645:, even going as far to once say that "Haile Selassie is not the leader for Ethiopia only, but he is the leader for all black people in the world, wherever they might be." When touring the United States in 1972, he delivered several speeches praising the emperor's leadership, and inquired after the well-being of the Ethiopians living in the cities he visited. He was recognised for his resistance to the Fascist occupiers and his attempts to look after the well-being of other Ethiopians such as
689:
achieve equality, justice, democracy and good governance for all
Ethiopians. The Ethiopian people expect us to come out of this conference with a new government and democracy, not two different nations." His desire to unite Afars as part of Ethiopia also garnered the respect of nationalists, particularly because such an effort, if successful, would have preserved Ethiopian control over a significant stretch of sea-coast, and port of
638:
instead committed the Aussa
Sultanate and the Afar people to Ethiopia, stridently condemning those who sought an independent Afar state, saying, "We are one with all Ethiopians. No one can make excuses and take this identity from the Afar people. Only the forces who are anti-Afar people will make claims of separation. We will not hesitate to expose them for what they are. This must be done for the unity of our Ethiopian people."
610:
traditional land ownership. As a leader, he is thought to have been just and morally upright, leading one commentator to say that "Under the rule of Sultan
Alimirah no one walks away without justice. The legacy he built was support to the needy, justice to the poor, and share the resources of the community for common well-being of the people."
585:, the second highest title attainable by a non-member of the royal family. Assessing his relationship with the emperor, Alimirah recalled that " looked at us peripheral rulers with respect. We had good relations with him. He never interfered directly in our internal affairs. I had direct access to his palace or his office."
370:
While the actions of Yayyo and
Alimirah strengthened their friendship with Haile Selassie, it was against the wishes of Sultan Mohammed, who sought to follow by the terms of his agreement with the Italians and leave their troops alone. Furthermore, Sultan Mohammed sought to place the Aussa Sultanate
700:
However, the Sultan was not without his critics. He was considered to be an illegitimate usurper, placed into power by
Ethiopian intervention and intrigue. He was attacked by the Derg and leftist Afars as a feudalist landowner who was willing to sell out the Afar people for his own self interests.
382:
One day sometime in 1944, Yayyo was called to join the Sultan after prayers. Concluding this was a ruse to have him killed, Yayyo instead fled to Addis Ababa after expressing his thoughts to
Emperor Haile Selassie. While both agreeing that the Sultan should be removed, Yayyo felt that he would not
688:
had elected not to participate as representatives but merely observers. Upon learning this was because they sought to separate from
Ethiopia, the Sultan attacked them, saying that "in my opinion this conference was not to dismember Ethiopia but to unite Ethiopia. A conference that discusses how to
609:
Amongst Afars, Alimirah is revered as a "beloved spiritual father, leader, and caretaker" who was dedicated to the progress and unity of his people. In his efforts to advance the Afar economy, he is thought to have balanced the benefits of agricultural modernisation with respect for tradition and
446:
Much like the imperial government and Haile
Selassie on a national scale, Sultan Alimirah worked to improve the agricultural situation in Aussa, which accounted for the livelihoods of the vast majority of the Afar people. He facilitated the establishment of several large commercial farms in Aussa,
420:
Thus, when the force arrived in Asaita the following day, it faced virtually no resistance, with only one guard on duty. Sultan
Mohammed was deposed, and, after being assured his family members would not be killed (as was typical in Afar power struggles), was sent to Addis Ababa, where he died of
458:
between the
British firm Mitchell Cotts and the Ethiopian government was created to produce cotton in the region, under the Sultan's supervision. In contrast to the government's state farms, the scheme worked to cooperate with the local people and create large farms whilst respecting traditional
705:
levelled similar criticisms, opposing its conservative ideology, the ALF's apparently lavish expenditure of the regional budget, the Sultan's undisguised favor towards the Aussa area for economic development, and the intrigues of the various members of the Alimirah family with regional players.
