Alternative fuel - Knowledge (XXG)

467: 78: 4425: 388: 1854: 711: 1754:, are built to minimize moving parts and use methods that convert nuclear energy to electricity more directly, making them useful for space missions, but this electricity has historically been used for other purposes. Power from nuclear fission has been used in a number of spacecraft, all of them uncrewed. The Soviets up to 1988 orbited 33 nuclear reactors in 36: 244:'alternative fuels' means fuels or power sources which serve, at least partly, as a substitute for fossil oil sources in the energy supply to transport and which have the potential to contribute to its decarbonisation and enhance the environmental performance of the transport sector. They include, inter alia: 1561:

Propane as an automotive fuel shares many of the physical attributes of gasoline while reducing tailpipe emissions and well to wheel emissions overall. Propane is the number one alternative fuel in the world and offers an abundance of supply, liquid storage at low pressure, an excellent safety record

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costs about $ 8 per gallon, shipboard production is already much less expensive. However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power. The Navy's estimate that 100 megawatts can produce 41,000 gallons of fuel per day indicates that terrestrial production from wind power

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fuels when oil costs more than $ 55 per barrel. The U.S. Navy estimates that shipboard production of jet fuel from nuclear power would cost about $ 6 per gallon. While that was about twice the petroleum fuel cost in 2010, it is expected to be much less than the market price in less than five years if

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Methanol and ethanol fuel are primary sources of energy; they are convenient fuels for storing and transporting energy. These alcohols can be used in internal combustion engines as alternative fuels. Butane has another advantage: it is the only alcohol-based motor fuel that can be transported readily

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Biofuels are also considered a renewable source. Although renewable energy is used mostly to generate electricity, it is often assumed that some form of renewable energy or a percentage is used to create alternative fuels. Research is ongoing into finding more suitable biofuel crops and improving the

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Propane is stored and transported in a liquid state at roughly 5 bar (73 psi) of pressure. Fueling vehicles are similar to gasoline in the speed of delivery with modern fueling equipment. Propane filling stations only require a pump to transfer vehicle fuel and do not require expensive and

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In a vehicle format, propane autogas can be retrofitted to almost any engine and provide fuel cost savings and lowered emissions while being more efficient as an overall system due to the large, pre-existing propane fueling infrastructure that does not require compressors and the resultant waste of

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for electricity peaks sharply during the warmest hours of the day, but wind tends to blow slightly more at night than during the day. Therefore, the price of nighttime wind power is often much less expensive than any alternative. Off-peak wind power prices in high wind penetration areas of the U.S.

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to heat a working fluid such as water, which is then used to create steam pressure, which is converted into mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion in water. Today, more than 15% of the world's electricity comes from nuclear power, and over 150 nuclear-powered naval

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Biodiesel is made from animal fats or vegetable oils, renewable resources that come from plants such as atrophy, soybean, sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut, safflower, canola, sesame, cottonseed, etc. Once these fats or oils are filtered from their hydrocarbons and then combined with

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have been used as alternative fuels, on both lands, and in space. Their use on land is declining due to the danger of theft of isotope and environmental damage if the unit is opened. The decay of radioisotopes generates both heat and electricity in many space probes, particularly probes to outer

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are enclosed underground and thus very dangerous for the miners, thorium is taken from open pits. Monazite is present in countries such as Australia, the United States and India, in quantities large enough to power the earth for thousands of years. As an alternative to uranium-fuelled nuclear

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Alternative fuel including gaseous fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, and propane; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, and butanol; vegetable and waste-derived oils; and electricity. These fuels may be used in a dedicated system that burns a single fuel, or in a mixed system with other fuels

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Algae-based biofuels have been promoted in the media as a potential panacea to crude oil-based transportation problems. Algae could yield more than 2000 gallons of fuel per acre per year of production. Algae based fuels are being successfully tested by the U.S. Navy Algae-based plastics show

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between 104 and 112 depending on the composition of the butane/propane ratios of the mixture. Propane autogas in a liquid injection format captures the phase change from liquid to gas state within the cylinder of the combustion engine producing an "intercooler" effect, reducing the cylinder

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which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. It has become popular among coal power stations, which switch from coal to biomass in order to convert to renewable energy generation without wasting existing generating plant and infrastructure. Biomass most often refers to plants or

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Emulsified fuels include multiple components that are mixed to a water-in-oil emulsion, which are created to improve the fuels combustive properties. Diesel can also be emulsified with water to be used as a fuel. It helps in improving engine efficiency and reducing exhaust emissions.

