1181:, as most electricity was generated from coal. With this one strike alone accounting for 30% of all time lost to strikes in Canada in 1948. In Alberta, the time lost was even worse. With it being responsible for well over 99% of all person-lost days due to strikes for the entire year. Manning acted swiftly to avert the crisis. Rewriting the province's labour laws in March to allow the government to shut down the strike. Greatly weakened by charges of communism, and Manning's Stallworth defiance of union threats caused the unions to attempt to persuade legislators instead of protesting using strikes, or violence. Manning's steadfast defiance in the face of union threats halted the rise of militant unionism in Alberta, as it did in other areas like
1311:, Lougheed's PCs ended Social Credit's 36-year hold on power. The Socred share of the popular vote decreased slightly, but still they finished only five points behind the PCs and won a record number of votes (due in part to Alberta's larger population). While they mostly held their own in their rural heartlands, their support in Edmonton and Calgary plummeted from 1968. The PCs took every seat in Edmonton, and all but five in Calgary. The Socreds lost a number of ridings by a small margin. However, due to the
698:
1079:". Saying in one "letter to a CCFer, who... had naively written to suggest CCF-Social Credit electoral co-operation: "it's an insult to suggest to the Canadian people who are sacrificing their sons to remove the curse which the socialism of Germany has brought in the world that their own social and economical security can be attained only by introducing some form of socialism in Canada. the premise embodied in your proposed resolution, namely, that there is such a thing as
487:, followed quickly by the discovery of oil in north-central Alberta and its accompanying wealth for many, Social Credit took on a more conservative hue. Its policies were pro-business and anti-union, and largely opposed to government intervention in the economy. It stayed in power until 1971, one of the longest unbroken runs in government at the provincial level in Canada. However, it held no seats after 1982, and finished a distant seventh in the
4793:
4839:
1668:
4865:
1121:. Durning the Throne debate in February 1944, Hooke said: "I wonder if this is what our boys are fighting for? They are being told today by many spokesmen in Canada that socialism is the answer to their problems. If this is true, Mr Speaker, why send them to Europe to fight against it? Why don't we tell them that international finance, their worst enemy, is backing the philosophy of socialism.""
816:
533:
76:
690:
who had been hired by the UFA as a financial advisor, were colourful but unproductive. Aberhart, consumed with details of governance and administration, made little progress along the social credit monetary reform road. After election he hired an orthodox financial expert named Magor, much to
Douglas's displeasure, thus forestalling radical monetary reform. In March 1937 many Socred MLAs
178:
35:
900:
269:
2862:
2818:
2766:
2725:
2592:
2459:
2399:
2391:
2298:
2259:
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2202:
2160:
2116:
2074:
2032:
1947:
1900:
1866:
1858:
1083:, contradicts itself in that it attempts to associate two concepts of life which are diametrically opposed and opposite."" And that socialists were trying to "enslave the ordinary people of the world, whose only real salvation lay in the issuance of Social Credit." Censoring films sympathetic to international cooperation due to allegations of communism,
2855:
2811:
2759:
2718:
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2546:
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2352:
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2306:
2210:
2168:
2124:
2082:
2040:
1996:
1989:
1955:
1908:
678:. The UFA lost all of its seats in the worst defeat for a sitting provincial government in Canadian history. Alberta thus elected the first Social Credit government in the world. The Social Credit Party's success is largely attributed to the charisma of Aberhart, who brought together a broad coalition ranging from social credit supporters to moderate
620:. The basic premise of social credit is that all citizens should be paid a dividend as capital and technology replace labour in production; this was especially attractive to farmers sinking under the weight of the Depression. Many study groups devoted to the theory sprang up across the province, which united into the Social Credit League of Alberta.
516:
1095:
502:(or Prolife Alberta, for short) following the election of anti-abortion activist Jeremy Fraser as leader. The change in name reflected the change in direction from the comprehensive political platform of Social Credit with aims of forming government, to the Party's new, and sole, focus of promoting pro-life public policy.
1293:. Despite having long-standing support in Calgary and Edmonton (Manning himself represented an Edmonton riding), Social Credit was at bottom an agrarian-based party, and never really lost this character. The party didn't react nearly fast enough to the changes in Alberta as Calgary and Edmonton gained more influence.
1459:
Social Credit went into the 1982 election in a precarious position. Not only was it without a full-time leader or incumbents, but it had been unable to get its leader elected to the legislature at any point during the parliamentary term. The party ran only 23 candidates and garnered only 0.8 percent
1383:
Social Credit sank into near-paralysis in opposition. Having spent all but a few months of its history before the 1971 government, it was unable to get the better of the Tories. It didn't help matters that
Schmidt was never able to get into the legislature; he lost a by-election shortly after taking
1315:
system, which awards seats to the candidate with the most votes in a district, even if they do not get a majority of votes (and awards power based on seats won), Social Credit's caucus was cut almost in half. It was cut down to 25 seats, and was consigned to the opposition benches for the first time
1124:
Manning also fought against the media and education system, believing that they were full of
Marxists and sympathetic to the communist cause. Stating that it is "evident, in my view, in the news media, which are very heavily slanted, as a general rule favorably slanted, to socialist philosophy. This
782:
Though
Aberhart's government initially enjoyed widespread support from Alberta's working class, labour unions viewed his government with suspicion, and believed that Aberhart was authoritarian. A number of labour leaders took issue with the party's campaign to control prices, fearing that this would
689:
The first year and a half in power was a period of adjustment for the newly elected Socred MLAs and their premier. Certain historians believe that much of the Social Credit Party's leadership, and many of its members, didn't understand
Douglas' teachings. Negotiations between Aberhart and Douglas,
685:
Not even the
Socreds had expected to win the election. Indeed, they hadn't even named a leader during the campaign. The Socreds now found themselves having to choose a formal leader who would become the province's new premier. Aberhart was the obvious choice, having been the party's driving force
989:
Manning led Social Credit to seven consecutive election victories. He governed with very large majorities for virtually his entire tenure, winning well over 50 percent of the popular vote and rarely facing more than ten opposition MLAs. For most of the next two decades, Alberta was virtually a
1129:
has been smart enough to see... that there are always a goodly number of men in that field who are sympathetic to the socialistic and even communistic philosophy. You even have the same thing, to varying degrees, in the field of education. It isn't by chance that you find these agitations of
884:) on the matter of drinking, Aberhart's government enacted several socially conservative laws, notably one restricting the sale and serving of alcohol. It was one of the strictest such laws in Canada. Well into the 1960s, commercial airlines could not serve alcohol while flying over Alberta.
1440:
The Social Credit Party council quickly distanced itself from
Speaker's statement. There was wide speculation at the time that Speaker would cross the floor to Western Canada Concept. Unable to attract a new leader, the Social Credit membership held an emergency meeting 18 September 1982. A
1522:
After the 1997 election, polling revealed that the Social Credit Party was poised for a break-through: an estimated 150,000 Albertans would have been ready to once again support Social Credit as an alternative. This could have meant eight seats in the
Legislature. However, in April 1999,
686:
from the beginning. He didn't want the office, but was persuaded to take power. He was elected as leader and premier-designate at the party's first caucus meeting, and was sworn in on 3 September. He became a Member of the
Legislative Assembly (MLA) a year later in a by-election.
876:
To uphold its election promise of democratizing
Alberta's government, Aberhart passed a law allowing for the recall of members of the Legislative Assembly by petition of constituents. However, he repealed the legislation when he himself became the target of a recall drive.
