455:, in particular maintaining normal blood glucose levels, formation of ketone bodies, and formation of urea. One finding of note is that the glucagon response to hypoglycemia is completely absent in patients with Type I diabetes. Consistently high glucagon concentrations in the blood can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis, which is when ketones from lipid breakdown build up in the blood, which can lead to dangerously low blood glucose levels, low potassium levels, and in extreme cases cerebral edema. It has been proposed that the reason for the high levels of glucagon found in the plasma of patients with Type I diabetes is the absence of beta cells producing insulin and the reciprocal effect this has on delta cells and the secretion of somatostatin.
341:. The catecholaminergic neurons of these ganglia innervate the intrapancreatic ganglia, islets and blood vessels..." The exact nature of the effect of sympathetic activation on the pancreas has been difficult to discern. However, a few things are known. It appears that stimulation of the splanchnic nerve lowers plasma insulin levels possibly through the action of α2 adrenoreceptors on beta cells. It has also been shown that stimulation of the splanchnic nerve increases glucagon secretion. Both of these findings together suggest that sympathetic stimulation of the pancreas is meant to maintain blood glucose levels during heightened arousal.
201:. In 1921, Banting and Best were testing pancreatic extracts in dogs that had had their pancreas removed. They discovered that "insulin-induced hypoglycemia was preceded by a transient, rather mild hyperglycemia..." Murlin is credited with the discovery of glucagon because in 1923 they suggested that the early hyperglycemic effect observed by Banting and Best was due to "a contaminant with glucogenic properties that they also proposed to call 'glucagon,' or the mobilizer of glucose". In 1948, Sutherland and de Duve established that alpha cells in the pancreas were the source of glucagon.
40:
464:
blindness, cardiovascular issues and bone and joint problems. It is not entirely clear why glucagon levels are so high in patients with Type II diabetes. One theory is that the alpha cells have become resistant to the inhibitory effects of glucose and insulin and do not respond properly to them. Another theory is that nutrient stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract, thus the secretion of
59:
189:
Islet, but were histologically distinct from acini cells. Laguesse discovered that the cells within the Islets of
Langerhans contained granules that distinguished them from acini cells. He also determined that these granules were products of the metabolism of the cells in which they were contained. Michael Lane was the one to discover that alpha cells were histologically different than
404:, meaning that it brings glucose and sodium ions across the membrane at the same time in the same direction. This influx of sodium ions, in the right conditions, can cause a depolarization event across the membrane. This opens calcium channels, causing intracellular calcium levels to increase. This increase in the concentration of calcium in the cytosol activates
431:
the plasma membrane to close. This causes depolarization across the membrane causing calcium ion channels to open, allowing calcium to flood into the cell. This increase in the cellular concentration of calcium causes secretory vesicles containing glucagon to fuse with the plasma membrane, thus causing the secretion of glucagon from the pancreas.
419:, a membrane bound protein that when activated causes a hyperpolarization of the membrane. This hyperpolarization causes voltage gated calcium channels to close, leading to a decrease in intracellular calcium levels. This causes a decrease in exocytosis. In the case of alpha cells, this causes a decrease in the secretion of glucagon.
540:, 2020 consider it possible that these are all legitimately varying results from varying combinations of substance, subject, and environment. On the other hand, a large number of reviewers are uncertain whether these are separate effects, instead questioning the validity of Li on the basis of Ackermann and van der Meulen – perhaps
392:. This protein channel allows zinc to cross the plasma membrane into the cell. When ZnT8 is under-expressed, there is a marked increase in glucagon secretion. When ZnT8 is over-expressed, there is a marked decrease in glucagon secretion. The exact mechanism by which zinc inhibits glucagon secretion is not known.