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Pearson, Richard J.; Eisaman, Matthew D.; Turner, James W. G.; Edwards, Peter P.; Jiang, Zheng; Kuznetsov, Vladimir L.; Littau, Karl A.; di Marco, Leon; Taylor, S. R. Gordon (February 2012). "Energy Storage via Carbon-Neutral Fuels Made From CO2, Water, and Renewable Energy".

533:) can be used as fuel. Benefits of ammonia for ships include reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen reduction is being considered as a possible component for fuel cells and combustion engines through research of conversion of ammonia to nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. 1557:

is a cleaner burning, high-performance fuel derived from multiple sources. It is known by many names including propane, LPG (liquified propane gas), LPA (liquid propane autogas), Autogas and others. Propane is a hydrocarbon fuel and is a member of the natural gas family.

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of more than 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi), and a complete charge should take less than seven hours. Up to 80% of a charge must be available after less than 30 minutes of charging. In addition, pure-electric vehicles must consume electric energy of less than 0.16

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alcohol like methanol, diesel is produced from this chemical reaction. These raw materials can either be mixed with pure diesel to make various proportions or used alone. Despite one’s mixture preference, biodiesel will release a smaller number of pollutants (

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Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Jhalani, Amit; Singh, Digambar; Sharma, Sumit (March 2020). "Characterization of the hydroxy fueled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode: Experimental and numerical simulation".

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due to the complete combustion of the gas within the cylinder, higher exhaust temperatures increasing the efficiency of the catalyst and deposits less acid and carbon inside the engine which extends the useful life of the lubricating oil.

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Kumar Sharma, Pushpendra; Sharma, Dilip; Lal Soni, Shyam; Jhalani, Amit; Singh, Digambar; Sharma, Sumit (April 2020). "Energy, exergy, and emission analysis of a hydroxyl fueled compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode".

1418:, where it can be extracted for about US $ 7.50 per ton. Automobile exhaust gas capture has also been proposed to be economical but would require extensive design changes or retrofitting. Since carbonic acid in seawater is in 3949:

Mathai, Reji; Malhotra, R.K.; Subramanian, K.A.; Das, L.M. (April 2012). "Comparative evaluation of performance, emission, lubricant and deposit characteristics of spark ignition engine fueled with CNG and 18% hydrogen-CNG".

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Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar (22 September 2019). "Effects of process parameters on performance and emissions of a water-emulsified diesel-fueled compression ignition engine".

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Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar; Sharma, Sumit (February 2019). "A comprehensive review on water-emulsified diesel fuel: chemistry, engine performance and exhaust emissions".

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For the purposes of the definition alternative fuel in subsection 2(1) of the Act, the following, when used as the sole source of direct propulsion energy of a motor vehicle, are prescribed to be alternative fuels:

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military radar satellites, where electric power generated was used to power a radar unit that located ships on the Earth's oceans. The U.S. also orbited one experimental nuclear reactor in 1965, in the

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Propane autogas is generated at the well alongside other natural gas and oil products. It is also a by-product of the refining processes which further increase the supply of Propane to the market.

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or conversion to hydrogen or other fuels, enabling continued compatible and affordable vehicles. Germany has built a 250-kilowatt synthetic methane plant which they are scaling up to 10 megawatts.

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Because natural gas emits less smog-forming pollutants than other fossil fuels when combusted, cleaner air has been measured in urban localities switching to natural gas vehicles. Tailpipe CO

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Propane lacks additives, detergents or other chemical enhancements further reducing the exhaust output from the tailpipe. The cleaner combustion also has fewer particulate emissions, lower NO

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Eisaman, Matthew D.; Parajuly, Keshav; Tuganov, Alexander; Eldershaw, Craig; Chang, Norine; Littau, Karl A. (2012). "CO2 extraction from seawater using bipolar membrane electrodialysis".

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in a liquid form. It is carbon-free and can be produced using renewable energy. Ammonia can become a transitional fuel soon because of its relative easiness of storage and distribution.