1025:, censoring "communist propaganda films" in the hopes of "eliminating communist thought from Alberta-shown movies". Alberta's government quickly began banning films, including films produced by the British government which supported the United Nations, as well as
743:
sided with Bowen and struck down the bills because only the federal government can legislate on banking. Thwarted in its attempt to gain control of Alberta's private banks, Aberhart's government gained a foothold in the province's financial sector by creating the
643:. There was widespread discontent with the overly cautious behaviour of the UFA government, and in some cases, local UFA chapters openly supported Social Credit candidates. The UFA government was also reeling from a scandal that had forced Reid's predecessor,
1227:, the Alberta Social Credit Party purported that the development of the province's petroleum industry was the main issue at stake, and touted the newfound prosperity resulting from this oil to win another strong majority in the Legislative Assembly.
954:, took issue with the Social Credit Party's workers' protections, divisions within these unions and their leadership prevented any effective endorsement of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. During the campaign, Manning engaged in
773:
to dismiss Aberhart. In the end, Bowen chose not to take this extraordinary action. Had Bowen sacked Aberhart, it would have triggered a new election, and the Socreds were so popular that they would have almost certainly been re-elected.
910:
The latter years of Aberhart's government saw a decline in popularity, with party membership falling from 41,000 in 1938 to just 3,500 in 1942. The Albertan public recognized that the party's initial campaign promises, such as
1395:—and lost half of the popular vote it had received in 1971. Schmidt failed to win a seat and resigned as party leader, leaving Clark to take the leadership unopposed. Under Clark, the party staved off a total collapse in the
1304:. However, Strom soon was eclipsed by Lougheed, whose modern and urbane image contrasted sharply with that of the dour Strom. His cause was not helped when the Tories picked up an additional four seats during the term.
1342:
Clark, who had the support of half of the party's MLAs, led Schmidt on the first ballot, 583 votes to 512 votes. But in an upset victory, Schmidt won on the second ballot with 814 votes, defeating Clark by 39 votes.
1619:
on 3 March. The party received 0.22% of the total or 2,051 votes, a decline of 1.0% from the previous election. The best individual riding result, and the only result over 3.0 percent, was for Wilf Tricker in
1259:
emerged as a new challenger to the Social Credit Party, they were wary of the strong anti-communist and anti-union sentiments formed in Alberta, and ran a modest campaign alleging corruption within Manning's
722:. Douglas, the main leader of the Social Credit movement, did not like the idea of prosperity certificates, which depreciated in value the longer they were held, and openly criticized Gesell's theories.
3772:
1235:
By the mid-1950s, oil royalties provided the Albertan government with the majority of all its revenue, and the province enjoyed significantly higher per capita revenue than its Canadian counterparts.
1763:
In 2016, pro-life activist Jeremy Fraser won the Social Credit Party's leadership. Bearing no resemblance to its predecessor, the Party changed its registered name with Elections Alberta to the
978:
Under Manning's leadership, the party largely abandoned social credit monetary theories, though it did issue prosperity certificates from oil royalties in 1957 and 1958. Manning moved to purge
4235:
5603:
1204:'as they have every other organization.'" In 1951, the province's Minister of Municipal Affairs, C.F. Gerhart, claimed that there were hundreds of communist spies among Albertan workers.
4007:
3004:
1301:
1274:
Despite winning 55 of the 65 seats in the legislature, it received less than 45% of the popular vote—its lowest share of the popular vote since 1940. This was a significant drop from
4199:
1593:. Despite cooperation and successful merger talks between the party leaders, the Social Credit Party membership voted down the motion to merge at the 2006 Social Credit Convention.
5289:
1170:
Labour unions subsequently defended themselves as non-communist, or simply refused to respond to these charges in the hopes of maintaining good relationships with the government.
3484:
4189:
783:
also lead to strict wage controls. Aberhart's administration legislated the right to organize, although labour leaders viewed these protections as too weak to be meaningful.
479:
The Alberta Social Credit party won a majority government in 1935, in the first election it contested, barely months after its formation. During its first years, when led by
1426:. In the process, Social Credit lost official status in the legislature. Unable to resolve the party's internal and financial problems, Sykes quit as leader in March 1982.
3765:
5822:
4585:
4395:
3714:
1437:. In his press release, he said it would be useless for Social Credit to fight the next election since there were not enough Social Credit voters left in the province.
5842:
1567:
was appointed Social Credit leader in February 2001. Under Ahlstrom's leadership, the party made moves toward re-embracing elements of social credit monetary theory.
1511:
activist, was elected as party president. In 1992, Thorsteinson was elected as leader, and Robert Alford as president. Social Credit improved its performance in the
4501:
4184:
3934:
3742:
1524:
1282:
1230:
During the campaign, the party used such prosperity to fervently denounce the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation's calls for public ownership of the oil industry.
675:
5817:
5175:
4952:
4447:
1467:
joined to form the Alberta Alliance Political Association. The Alliance fell apart when the WCC left, followed by Social Credit. The AAPA became the present-day
4919:
3758:
4091:
4569:
4311:
837:
554:
93:
48:
1142:
The Manning administration now re-elected with a resounding majority of seats as a result of the 1944 election, devoted itself to an anti-socialist crusade.
4974:
4000:
3866:
5857:
4828:
4230:
3555:
5759:
1422:, a longstanding Social Credit bastion (parts of the riding had been in Social Credit hands for all but one month since 1935), was resoundingly lost to
691:
5769:
5461:
5282:
4642:
4194:
1441:
resolution was put forward that would have dissolved the party. This was soundly rejected by the attending delegates and a new president was elected.
5832:
4652:
4123:
5852:
5847:
5837:
5407:
4886:
4101:
1554:
and Social Credit. Most right-wing voters went back to supporting the Progressive Conservatives, who had experienced a resurgence in popularity.
982:
from the party. While anti-Semitism had been part of the party's Christian populist rhetoric for years, it had become far less fashionable after
1775:, to the singular focus of promoting pro-life public policy. Whereas Alberta Social Credit had aims of forming government, Prolife Alberta is a
5130:
5108:
5098:
4942:
4290:
4256:
4016:
3993:
3876:
3861:
1790:
Prolife Alberta advertises itself as "...a group of women and men committed to promoting pro-life public policy in Alberta, through politics."
891:
for male workers (female workers already coming under legislation passed by the UFA government), and centralized the province's school system.
732:
335:
5557:
5216:
4506:
4343:
3914:
5501:
4657:
794:. The Alberta Federation of Labour also praised the administration's Workmen's Compensation Board, although many unions affiliated with the
483:, it was a radical monetary reform party, at least in theory if not in effect. After Aberhart's death in 1943 and the rise to leadership of
476:, although this was effectively a coalition of centre-right forces in the province that had no interest in social credit monetary policies.
5827:
5812:
5521:
5446:
5275:
4986:
4683:
4537:
3781:
3529:
1747:
1327:, vice-president of Lethbridge Community College, who didn't hold a seat in the Legislative Assembly, ran against former Highways Minister
1072:
1006:
943:
469:
421:
3919:
710:
Following the 1937 revolt, the government made a serious attempt to implement social credit policies. It passed several pieces of radical
140:
5577:
5531:
4957:
4637:
3924:
3020:
1574:(down from 70 in 1997) and received 5,361 votes (0.5% of the popular vote), down from 64,667. The party nominated 42 candidates for the
986:. Several socially conservative laws remained in place for years, such as the ban on airlines serving alcohol over provincial airspace.