559:
basin through introducing large-scale commercial farms. While intended to the help the region's development, the scheme would have displaced thousands of rural Afars from their ancestral land and separated them from the river on which they depended for their livelihood and very survival. After
519:
Sultan Alimirah often came into conflict with the central government over its encroachment on the authority of the Sultanate. Aussa, which had been more-or-less self-governing until the Sultan's ascension in 1944, had been greatly weakened in power by the centralising forces of Haile Selassie's
637:
viewpoint, for his patriotism, loyalty, and dedication to Ethiopia's unity. Despite seeking to unite the Afar people under his leadership, and despite the slights committed by the imperial state and the atrocities of the communist dictatorship against the Afar, he did not seek independence and
563:
Despite these encroachments and conflicts, the Sultan remained fundamentally loyal to the Emperor and Ethiopia; in turn, while he did not achieve the autonomous sultanate he desired, he enjoyed an appreciable level of autonomy in the areas of the Sultanate, almost unique amongst the many petty
417:, a key trading post to the Afar regions. Upon eventually being warned of the force's advance when they were only a day away, Sultan Mohammed dismissed them and even chastised his son for attempting to rally the palace guard in defense, convinced that such an attempt was impossible.
412:
to oust the Sultan, taking a fortnight to travel. To keep their advance a secret, they detained any Afar person they saw travelling on the way, placing them in one of several empty trucks provided for that purpose, and arranged for the prohibition of any travel past the town of
547:
was headed towards its demise, 55 Afar chieftains in Eritrea met and endorsed the idea of an Ethiopian Afar autonomy. Following the dissolution of Eritrea's federal government and its transformation into a centrally-administered province, Afar leaders met again in
437:
authorities and imperial government who asserted their control over the lands of the Sultanate, often a matter of bitter contention between the Sultan and the central government. Despite this, the relationship between the Sultan and Haile Selassie was a loyal one.
271:
Sultan Alimirah died on 24 April 2011 and was succeeded by his son Hanfare Alimirah. Alimirah was not only considered a leader of the Afar people, but was admired by many Ethiopians for his patriotism, resistance to the Derg, and support for Ethiopian unity.
362:, whom they helped financially and pleaded (unsuccessfully) to be released. Upon Ethiopia's liberation in 1941, Yayyo and Alimirah captured nearly a thousand Italian soldiers and brought them to Addis Ababa to commemorate the Emperor's return.
625:
in defense of the Afar and their land and custom, and in turn followed by his attempts to preserve Afar unity across Ethiopia and Eritrea made him a near-legendary figure. Therefore, he was regarded as the spiritual and cultural leader of
620:
Most Afars his consistency in promoting the unity of the Afar people. First through his efforts to advance Afar unity and protect Afar interests during the reign of Haile Selassie, followed by armed resistance against the dictatorship of
652:
who had been imprisoned by them. He gave generously to charitable institutions throughout Ethiopia; for example he gave 10,000 birr, at that time a large sum (adjusted for inflation, around 640,000 birr in today's prices), to a local
245:, Sultan Alimirah was targeted by the new socialist regime for his influence, status as a landowner, and support for the deposed emperor. In 1975 the Sultan was forced to flee the country when the Derg attempted to capture him in a
454:) to open a branch in Asaita to stimulate the expansion of the agricultural sector, and founded the Aussa Farmers Association to make it easier for Afar farmers to take out loans co-operatively. In the 1960s, a
668:
was "just a common rag", the Sultan was said to have retorted that "even our camels salute the Ethiopian flag". For these reasons, Alimirah Hanfare is considered to be a heroic patriot by many Ethiopians.
353:, Sultan Muhammad agreed to not resist the Italians in exchange for being allowed their autonomy. When the Aussas made a visit to Rome in 1939, Yayyo and Alimirah, his son-in-law, visited the imprisoned
433:
Yayyo, but over time was able to a centralise power in himself, often to the detriment of the lesser chiefs that traditionally exercised significant power. His authority was also compromised by the
379:. This was greatly opposed by many Aussa and Yayyo, who said "Our emperor is back, the white people were defeated," causing a major rift between the two; Sultan Mohammed dismissed Yayyo in 1942.
1072:
697:, an outcome the Sultan also explicitly opposed. To these people, Sultan Alimirah is to be considered more patriotic and dedicated to Ethiopian unity than the Ethiopian government itself.
552:
in 1963 and supported the creation of an autonomous region. In 1964 Afar leaders went to Addis Ababa to present Haile Selassie with their proposal, but the effort came up empty-handed.
