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Defant, A., Böhnecke, G., und
Wattenberg, H.,1936. Die ozeanographischen Arbeiten des Vermessungs-Schiffes "Meteor" in der Dänemarkstraße und in der Irmingersee in den Jahren 1929, 1930,1933 und 1935. l. Teil. Veröff. d. Inst. f. Meereskunde, Berlin (The oceanographic work of the survey ship „Meteor“
95:
His later work in Berlin focused on the physics of the ocean, in particular on the upper ocean and its boundary to the atmosphere. International relations were important for him, particularly to
Scandinavian scientists. These contacts were interrupted by World War II. Defant stayed in Berlin until
364:
Defant, A., Hg. mit Hans
Frebold, 1942. Der Einfluss des Reflexionsvermögens von Wasser und Eis auf den Wärmeumsatz der Polargebiete. Reihe: Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Instituts DWI zu Kopenhagen. Reihe 1: Arktis. Nr. 5 Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin (The influence of the
551:
F. Spiess, 1928. Die Meteor-Fahrt. Forschungen und
Erlebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition 1925-1927. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin. Translated by Emery, W.J., 1985. The Meteor Expedition – Scientific Results of the German Atlantic Expedition, 1925-1927. Amerind Publishing, New
72:
Defant was
Professor of Cosmic Physics (corresponding to meteorology and geophysics) at Innsbruck University from 1919 to 1926. During that time he was able to show that large-scale structures in the atmosphere can provide meridional heat transport from tropical to high latitudes.
355:
Translated by Emery, W.J., 1981. Stratification and
Circulation of the Atlantic Ocean - The Troposphere. Scientific Results of the German Atlantic Expedition of the Research Vessel "Meteor" 1925 – 27, Vol.VI, Part 1, Al-Ahram Center for Scientific Translations, Cairo.
67:
by applying the results of turbulence theory to estimate the amount of heat that would be transported poleward by turbulent eddies with diameters of thousands of kilometers. He found that this agreed well with the required transport and concluded that his ideas were
76:
By that time he was also rated as an expert on tides, and he was invited to participate in two cruises of the German survey vessel "Panther" in the North Sea in 1925 and 1926. Defant was
Professor of Oceanography at the "Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität" (later
19:(July 12, 1884, Trient – December 24, 1974, Innsbruck) was an Austrian meteorologist, oceanographer and climatologist. He published fundamental works on the physics of the atmosphere and ocean and is regarded as one of the founders of physical oceanography.
62:
The idea that asymmetries were essential to the general circulation received only minor support until Defant (1921) proposed that the motions in middle latitudes were simply a manifestation of turbulence on a very large scale. Defant went beyond
532:
Albert Defant,1922. Die meridionale
Temperaturverteilung auf der Erde und der Massenaustausch zwischen Ă„quator und Pol. Meteor. Z.(The meridional distribution of temperature on the earth and the mass exchange between equator and
374:
Defant, A., 1953. Ebbe und Flut des Meeres, der
Atmosphäre und der Erdfeste. Verständliche Wissenschaft, Bd. 49. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. Heidelberg 1953, 2. Aufl. (Ebb and high tide of the sea, the atmosphere and the solid
326:
Defant, A.,1922. Die meridionale
Temperaturverteilung auf der Erde und der Massenaustausch zwischen Ă„quator und Pol. Meteor. Z. (The meridional distribution of temperature on the earth and the mass exchange between equator and
81:) and also Director of the "Institut and Museum fĂĽr Meereskunde" (Institute and Museum of Marine Science) in Berlin from 1926 to 1945. This institute was the leading institution of marine research in Germany at that time.
607:
F. Steinhauser, 1975. Zum Gedenken an Albert Defant. Almanach der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 125. Archiv fĂĽr Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Serie A, 24(4), p. 385-388 (In memory of Albert
96:
the bomb strikes stopped the scientific work. The institute’s library had been evacuated to Wunsiedel in central Germany, and Defant did some teaching in Vienna and scientific work in Wunsiedel until the end of the war.