112:
1527:, resigned to protest an internal party proposal to limit Mormon involvement within the party. Social Credit's fortunes quickly faded.
4964:
4060:
5598:
5567:
5246:
5170:
5157:
4937:
4601:
3488:
3388:
3351:
3317:
3015:
1201:
863:
761:
580:
239:
221:
159:
62:
1263:
However, historians suggest that a number of other problems were brewing during Manning's later years, such as the province's poor
188:
119:
5593:
5231:
4108:
3411:
1456:
announced his retirement. For the first time since 1935, the party had no incumbents. George Richardson was named acting leader.
54:
1578:, and won 10,874 votes (1.2% of the popular vote, an increase of 0.7% from 2001.) It polled well in a few ridings, most notably
5433:
4929:
3944:
3789:
3254:
2416:
1472:
963:
748:(ATB) in 1938. ATB has become a lasting legacy of Social Credit Party policies in Alberta, operating as of 2017 as an orthodox
667:
449:
3456:
786:
In 1937, the administration created the Board of Industrial Relations, which was tasked with enforcing maximum working hours,
651:
UFA members to transfer their allegiance to the Christian-based Social Credit movement. The Social Credit Party campaigned on
639:
rejected the proposals as being outside the province's constitutional powers, so Aberhart entered Social Credit candidates in
5526:
4873:
4821:
4616:
4128:
3909:
3621:
3511:
841:
799:
769:(cabinet) objected. The government's relationship with Bowen became so acrimonious that in 1938, Bowen threatened to use his
726:
558:
126:
97:
5050:
3841:
2951:
2368:
1460:
of the vote. It was shut out of the Legislative Assembly altogether for the first time, and has never elected another MLA.
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3851:
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1308:
1275:
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1224:
994:
935:
920:
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492:
488:
453:
5471:
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5201:
5006:
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4806:
4532:
4421:
4041:
3904:
3803:
3570:"Anti-Abortion activists stage an "invalid takeover" of Alberta's Social Credit Party | daveberta.ca – Alberta Politics"
1701:
1407:
Clark returned to the backbench a little more than a year after the election. On 29 November 1980, former Calgary mayor
939:
791:
766:
756:. It is today the only government-owned financial institution in Canada that provides commercial banking to the public.
353:
108:
5552:
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5400:
4914:
4611:
3929:
3065:
1629:
951:
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613:
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203:
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wing, as the party's leader—even though Caouette headed the party's third-strongest faction (behind the Alberta and
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4405:
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1328:
790:, and certifying workers' bargaining agents. The creation of the board, and its enforcement, won the praise of the
1475:, which had been formed by Speaker after he and Buck were denied funding normally reserved to opposition parties.
1149:, censoring communist propaganda films in the hopes of "eliminating communist thought from Alberta-shown movies".
845:
830:
562:
547:
199:
86:
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5211:
4994:
4814:
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4261:
4209:
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629:
1771:, for short). The change in name reflected the change in direction from the comprehensive political platform of
5241:
5040:
4759:
4662:
3836:
604:, was attracted to social credit theory while Alberta (and much of the western world) was in the depths of the
5496:
4647:
4138:
3654:
465:
725:
The Socreds also passed bills that would have placed the province's banks under government control. However,
5481:
5221:
5028:
4606:
4148:
3939:
3831:
3289:
Donn Downey, "OBITUARY / Ernest Charles Manning History of former Alberta premier also history of Socreds,"
2902:
1320:
1220:
Beginning in 1947, Alberta experienced a major oil boom, aiding Manning in fending off political challenges.
1013:
for the federal party's leadership in 1961, only to have his win vetoed by Manning and the Alberta Socreds.
947:
740:
632:(UFA) to adopt social credit. However, the 1935 UFA convention voted against adopting social credit and UFA
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who became provincial secretary in 1943 "came even closer than Manning in negating the differences among
133:
5086:
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4055:
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3732:
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3307:
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1067:, and international cooperation due to allegations, and its connection to communism. Manning engaged in
749:
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4426:
1624:, who received 6.4% of the vote, finishing fifth in a field of seven candidates, just 0.62% behind the
1600:
by-election on 12 June 2007, the party's candidate Larry Davidson placed third with 11.7% of the vote.
1433:, the leader of the opposition in the Legislative Assembly, announced that Social Credit would sit out
694:, refusing to pass the provincial budget until Aberhart promised serious reform of the banking system.
1418:
The beginning of the end for Social Credit came when Clark retired from politics in 1981. His seat of
938:, Manning campaigned on the labour protections that the party had implemented, using support from the
17:
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5206:
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1752:
1621:
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1256:
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1080:
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644:
426:
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1319:
Strom led the Socreds into opposition, but resigned as party leader in 1973. Former Health Minister
697:
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5251:
5226:
5196:
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4797:
4714:
4463:
4035:
3040:
2925:
2917:
2322:
1742:
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1471:. Social Credit sat out the 1986 election. Most of its remaining supporters joined and ran for the
1332:
1312:
997:
as well. For example, he let it be known that his province would never accept francophone Catholic
416:
398:
374:
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3709:
2963:
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the leadership. Henderson remained parliamentary leader until September when Clark succeeded him.
1200:"spoke for most of the party establishment when he charged... that communists had infiltrated the
962:". In the election, Manning led the Alberta Social Credit Party to retain a solid majority in the
289:
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5356:
5236:
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which some historians view as partially responsible for Manning's high levels of popular support.
1215:
which the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation attempted to use against him in the 1948 election.
1118:
1056:
Ernest Manning's government was starkly right-wing, attacking a number of unions with charges of
1010:
958:
on a number of instances, likening the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation to "the socialism of
636:
633:
393:
3533:
1415:
538–292. Again without its leader in the legislature, the party continued to sag in the polls.
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5466:
5340:
5256:
4699:
4086:
3549:
3384:
3347:
3313:
3210:
2957:
1484:
1037:
753:
663:
5267:
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718:
to Alberta residents (dubbed "funny money" by detractors) in accordance with the theories of
5663:
5658:
5643:
5628:
5572:
5310:
4385:
3202:
2880:
1835:
1590:
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left the party to become independent candidates for the legislature. The party's third MLA,
1323:
became interim leader, and hence Leader of the Opposition. In the 1973 leadership election,
1268:
919:, were failing to materialize. Social Credit was elected with a slightly reduced mandate in
888:
605:
593:
520:
480:
473:
461:
1639:, and garnered 0.023% of the total vote. Its six nominated candidates won 832 votes in the
765:, which would have forced newspapers to print government rebuttals to stories to which the
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5123:
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2608:
1564:
1453:
1430:
1178:
916:
656:
366:
1271:
Albertan peoples, high housing and land prices, and relatively low royalty prices on oil.
1045:
Censoring films sympathetic to international cooperation due to allegations of communism,
1519:, the party nominated 70 candidates, and won 64,667 votes, over 7% of the popular vote.
972:
Alberta received high amounts of oil royalties during much of Manning's term as premier,
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5703:
5371:
5325:
5315:
5091:
4999:
4904:
4704:
4553:
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4065:
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3461:
3428:"2,000 delegates to Alberta Social Credit meeting pick successor to ex-Premier today",
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2908:
2890:
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1924:
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484:
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815:
532:
386:
75:
1238:
This enabled the government to spend large amounts on education and healthcare,
5728:
5713:
5673:
4838:
4709:
1193:
662:
In the 22 August 1935 election, much to its own surprise, Social Credit won a
3214:
1255:
demonstrated a weaker standing of the Alberta Social Credit Party. While the
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1057:
1022:
899:
679:
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1492:
1290:
1177:' strike broke out. With thousands of miners, threatening the provincial
1064:
1042:
The government's attempts at film censorship continued through the 1960s.