311:
His father was killed while his mother was pregnant with Alimirah, and she herself died when Alimirah was young, leaving him to be raised by his eldest sister, Fatima. Fatima married
1200:
264:, whom the Sultan wanted to remain part of an autonomous Afar region within Ethiopia. This, amongst other disputes, led to the Sultan's marginalisation from the politics of the new
617:
demonstrated the Sultan's sincerity; it worked to establish democratic institutions, health and educational facilities and other economic and social institutions amongst the Afar.
702:
673:
257:
387:. Instead, he proposed that Alimirah, who did come from the Aydahisso clan, become Sultan. Six months after this incident, the plot was set into action. Alimirah was made a
511:
praising the leadership of Haile Selassie and receiving a standing ovation. Following this trip, it was arranged for several Afar students to study in the United States.
492:, organised Islamic leaders, reformed religious practices, and proclaimed rights for women. Indeed, some came to refer to Aussa as "Kuwait" due to its relative wealth.
560:
strenuous objections from Sultan Alimirah on their behalf, the scheme was abandoned- although it is thought protecting his own large plantations also played a role.
230:, Alimirah possessed only moderate governing authority as Sultan, but was highly influential as a landowner and as the senior spiritual and cultural leader of the
527:
The Sultan sought to unite the Afar people under an autonomous Sultanate, while remaining part of Ethiopia; they had been divided amongst the provinces of
296:, and the youngest of three children, with two older sisters, Fatima and Medina, his father was Hanfare Aydahis and mother was Hawy Omar. His grandfather,
1233:
613:
While not granted much power in the new government, the actions of the Afar Liberation Front during the transition period and the early years of the
1076:
614:
581:
335:
292:. He was said to have been born around 1919, but at his death was said to be 95 years old, suggesting he was born earlier. A member of the Aussa
450:
While the Sultan owned many of these new large commercial farms, he arranged for the Addis Ababa Bank (later nationalised and today part of the
447:
primarily producing cotton, as well as other crops. Thus many formerly pastoral Afars began to settle in towns to work on the new cotton farms.
685:
1208:
1104:
723:
564:
kingdoms incorporated into the Ethiopian state in the late 19th century. For example, while the government appointed a governor to the
1308:
998:
544:
40:
1022:
676:
for his opposition to Eritrean independence and for his desire to incorporate Afar regions of Eritrea into Ethiopia as part of the
593:
Sultan Alimirah died on April 24, 2011, in Addis Ababa, at approximately the age of 95. He was buried in the northeastern town of
1253:
1298:
660:(traditional co-operative funerary association) operating in the neighbourhood of his house in the city. When Prime Minister
520:
government. In 1950 he withdrew from Asaita for two years in opposition, returning only two after following mediation by
1283:
451:
555:
In the early 1970s the Ethiopian government established a "Awash Valley Authority" to advance the development of the
1169:
350:
256:
Upon the Derg's overthrow in 1991 the Sultan returned to Ethiopia, where he initially supported the efforts of the
1039:
898:
633:
The Sultan is also widely admired by non-Afar Ethiopians, particularly those amongst the opposition expressing an
1293:
812:
459:
customs of collective ownership. By the time of the Sultan's flight in 1975, it was noted that there were 600
238:
Afar; attracting foreign investment, organising access to credit, and promoting infrastructural development.
1230:
940:
844:
297:
1273:
681:
634:
630:
Afars at the time of his death, and not just those traditionally under the rule of the Aussa Sultanate.
