52:
923:[In the next place those chains of the Altaides which are younger than the upper Carboniferous and the Permian are separated sharply in space. They lie almost wholly within subsided areas of the Altaides, framed in by lines which frequently cut across the strike of these mountains. We may regard the chains thus framed in as posthumous Altaides. The Alpine chains (
416:, or intersections with the surface. He soon discovered what are known today as convergent plate borders, which are chains of mountains raised by the compression or subduction of one plate under another, but knowledge was not in such a state that he could recognize them as that. He concerned himself instead with the patterns.
412:, deposited as sediment in the oceanic basins, indurated under the pressure of the depths, and raised later under horizontal pressure into folds of mountain chains. What he added to the field is the study of what he called the "trend-lines" or directions of mountains chains. These were to be discovered by examining their
852:, p. 594 "A general comparative orography, drawn from the existing store of observations, has not yet been created, and he who endeavours step by step to organize the elements of such a synthesis must be content if he finds that the structure he has raised is open to completion and correction,..."
931:
are bordered by a
Tertiary zone. Nothing analogous to this is to be seen in the outer margin of the Variscan arc, i.e. outside the Belgian coal-fields. Indeed the younger folding occurs but seldom in the horsts of the European Altaides, and is then only feebly developed. It is as though the frame had
920:
besitzen einen tertiären Saum. Im variscischen
Aussenrande, z. B. ausserhalb der belgischen Kohlenfelder, sieht man nichts Aehnliches. Ueberhaupt ist jüngere Faltung in den Horsten der europäischen Altaiden nur gar selten und in geringem Maasse sichtbar. Es ist, als wäre der Rahmen erstarrt, und die
364:
His work preceded plate tectonics and continental drift. This pre-tectonic phase lasted until about 1950, when the drift theory won the field just as suddenly as had the evolutionist. The concepts and language of the comparative graphists were kept with some modification, but were explained in new
756:
If "Alpide" is taken in Kober's sense to mean the last and current of a collective group of contemporaneous ridges over the entire
Tethyan region, then "Alpine orogeny" is used collectively of all the orogenies required to create the Alpides, a definition that is far from the original meanings of
911:
Die zweite
Aenderung besteht darin, dass nun die Ketten, welche jünger sind als das Ober-Carbon oder Perm, sich räumlich scharf abtrennen. Sie liegen fast ganz innerhalb von Senkungen der Altaiden, umrahmt von Linien, die nicht selten das Streichen der Altaiden durchschneiden. Man kann diese
837:, p. 594 "In human affairs as in the physical world the present is only a transverse section; we cannot see the future which lies beyond, but we may gain instruction from the past. Thus the history of the earth is of fundamental importance in the description of the earth."
334:, and was now pushing its way back. Eurasia descends from Laurasia, the Laurentia part having split away to the west as a consequence of the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. As Tethys closed, Gondwana pushed up mountain ranges on the southern margin of Eurasia.
1000:
Figure 7 shows the present extent of the orogenic system related to the obliteration of Paleo-Tethys as compared with that generated during the closure of Neo-Tethys. I call the former the
Cimmerides (Figure 7B, I); the latter I define to constitute the
1009:
may be defined to form the
Tethysides, for they both descended from Tethys s.l. (Figure 7A). The Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt therefore consists of two mutually independent, but largely superimposed orogenic complexes (Figure
864:, p. 19 "Gondwana-land is bounded on the north by a broad zone of marine deposits of Mesozoic age....It must be regarded in its entirety as the relic of a sea which once extended across the existing continent of Asia."
346:, the study in geologic time of the events that shaped the surface of the Earth. The topic began suddenly in the mid-19th century with the evolutionary biologists. The early historical geologists, such as
932:
become rigid, and the folding, from the upper
Carboniferous onwards, had been confined to the downthrown areas. (translated by Hertha B. C. Sollas, under the direction of W. C. Sollas, 1909)]
1082:
401:. Suess's topic was the definition and classification of the lineaments of this zone, which he traced from one end of Eurasia to the other, ending on the east with the
361:, used the term "comparative orography" to refer to his method of comparing mountain ranges, parallel to "comparative anatomy" and "comparative philology.
530:
357:
The late 19th century was a period of synthesis, in which geologists attempted to combine all the detail into the big picture. The first of his type,
748:
refers to the fact that the
Alpides form a long, mostly unbroken chain of orogens running west to east along the southern edge of Eurasia.