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Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens; Lackner, Klaus S. (January 2011). "Sustainable hydrocarbon fuels by recycling CO 2 and H 2 O with renewable or nuclear energy".

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Pennline, Henry W.; Granite, Evan J.; Luebke, David R.; Kitchin, John R.; Landon, James; Weiland, Lisa M. (June 2010). "Separation of CO2 from flue gas using electrochemical cells".

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Aslam, M; Masjuki, H; Kalam, M; Abdesselam, H; Mahlia, T; Amalina, M (March 2006). "An experimental investigation of CNG as an alternative fuel for a retrofitted gasoline vehicle".

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with atmospheric carbon dioxide, extraction of carbon from seawater has been studied. Researchers have estimated that carbon extraction from seawater would cost about $ 50 per ton.

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Frick, Martin; Axhausen, Kay W.; Carle, Gian; Wokaun, Alexander (2007). "Optimization of the distribution of compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling stations: Swiss case studies".

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MacDowell, Niall; Florin, Nick; Buchard, Antoine; Hallett, Jason; Galindo, Amparo; Jackson, George; Adjiman, Claire S.; Williams, Charlotte K.; Shah, Nilay; Fennell, Paul (2010).

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Goeppert, Alain; Czaun, Miklos; Surya Prakash, G. K.; Olah, George A. (2012). "Air as the renewable carbon source of the future: an overview of CO2 capture from the atmosphere".

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reactors have also become an area of active research in recent years. It is being backed by many scientists and researchers, and Professor James Hansen, the former Director at

345:(g) for the purposes of subsections 4(1) and 5(1) of the Act, any blended fuel that contains at least 50 per cent of one of the fuels referred to in paragraphs (a) to (e); and 4254: 4009: 466: 1354: 414:

oil yields of these crops. Using the current yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water would be needed to produce enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage.

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biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

3532: 295: 3450: 3482: 3364:(memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from 3284:(memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from 3255:(memorandum report). Washington, DC: Chemistry Division, Navy Technology Center for Safety and Survivability, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Archived from 4484: 4458: 4218: 3006:

Graves, Christopher; Ebbesen, Sune D.; Mogensen, Mogens (June 2011). "Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in solid oxide cells: Performance and durability".

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In China, alternative fuel vehicles should comply with technical guidelines for the local production of alternative-fuel vehicles: they should have a

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can be reduced by 15–25% compared to gasoline, diesel. The greatest reductions occur in medium and heavy duty, light duty and refuse truck segments.

57: 44: 3740: 3416:. Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy Conference, February 27, 2012. Clearwater, Florida: American Ceramic Society. p. 28 3137: 3057: 1842:(RTGs) which use radioisotopes as fuels do not sustain a nuclear chain reaction, but rather generate electricity from the decay of a radioisotope. 4161: 1785:

for over four decades, it's clear to me that the world is heading for a climate catastrophe unless we develop adequate energy sources to replace

348:(h) for the purposes of subsections 4(2) and 5(2) of the Act, any blended fuel that contains one of the fuels mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (e). 3088: 1662:

CNG powers more than 5 million vehicles worldwide, and just over 150,000 of these are in the U.S. American usage is growing at a dramatic rate.

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temperature and increasing air density. The resultant effect allows more advance on the ignition cycle and a more efficient engine combustion.

1801:, is commonly found in sands along bodies of water. Thorium has also gained interest because it could be easier to obtain than uranium. While 3786: 2267: 2035: 1638:

is a methane-based gas with similar properties to natural gas that can be used as transportation fuel. Present sources of biogas are mainly

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Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure.

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electricity costs 2 to 5 cents/kWh during the day. Commercial fuel synthesis companies suggest they can produce fuel for less than

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Musadi, M.R.; Martin, P.; Garforth, A.; Mann, R. (2011). "Carbon neutral gasoline re-synthesised from on-board sequestrated CO

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Wang, Wei; Wang, Shengping; Ma, Xinbin; Gong, Jinlong (2011). "Recent advances in catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide".

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potential to reduce waste and the cost per pound of algae plastic is expected to be cheaper than traditional plastic prices.