275:
which causes an increase in intracellular levels of fructose 1,6-biphosphate and decreases intracellular levels of pyruvate, further decreasing glycolytic activity. The most important action of PKA in regulating gluconeogenesis is the phosphorylation of phosphorylase kinase which acts to initiate the
463:
Patients with Type II diabetes will have elevated glucagon levels during a fast and after eating. These elevated glucagon levels over stimulate the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Consistently high blood glucose levels can lead to organ damage, neuropathy,
426:
which are triggered by the binding of serotonin. Once activated, these receptors suppress the action of adenylyl cyclase, which suppresses the production of cAMP. The inhibition of the production of cAMP in turn suppresses the secretion of glucagon. Serotonin is considered a paracrine signal due to
307:
There are several methods of control of the secretion of glucagon. The most well studied is through the action of extra-pancreatic glucose sensors, including neurons found in the brain and spinal cord, which exert control over the alpha cells in the pancreas. Indirect, non-neuronal control has also
188:
Islets of
Langerhans were first discussed by Paul Langerhans in his medical thesis in 1869. This same year, Laguesse named them after Langerhans. At first, there was a lot of controversy about what the Islets were made of and what they did. It appeared that all of the cells were the same within the
430:
Glucose can also have a somewhat direct influence on glucagon secretion as well. This is through the influence of ATP. Cellular concentrations of ATP directly reflects the concentration of glucose in the blood. If the concentration of ATP drops in alpha cells, this causes potassium ion channels in
209:
Alpha cells are endocrine cells, meaning they secrete a hormone, in this case glucagon. Alpha cells store this glucagon in secretory vesicles that typically have an electron dense core and a grayish outer edge. It is believed that alpha cells make up approximately 20% of endocrine cells within the
395:
Insulin has been shown to function as a paracrine signal to inhibit glucagon secretion by the alpha cells. However, this is not through a direct interaction. It appears that insulin functions to inhibit glucagon secretion through activation of delta cells to secrete somatostatin. Insulin binds to
2755:
Yi, Zhao; Waseem Ghani, Muhammad; Ghani, Hammad; Jiang, Wu; Waseem
Birmani, Muhammad; Ye, Li; Bin, Liu; Cun, Lang Guan; Lilong, An; Mei, Xiao (2020-01-16). "Gimmicks of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in pancreatic β‐cell regeneration through transdifferentiation of pancreatic α‐ to β‐cells".
348:. Electrical and pharmacological stimulation of the Vagus nerve increases secretion of glucagon and insulin in most mammalian species, including humans. This suggests that the role of parasympathetic control is to maintain normal blood glucose concentration under normal conditions.
210:
pancreas. Alpha cells are most commonly found on the dorsal side of the pancreas and are very rarely found on the ventral side of the pancreas. Alpha cells are typically found in compact Islets of
Langerhans, which are themselves typically found in the body of the pancreas.
2190:
Kasaragod, Vikram Babu; Hausrat, Torben Johann; Schaefer, Natascha; Kuhn, Maximilian; Christensen, Nikolaj Riis; Tessmer, Ingrid; Maric, Hans
Michael; Madsen, Kenneth Lindegaard; Sotriffer, Christoph; Villmann, Carmen; Kneussel, Matthias; Schindelin, Hermann (2019).
387:
Zinc is secreted at the same time as insulin by the beta cells in the pancreas. It has been proposed to act as a paracrine signal to inhibit glucagon secretion in alpha cells. Zinc is transported into both alpha and beta cells by the zinc transporter
328:
Sympathetic control of the pancreas appears to originate from the sympathetic preganglionic fibers in the lower thoracic and lumbar spinal cord. According to
Travagli et al. "axons from these neurons exit the spinal cord through the
1229:
Vergari, Elisa; Knudsen, Jakob G.; Ramracheya, Reshma; Salehi, Albert; Zhang, Quan; Adam, Julie; Asterholm, Ingrid
Wernstedt; Benrick, Anna; Briant, Linford J. B.; Chibalina, Margarita V.; Gribble, Fiona M. (2019-01-11).
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The most well studied is through the action of extra-pancreatic glucose sensors, including neurons found in the brain, which exert control over the alpha cells in the pancreas. The pancreas is controlled by both the
196:
Before the function of alpha cells was discovered, the function of their metabolic product, glucagon, was discovered. The discovery of the function of glucagon coincides with the discovery of the function of
218:
Alpha cells function in the maintenance of blood glucose levels. Alpha cells are stimulated to produce glucagon in response to hypoglycemia, epinephrine, amino acids, other hormones, and neurotransmitters.
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Janah, Lina; Kjeldsen, Sasha; Galsgaard, Katrine D.; Winther-Sørensen, Marie; Stojanovska, Elena; Pedersen, Jens; Knop, Filip K.; Holst, Jens J.; Wewer
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which causes the release of more calcium into the cytosol. This increase in calcium causes the secretion of somatostatin by the delta cells.
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263:(PFK2)/fructose 2,6-biphsophatase (FBPase2), inhibiting PFK2 and activating FBPase2. This inhibition decreases intracellular levels of
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It is thought that high glucagon levels and lack of insulin production are the main triggers for the metabolic issues associated with
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of the sympathetic chain via communicating rami of the thoracic and lumbar nerves, or the celiac and mesenteric ganglia via the
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443:. In fact, high levels of plasma glucagon is considered an early sign of the development of both Type I and Type II diabetes.