622:
434:
250:
246:
1303:
1278:
579:
The Sultan enjoyed a warm relationship with Haile Selassie, and was eventually granted the title of
318:
213:
649:
359:
224:
680:. When representatives of the opposition movements that had worked to overthrow the government of
694:
372:
47:
730:
383:
be accepted by the Afars as Sultan, as he did not come from the senior Aydahisso branch of the
1018:
994:
212:
from 1944 until his death in 2011. He ascended to the throne after his predecessor and uncle,
149:
1288:
772:
665:
568:(district) of Aussa proper, the governor, rather than taking up residence in the capital of
343:
305:
234:. Under his rule, significant progress was made towards modernising agriculture amongst the
227:
1237:
536:
504:
481:
384:
339:
293:
209:
164:
642:
573:
540:
507:. He was impressed by the warm reception accorded, especially after giving a speech in
414:
1267:
500:
455:
401:
330:
300:, was himself Sultan of Aussa from 1862 to 1902, who declared his loyalty to Emperor
285:
194:
429:
Assuming the throne at only 22 years old, Sultan Alimirah was heavily influenced by
661:
281:
260:
led by Meles Zenawi. Relations quickly soured, however, over the issue of Afars in
100:
17:
873:
677:
672:
Furthermore, the Sultan is particularly admired by nationalist opponents of the
654:
598:
556:
355:
326:
289:
265:
235:
231:
174:
120:
39:
1258:
767:
301:
62:
321:. Yayyo Hamadu was entrusted with the transport of goods between the port of
485:
480:
The Sultan also opened several health clinics schools in Aussa, including a
464:
395:
389:
313:
499:, where he visited 15 states and met with African-American leaders such as
317:
Yayyo Hamadu, an important leader of the Aussa, second only to the Sultan,
1177:
528:
220:
183:
141:
124:
104:
1142:
Zewde, Bahru (March 2012). "Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers (Review)".
1254:
Walta Information Center: Afar's spiritual leader dies at the age of 91
508:
473:
460:
261:
159:
948:
1170:"In Memory of the legacy of Bitwoded Amoyta* Sultan Alimirah Hanfare"
594:
569:
468:
409:
376:
253:
to resist the government and defend the Afar's rights to their land.
187:
137:
816:
333:, making him wealthy and also facilitating a close friendship with
690:
684:
met in July 1991, the Sultan discovered that the delegates of the
549:
532:
496:
495:
In 1972 the Sultan visited the United States at the invitation of
322:
1259:
Ethiopian Review: In memory of Ethiopian patriot, Sultan Alimirah
1017:, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 90.
489:
242:
1201:"Bitweded Sultan Ali Mirah, the Voice of Ethiopian Unity"
1105:"Political history of the Afar in Ethiopia and Eritrea1"
488:
for all Afars in Asaita. He opposed the consumption of
477:, a large amount relative to the rest of the country.
1240:(University of Edinburgh: Ph.D. Thesis, 2003), p. 213
1015:
The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People
241:
After the overthrow of the Ethiopian monarchy by the
170:
158:
148:
130:
110:
91:
87:
79:
71:
61:
53:
46:
32:
405:(Imperial Guard) were placed under their control.
941:"In memory of Ethiopian patriot, Sultan Alimirah"
703:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
695:the most populous landlocked country in the world
693:, therefore preventing the country from becoming
674:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
280:Alimirah Hanfere was born in area the village of
258:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
811:Central Committee of the Afar Liberation Front.
838:
836:
834:
408:The force led by Yayyo and Alimirah set out to
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
371:under British administration in the manner of
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
8:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
576:, which was outside the district entirely.
813:"Point Paper of the Afar Liberation Front"
38:
29:
1033:
1031:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1168:Gudina, Mathias Temesgen (3 May 2011).
899:"Life Story of Sultan Hanfare Alimirah"
815:. Afar Liberation Front. Archived from
715:
615:Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
399:, and several thousand soldiers of the
308:attempting to invade Ethiopia in 1875.
1073:"Sultan Ali Mirah Hanfare Passed Away"
934:
932:
930:
928:
768:"Sultan Ali Mirah Hanfere passed away"
304:and defeated an Egyptian force led by
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
867:
865:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
393:, and Yayyo restored to his title of
284:, which is today divided between the
7:
874:"In Ethiopia, a King Ends His Exile"
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
724:"AFAR News Toronto v.01 (July 2011)"
641:He was also deeply loyal to Emperor
686:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
25:
1231:"Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia"
1112:GIGA Institute of African Affairs
543:. In 1961, when it was clear the
515:Disputes and efforts for autonomy
249:, and proceeded to establish the
421:natural causes some time later.
991:Life History of Sultan Alimirah
939:Mohamed, Kadafo (11 May 2011).
872:Press, Robert (8 August 1991).