711:
440:
was a provincial political party in Alberta, Canada, that was founded on
3441:"Schmidt wins Alberta Social Credit leadership, upset may split party",
3222:
3190:
268:
3646:
1643:, 0.056% of the total vote—an increase of 0.033% over its 2012 result.
1131:
601:
597:
515:
345:
3710:
Social Discredit: Anti-Semitism, Social Credit and the Jewish Response
3372:
3370:
1212:
Manning prided his administration's good relations with oil investors,
887:
As well, the government passed stronger labour legislation, such as a
3206:
1182:
1002:
457:
3699:
206:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
798:, including the province's largest union, the 18th District of the
3275:
Caldoralo, Carl (1979). "The Social Credit in Alberta 1935–1971".
1585:
In late 2005, the party entered discussion about merging with the
1093:
898:
696:
514:
3383:. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 107.
1727:
1296:
Manning retired in 1968 and was replaced by Agriculture Minister
802:, took issue with the Workmen's Compensation Board's leadership.
5385:
3622:"Why the Pro-Life Alberta party is chasing donations, not votes"
3346:. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 87.
3312:. Toronto, Ont. : University of Toronto Press. p. 86.
3243:
Johnson, L.P.V. and Ola MacNutt, Aberhart of Alberta, p. 100-149
1089:
and seeking to create a welcoming environment for oil investors.
1051:
and seeking to create a welcoming environment for oil investors.
609:
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5271:
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4735:
4480:
4274:
4165:
4027:
3989:
3754:
1134:
and so forth in many of our universities. It isn't by chance."
975:
enabling large amounts of spending on education and healthcare.
666:, taking 54% of the vote and winning 56 of the 63 seats in the
950:. Though other unions, particularly those affiliated with the
923:. "Bible Bill" Aberhart died in 1943, and was replaced by his
880:
Continuing the UFA government's conservatism (which verged on
809:
526:
171:
69:
28:
647:, to resign a year earlier. This, in particular, caused some
3191:"The Cold War, Alberta Labour, and the Social Credit Regime"
2780:
Changed its name to Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1411:
became the party's new leader, defeating Edmonton alderman
499:
608:. He soon began promoting it through his radio program on
5604:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
1550:, the right wing vote fractured between the newly formed
452:
was largely an out-growth of Alberta Social Credit. The
3715:
The Prairie Roots of Canada's Political 'Third Parties'
3005:
1968 Social Credit Party of Alberta leadership election
1495:. What remained of the party ran six candidates in the
628:
From 1932 to 1935, Aberhart tried to get the governing
195:
1391:, when it fell to four seats—just barely holding onto
523:
promoted social credit theory before becoming premier.
456:
was strongest in Alberta, before developing a base in
1429:
On 31 March 1982, Social Credit parliamentary leader
472:
formed the government for many years in neighbouring
759:
Bowen also refused Royal Assent to the government's
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1463:In 1986, Social Credit, Western Canada Concept and
993:He wielded considerable influence over the party's
495:general elections, before the party's name change.
404:
392:
352:
341:
331:
313:
295:
285:
275:
257:
100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3680:. Vol. LXXVI 259. 17 October 1984. p. 6.
1779:political association solely focused on promoting
1499:. The party was rekindled under the leadership of
1009:). This led to rumours that Caouette had defeated
4396:Ontario Provincial Confederation of Regions Party
3257:. The Australian League of Rights. Archived from
1612:replaced Lavern Ahlstrom as leader of the party.
1339:, dean of business education at Alberta College.
448:and on conservative Christian social values. The
2914:James Henderson 1973 (leader in the legislature)
1152:Manning's administration also sought to disrupt
3743:Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta
2415:did not contest the 1986 general election (see
1525:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
3705:"Social Credit" by Major Clifford Hugh Douglas
5401:
5283:
4822:
4001:
3766:
3301:
3299:
1582:where Lavern Ahlstrom tied for second place.
1542:to lead the party in a hotly contested race.
1483:Interim leadership of the party was given to
969:As a result of an oil boom in the late 1940s,
8:
4586:North-West Territories Liberal-Conservatives
3270:
3268:
1615:The party fielded eight candidates for the
844:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
561:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
498:In May 2017, the party changed its name to
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5429:
5408:
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3986:
3773:
3759:
3751:
3719:
3700:The William Aberhart Historical Foundation
3514:. Alberta Party of Alberta. Archived from
1797:
1666:
1653:
942:to fend off left-wing challenges from the
254:
5770:Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963
5462:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
1604:Alberta Social Credit in the 21st century
1570:The party nominated 12 candidates in the
864:Learn how and when to remove this message
581:Learn how and when to remove this message
240:Learn how and when to remove this message
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
5823:Political parties disestablished in 2017
2779:
2414:
1628:candidate and well ahead of the NDP and
1105:The former social credit board chairman
5843:Provincial political parties in Alberta
5760:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
3782:Provincial political parties in Alberta
3380:The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta
3343:The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta
3309:The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta
3032:
1824:
1821:
1289:, won six seats, mostly in Calgary and
1086:greatly weakening workers' protections,
1071:on a number of instances, likening the
1048:greatly weakening workers' protections,
670:. The only elected opposition was five
4257:Conservative Party of British Columbia
3554:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3547:
3412:"Contraction and Expansion: 1930–1950"
1765:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1659:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1647:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
1365:(Ludwig eliminated, Taylor withdraws)
1145:In 1946, Manning's government began a
1021:In 1946, Manning's government began a
692:revolted against Aberhart's leadership
500:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
336:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
18:Pro-Life Alberta Political Association
5818:Political parties established in 1935
5558:Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)
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2940:1980–1982 (leader in the legislature)
2920:1973–1975 (leader in the legislature)
1787:efforts, in the province of Alberta.
1387:The party's support collapsed in the
714:legislation, such as the issuance of
468:movement into the federal party. The
7:
5522:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick
5447:British Columbia Social Credit Party
3905:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
1281:More importantly, the once-moribund
944:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
927:and Minister of Trade and Industry,
842:adding citations to reliable sources
659:of $ 25 a month to Albertan adults.
559:adding citations to reliable sources
470:British Columbia Social Credit Party
98:adding citations to reliable sources
5578:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party
5532:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
1635:It fielded three candidates in the
1487:, an Edmonton lawyer, and later to
1267:system, the poor conditions of the
1063:censoring films sympathetic to the
612:in Calgary, adding a heavy dose of
4920:List of premiers by time in office
3657:from the original on 20 March 2019
3620:Markusoff, Jason (26 April 2023).
2899:1968–1972 (9th Premier of Alberta)
2893:1943–1968 (8th Premier of Alberta)
1278:, when it took all but six seats.
25:
5858:2017 disestablishments in Alberta
5599:Irish Monetary Reform Association
5568:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
4602:Protestant Protective Association
4102:National Liberal and Conservative
3920:Independent Citizen's Association
3021:List of Alberta political parties
3016:List of Alberta general elections
1523:Thorsteinson, a devout member of
1302:party's first leadership election
762:Accurate News and Information Act
701:Aberhart and his cabinet in 1935.
616:to the Social Credit theories of
44:This article has multiple issues.
