for agricultural protectionism in Japan. The
19:
refers to the protection of farmers and the agricultural sector in
77:
20:
342:"Japan's Farm Lobby Concedes to Abe's Agriculture Reform Plans"
80:
exported vegetables with pesticide residues to Japan. In 2004,
59:
has been a pro-rural party since its establishment and the
415:"Japan shows food education works - BCFN Foundation"
220:
366:"First human case of mad cow disease in Japan"
256:Horiuchi, Yusaku; Saito, Jun (December 2010).
107:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery
8:
51:Another reason was that two of the biggest
101:Government policies and other institutions
311:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
283:
273:
132:
7:
214:
212:
176:
174:
123:excessive subsidization of farmers.
120:Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement
118:10 other countries, negotiated the
17:Agricultural Protectionism in Japan
14:
340:Takada, Aya (February 9, 2015).
140:Montanez, Cathie (2014-04-07).
46:Japan Agricultural Cooperatives
1:
262:Journal of East Asian Studies
113:Shift from food protectionism
227:. Harvard University Press.
142:"LDRD FY2013 Annual Report"
475:
183:International Organization
53:political parties of Japan
275:10.1017/s1598240800003684
195:10.1017/S0020818311000221
84:was found in import from
61:Democratic Party of Japan
317:10.1017/cbo9780511571473
57:Liberal Democratic Party
219:Olson, Mancur. (1995).
307:Cox, Gary W. (1987).
454:Agriculture in Japan
390:"Food Action Nippon"
370:www.newscientist.com
309:The Efficient Secret
68:Food safety concerns
39:Politician influence
419:www.barillacfn.com
466:
438:
435:
429:
428:
426:
425:
411:
405:
404:
402:
401:
386:
380:
379:
377:
376:
362:
356:
355:
353:
352:
337:
331:
330:
304:
298:
297:
287:
277:
253:
247:
246:
226:
216:
207:
206:
178:
169:
168:
146:
137:
474:
473:
469:
468:
467:
465:
464:
463:
444:
443:
442:
441:
436:
432:
423:
421:
413:
412:
408:
399:
397:
388:
387:
383:
374:
372:
364:
363:
359:
350:
348:
339:
338:
334:
327:
306:
305:
301:
255:
254:
250:
235:
218:
217:
210:
180:
179:
172:
157:10.2172/1128897
144:
139:
138:
134:
129:
115:
103:
94:Mad-cow disease
70:
41:
12:
11:
5:
472:
470:
462:
461:
456:
446:
445:
440:
439:
430:
406:
394:Washoku Lovers
381:
357:
332:
325:
299:
268:(3): 425–452.
248:
233:
208:
189:(4): 771–795.
170:
131:
130:
128:
125:
114:
111:
105:The LDP &
102:
99:
69:
66:
40:
37:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
471:
460:
459:Protectionism
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
434:
431:
420:
416:
410:
407:
395:
391:
385:
382:
371:
367:
361:
358:
347:
343:
336:
333:
328:
326:9780511571473
322:
318:
314:
310:
303:
300:
295:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
267:
263:
259:
252:
249:
244:
240:
236:
234:9780674537514
230:
225:
224:
215:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
177:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
136:
133:
126:
124:
121:
112:
110:
108:
100:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
47:
38:
36:
32:
30:
26:
22:
18:
433:
422:. Retrieved
418:
409:
398:. Retrieved
396:. 2016-03-14
393:
384:
373:. Retrieved
369:
360:
349:. Retrieved
345:
335:
308:
302:
265:
261:
251:
222:
186:
182:
148:
135:
116:
104:
71:
50:
42:
33:
16:
15:
74:food safety
25:agriculture
448:Categories
424:2019-08-02
400:2019-08-02
375:2019-08-02
351:2019-08-02
285:1885/29007
127:References
346:Bloomberg
294:1598-2408
243:847088245
203:0020-8183
90:Indonesia
86:Thailand
82:bird flu
165:1128897
29:farmers
323:
292:
241:
231:
201:
163:
145:(PDF)
78:China
21:Japan
321:ISBN
290:ISSN
239:OCLC
229:ISBN
199:ISSN
161:OSTI
149:slac
313:doi
280:hdl
270:doi
191:doi
153:doi
450::
417:.
392:.
368:.
344:.
319:.
288:.
278:.
266:10
264:.
260:.
237:.
211:^
197:.
187:65
185:.
173:^
159:.
151:.
147:.
88:,
427:.
403:.
378:.
354:.
329:.
315::
296:.
282::
272::
245:.
205:.
193::
167:.
155::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.