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Serotonin inhibits the secretion of glucagon through its receptors on the plasma membrane of alpha cells. Alpha cells have
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which increases glucose levels in the blood. Glucagon will bind to the glucagon receptors on the plasma membranes of
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3044:"Restoring normal islet mass and function in type 1 diabetes through regenerative medicine and tissue engineering"
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Zhang, Jingjing; Liu, Feng (2020). "The De-, Re-, and trans-differentiation of β-cells: Regulation and function".
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2259:"Time for a paradigm shift in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus: coupling inflammation to islet regeneration"
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Wang, Jigang; Xu, Chengchao; Wong, Yin Kwan; Li, Yujie; Liao, Fulong; Jiang, Tingliang; Tu, Youyou (2019).
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536:, although GABA is not an artemisinin but has a related action.) Both Eizirik & Gurzov 2018 and Yi
3440:"Physiology of the pancreatic α-cell and glucagon secretion: role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes"
2535:
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which decreases glycolytic activity and increases gluconeogenic activity. PKA also phosphorylates
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2601:"Understanding generation and regeneration of pancreatic β cells from a single-cell perspective"
1905:"The potential and challenges of alternative sources of β cells for the cure of type 1 diabetes"
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1354:"Human Beta Cells Produce and Release Serotonin to Inhibit Glucagon Secretion from Alpha Cells"
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2193:"Elucidating the Molecular Basis for Inhibitory Neurotransmission Regulation by Artemisinins"
1297:"SSTR2 is the functionally dominant somatostatin receptor in human pancreatic β- and α-cells"
828:
Yu, Qian; Shuai, Hongyan; Ahooghalandari, Parvin; Gylfe, Erik; Tengholm, Anders (July 2019).
325:, although the method these two systems use to control the pancreas appears to be different.
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1700:"Emerging routes to the generation of functional β-cells for diabetes mellitus cell therapy"
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1232:"Insulin inhibits glucagon release by SGLT2-induced stimulation of somatostatin secretion"
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1114:"Intracellular zinc in insulin secretion and action: a determinant of diabetes risk?"
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2022:
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552:, 2020 goes further, highlighting Ackermann and van der Meulen as publications that
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causing an increased glucose uptake into delta cells. SGLT2 is a sodium and glucose
39:
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There is much controversy as to the effects of various artemisinin derivatives on
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1171:"In vivo inhibition of glucagon secretion by paracrine beta cell activity in man"
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in the pancreas, have been found to suppress glucagon production in alpha cells.
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3766:
830:"Glucose controls glucagon secretion by directly modulating cAMP in alpha cells"
764:"α-Cells of the Endocrine Pancreas: 35 Years of Research but the Enigma Remains"
565:
345:
259:(PEPCK). These enzymes increase gluconeogenic activity. PKA also phosphorylates
58:
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1460:"Mini‐review: Glucagon responses in type 1 diabetes – a matter of complexity"
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High levels of glucagon secretion has been implicated in both Type I and
360:
regulation through ions, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Zinc, insulin,
281:
173:
169:
99:
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142:
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2779:
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177:
1998:
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673:
344:
Parasympathetic control of the pancreas appears to originate from the
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963:
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Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
500:, 2017 find artemisinin itself forces α⇨β conversion in rodents (via
489:
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1775:
Receptors and Their Interplay With the Scaffolding Protein Gephyrin"
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415:
Somatostatin inhibits glucagon secretion through the activation of
3778:
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3484:
2671:
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247:(PKA) is activated and phosphorylates the transcription factor
2826:
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2252:
2250:
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235:(liver cells). This ligand binding causes the activation of
959:"Evolving Function and Potential of Pancreatic Alpha Cells"
284:
to glucose, by converting glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate.
2447:
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243:(cAMP). As the intracellular concentration of cAMP rises,
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1019:
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662:
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1769:
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1021:"Neural control of pancreatic peptide hormone secretion"
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3271:
3269:
3267:
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718:"The Cytological Characters of the Areas of Langerhans"
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2524:
2522:
2520:
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1974:
1972:
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2257:
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1771:"Structure–Function Relationships of Glycine and GABA
1625:
1623:
1621:
900:"Glucagon Receptor Signaling and Glucagon Resistance"
581:
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers
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3033:
3031:
3029:
2898:"Paracrine signaling in islet function and survival"
957:
Stanojevic, Violeta; Habener, Joel F. (2015-10-08).
658:"Paul Langerhans: The Man Who Discovered the Islets"
384:
which has been found to inhibit glucagon secretion.