522:
Albert Defant,1921. Die Zirkulation der Atmosphäre in den gemäßigten Breiten der Erde (Grundzüge einer Theorie der Klimaschwankungen.) Geografiska Ann. 3, 209-266 (The circulation at mid-latitude zones of the
134:
Albert Defant was married to Maria Krepper in 1909, and the couple had three children. The meteorologist Friedrich Defant is his son. His wife died in 1949, and he married Maria Theresia Schletterer in 1952.
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Defant, A.,1921. Die Zirkulation der Atmosphäre in den gemäßigten Breiten der Erde (Grundzüge einer Theorie der Klimaschwankungen.) Geografiska Ann. 3, 209-266 (The circulation at mid-latitude zones of the
740:
154:
1928 "Alfred Ackermann-Teubner-Gedächtnispreis" zur Förderung der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, Leipzig, Deutschland ("Alfred Ackermann-Teubner Memorial Medal" promoting mathematical sciences, Leipzig,
371:
Defant, A., 1951. Die Geophysik und ihre Stellung im Rahmen der übrigen Naturwissenschaften. — Rektorinaugurationsrede, Universität Innsbruck (Geophysics and its rank among the other natural sciences).
368:
Defant, A., 1943. Die Gezeiten der festen Erde, des Meeres und der Atmosphäre. - Preuß. Akad. d. Wissenschaften, Vorträge u. Schriften H. 10 (The tides of the solid earth, the sea and the atmosphere).
735:
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Defant, A., 1957. Flutwellen und Gezeiten des Wassers. In Encyclopedia of Physics, vol. 48, Geophysics II. Springer-Verlag, Berlin und Heidelberg (Tidal waves and tides of the water).
348:
Defant, A., 1932. Ebbe und Flut des Meeres. In: "Meereskunde. Sammlung volkstümlicher Vorträge", Institut für Meereskunde, Berlin, Band 18, 7, Heft 203 (Ebb and high tide of the sea).
202:
1963 "Joachim-Jungius-Medaille", Joachim Jungius-Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Hamburg, Deutschland ("Joachim Jungius Medal", Joachim-Jungius Society of Sciences, Hamburg, Germany)
770:
35:
in Austria from 1902. He received his PhD at Innsbruck University in 1906 with a thesis on raindrop sizes. He started working at the Zentralanstalt fĂĽr Meteorologie und Geodynamik (
760:
39:) in Vienna, Austria in 1907. He obtained his Habilitation (degree permitting to teach at the university) at Vienna University in 1909 with a thesis on water level changes of
339:
Defant, A.,1928 . "Statik und Dynamik der Atmosphäre. In Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, Geophysik, vol.1, Wien und Harms, Leipzig (Statics and dynamics of the atmosphere).
351:
Defant, A., 1936. Schichtung und Zirkulation des Atlantischen Ozeans - Die Troposphäre. Wiss.Ergebn. Deutsch. Atlant. Exp. "Meteor" 1925 - 27, Bd. VI.(1), Lfg. 3, Berlin.
46:
Defant stayed at the Zentralanstalt until 1918, working mostly on problems of atmospheric physics, in particular in mountain ranges. He also gained experience in applied
123:
107:
in 1945, and he was Professor and Director of the Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics at Innsbruck University until 1955. He accepted a visiting appointment at the
36:
50:. During the later years of that period, he mainly focused on large-scale atmospheric circulation and on water level changes in lakes and adjacent seas, in particular
622:
A. Pichler, 1985. Albert-Defant-Gedächtniskolloquium. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Meteorologischen Gesellschaft, Heft 1/85, 59-62 (Albert Defant memorial colloquium).
444:
Gerold Siedler, 2007. Defant, Albert Josef Maria. In: Koertge, N. (ed.), New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, vol.2, 263-267.
159:
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Siedler, G., 2007. Defant, Albert Josef Maria. In: Koertge, N. (ed.), New Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, vol.2, 263–267.
330:
Defant, A.,1925. Gezeitenprobleme des Meeres in Landnähe, Probleme der Kosmischen Physik, Bd. 6. H. Grand, Hamburg (Problems of tides of the sea near the land).