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Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 1 – Initial Feasibility Studies

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Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 – Laboratory Scaling Studies

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Willauer, Heather D.; DiMascio, Felice; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (April 11, 2011).

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DiMascio, Felice; Willauer, Heather D.; Hardy, Dennis R.; Lewis, M. Kathleen; Williams, Frederick W. (July 23, 2010).

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Zamfirescu, C.; Dincer, I. (1 May 2009). "Ammonia as a green fuel and hydrogen source for vehicular applications".

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Hydrogen is an emissionless fuel. The byproduct of hydrogen burning is water, although some mono-nitrogen oxides

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In Canada, since 1996, Alternative Fuels Regulations SOR/96-453 Alternative Fuels Act defined alternative fuel:

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Lackner, K. S.; Brennan, S.; Matter, J. M.; Park, A.- H. A.; Wright, A.; van der Zwaan, B. (14 August 2012).

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out of the environment per year at its initial capacity. Other commercial developments are taking place in

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Alternative Fuel Vehicle Training National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium, West Virginia University

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Goyal, P (December 2003). "Present scenario of air quality in Delhi: a case study of CNG implementation".

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House, K. Z.; Baclig, A. C.; Ranjan, M.; van Nierop, E. A.; Wilcox, J.; Herzog, H. J. (20 December 2011).

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Kobayashi, Hideaki; Hayakawa, Akihiro; Somarathne, K. D. Kunkuma A.; Okafor, Ekenechukwu C. (2019-01-01).

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is more costly, at between $ 600 and $ 1000 per ton and is considered impractical for fuel synthesis or

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is considered the most economical form of electrical power with which to synthesize fuel, because the

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Responses, National Research Council (US) Committee on Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and (2001),

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Another fuel is formic acid. The fuel is used by converting it first to hydrogen and using that in a

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by existing petroleum-product pipeline networks, instead of only by tanker trucks and railroad cars.

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in space, but this has yet to be demonstrated in a space flight. Some smaller reactors, such as the

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

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collected from landfills, treated to remove trace contaminants, and synthetic natural gas (SNG).

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Sustainable Green Fleets, an EU-sponsored dissemination project for alternative fuels for fleets

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including traditional gasoline or diesel, such as in hybrid-electric or flexible fuel vehicles.

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in 2009, but only 0.71 cents/kWh during the least expensive six hours of the day. Typically,

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and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure.

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and other harmful gases in the exhaust. This is especially important in industries such as

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Holte, Laura L.; Doty, Glenn N.; McCree, David L.; Doty, Judy M.; Doty, F. David (2010).

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for controlled power generation is not yet practical, but is an active area of research.

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Nylund, Nils-Olof; Lawson, Alex (2000). "Exhaust emissions from natural gas vehicles".

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Vegetable oil fuelled bus at South by South West festival, Austin, Texas (March 2008).

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plant-based materials that are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called

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Willauer, Heather D.; Hardy, Dennis R.; Williams, Frederick W. (September 29, 2010).

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resources, appear to have increased the supply of natural gas in a fundamental way.

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Conventional CNG is a fossil fuel. New technologies such as horizontal drilling and

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These fuels are intended to substitute for more carbon intensive energy sources like

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Zeman, Frank S; Keith, David W (13 November 2008). "Carbon neutral hydrocarbons".

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For a list of experimental and presently-operating thorium-fueled reactors, see

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Natural gas and hydrogen are both lighter than air and can be mixed together.

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Juhasz, Albert J.; Rarick, Richard A.; Rangarajan, Rajmohan (October 2009).

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Feasibility and Current Estimated Capital Costs of Producing Jet Fuel at Sea

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with Chemicals: A Technology Assessment for the APS Panel on Public Affairs

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Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (2011).

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Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects

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Clean Cities Program U.S. DOE program encouraging alternative fuel use

1608:(LNG) are two cleaner combustible alternatives to conventional liquid 428:

Biomass in the energy production industry is living and recently dead

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biofuels as defined in point (i) of Article 2 of Directive 2009/28/EC,

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reactors, thorium has been proven to add to proliferation, produces

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In theory, electricity from nuclear reactors could also be used for

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planets where sunlight is weak, and low temperatures is a problem.