3865:
3842:
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3730:
3702:
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3605:
3528:
3519:
3189:
3187:
3185:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
586:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
356:Non-neuronal control has been found to be indirect
291:and may have protective and regenerative effect on
251:(CREB) protein. CREB then induces transcription of
123:
111:
106:
95:
85:
73:
68:
32:
2891:
2889:
2828:"Pancreatic β cell regeneration: to β or not to β"
1693:
1691:
1689:
1089:Pancreapedia: The Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base
427:the close proximity of beta cells to alpha cells.
3121:
3119:
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3113:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
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1413:, in Henry, Helen L.; Norman, Anthony W. (eds.),
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223:Glucagon Secretion and Control of Gluconeogenesis
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2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
227:Glucagon functions to signal the liver to begin
2114:"Ion Channels of the Islets in Type 2 Diabetes"
308:been found to influence secretion of glucagon.
3496:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2112:Jacobson, David A.; Shyng, Show-Ling (2020).
1516:"Diabetic ketoacidosis - Symptoms and causes"
8:
2390:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1417:, New York: Academic Press, pp. 74–82,
1409:Smith, Tamar; Gerich, John E. (2003-01-01),
299:into beta cells to replace lost beta cells.
904:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
516:, 2018 find the same absence of effect for
3900:List of human endocrine organs and actions
3699:
3525:
3503:
3489:
3481:
172:. Alpha cells secrete the peptide hormone
57:
38:
3455:
3233:
3149:
3085:
3001:
2921:
2865:
2768:International Federation for Cell Biology
2710:
2622:
2599:Yu, Xin-Xin; Xu, Cheng-Ran (2020-04-01).
2492:
2474:
2290:
2280:
2214:
2151:
2075:
1944:
1814:
1796:
1737:
1661:
1491:
1385:
1328:
1271:
1202:
1129:
1096:
990:
933:
915:
861:
779:
741:
554:catch an unreplicatable scientific result
528:, 2019 further finds no such effect for
3126:Kim, Jeong Joo; Hibbs, Ryan E. (2019).
3049:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
2896:Hartig, Sean M.; Cox, Aaron R. (2020).
596:
267:and increases intracellular levels of
140:
29:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1224:
1222:
1175:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
280:reaction, which is the conversion of
7:
1118:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1014:
1012:
1010:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
757:
755:
753:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
2458:Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
2449:"Structure of Heteropentameric GABA
1780:Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
1411:"Glucagon Secretion, Regulation of"
619:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
3368:10.1016/b978-0-12-812102-3.00027-0
520:(although artemether does inhibit
25:
1917:European Society of Endocrinology
613:Islam, Md. Shahidul, ed. (2015).
3201:Biochemical Society Transactions
1085:"Neural Control of the Pancreas"
504:) and zebrafish while Ackermann
303:Regulation of glucagon secretion
137:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
3921:Peptide hormone secreting cells
3283:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
2333:Current Opinion in Pharmacology
722:The American Journal of Anatomy
372:, all of which are released by
257:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
239:, which causes the creation of
2052:American Physiological Society
1982:Journal of Cellular Physiology
1646:Chinese Academy of Engineering
1423:10.1016/b0-12-341103-3/00116-9
1037:10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170768
466:gastric inhibitory polypeptide
323:parasympathetic nervous system
1:
3070:10.1016/s2213-8587(21)00170-4
2902:Journal of Molecular Medicine
2833:Current Opinion in Physiology
2282:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154137
249:cAMP Response Element Binding
3151:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.057
2986:10.1016/j.molmet.2019.06.004
2850:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.10.019
2538:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
2407:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.003
2216:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.001
2119:Journal of Molecular Biology
1849:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
1705:Nature Reviews Endocrinology
1370:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.072
512:does not and van der Meulen
180:levels in the blood stream.
3937:
3300:10.1016/j.coph.2021.04.008
2914:10.1007/s00109-020-01887-x
2759:Cell Biology International
2695:10.1016/j.tins.2020.10.015
2350:10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.004
2060:10.1152/physrev.00034.2016
1313:10.1152/ajpendo.00207.2012
1256:10.1038/s41467-018-08193-8
975:10.1016/j.beem.2015.10.002
319:sympathetic nervous system
287:Alpha cells also generate
2615:The Company of Biologists
2555:10.1038/s41574-018-0101-6
2136:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.014
1866:10.1038/s41574-018-0097-y
1722:10.1038/s41574-020-0375-3
1663:10.1016/j.eng.2018.11.011
1564:10.1007/s11892-014-0555-4
1131:10.1017/S0029665115003237
846:10.1007/s00125-019-4857-6
664:. Frontiers in Diabetes.