4863:
4837:
4791:
4109:Democratic Representative Caucus
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2080:
2073:
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2038:
2031:
2030:
1994:
1987:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1479:Rebirth in the 1990s and decline
814:
531:
267:
176:
74:
33:
5833:Social credit parties in Canada
5502:Ralliement créditiste du Québec
3695:The Alberta Social Credit Party
3676:"Speaker Optimistic Over AGM".
3277:Society and Politics in Alberta
1399:, holding onto its four seats.
1251:Manning's last election win in
641:that year's provincial election
600:lay-preacher and evangelist in
450:Canadian social credit movement
444:monetary policy put forward by
85:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
5853:1935 establishments in Alberta
5848:Conservative parties in Canada
5838:Organizations based in Calgary
5609:Social Credit Party of Ireland
5527:Social Credit Party of Ontario
4017:Conservative parties in Canada
3893:represented in the legislature
3455:Bragg, Bob (1 December 1980).
3418:. Alberta Culture and Tourism.
2854:
2810:
2758:
2717:
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2637:
2630:
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2209:
2167:
2123:
2081:
2039:
1995:
1988:
1954:
1907:
1125:isn't by chance, it's because
800:United Mine Workers of America
1:
5517:Social Credit Party of Canada
4638:Action démocratique du Québec
4236:Newfoundland and Labrador PCs
3596:"Parties | Elections Alberta"
3041:"Alberta Social Credit Party"
1651:Political party in Canada
1546:was disqualified. During the
1465:the Heritage Party of Alberta
454:Social Credit Party of Canada
109:"Alberta Social Credit Party"
5472:Manitoba Social Credit Party
5442:Abolitionist Party of Canada
5166:31st general election (2023)
4042:Conservative Party of Canada
3279:. Methuen. pp. 108–130.
1503:from 1990 to 1992. In 1991,
1331:, former Education Minister
940:Alberta Federation of Labour
792:Alberta Federation of Labour
5828:Political history of Canada
5813:Alberta Social Credit Party
5553:Country Party (New Zealand)
5548:Australian League of Rights
5512:Alberta Social Credit Party
5300:Alberta Social Credit Party
4948:Executive Council (Cabinet)
4887:Former lieutenant governors
1630:Separation Party of Alberta
1515:, but won no seats. In the
952:Canadian Congress of Labour
796:Canadian Congress of Labour
614:fundamentalist Christianity
301:; 90 years ago
202:the claims made and adding
5879:
5141:Wildrose Loyalty Coalition
4406:Stop the New Sex-Ed Agenda
4167:Provincial and territorial
3965:Veterans' and Active Force
3882:Wildrose Loyalty Coalition
3733:Governing party of Alberta
3002:
2966:(interim Leader) 1988–1990
2960:(interim Leader) 1985–1988
319:; 7 years ago
5778:
5492:Pilgrims of Saint Michael
5306:
5184:
4975:Former Opposition Leaders
4861:
4788:
4731:
4476:
4381:New Blue Party of Ontario
4270:
4161:
4023:
3739:
3730:
3726:United Farmers of Alberta
3722:
3457:"Sykes to enter oil fray"
3255:"The Approach to Reality"
2954:(acting leader) 1982–1985
2653:
2474:
1923:
1834:
1738:
1725:
1665:
1557:Thorsteinson founded the
1283:Progressive Conservatives
906:was premier 1943 to 1968.
746:Alberta Treasury Branches
630:United Farmers of Alberta
412:
266:
5188:Other Canadian politics:
4760:Non-Partisan Association
4684:Progressive Conservative
4653:Progressive Conservative
4570:Confederation of Regions
4502:Progressive Conservative
4448:Progressive Conservative
4210:United Conservative (AB)
4200:Prince Edward Island PCs
4124:Progressive Conservative
3935:Progressive Conservative
3820:Other registered parties
1608:In early November 2007,
1448:in October, Speaker and
1007:British Columbia Socreds
1001:, leader of the party's
5487:Parti crédit social uni
5482:Pauper Party of Ontario
4953:Speaker of the Assembly
4798:Conservatism portal
4180:Coalition Avenir Québec
3485:"BCNG Portals Page (R)"
2999:Jeremy Fraser 2016–2017
1321:James Douglas Henderson
1223:In campaigning for the
1117:, and the socialism of
948:Labor-Progressive Party
741:Supreme Court of Canada
716:prosperity certificates
394:Political position
5765:Prosperity certificate
5594:British People's Party
5457:Christian Credit Party
4401:Populist Party Ontario
3970:Western Canada Concept
3465:. Red Deer. p. A1
3377:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
3340:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
3306:Finkel, Alvin (1989).
3189:Finkel, Alvin (1988).
1559:Alberta Alliance Party
1509:Reform Party of Canada
1424:Western Canada Concept
1285:, led by young lawyer
1102:
907:
702:
524:
5497:Ralliement créditiste
5131:Wildrose Independence
4755:New West Progressives
4658:Ralliement créditiste
4579:Northwest Territories
4291:Wildrose Independence
4139:Ralliement créditiste
3877:Wildrose Independence
3678:The Lethbridge Herald
3045:The Eugenics Archives
1617:2008 general election
1403:Dormancy in the 1980s
1393:official party status
1156:, denouncing them as
1097:
1075:to "the socialism of
902:
750:financial institution
700:
649:socially conservative
518:
466:Ralliement créditiste
446:Clifford Hugh Douglas
438:Alberta Social Credit
260:Alberta Social Credit
5649:John Horne Blackmore
5563:Douglas Credit Party
5120:Solidarity Movement
4679:Independent Alliance
4507:Freedom Conservative
4119:Progressive Canadian
4114:Liberal-Conservative
4097:Liberal-Conservative
3925:Labor Representation
3915:Freedom Conservative
3790:Legislative Assembly
3491:on 27 September 2007
2417:Representative Party
1622:Rocky Mountain House
1580:Rocky Mountain House
1473:Representative Party
1435:that year's election
1257:New Democratic Party
1111:democratic socialism
1081:democratic socialism
995:federal counterparts
964:Legislative Assembly
925:Provincial Secretary
838:improve this section
668:Legislative Assembly
555:improve this section
464:agreed to merge his
94:improve this article
5507:Social Credit Board
5176:Electoral districts
5135:Jeevan Singh Mangat
4995:United Conservative
4943:Former legislatures
4874:Lieutenant Governor
4843:Politics of Alberta
4715:Upper Canada Tories
4464:Yukon Freedom Party
4262:Saskatchewan United
4219:Official opposition
4036:Official opposition
3930:Non-Partisan League
3891:Historical parties
3872:Solidarity Movement
3798:United Conservative
3653:. 20 January 2015.
3518:on 5 February 2006.
3261:on 19 October 2013.
3195:Labour / Le Travail
2926:Robert Curtis Clark
2918:Robert Curtis Clark
2323:Robert Curtis Clark
1743:Politics of Alberta
1598:Drumheller-Stettler
1552:Alberta First Party
1333:Robert Curtis Clark
1313:first past the post
727:Lieutenant-Governor
417:Politics of Alberta
375:Right-wing populism
371:Economic liberalism
5694:Robert A. Heinlein
5114:Randy Thorsteinson
4766:Progress Vancouver
4427:Équipe Autonomiste
4312:Christian Heritage
4205:Saskatchewan Party
4061:Christian Heritage
3536:on 30 October 2007
3416:history.alberta.ca
3293:, 20 February 1996
2976:Randy Thorsteinson
2905:(acting) 1972–1973
2885:Premier of Alberta
2476:Randy Thorsteinson
1530:In November 1999,
1505:Randy Thorsteinson
1446:writs were dropped
1316:in party history.