330:, after some rock formations in India, then part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which had earlier divided from another supercontinent,
389:, now indurated into layers and raised into highlands by compressional force. Suess had discovered the zone during his early work on the
971:
322:
once many plates were one plate, and the collision formed one subduction zone, which was oceanic, subducting the floor of Tethys.
316:. The approximate alignment of so many convergent boundaries trending east to west, first noticed by the Austrian geologist
955:
809:
697:
1067:
1062:
1027:
354:, arranged fossils and layers of sedimentary rock containing them into time periods, of which the framework remains.
223:
1087:
393:. He spent the better part of his career following the zone in detail, which he assembled in one ongoing work,
155:
31:
163:
878:
1097:
1042:
500:
211:
943:
721:
1051:]. Vol. III. Translated by Sollas, Hertha B. C. (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
791:
The Tethys Sea and the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt; mega-elements in a new global tectonic system,
681:
665:
588:
449:
425:
794:
766:
720:
and later popularized in
English-language scientific literature by Turkish geologist and historian
309:
273:. It is the second most seismically active region in the world, after the circum-Pacific belt (the
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1068:"Ring of Fire", Plate Tectonics, Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction Zones, "Hot Spots" – USGS
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793:
Physics of the Earth and
Planetary Interiors, Volume 62, Issues 1–2, 1990, Pages 141–184
584:
413:
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305:
198:
extending for more than 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) along the southern margin of
195:
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1036:]. Vol. I. Translated by Sollas, Hertha B. C. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
900:
669:
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374:
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126:
Southern Eurasia, northern Africa, central Asian subcontinent, southeast Asia
661:
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398:
270:
266:
215:
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954:. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Vol. 195. Boulder, CO:
887:] (in German). Vol. 3.2, part 4. Vienna: F. Tempsky. p. 3.
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385:. He knew it had been a subsidence because it expressed deposits of the
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umrahmten Ketten als posthume Altaiden ansehen. Die alpinen Ketten (
963:
397:, "The Face of the Earth." Like a human face, the Earth's face has
95:
15,000 km (9,300 mi) E–W in the west, N–S in the east
700:
just off the coast of Sumatra was located within the Alpide belt.
693:
408:
Suess looked, as did all geologists, at the strata and content of
921:
Faltung vom Ober-Carbon an auf die gesenkten Räume eingeschränkt.
981:
892:
685:
677:
654:
596:
457:
445:
390:
250:
203:
757:
Alpide and Alpine, representing a specialized geologic usage.
488:
729:
728:, derived from the Ancient Greek patronymic/familial suffix
950:
The Cimmeride Orogenic System and the Tectonics of Eurasia
668:
along the northeastern islands adjacent to and including
141:
compressive forces at aligned convergent plate boundaries
769: – The formation and structure of the European Alps
245:
It includes, from west to east, the major ranges of the
1063:
Historic Earthquakes & Earthquake Statistics – USGS
724:
in a 1984 paper on the topic. The term adds the suffix
712:
is a term first coined in German by Austrian geologist
373:
The author of the concept of a trans-Eurasian zone of
292:
and process of collision between the northward-moving
744:, suggesting a "family" of related orogens. The term
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39:
877:(1909) . "10: Eintritt der Altaiden nach Europa".
672:and the Alpide belt along the south and west from
30:"Alpide" redirects here. Not to be confused with
845:
843:
277:), with 17% of the world's largest earthquakes.
56:Approximate extent of the Alpide orogenic system
8:
785:
783:
1041:Suess, Eduard (1908). Sollas, W. J. (ed.).
1026:Suess, Eduard (1904). Sollas, W. J. (ed.).
1083:Geographic areas of seismological interest
36:
342:The Alpide belt is a concept from modern
1005:(Figure 7B, II). The Cimmerides and the
927:) are their most important member. The
804:
802:
779:
861:
849:
834:
7:
916:) sind ihr wichtigstes Glied. Die
326:Suess called the single continent
82:8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft)
25:
368:
50:
27:Belt of Eurasian mountain ranges
420:Main ranges (from west to east)
194:belt that includes an array of
531:limits between Asia and Europe
308:. Each collision results in a
182:, or more recently and rarely
180:Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt
45:Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt
1:
956:Geological Society of America
810:"Where do earthquakes occur?"