625:10.1007/978-94-007-6686-0
548:β-cell-ergic. Coppieters
135:
56:
37:
3444:Journal of Endocrinology
2476:10.3389/fnmol.2019.00191
1798:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00317
1552:Current Diabetes Reports
1415:Encyclopedia of Hormones
656:Jörgens, Viktor (2020).
544:agonists as a whole are
265:fructose 2,6-biphosphate
3568:Somatomammotrophic cell
3356:The Autoimmune Diseases
3210:The Biochemical Society
2678:Trends in Neurosciences
743:2027/mdp.39015067353063
470:Glucagon-like peptide-1
289:Glucagon-like peptide-1
27:Glucagon secreting cell
1650:Higher Education Press
734:10.1002/aja.1000070304
716:Lane, Michael (1907).
333:and supply either the
261:phospho-fructokinase 2
164:that are found in the
2043:Physiological Reviews
1909:Endocrine Connections
1464:Physiological Reports
1236:Nature Communications
410:endoplasmic reticulum
335:paravertebral ganglia
253:glucose-6-phosphatase
176:in order to increase
3883:Organ of Zuckerkandl
3873:Enteroendocrine cell
3362:. pp. 493–511.
2969:Molecular Metabolism
1098:10.3998/panc.2016.27
917:10.3390/ijms20133314
781:10.1210/er.2006-0007
616:Islets of Langerhans
435:Medical significance
352:Non-neuronal Control
295:. They possibly can
269:fructose 6-phosphate
166:Islets of Langerhans
49:islets of Langerhans
3662:Parafollicular cell
3457:10.1677/JOE-08-0290
3218:10.1042/bst20210244
1476:10.14814/phy2.15009
1248:2019NatCo..10..139V
488:differentiation in
406:ryanodine receptors
366:γ-aminobutyric acid
3806:Islets of pancreas
3580:Corticotropic cell
2780:10.1002/cbin.11302
2624:10.1242/dev.179051
1929:10.1530/ec-18-0012
1307:(9): E1107–E1116.
297:transdifferentiate
118:H3.04.02.0.00025
63:Alpha cells in red
3908:
3907:
3748:
3747:
3672:Parathyroid gland
3643:
3642:
3585:Gonadotropic cell
3558:Somatotropic cell
1999:10.1002/jcp.28214
1432:978-0-12-341103-7
1364:(12): 3281–3291.
1187:10.1172/JCI110251
768:Endocrine Reviews
683:978-3-318-06733-0
674:10.1159/000506551
634:978-94-007-6685-3
370:γ-hydroxybutyrate
339:splanchnic nerves
237:adenylate cyclase
151:
150:
146:
45:Pancreatic islets
16:(Redirected from
3928:
3857:Corpora arenacea
3722:Zona reticularis
3717:Zona fasciculata
3712:Zona glomerulosa
3700:
3597:Chromophobe cell
3590:Thyrotropic cell
3526:
3513:endocrine system
3505:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3477:
3459:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3237:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3153:
3123:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3039:
3024:
3023:
3005:
2959:
2944:
2943:
2925:
2893:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2823:
2808:
2807:
2752:
2737:
2732:
2714:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2626:
2596:
2583:
2582:
2547:Nature Portfolio
2532:
2515:
2514:
2496:
2478:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2294:
2284:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2218:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2155:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1948:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1858:Nature Portfolio
1843:
1837:
1836:
1818:
1800:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1714:Nature Portfolio
1695:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1133:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1016:
1005:
1004:
994:
954:
948:
947:
937:
919:
895:
876:
875:
865:
840:(7): 1212–1224.
825:
802:
801:
783:
759:
748:
747:
745:
713:
696:
695:
653:
647:
646:
610:
476:In other species
459:Type II Diabetes
441:Type II diabetes
424:5-HT1f receptors
312:Neuronal Control
245:protein kinase A
143:edit on Wikidata
90:Pancreatic islet
61:
42:
30:
21:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3861:
3838:
3800:
3744:
3740:Chromaffin cell
3726:
3689:
3666:
3657:Follicular cell
3639:
3620:Median eminence
3601:
3538:Pars intermedia
3521:Pituitary gland
3515:
3511:Anatomy of the
3509:
3437:
3434:
3432:Further reading
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3378:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3331:
3279:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3125:
3124:
3111:
3041:
3040:
3027:
2961:
2960:
2947:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2825:
2824:
2811:
2754:
2753:
2740:
2670:
2669:
2656:
2598:
2597:
2586:
2534:
2533:
2518:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2209:: 673–689.e11.
2189:
2188:
2181:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1993:: 14432–14444.