306:
384:
Defant, A., Defant, F.,1958. Physikalische Dynamik der Atmosphäre, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt, 527 p. (Physical dynamics of the atmosphere).
657:
Böhnecke, G., 1976. In memoriam Albert Defant 1884–1974. "Meteor Forschungsergebnisse." Reihe A., Allgemeines, Physik und Chemie des Meeres, no. 18:1–8.
513:
H. Oberkofler, P. Goller, 1991. Albert Defant (1919-1926 und 1945-1953), Forschungen zur Innsbrucker Universitätsgeschichte, 16, Universität Innsbruck.
342:
Defant, A.,1928 (korr. 1931). "Physik des Meeres". In Handbuch der Experimentalphysik, Geophysik, Band 2, Wien und Harms, Leipzig (Physics of the sea).
432:
G. Böhnecke,1976. In memoriam Albert Defant 1884-1974. "Meteor Forschungsergebnisse." Reihe A., Allgemeines, Physik und Chemie des Meeres, no. 18:1-8.
299:
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1917 Ă–sterreichisches Verdienstkreuz in Gold, Wien, Ă–sterreich (National Decoration in Gold awarded for services to the community, Vienna, Austria)
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Spiess, F., 1928. Die Meteor-Fahrt. Forschungen und Erlebnisse der Deutschen Atlantischen Expedition 1925–1927. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin.
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1974 Ă–sterreichisches Ehrenzeichen fĂĽr Wissenschaft und Kunst, Wien, Ă–sterreich (Austrian Honorary Medal for Science and Art, Vienna, Austria)
108:
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Neumann, G., 1944. Professor Dr. A. Defant zum 60. Geburtstag. Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie 72, no. 7:219–221.
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1926 Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischer Verein, Innsbruck, Ă–sterreich (Society of Natural Sciences and Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria)
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Defant, A., 1960. Ebb and Flow. In Ann Arbor Sciences Library, The University Press of Michigan, first edition 1958, second edition.
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Defant, A.,1926. Wetter und Wettervorhersage. Fr. Deutike, Wien, erste Auflage 1918, zweite Auflage (Weather and weather forecast).
285:
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Pichler, A., 1985. Albert-Defant-Gedächtniskolloquium. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Meteorologischen Gesellschaft, Heft 1/85, 59–62.
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1974 "Goldene Jubiläumsmedaille" der Universität Innsbruck, Österreich ("Golden Anniversary Medal", Innsbruck University, Austria)
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1932 "Vega-Medaille" der Schwedischen Gesellschaft fĂĽr Anthropologie und Geographie, Stockholm, Schweden ("Vega Medal" of the
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Defant, A., F. Defant, 1957. Atmosphärische Dynamik. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt a. M. (Atmospheric dynamics).
255:
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Defant, A.,1929. Dynamische Ozeanographie. - EinfĂĽhrung in die Geophysik, Bd. 3. J. Springer, Berlin (Dynamic oceanography).
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of the University of California in San Diego in 1949-1950. He was Rektor (president) of Innsbruck University in 1950-1951.
690:
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1939 Pommersche Geographische Gesellschaft, Greifswald, Deutschland (Pomeranian Geographical Society, Greifswald, Germany)
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Brönnimann, S.; Frei, F., 2008. Defant’s work on North Atlantic climate variability revisited. Meteor. Z., 17, 1, 93–102.
292:
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S. Brönnimann, F. Frei, 2008. Defant’s work on North Atlantic climate variability revisited. Meteor. Z., 17, 1, 93-102.
750:
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H. Thorade, 1944. A. Defant sechzig Jahre alt. Die Naturwissenschaften, 32, 27/39, 165-166 (A.Defant sixty years old).
278:
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Pichler, A., 1978. Albert Defant zum Gedenken (In memory of Albert Defant), Innsbrucker Universitätsnachrichten VIII.
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A. Pichler, 1978. Albert Defant zum Gedenken, Innsbrucker Universitätsnachrichten VIII (In memory of Albert Defant).