1173:In January 1948 a
1119:national socialism
1103:
1011:Robert N. Thompson
908:
739:to the bills. The
703:
525:
187:possibly contains
5800:
5799:
5734:Manasseh Sogavare
5617:
5616:
5383:
5382:
5265:
5264:
5029:Alberta Advantage
4987:Political parties
4965:Opposition Leader
4804:
4803:
4784:
4783:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4472:
4471:
4376:Canadians' Choice
4344:People's Alliance
4277:No representation
4185:New Brunswick PCs
4157:
4156:
4087:Canadian Alliance
4049:No representation
3983:
3982:
3832:Alberta Advantage
3749:
3748:
3740:Succeeded by
3600:Elections Alberta
3512:"Upcoming Events"
3510:Kayler, Richard.
3445:, 5 February 1973
3432:, 3 February 1973
3070:hermis.alberta.ca
2958:Martin Hattersley
2952:George Richardson
2872:
2871:
2369:George Richardson
1761:
1760:
1748:Political parties
1561:in October 2002.
1534:was elected over
1485:Martin Hattersley
1038:Blackboard Jungle
990:one-party state.
874:
873:
866:
767:Executive Council
754:crown corporation
706:Not "funny money"
664:landslide victory
591:
590:
583:
519:Calgary preacher
435:
434:
422:Political parties
332:Succeeded by
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
224:
189:original research
170:
169:
162:
144:
67:
16:(Redirected from
5870:
5792:
5785:
5664:Vernon Cracknell
5644:W. A. C. Bennett
5629:William Aberhart
5573:Social Credit-NZ
5430:
5419:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5292:
5285:
5278:
5269:
4938:Current assembly
4867:
4851:Crown in Alberta
4841:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4808:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4743:British Columbia
4733:
4526:British Columbia
4484:
4478:
4386:Ontario Alliance
4305:British Columbia
4296:Wildrose Loyalty
4278:
4272:
4163:
4025:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3987:
3900:Alberta Alliance
3775:
3768:
3761:
3752:
3723:Preceded by
3720:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
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3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3532:. Archived from
3526:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3487:. Archived from
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3452:
3446:
3439:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3374:
3365:
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3360:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3303:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3207:10.2307/25142941
3186:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3037:
2881:William Aberhart
2864:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2820:
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2813:
2812:
2805:
2768:
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2678:
2671:
2640:
2639:
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2632:
2625:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2579:
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2400:
2393:
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2347:
2346:
2339:
2308:
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2299:
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2170:
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2153:
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2125:
2118:
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2110:
2084:
2083:
2076:
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2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2026:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1836:William Aberhart
1798:
1794:Election results
1734:
1731:
1729:
1670:
1654:
1591:Alberta Alliance
1548:election of 2001
917:social dividends
889:minimum wage law
869:
862:
858:
855:
849:
818:
810:
657:social dividends
606:Great Depression
594:William Aberhart
586:
579:
575:
572:
566:
535:
527:
521:William Aberhart
481:William Aberhart
474:British Columbia
327:
325:
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309:
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302:
271:
255:
245:
238:
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220:
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204:inline citations
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78:
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5803:
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5790:
5783:
5774:
5748:
5634:Lavern Ahlstrom
5613:
5582:
5536:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5384:
5379:
5302:
5298:Leaders of the
5296:
5266:
5261:
5180:
5152:
5124:Artur Pawlowski
5045:Andrew Jacobson
5023:Lindsay Amantea
4981:
4924:
4915:Former premiers
4891:
4868:
4859:
4845:
4835:
4805:
4800:
4792:
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4780:
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4663:Union nationale
4648:Unité nationale
4626:
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4521:
4485:
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4245:
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4190:Nova Scotia PCs
4168:
4153:
4075:
4056:Canadian Future
4044:
4030:
4019:
4014:
3984:
3979:
3940:Reform Movement
3892:
3886:
3815:
3809:Independent (1)
3784:
3779:
3745:
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3658:
3651:Prolife Alberta
3645:
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3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
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3594:
3593:
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3530:"Archived copy"
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3072:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3012:
3007:
2988:Lavern Ahlstrom
2938:Raymond Speaker
2903:James Henderson
2883:1935–1943 (7th
2877:
2850:
2847:
2806:
2803:
2754:
2751:
2713:
2710:
2672:
2669:
2626:
2623:
2609:Lavern Ahlstrom
2580:
2577:
2534:
2531:
2493:
2490:
2447:
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2386:
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2340:
2337:
2293:
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2246:
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2197:
2194:
2154:
2151:
2111:
2108:
2069:
2066:
2027:
2024:
1984:
1981:
1942:
1939:
1895:
1892:
1853:
1850:
1796:
1769:Prolife Alberta
1757:
1730:.prolifealberta
1726:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1606:
1565:Lavern Ahlstrom
1481:
1454:Fred Mandeville
1444:As soon as the
1431:Raymond Speaker
1405:
1260:administration.
1249:
1210:
1179:Electrical grid
1166:anti-Christian.
1140:
1019:
897:
870:
859:
853:
850:
835:
819:
808:
780:
778:Labour policies
708:
626:
587:
576:
570:
567:
552:
536:
513:
508:
431:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:Christian right
365:
361:
323:
321:
318:
305:
303:
300:
262:
261:
253:
252:Political party
246:
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217:
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193:
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155:
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103:
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91:
79:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5876:
5874:
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5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5709:Ernest Manning
5706:
5704:Solon Earl Low
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
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5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Les Démocrates
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5438:
5436:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5415:
5413:
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5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5171:Past elections
5168:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5092:John Roggeveen
5084:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5007:New Democratic
5004:
5003:
5002:
5000:Danielle Smith
4991:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
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4961:
4960:
4950:
4945:
4940:
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4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4905:Danielle Smith
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
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4862:
4860:
4855:
4853:
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4736:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4705:Family Compact
4702:
4700:Château Clique
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
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4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4554:Manitoba First
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4529:
4527:
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4330:
4324:
4322:
4318:
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4308:
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4299:
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4293:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4268:
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4264:
4259:
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4166:
4159:
4158:
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4154:
4152:
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4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Reconstruction
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
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4032:
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4028:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3960:United Farmers
3957:
3952:
3947:
3945:Representative
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:Dominion Labor
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
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3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:New Democratic
3801:
3794:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3689:External links
3687:
3684:
3683:
3668:
3638:
3612:
3587:
3576:. 22 July 2016
3561:
3521:
3502:
3476:
3462:Calgary Herald
3447:
3443:Globe and Mail
3434:
3430:Globe and Mail
3421:
3403:
3389:
3366:
3352:
3332:
3318:
3295:
3291:Globe and Mail
3282:
3264:
3253:C.H. Douglas.