1978:
1977:
1970:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1629:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1018:
1017:
1008:
956:
955:
951:
897:
896:
879:
827:
826:
805:
761:
760:
751:
715:
714:
699:
684:
655:
654:
650:
635:
612:
611:
598:
594:
562:
478:
461:
453:Type I diabetes
449:
447:Type I Diabetes
437:
354:
314:
305:
273:pyruvate kinase
229:gluconeogenesis
225:
216:
207:
186:
162:endocrine cells
147:
64:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3934:
3932:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3789:Granulosa cell
3786:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3635:Herring bodies
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3563:Prolactin cell
3560:
3553:Acidophil cell
3550:
3545:
3543:Pars tuberalis
3540:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3263:
3257:
3181:
3109:
3025:
2945:
2908:(4): 451–467.
2885:
2809:
2738:
2654:
2584:
2516:
2450:
2436:
2379:
2322:
2246:
2179:
2099:
2028:
1968:
1923:): R114–R125.
1921:Bioscientifica
1895:
1838:
1772:
1761:
1685:
1617:
1593:
1531:
1507:
1470:(16): e15009.
1443:
1431:
1401:
1344:
1287:
1218:
1181:(1): 314–318.
1161:
1104:
1066:
1006:
969:(6): 859–871.
949:
877:
803:
749:
728:(3): 409–422.
697:
682:
648:
633:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
561:
558:
534:rhesus macaque
477:
474:
460:
457:
448:
445:
436:
433:
353:
350:
313:
310:
304:
301:
278:glycogenolysis
224:
221:
215:
212:
206:
203:
185:
182:
149:
148:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3933:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3795:
3794:Corpus luteum
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Theca interna
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Adrenal gland
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:Basophil cell
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Pars distalis
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3377:9780128121023
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3212:: 2539–2548.
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:: 1326–1346.
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:: 1143–1167.
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
950:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
878:
873:
869:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
777:
774:(1): 84–116.
773:
769:
765:
758:
756:
754:
750:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
698:
693:
689:
685:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
652:
649:
644:
640:
636:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
597:
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
542:GABA receptor
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
467:
458:
456:
454:
446:
444:
442:
434:
432:
428:
425:
420:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
393:
391:
385:
383:
380:also release
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
331:ventral roots
326:
324:
320:
311:
309:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
213:
211:
204:
202:
200:
194:
192:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
144:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
116:
114:
110:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
67:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3844:Pineal gland
3834:Epsilon cell
3813:
3772:Sertoli cell
3685:Oxyphil cell
3615:Pars nervosa
3447:
3443:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3355:
3338:
3332:
3287:
3281:
3260:
3205:
3199:
3137:
3131:
3064:): 708–724.
3053:
3047:
2973:
2967:
2905:
2901:
2837:
2831:
2774:): 926–936.
2763:
2757:
2682:
2676:
2610:
2604:
2542:
2536:
2462:
2456:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2292:10261/221297
2268:
2262:
2202:
2196:
2123:
2117:
2047:
2041:
2031:
1986:
1980:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1784:
1778:
1764:
1709:
1703:
1641:
1635:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1555:
1551:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1467:
1463:
1436:, retrieved
1414:
1404:
1361:
1358:Cell Reports
1357:
1347:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1239:
1235:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1124:(1): 61–72.
1121:
1117:
1107:
1088:
1028:
1024:
966:
962:
952:
910:(13): 3314.
907:
903:
837:
834:Diabetologia
833:
771:
767:
725:
721:
665:
661:
651:
615:
549:
545:
537:
525:
513:
508:, 2018 find
505:
497:
479:
462:
450:
438:
429:
421:
414:
394:
386:
382:somatostatin
355:
343:
327:
315:
306:
286:
226:
217:
208:
195:
187:
157:
153:
152:
48:
3895:Development
3878:Paraganglia
3852:Pinealocyte
3767:Leydig cell
3450:(1): 5–19.
3144:: 546–547.
2980:: S49–S59.
2689:: 189–202.
2606:Development
2549:: 629–630.
1860:: 694–704.
1716:: 506–518.
1637:Engineering
1606:Mayo Clinic
1558:(12): 555.
1520:Mayo Clinic
566:Glucagonoma
378:Delta cells
346:Vagus nerve
233:hepatocytes
154:Alpha cells
107:Identifiers
18:Alpha cells
3829:Delta cell
3814:Alpha cell
3680:Chief cell
3142:Cell Press
3058:The Lancet
2687:Cell Press
2275:: 154137.
2264:Metabolism
2207:Cell Press
1656:): 32–39.
1611:2022-03-22
1525:2022-03-22
1438:2022-03-22
1242:(1): 139.
1031:: 170768.