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1956 Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Kommission fĂĽr Meeresforschung (German scientific commission for marine research)
119:
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1935 PreuĂźische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Deutschland (Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, Germany)
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1939 Russische Geographische Gesellschaft, Leningrad, Russland (Russian Geographical Society, Leningrad, Russia)
669:
Oberkofler, H.; Goller, P. 1991. Forschungen zur Innsbrucker Universitätsgeschichte, 16, Universität Innsbruck.
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Weidemann, H., 1985. Albert Defant, 1884–1974. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Meeresforschung Mitteilungen 1, 22–24.
85:
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1957 Ehrendoktor der Freien Universität Berlin, Deutschland (Honorary Doctor at the Free University of Berlin)
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1943 "Arrhenius-Preis" der Universität Leipzig, Deutschland ("Arrhenius Award" of Leipzig University, Germany)
31:. Defant went to schools in Trient and Innsbruck and then studied mathematics, physics, and geophysics at the
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Defant, A.,1928. Lufthülle und Klima. Enzyklopädie der Erdkunde. FR. Deutike, Wien (Atmosphere and climate).
166:
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unfortunately died in Buenos Aires in 1925, and Albert Defant took over the task of Merz from 1926 to 1927.
32:
28:
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1956 "Emil-Wiechert-Medaille" der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft ("Emil Wiechert Medal" of the
115:
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Wüst, G., 1964. Albert Defant zum 80. Geburtstag. Beiträge zur Physik der Atmosphäre 37, no. 2: 59–68.
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Defant, A., 1961. Physical Oceanography. Pergamon Press, New York, London, Paris, Vol.II, 1960, Vol.I.
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1935 Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Deutschland (Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Germany)
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Steinhauser, F., 1975. Albert Defant. Almanach der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 125.
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After his retirement in 1955 he repeatedly worked as visiting professor, during 1952-1956 at the
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144:"Ludwig Haitinger Preis" der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Ă–sterreich ("
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Thorade, H., 1944. A. Defant sechzig Jahre alt. Die Naturwissenschaften, 32, 27/39, 165–166.
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Festschrift to 70th birthday, Archiv fĂĽr Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, 1954
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1947 "Honorary Ring" of the Austrian Society of the United Nations League, Vienna, Austria
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Albert Defant published 222 papers and 12 books. A selection is given in the following.
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1975 (posthum) Golden Honorary Medal of the Oceanographic Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
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in the Denmark Strait and the Irminger Sea during the years 1929, 1930, 1933 and 1935).
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für Wissenschaften und Künste" (Order "Pour le mérite for sciences and arts"), Germany
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Wüst, G., 1964. Albert Defant achtzig Jahre alt. Die Naturwissenschaften 51, 301–302.
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The University of Innsbruck (now an Austrian city again) offered him the Chair of
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471:"A history of prevailing ideas about the general circulation of the atmosphere"
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Mainz, Deutschland (Academy of Sciences and Literature, Mainz, Germany)
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1939 Ă–sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, Ă–sterreich (
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reflectivity of water and ice on the heat budget of polar regions).
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1951 Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, MĂĽnchen, Deutschland (
51:
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Albert Defant was born in Trient when this was then part of the
169:" of the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C., USA
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1919 Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (German
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10.1175/1520-0477(1983)064<0730:AHOPIA>2.0.CO;2
88:(1925-1926) had been started in 1925. The chief scientist
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Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
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286:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
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766:University of Innsbruck alumni
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23:Early life and academic work
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17:Albert Joseph Maria Defant
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86:German Meteor expedition
726:Austrian oceanographers
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167:Alexander Agassiz Medal
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29:Austro-Hungarian Empire
687:Works by Albert Defant
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116:University of Hamburg
216:Honorary memberships
162:, Stockholm, Sweden)
487:1983BAMS...64..730L
288:, Stockholm, Sweden
281:, Helsinki, Finland
79:Humboldt University
48:weather forecasting
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68:confirmed.
41:Lake Garda
608:Defant).
469:(1983).
395:See also
155:Germany)
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523:earth).
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375:earth).
323:earth).
65:Bigelow
56:seiches
552:Delhi.
533:pole).
327:pole).
139:Awards
130:Family
305:1964
298:1964
284:1945
277:1942
237:1949
230:1939
52:tides
103:and
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