3245:
3236:
3082:
3066:"HeRMIS – PAA"
3057:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:Len Skowronski
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2909:Werner Schmidt
2906:
2900:
2897:Harry E. Strom
2894:
2891:Ernest Manning
2888:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2814:
2807:
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2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:Jeremy Fraser
2788:
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2778:
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2701:
2698:
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2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:Len Skowronski
2652:
2646:
2645:
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2606:
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2320:
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2313:
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2302:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2276:Werner Schmidt
2273:
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2263:
2255:
2247:
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2240:
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2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1925:Ernest Manning
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1874:
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1657:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1610:Len Skowronski
1605:
1602:
1480:
1477:
1413:Julian Kinisky
1404:
1401:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1325:Werner Schmidt
1287:Peter Lougheed
1248:
1245:
1209:
1208:Oil production
1206:
1154:labour strikes
1139:
1136:
1029:films such as
1018:
1017:Anti-communism
1015:
929:Ernest Manning
913:price controls
904:Ernest Manning
896:
893:
872:
871:
822:
820:
813:
807:
806:Other policies
804:
779:
776:
707:
704:
653:price controls
625:
622:
589:
588:
539:
537:
530:
512:
509:
507:
504:
485:Ernest Manning
433:
432:
430:
429:
424:
419:
413:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:
396:
390:
389:
363:Anti-socialism
359:Anti-communism
356:
350:
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333:
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4:
3:
2:
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5745:
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5722:
5720:
5719:Neil Morrison
5717:
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5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
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5699:Norman Jaques
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:John Hargrave
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
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5669:C. H. Douglas
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:Réal Caouette
5657:
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5650:
5647:
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5639:Bruce Beetham
5637:
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5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:New Democracy
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5418:Social Credit
5411:
5406:
5404:
5399:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5279:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5034:Marilyn Burns
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5019:Alberta Party
5017:
5013:
5012:Naheed Nenshi
5010:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:Rachel Notley
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4958:Nathan Cooper
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Salma Lakhani
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4799:
4787:
4777:
4776:Vancouver 1st
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:ABC Vancouver
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Conservatives
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Social Credit
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:New Brunswick
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4538:Social Credit
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:Social Credit
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4391:Ontario Party
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4337:New Brunswick
4335:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:In government
4171:
4164:
4160:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Social Credit
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4011:
4006:
4004:
3999:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Social Credit
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Alberta Party
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3390:9781442682382
3386:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3353:9781442682382
3349:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3333:
3321:
3319:9781442682382
3315:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2970:Robert Alford
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:Party leaders
2874:
2867:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1785:anti-abortion
1782:
1781:right-to-life
1778:
1774:
1773:Social Credit
1770:
1766:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1641:2015 election
1638:
1637:2012 election
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:Alberta Party
1583:
1581:
1577:
1576:2004 election
1573:
1572:2001 election
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1517:1997 election
1514:
1513:1993 election
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Robert Alford
1498:
1497:1989 election
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:Alberta Party
1466:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:Olds-Didsbury
1416:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1397:1979 election
1394:
1390:
1389:1975 election
1385:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:Second ballot
1366:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Gordon Taylor
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1309:1971 election
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:mental health
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1225:1948 election
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:Norman Jaques
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Real Caouette
996:
991:
987:
985:
981:
977:
974:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:1944 election
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
868:
865:
857:
847:
843:
839:
833:
832:
828:
823:This section
821:
817:
812:
811:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:minimum wages
784:
777:
775:
772:
771:reserve power
768:
764:
763:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
731:
730:John C. Bowen
728:
723:
721:
720:Silvio Gesell
717:
713:
705:
699:
695:
693:
687:
683:
681:
677:
676:Conservatives
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:John Brownlee
642:
638:
635:
631:
624:Rise to power
623:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
585:
582:
574:
564:
560:
556:
550:
549:
545:
540:This section
538:
534:
529:
528:
522:
517:
510:
505:
503:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Réal Caouette
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:social credit
439:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
407:
403:
400:
397:
395:
391:
388:
384:
383:Social credit
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
337:
334:
330:
316:
312:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:Jeremy Fraser
280:
278:
274:
270:
265:
256:
244:
241:
226:
223:
215:
205:
201:
197:
191:
190:
185:This article
183:
174:
173:
164:
161:
153:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111: –
110:
106:
105:Find sources:
99:
95:
89:
88:
83:This article
81:
77:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5739:Ken Sweigard
5724:Al Overfield
5511:
5452:Canada Party
5357:Thorsteinson
5299:
5079:
5075:Independence
5067:
5056:Naomi Rankin
4771:Surrey First
4511:
4436:Saskatchewan
4422:Conservative
4231:Manitoba PCs
4092:Conservative
3949:
3852:Independence
3731:
3677:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3650:
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:daveberta.ca
3573:
3564:
3538:. Retrieved
3534:the original
3524:
3516:the original
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3489:the original
3479:
3467:. Retrieved
3460:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3429:
3424:
3415:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3379:
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3342:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3308:
3290:
3285:
3276:
3259:the original
3248:
3239:
3198:
3194:
3073:. Retrieved
3069:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3044:
3035:
2982:James Albers
2964:Harvey Yuill
2834:Murray Ruhl
2563:James Albers
2430:Harvey Yuill
2234:
2149:
2018:
1789:
1783:issues, and
1777:single-issue
1768:
1764:
1762:
1716:Blue and red
1634:
1632:candidates.
1614:
1607:
1595:
1584:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1544:Wiebo Ludwig
1532:James Albers
1529:
1521:
1489:Harvey Yuill
1482:
1462:
1458:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1347:First ballot
1346:
1345:
1341:
1318:
1306:
1295:
1280:
1272:
1261:
1250:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1192:In 1945 the
1191:
1171:
1168:
1162:totalitarian
1151:
1143:
1141:
1123:
1107:Alfred Hooke
1104:
1099:Alfred Hooke
1090:
1087:
1084:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1032:The Wild One
1030:
1020:
992:
988:
984:World War II
980:anti-Semites
976:
973:
970:
968:
933:
909:
886:
879:
875:
860:
851:
836:Please help
824:
785:
781:
760:
758:
737:Royal Assent
724:
709:
688:
684:
661:
637:Richard Reid
627:
618:C.H. Douglas
592:
577:
568:
553:Please help
541:
497:
478:
437:
436:
378:
342:Headquarters
290:Earl Solberg
236:
218:
209:
186:
156:
147:
137:
130:
123:
116:
104:
92:Please help
87:verification
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
5744:John Turmel
5684:Ron Gostick
5679:A. N. Field
5654:Eric Butler
5146:Paul Hinman
5103:Murray Ruhl
4930:Legislature
4909:Premiership
4857:Charles III
4762:(Vancouver)
4353:Nova Scotia
4250:Represented
4241:Yukon Party
4195:Ontario PCs
3661:26 February
3540:11 November
3495:22 November
3201:: 123–152.