843:Aynie, Aref (29 October 2011).
1199:Asfaw, Tedla (27 April 2013).
1103:Yasin, Yasin Mohammed (2008).
845:"Sultan to be crowned in Afar"
351:Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935
1:
205:
95:
597:, the former capital of the
545:Eritrean federal arrangement
993:. AuthorHouse. p. 64.
452:Commercial Bank of Ethiopia
1325:
208:1919 - 25 April 2011) was
1309:Ethiopian anti-communists
878:Christian Science Monitor
37:
1236:August 13, 2011, at the
989:Hanfare, Kadafo (2013).
1144:Africa Review of Books
1040:"Speech of Dr. Hashim"
198:
1299:Ethiopian politicians
682:Mengistu Haile Mariam
635:Ethiopian nationalist
623:Mengistu Haile Mariam
605:Legacy and assessment
251:Afar Liberation Front
247:bloody raid on Asaita
471:planes in the Aussa
298:Mahammad ibn Hanfere
1038:Hashim, Ali Shami.
1013:Edward Ullendorff,
951:on 25 November 2013
650:Imru Haile Selassie
442:Development efforts
360:Imru Haile Selassie
1284:Monarchs in Africa
1211:on 2 December 2013
1180:on 3 December 2013
1079:on 3 December 2013
819:on 7 February 2012
664:remarked that the
202:Qali Mirac Canfaxe
57:1944–24 April 2011
572:, instead sat in
180:
179:
118:(aged 91–92)
18:Alimirah Hanfadhe
16:(Redirected from
1316:
1294:Ethiopian exiles
1241:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:. Archived from
1165:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1109:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1075:. Archived from
1069:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1011:
1005:
1004:
986:
961:
960:
958:
956:
947:. Archived from
945:Ethiopian Review
936:
903:
902:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
860:
859:
857:
855:
840:
829:
828:
826:
824:
808:
785:
784:
782:
781:
773:Ethiopian Review
764:
745:
744:
742:
741:
735:
729:. Archived from
728:
720:
666:flag of Ethiopia
589:Death and burial
344:Haile Selassie I
325:and the capital
306:Werner Munzinger
228:Haile Selassie I
207:
191:Alimirah Hanfare
154:Hanfare Alimirah
117:
97:
83:Hanfare Alimirah
42:
33:Alimirah Hanfere
30:
21:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1238:Wayback Machine
1229:Sarah Vaughan,
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1167:
1166:
1155:
1141:
1140:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1012:
1008:
1001:
988:
987:
964:
954:
952:
938:
937:
906:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
863:
853:
851:
842:
841:
832:
822:
820:
810:
809:
788:
779:
777:
766:
765:
748:
739:
737:
733:
726:
722:
721:
717:
712:
607:
591:
517:
505:Elijah Muhammad
482:boarding school
444:
427:
425:Reign as Sultan
385:Mudaito dynasty
368:
340:Tafari Makonnen
294:Mudaito Dynasty
278:
210:Sultan of Aussa
165:Mudaito Dynasty
144:
135:
119:
115:
99:
48:Sultan of Aussa
28:
27:Sultan of Aussa
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1248:External links
1246:
1243:
1242:
1222:
1191:
1153:
1129:
1090:
1055:
1027:
1006:
1000:978-1491822760
999:
962:
904:
890:
861:
830:
786:
746:
714:
713:
711:
708:
643:Haile Selassie
606:
603:
590:
587:
516:
513:
443:
440:
426:
423:
367:
364:
319:Mohammad Yayyo
277:
274:
214:Mohammad Yayyo
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
136:
132:
128:
127:
112:
108:
107:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
75:Mohammad Yayyo
73:
69:
68:
65:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1321:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:0-19-285061-X
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
963:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
905:
900:
894:
891:
879:
875:
868:
866:
862:
850:
849:Addis Journal
846:
839:
837:
835:
831:
818:
814:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
787:
775:
774:
769:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
747:
736:on 2016-04-14