592:References
576:Delta cell
518:artemether
510:artesunate
374:beta cells
293:beta cells
241:cyclic AMP
191:beta cells
33:Alpha cell
3819:Beta cell
3630:Pituicyte
3607:Posterior
3466:0022-0795
3386:243055640
3324:235248600
3308:1471-4892
3294:: 19–25.
3252:245122056
3226:0300-5127
3160:0896-6273
3104:237417470
3078:2213-8587
3020:202406520
2994:2212-8778
2976:(Suppl).
2940:211138647
2858:2468-8673
2844:: 13–20.
2804:209894386
2788:1065-6995
2729:227063235
2703:0166-2236
2649:215749163
2633:1477-9129
2563:1759-5029
2511:199465436
2485:1662-5099
2467:Frontiers
2431:210702856
2415:1084-9521
2401:: 68–75.
2358:1471-4892
2317:209894697
2301:0026-0495
2225:0896-6273
2170:201715726
2144:0022-2836
2068:0031-9333
2007:0021-9541
1937:2049-3614
1874:1759-5029
1807:1662-5099
1789:Frontiers
1756:220064790
1730:1759-5029
1680:116733896
1672:2095-8099
1572:1534-4827
1484:2051-817X
1378:2211-1247
1321:0193-1849
1264:2041-1723
1195:0021-9738
1140:0029-6651
1061:246906606
1045:0196-9781
983:1521-690X
926:1422-0067
854:0012-186X
790:0163-769X
692:226502826
668:: 25–35.
571:Beta cell
524:). (Shin
494:zebrafish
402:symporter
362:serotonin
358:paracrine
193:in 1907.
184:Discovery
102:secretion
80:Endocrine
3915:Category
3890:Placenta
3762:Testicle
3530:Anterior
3474:18669612
3360:Elsevier
3316:34051675
3292:Elsevier
3244:34882233
3176:72334998
3168:30790532
3096:34480875
3087:10881068
3062:Elsevier
3012:31500831
2978:Elsevier
2932:32067063
2883:1545870.
2876:32864533
2842:Elsevier
2796:31903671
2736:1643882.
2721:33229051
2641:32280064
2579:52820991
2571:30254299
2503:31440140
2423:31948775
2399:Elsevier
2374:51723745
2366:30048825
2344:: 1–10.
2342:Elsevier
2309:31904355
2273:Elsevier
2241:72332955
2233:30704910
2177:1538588.
2162:31473158
2128:Elsevier
2094:24141451
2086:29717931
2023:59338821
2015:30693506
1955:29555660
1890:52967093
1882:30310153
1833:52187070
1825:30258351
1748:32587391
1654:Elsevier
1580:25344790
1502:34405569
1396:28009296
1339:22932785
1282:30635569
1156:13936539
1148:26365743
1053:35189258
1025:Peptides
1001:26696515
944:31284506
872:30953108
798:17261637
643:26869330
560:See also
502:gephyrin
321:and the
282:glycogen
214:Function
174:glucagon
170:pancreas
100:Glucagon
96:Function
86:Location
3824:PP cell
3732:Medulla
3649:Thyroid
3235:8786296
3003:6768502
2923:7899133
2881:NIHMSID
2867:7454996
2734:NIHMSID
2712:7904596
2494:6693554
2469:: 191.
2175:NIHMSID
2153:7720859
2077:6088144
1963:4161356
1946:5861368
1816:6143783
1791:: 317.
1739:9188823
1588:6159190
1493:8371343
1387:5217294
1330:3492856
1273:6329806
1244:Bibcode
1213:7019246
992:4690008
935:6651628
863:6560012
490:rodents
408:on the
205:Anatomy
199:insulin
178:glucose
168:in the
158:α-cells
69:Details
3754:Gonads
3704:Cortex
3472:
3464:
3384:
3374:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3250:
3242:
3232:
3224:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3133:Neuron
3102:
3094:
3084:
3076:
3056:(10).
3018:
3010:
3000:
2992:
2938:
2930:
2920:
2874:
2864:
2856:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2727:
2719:
2709:
2701:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2545:(11).
2509:
2501:
2491:
2483:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2198:Neuron
2168:
2160:
2150:
2142:
2092:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1961:
1953:
1943:
1935:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1856:(12).
1831:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1754:
1746:
1736:
1728:
1678:
1670:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1500:
1490:
1482:
1429:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1337:
1327:
1319:
1280:
1270:
1262:
1211:
1204:370801
1201:
1193:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1059:
1051:
1043:
999:
989:
981:
942:
932:
924:
870:
860:
852:
796:
788:
690:
680:
641:
631:
556:, Li.