2946:Ray Neilson
2358:Opposition
2312:Opposition
2265:Opposition
2227:Harry Strom
1825:Government
1807:Candidates
1688:Murray Ruhl
1680:Murray Ruhl
1540:Norm Racine
1536:Jon Dykstra
1375:Schmidt 814
1355:Schmidt 512
1337:John Ludwig
1298:Harry Strom
1175:coal miners
1069:red-baiting
956:red-baiting
895:Manning era
882:prohibition
408:Green, blue
387:Agrarianism
379:Historical:
5807:Categories
5729:Ezra Pound
5714:Roly Marks
5674:Louis Even
5372:Skowronski
5341:Hattersley
4710:Parti bleu
4612:New Reform
4483:Historical
4080:Historical
3812:Vacant (1)
3737:1935–1971
3075:23 January
3050:23 January
3027:References
3003:See also:
2934:1980–1982
2911:1973–1975
1358:Taylor 406
1194:Wetaskiwin
680:socialists
399:Right-wing
212:April 2010
196:improve it
150:April 2010
120:newspapers
49:improve it
5863:Red Scare
5426:Movements
5158:Elections
5051:Communist
4737:Municipal
4360:Atlantica
4226:BC United
3955:Socialist
3842:Communist
3231:143059425
3215:0700-3862
2996:2007–2016
2990:2001–2007
2984:1999–2001
2978:1993–1999
2972:1990–1993
2948:1984–1985
2932:Rod Sykes
2928:1975–1980
2216:Majority
2174:Majority
2130:Majority
2088:Majority
2046:Majority
2002:Majority
1961:Majority
1914:Majority
1872:Majority
1822:Position
1801:Election
1753:Elections
1685:President
1450:Walt Buck
1409:Rod Sykes
1379:Clark 775
1361:Ludwig 71
1352:Clark 583
1187:rust belt
1158:communist
1147:Red Scare
1138:Red Scare
1127:communism
1115:communism
1101:, c. 1935
1058:communism
1027:Hollywood
1023:Red Scare
854:June 2021
825:does not
735:to grant
571:June 2021
542:does not
427:Elections
348:, Alberta
314:Dissolved
286:President
200:verifying
55:talk page
5791:Politics
5784:Category
5367:Ahlstrom
5311:Aberhart
5099:Pro-Life
4622:Trillium
4547:Manitoba
4517:Wildrose
4497:Alliance
4328:Keystone
4321:Manitoba
4149:Unionist
4071:People's
4066:Maverick
3975:Wildrose
3862:Pro-Life
3655:Archived
3631:26 April
3626:CBC News
3550:cite web
3469:19 April
3396:18 April
3359:18 April
3325:18 April
3223:25142941
3010:See also
2613:42 / 83
2567:12 / 83
2521:70 / 83
2480:39 / 83
2373:23 / 79
2330:141,284
2327:79 / 79
2283:107,211
2280:70 / 75
2231:75 / 75
2187:222,270
2184:65 / 65
2143:221,107
2140:63 / 63
2101:230,283
2098:64 / 65
2059:175,553
2056:61 / 61
2015:167,789
2012:61 / 61
1974:164,003
1971:57 / 57
1932:146,367
1929:57 / 57
1885:132,507
1882:56 / 57
1843:163,700
1840:63 / 63
1707:Pro-life
1702:Ideology
1696:May 2017
1589:and the
1493:Barrhead
1291:Edmonton
1185:and the
1065:New Left
946:and the
934:For the
712:populist
674:and two
672:Liberals
354:Ideology
5753:History
5541:Oceania
5348:Neilson
5326:Schmidt
5316:Manning
5192:Federal
5087:Liberal
5041:Buffalo
4897:Premier
4595:Ontario
4490:Alberta
4443:Buffalo
4369:Ontario
4284:Alberta
4029:Federal
3857:Liberal
3837:Buffalo
3647:"About"
3605:23 June
3580:23 June
2837:1 / 87
2793:1 / 87
2741:6 / 87
2700:3 / 87
2659:8 / 83
2616:10,874
2524:64,667
2483:23,885
2434:6 / 83
2333:19.87%
2286:18.17%
2244:25 / 75
2239:41.10%
2235:262,953
2195:55 / 65
2190:44.60%
2152:60 / 63
2146:54.81%
2109:61 / 65
2104:55.69%
2067:37 / 61
2062:46.42%
2025:52 / 61
1982:51 / 57
1977:55.63%
1940:51 / 57
1935:51.88%
1893:36 / 57
1888:42.90%
1851:56 / 63
1846:54.25%
1804:Leader
1721:Website
1713:Colours
1693:Founded
1596:In the
1307:In the
1300:at the
1247:Decline
1132:Marxism
1077:Germany
960:Germany
846:removed
831:sources
733:refused
634:Premier
602:Calgary
598:Baptist
563:removed
548:sources
511:Origins
506:History
405:Colours
346:Calgary
322: (
304: (
296:Founded
194:Please
134:scholar
5622:People
5587:Europe
5434:Canada
5376:Fraser
5362:Albers
5352:Alford
5109:Reform
5080:Vacant
5068:Vacant
4693:Others
4631:Quebec
4607:Reform
4415:Quebec
4134:Reform
3867:Reform
3387:
3350:
3316:
3229:
3221:
3213:
2848:0 / 83
2843:0.01%
2804:0 / 83
2799:0.00%
2752:0 / 83
2747:0.06%
2711:0 / 83
2706:0.02%
2670:0 / 83
2665:0.22%
2662:2,051
2624:0 / 83
2619:1.22%
2578:0 / 83
2573:0.53%
2570:5,361
2532:0 / 83
2527:6.84%
2491:0 / 83
2486:2.41%
2445:0 / 83
2440:0.47%
2437:3,939
2384:0 / 79
2379:0.83%
2376:7,843
2338:4 / 79
2291:4 / 75
2019:56.24%
1816:Seats
1810:Votes
1676:Leader
1335:, and
1269:native
1183:Quebec
1164:, and
1003:Quebec
655:, and
458:Quebec
277:Leader
136:
129:
122:
115:
107:
5345:Yuill
5336:Sykes
5331:Clark
5321:Strom
5063:Green
4672:Yukon
4533:Unity
4457:Yukon
3847:Green
3227:S2CID
3219:JSTOR
2777:2016
1626:Green
460:when
141:JSTOR
127:books
3806:(37)
3800:(48)
3663:2021
3633:2023
3607:2017
3582:2017
3556:link
3542:2007
3497:2005
3471:2021
3398:2022
3385:ISBN
3361:2022
3348:ISBN
3327:2022
3314:ISBN
3211:ISSN
3077:2023
3052:2023
2830:2023
2786:2019
2769:8th
2744:832
2737:2015
2728:7th
2703:294
2696:2012
2687:6th
2650:2008
2641:6th
2604:2004
2595:6th
2558:2001
2549:4th
2517:1997
2508:4th
2471:1993
2462:4th
2425:1989
2411:1986
2402:6th
2364:1982
2355:2nd
2318:1979
2309:2nd
2271:1975
2262:2nd
2222:1971
2213:1st
2180:1967
2171:1st
2136:1963
2127:1st
2094:1959
2085:1st
2052:1955
2043:1st
2008:1952
1999:1st
1967:1948
1958:1st
1920:1944
1911:1st
1878:1940
1869:1st
1831:1935
1819:+/–
1767:(or
1732:.com
1538:and
1507:, a
1276:1963
1253:1967
1035:and
921:1940
915:and
829:any
827:cite
752:and
610:CFCN
596:, a
546:any
544:cite
493:2015
491:and
489:2012
324:2017
317:2017
306:1934
299:1934
113:news
3203:doi
2865:15
2840:90
2821:12
2796:60
2301:21
2254:30
2119:24
2077:15
1950:15
1903:20
1861:56
1728:www
1491:of
1202:CBC
1196:MP
1073:CCF
840:by
557:by
198:by
96:by
5809::
5257:YU
5252:NU
5247:NT
5242:SK
5237:QC
5232:PE
5227:ON
5222:NS
5217:NL
5212:NB
5207:MB
5202:BC
5197:AB
3649:.
3624:.
3598:.
3572:.
3552:}}
3548:{{
3459:.
3414:.
3369:^
3298:^
3267:^
3225:.
3217:.
3209:.
3199:21
3197:.
3193:.
3085:^
3068:.
3043:.
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2824:—
2772:—
2731:—
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2644:—
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2205:5
2163:1
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131:·
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