732:
725:
719:
716:
709:
707:
704:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
667:
663:
659:
656:
651:
648:
644:
639:
636:
631:
629:
624:
618:
616:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
588:
586:
584:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
561:
558:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
501:Jesse Jackson
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
478:
476:
475:
470:
466:
462:
457:
456:joint venture
453:
448:
441:
439:
436:
432:
424:
422:
418:
416:
411:
406:
404:
403:
402:Kebur Zabagna
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
380:
378:
374:
366:Rise to power
365:
363:
361:
358:
357:
352:
347:
345:
342:, the future
341:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Amhara Region
283:
275:
273:
269:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
219:Loyal to his
217:
215:
211:
203:
201:
196:
192:
189:
186:
185:
176:
173:
169:
166:
163:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:28 April 2011
133:
129:
126:
122:
114:25 April 2011
113:
109:
106:
102:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1274:1910s births
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1204:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1173:
1147:
1143:
1120:. Retrieved
1115:
1111:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:the original
1046:. Retrieved
1014:
1009:
990:
953:. Retrieved
949:the original
944:
893:
881:. Retrieved
877:
852:. Retrieved
848:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
778:. Retrieved
776:. 2011-04-25
771:
738:. Retrieved
731:the original
718:
699:
671:
662:Meles Zenawi
657:
646:
640:
632:
627:
619:
612:
608:
592:
580:
578:
565:
562:
554:
526:
521:
518:
494:
479:
472:
449:
445:
430:
428:
419:
407:
400:
394:
388:
381:
369:
354:
348:
334:
312:
310:
279:
270:
255:
240:
218:
199:
190:
182:
181:
116:(2011-04-25)
1304:Afar people
1279:2011 deaths
1215:25 November
1184:25 November
1122:25 November
1083:25 November
1048:25 November
955:25 November
883:25 November
854:25 November
823:25 November
678:Afar Region
655:Addis Ababa
599:Afar Region
557:Awash River
327:Addis Ababa
290:Afar Region
266:Afar Region
232:Afar people
175:Sunni Islam
121:Addis Ababa
72:Predecessor
1268:Categories
1205:Nazret.com
1174:Ethiomedia
1118:(1): 39–65
780:2011-05-01
740:2016-03-29
710:References
465:bulldozers
435:provincial
377:the Ogaden
302:Menelik II
276:Early life
63:Coronation
1150:(1): 7–9.
647:Le'ul Ras
522:Fitawrari
486:madrassah
467:, and 30
431:Fitawrari
396:Fitawrari
390:Dejazmach
329:by camel
314:Fitawrari
80:Successor
1234:Archived
582:Bitwoded
529:Hararghe
461:tractors
356:Leul Ras
331:caravans
288:and the
236:pastoral
221:suzerain
184:Bitwoded
171:Religion
142:Ethiopia
125:Ethiopia
105:Ethiopia
1289:Sultans
566:awrajja
524:Yayyo.
509:Chicago
474:awrajja
373:Eritrea
262:Eritrea
225:Emperor
160:Dynasty
1021:
997:
595:Asaita
570:Asaita
539:, and
537:Tigray
469:Cessna
410:Asaita
200:Amyota
188:Sultan
138:Asaita
131:Burial
1108:(PDF)
1043:(PDF)
734:(PDF)
727:(PDF)
691:Assab
550:Assab
541:Wollo
533:Shewa
497:USAID
463:, 80
349:When
323:Assab
282:Fursi
150:Issue
101:Fursi
54:Reign
1217:2013
1186:2013
1124:2013
1085:2013
1050:2013
1019:ISBN
995:ISBN
957:2013
885:2013
856:2013
825:2013
701:The
658:edir
574:Bati
503:and
490:khat
484:and
415:Bati
375:and
243:Derg
195:Afar
111:Died
98:1919
92:Born
67:1945
628:all
336:Ras
1270::
1203:.
1172:.
1156:^
1146:.
1132:^
1116:42
1114:.
1110:.
1093:^
1058:^
1030:^
965:^
943:.
907:^
876:.
864:^
847:.
833:^
789:^
770:.
749:^
601:.
535:,
531:,
346:.
268:.
223:,
216:.
206:c.
204:;
197::
140:,
123:,
103:,
96:c.
1219:.
1188:.
1148:8
1126:.
1087:.
1052:.
1025:.
1003:.
959:.
901:.
887:.
858:.
827:.
783:.
743:.
193:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