550:et al.
538:et al.
526:et al.
514:et al.
506:et al.
498:et al.
486:β-cell
482:α-cell
368:, and
160:) are
75:System
3866:Other
3779:Ovary
3625:Stalk
3382:S2CID
3320:S2CID
3248:S2CID
3208:(6).
3172:S2CID
3140:(4).
3100:S2CID
3016:S2CID
2936:S2CID
2800:S2CID
2772:Wiley
2766:(4).
2725:S2CID
2685:(3).
2645:S2CID
2613:(7).
2575:S2CID
2507:S2CID
2427:S2CID
2370:S2CID
2313:S2CID
2237:S2CID
2205:(4).
2166:S2CID
2126:(5).
2090:S2CID
2050:(3).
2019:S2CID
1991:Wiley
1989:(9).
1959:S2CID
1915:(3).
1886:S2CID
1829:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1712:(9).
1676:S2CID
1644:(1).
1584:S2CID
1152:S2CID
1057:S2CID
688:S2CID
639:S2CID
496:. Li
417:SSTR2
398:SGLT2
141:[
130:70585
3470:PMID
3462:ISSN
3372:ISBN
3312:PMID
3304:ISSN
3240:PMID
3222:ISSN
3164:PMID
3156:ISSN
3092:PMID
3074:ISSN
3008:PMID
2990:ISSN
2928:PMID
2872:PMID
2854:ISSN
2792:PMID
2784:ISSN
2717:PMID
2699:ISSN
2637:PMID
2629:ISSN
2567:PMID
2559:ISSN
2499:PMID
2481:ISSN
2419:PMID
2411:ISSN
2362:PMID
2354:ISSN
2305:PMID
2297:ISSN
2229:PMID
2221:ISSN
2158:PMID
2140:ISSN
2082:PMID
2064:ISSN
2011:PMID
2003:ISSN
1951:PMID
1933:ISSN
1878:PMID
1870:ISSN
1821:PMID
1803:ISSN
1744:PMID
1726:ISSN
1668:ISSN
1576:PMID
1568:ISSN
1498:PMID
1480:ISSN
1427:ISBN
1392:PMID
1374:ISSN
1335:PMID
1317:ISSN
1278:PMID
1260:ISSN
1209:PMID
1191:ISSN
1144:PMID
1136:ISSN
1049:PMID
1041:ISSN
997:PMID
979:ISSN
940:PMID
922:ISSN
868:PMID
850:ISSN
794:PMID
786:ISSN
678:ISBN
629:ISBN
530:GABA
492:and
484:-to-
468:and
390:ZnT8
255:and
3452:doi
3448:199
3364:doi
3296:doi
3230:PMC
3214:doi
3146:doi
3138:101
3082:PMC
3066:doi
2998:PMC
2982:doi
2918:PMC
2910:doi
2862:PMC
2846:doi
2776:doi
2707:PMC
2691:doi
2619:doi
2611:147
2551:doi
2489:PMC
2471:doi
2403:doi
2395:103
2346:doi
2287:hdl
2277:doi
2269:104
2211:doi
2203:101
2148:PMC
2132:doi
2124:432
2072:PMC
2056:doi
1995:doi
1987:234
1941:PMC
1925:doi
1862:doi
1811:PMC
1793:doi
1734:PMC
1718:doi
1658:doi
1560:doi
1488:PMC
1472:doi
1419:doi
1382:PMC
1366:doi
1325:PMC
1309:doi
1305:303
1268:PMC
1252:doi
1199:PMC
1183:doi
1126:doi
1093:doi
1033:doi
1029:152
987:PMC
971:doi
930:PMC
912:doi
858:PMC
842:doi
776:doi
738:hdl
730:doi
726:VII
670:doi
621:doi
546:not
532:in
522:ARX
125:FMA
3917::
3468:.
3460:.
3446:.
3442:.
3380:.
3370:.
3358:.
3344:^
3318:.
3310:.
3302:.
3290:.
3288:59
3286:.
3266:^
3246:.
3238:.
3228:.
3220:.
3206:49
3204:.
3198:.
3184:^
3170:.
3162:.
3154:.
3136:.
3130:.
3112:^
3098:.
3090:.
3080:.
3072:.
3052:.
3046:.
3028:^
3014:.
3006:.
2996:.
2988:.
2974:27
2972:.
2966:.
2948:^
2934:.
2926:.
2916:.
2906:98
2904:.
2900:.
2888:^
2870:.
2860:.
2852:.
2840:.
2838:14
2836:.
2830:.
2812:^
2798:.
2790:.
2782:.
2764:44
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