1020:General and cited references
736:
698:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
338:Brief history of the concept
1114:
730:
288:-to-recent closure of the
280:The belt is the result of
29:
369:Suess's subsidence theory
184:the Tethyan orogenic belt
123:Mesozoic oceanic platform
49:
44:
789:K.M. Storetvedt, K. M.,
716:in his 1883 magnum opus
812:. USGS. Archived from
168:Folded mountain ranges
1044:The Face of the Earth
1029:The Face of the Earth
885:The Face of the Earth
312:, a topic covered in
212:Indochinese Peninsula
1049:das Antlitz der Erde
1034:das Antlitz der Erde
880:Das Antlitz der Erde
718:Das Antlitz der Erde
682:Lesser Sunda Islands
666:Pacific Ring of Fire
589:Titiwangsa Mountains
426:Cantabrian Mountains
395:das Antlitz der Erde
18:Alps-Himalaya System
944:Şengör, A. M. Celâl
767:Geology of the Alps
310:convergent boundary
238:, and out into the
722:A. M. Celâl Şengör
619:Sulaiman Mountains
581:Hengduan Mountains
565:Armenian Highlands
527:Caucasus Mountains
519:(Hellenides), and
509:Apennine Mountains
377:, which he called
344:historical geology
255:Caucasus Mountains
202:, stretching from
62:Highest point
664:lies between the
607:Troodos Mountains
593:Barisan Mountains
476:Crimean Mountains
224:mountains of Iran
172:
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16:(Redirected from
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816:on 5 August 2014
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643:Arakan Mountains
611:Zagros Mountains
603:Taurus Mountains
577:Kunlun Mountains
561:Pontic Mountains
505:Balearic Islands
454:Balkan Mountains
430:Basque Mountains
410:sedimentary rock
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320:, suggests that
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493:Northern Africa
438:Sistema Ibérico
434:Sistema Central
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403:Malay Peninsula
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314:plate tectonics
247:Atlas Mountains
196:mountain ranges
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993:. Retrieved
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904:. Retrieved
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818:. Retrieved
814:the original
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714:Eduard Suess
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513:Dinaric Alps
469:Thracian Sea
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359:Eduard Suess
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318:Eduard Suess
290:Tethys Ocean
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275:Ring of Fire
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545:Mountains,
450:Carpathians
428:(incl. the
176:Alpide belt
154:(in west),
40:Alpide belt
1077:Categories
995:2023-12-30
906:2023-12-30
901:1414429730
862:Suess 1908
850:Suess 1904
835:Suess 1904
740:), to the
670:New Guinea
639:Chin Hills
617:Highland,
573:Hindu Kush
399:lineaments
375:subsidence
269:, and the
263:Hindu Kush
87:Dimensions
1093:Volcanism
990:859566590
774:Citations
708:The word
704:Etymology
662:Indonesia
627:Himalayas
623:Karakoram
547:Tian Shan
521:Mount Ida
304:with the
271:Himalayas
267:Karakoram
216:Himalayas
158:(in east)
156:Himalayan
137:Formed by
118:Geography
106:Etymology
78:Elevation
982:84018845
946:(1984).
893:10004406
795:Abstract
761:See also
680:and the
529:(on the
442:Pyrenees
387:Mesozoic
332:Laurasia
328:Gondwana
286:Cenozoic
282:Mesozoic
240:Atlantic
232:Anatolia
228:Caucasus
192:orogenic
1007:Alpides
1003:Alpides
929:Alpides
925:Alpides
918:Alpiden
914:Alpiden
820:8 March
752:Orogeny
696:). The
674:Sumatra
647:Andaman
472:islands
465:massifs
462:Rhodope
414:strikes
298:Arabian
294:African
208:Sumatra
200:Eurasia
188:seismic
186:, is a
147:Orogeny
131:Geology
988:
980:
970:
899:
891:
710:Alpide
692:, and
690:Flores
635:Patkai
615:Makran
569:Alborz
517:Pindus
480:Europe
381:, was
379:Tethys
365:ways.
300:, and
259:Alborz
253:, the
249:, the
234:, the
222:, the
214:, the
152:Alpine
100:Naming
92:Length
32:Alpine
1047:[
1032:[
883:[
737:-ídēs
731:-ίδης
726:-ides
694:Timor
539:Pamir
485:Atlas
1010:7A).
986:OCLC
978:LCCN
968:ISBN
897:OCLC
889:LCCN
822:2015
746:belt
742:Alps
686:Bali
678:Java
655:Asia
649:and
597:Asia
543:Alay
503:and
487:and
458:Rila
446:Alps
391:Alps
350:and
284:-to-
251:Alps
218:and
206:and
204:Java
190:and
174:The
112:Alps
67:Peak
960:doi
533:),
507:),
489:Rif
432:),
242:.
178:or
1079::
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976:.
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895:.
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