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International Air Transport Association alternative aviation fuels

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recent trends continue. Moreover, since the delivery of fuel to a

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fuel (with a small fraction of the power coming from subsequent

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The least expensive source of carbon for recycling into fuel is

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Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research (July 24, 2012).

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CNG vehicles can use both renewable CNG and non-renewable CNG.

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Sustainable Transportation Fuels From Off-peak Wind Energy, CO

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which is usually kept at over 3,000 psi (210 bar).

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Alternative fuel dispensers at a regular gasoline station in

236:, alternative fuel is defined by Directive 2014/94/EU of the 2758:(peer reviewed literature review). American Physical Society 2112:"Alternative fuels | European Alternative Fuels Observatory" 1940: – chemical element with symbol Pb and atomic number 82 615:

because they do not result in a net increase in atmospheric

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Alternative Fuels Information Centre (Victorian Government)

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and large cost savings when compared to traditional fuels.

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Pop. Mechanics: Crunching the numbers on alternative fuels

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Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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Thorium fuel cycle § List of thorium-fueled reactors

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reductions of up to 88% are possible by using biogas.

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filling station with four alternative fuels for sale:

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other alternative fuels in well to wheel lifecycles.

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1883: – Gases produced by decomposing organic matter 4596: 4499: 4432: 4270: 4171:

Alternative Fuel Stations Locator for United States

4032: 4030: 3902: 3900: 3407:Rath, B.B., U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (2012). 2301:. AgMRC Renewable Energy Newsletter. Archived from 635:from the atmosphere, and thus constitute a form of 619:. To the extent that carbon neutral fuels displace 4116:"Nuclear Powered Space Missions – Past and Future" 2284:"PHMSA: Stakeholder Communications – Product List" 3661:"Alternative Fuels Data Center: Propane Vehicles" 2419:Innovations in Shipbuilding and Ocean Engineering 1395:automobiles, and can keep 2,800 metric tons of CO 2631: 2629: 2413:Zhukov, Yuriy; Zivenko, Oleksii (October 2022). 219:, where toxic gases can accumulate more easily. 3391:: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy 2974: 2972: 2872:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2813:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2775: 2773: 1949: – Overview of and topical guide to energy 1904: – Methods bringing energy into production 1877: – Vehicle not powered by petrol or diesel 1478:are produced when hydrogen is burned with air. 320: 300: 242: 4228:Green Revolution – The Future of Electric Cars 3813:. Vermont Law Review: 995–1013. Archived from 2925: 2923: 2921: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2668: 2666: 2438:Spills of Emulsified Fuels: Risks and Response 2339:"Science and technology of ammonia combustion" 1793:is 3–4 times more abundant within nature than 1416:flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion 683:to make traditional transportation or heating 536:Ammonia is the simplest molecule that carries 4248: 1719:. Currently, the only controlled method uses 1348: 8: 4211:Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles 3434:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2460:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1367:Carbon-neutral fuels have been proposed for 627:at the flue or exhaust pipe, they result in 4092:"Thorium fuel No panacea for nuclear power" 1980: – Single-part rocket propellant fuels 4255: 4241: 4233: 3746:. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from 3035:"Storing green electricity as natural gas" 2230:. Smart Planet. 2009-10-07. Archived from 2116:alternative-fuels-observatory.ec.europa.eu 2006: – Alternative fuel in diesel engines 1916:– An alternative fuel festival in New York 1585:slow compression systems when compared to 1516:by energy. Hydrogen could also be used as 1355: 1341: 689: 352:Alternative Fuels Regulations (SOR/96-453) 27:Fuels from sources other than fossil fuels 3880: 3723: 3554:"Hydrogen/Natural Gas (HCNG) Fuel Blends" 2944: 2901: 2891: 2842: 2832: 2686: 2638:"An overview of CO2 capture technologies" 2601: 2354: 1688:Nuclear power and radiothermal generators 1520:for better combustion characteristics of 4348:Environmentally healthy community design 4139:Alternative Fuels Data Center (U.S. DOE) 3952:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 3577:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2712:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2205:. Marine Log. 2010-10-22. Archived from 1536:is an emission-free piston engine using 1371:, minimizing problems of wind and solar 1369:distributed storage for renewable energy 60:of all important aspects of the article. 3449:College of the Desert (December 2001). 3033:Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (May 5, 2010). 2343:Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 2016: 1996:– A potential lead-free alternative to 1711:designed to extract usable energy from 1495:Hydrogen/compressed natural gas mixture 701: 4201:Alternative Fuels portal on WiserEarth 3841: 3830: 3427: 3389:Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power 3087:(in German). zsw-bw.de. Archived from 3060:(in German). zsw-bw.de. Archived from 1889: – Car that uses pneumatic motors 56:Please consider expanding the lead to 4206:Alternative Clean Transportation Expo 1781:has reportedly said, "After studying 1460:would cost less than $ 1 per gallon. 651:to produce methane which may then be 7: 4216:Student's Guide to Alternative Fuels 4176:ScienceDaily – Alternative Fuel News 4037:International Atomic Energy Agency. 2180:. Green World Investor. 2010-04-06. 2057: 2055: 4181:Student's Guide to Alternative Fuel 1779:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 1738:Nuclear power generally requires a 4485:waste-water treatment technologies 3200:. Airfuelsynthesis.com. 2023-08-18 2782:Energy & Environmental Science 2675:Energy & Environmental Science 2645:Energy & Environmental Science 2299:"Ammonia as a transportation fuel" 1269:Renewable energy commercialization 25: 4470:agricultural wastewater treatment 3675:"Direct Injection Liquid Propane" 3224:Chemical Engineering Transactions 3136:Rousseau, Steve (June 25, 2013). 3110:Okulski, Travis (June 26, 2012). 2184:from the original on 17 June 2010 2030:. Norwich, N.Y.: William Andrew. 1616:Compressed natural gas fuel types 1383:has constructed a carbon neutral 553:Carbon-neutral and negative fuels 4423: 3984:from the original on 2016-07-22. 3802:Penderson, Christian H. (2012). 3481:Gable, Christine; Gable, Scott. 3314:off-peak wind power price graph. 1852: 1767:Thorium fuelled nuclear reactors 709: 629:negative carbon dioxide emission 228:Definition in the European Union 132:derived from sources other than 34: 4551:List of energy storage projects 4475:industrial wastewater treatment 4328:Environmental impact assessment 4298:Environmental impact assessment 3058:"Verbundprojekt 'Power-to-Gas'" 2440:, National Academies Press (US) 1424:Carbon capture from ambient air 257:synthetic and paraffinic fuels, 48:may be too short to adequately 3964:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.083 3891:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.005 3589:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.061 3316:) Retrieved September 7, 2012. 2745:; et al. (June 1, 2011). 195:and can help to contribute to 58:provide an accessible overview 1: 3529:"Team FAST's formic acid car" 2516:10.1080/15567036.2019.1669739 1895: – synthetic diesel fuel 1046:Socially responsible business 822:Bright green environmentalism 611:. Such fuels are potentially 4185:California Energy Commission 4114:Hagen, Regina (1998-08-11). 4012:. 2015-01-16. Archived from 2400:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.02.004 1812:deep geological repositories 1522:compression-ignition engines 1297:Environmental pricing reform 298:defines alternative fuel as 4333:Environmental impact design 3978:"Fusion research worldwide" 3485:. about.com. Archived from 3184:"CoolPlanet Energy Systems" 2434:"Introduction and Overview" 2356:10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029 1772:Thorium-based nuclear power 1508:(or H2CNG) is a mixture of 1051:Social return on investment 268:(CNG)) and liquefied form ( 4768: 4691:High-performance buildings 3921:10.1016/j.fuel.2005.09.004 3625:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116923 2993:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.11.036 2955:10.1109/JPROC.2011.2168369 2724:10.1016/j.rser.2010.07.014 2388:Fuel Processing Technology 2297:Don Hofstrand (May 2009). 2086:US EPA, OAR (2015-07-15). 2027:The refinery of the future 2024:Speight, James G. (2011). 1691: 1547: 1498: 1480: 1467: 1036:Pollution haven hypothesis 1031:Natural resource economics 1016:High-performance buildings 637:greenhouse gas remediation 498: 459: 444: 421: 380: 4686:Heat recovery ventilation 4671:Environmental remediation 4421: 4288:Climate smart agriculture 3716:10.1016/j.trd.2006.10.002 3198:"Air Fuel Synthesis, Ltd" 3020:10.1016/j.ssi.2010.06.014 2472:10.1007/s11356-018-3958-y 1956:Magnesium injection cycle 1743:vessels have been built. 1634:Renewable natural gas or 799:Climate change mitigation 4752:Sustainable technologies 4676:Glass in green buildings 4620:sustainable architecture 4264:Environmental technology 2748:Direct Air Capture of CO 2590:Chemical Society Reviews 1875:Alternative fuel vehicle 1464:Hydrogen and formic acid 1442:averaged 1.64 cents per 1401:Columbia, South Carolina 1239:Environmental technology 882:Ecological modernization 837:Corporate sustainability 3861:Atmospheric Environment 3647:"Drive Clean – Propane" 3386:Sovacool, B.K. (2011). 3307:Bloomberg Energy Prices 3116:Jalopnik (Gawker Media) 2933:Proceedings of the IEEE 2893:10.1073/pnas.1108765109 2834:10.1073/pnas.1012253108 1908:Fischer–Tropsch process 1840:Radiothermal generators 1829:Radiothermal generators 1627:to economically access 1312:Green industrial policy 1026:Marginal abatement cost 949:Fiscal environmentalism 766:Personal carbon trading 736:Carbon fee and dividend 731:Carbon emission trading 703:Environmental economics 681:Fischer–Tropsch process 276:liquefied petroleum gas 260:natural gas, including 4666:Environmental movement 4363:Sustainability science 4353:Public interest design 4278:Appropriate technology 3840:Cite journal requires 3771:Wheeler, Jill (2008). 2559:10.1098/rsta.2008.0143 2324:"NH3 Fuel Association" 2252:Wheeler, Jill (2008). 1887:Compressed-air vehicle 1698:radiothermal generator 1666:Environmental analysis 1602:Compressed natural gas 1597:Compressed natural gas 1587:compressed natural gas 1510:compressed natural gas 1249:Fossil fuel divestment 679:processes such as the 655:to be burned later in 633:carbon dioxide removal 471: 410: 357: 311: 287: 266:compressed natural gas 114: 103:compressed natural gas 4545:hydrogen technologies 4459:Solid waste treatment 3936:IANGV Emission Report 3739:Marbek (March 2010). 3091:on September 27, 2013 1992: – Aviation fuel 1984:Open burning of waste 1958: – engine design 1947:List of energy topics 1752:TOPAZ nuclear reactor 1707:Nuclear power is any 1606:liquefied natural gas 1405:Camarillo, California 1385:liquefied natural gas 1307:Free public transport 1254:Fossil fuel phase-out 776:Social cost of carbon 641:electrolysis of water 469: 390: 270:liquefied natural gas 80: 4716:Water heat recycling 4646:Efficient energy use 4636:Conservation biology 4573:Sustainable lighting 4509:Efficient energy use 4323:Environmental Design 4293:Environmental design 3064:on February 16, 2013 1625:hydraulic fracturing 1565:Propane delivers an 1457:carrier battle group 1428:carbon sequestration 1420:chemical equilibrium 1302:Environmental tariff 927:full-cost accounting 892:Efficient energy use 877:Ecological footprint 872:Ecological economics 314:Definition in Canada 290:Definition in the US 223:Official definitions 4701:Nature conservation 4696:Land rehabilitation 4651:Energy conservation 4540:carbon-neutral fuel 4448:dispersion modeling 3873:2003AtmEn..37.5423G 2884:2012PNAS..10913156L 2878:(33): 13156–13162. 2825:2011PNAS..10820428H 2819:(51): 20428–20433. 2551:2008RSPTA.366.3901Z 2545:(1882): 3901–3918. 2136:"Alternative Fuels" 2088:"Alternative Fuels" 2067:www.fueleconomy.gov 2063:"Alternative Fuels" 1965:Natural gas hydrate 1409:Darlington, England 1393:A3 Sportback g-tron 1234:Carbon-neutral fuel 897:Energy conservation 558:Carbon-neutral fuel 430:biological material 393:Arlington, Virginia 264:, in gaseous form ( 238:European Parliament 166:refuse-derived fuel 4747:Sustainable energy 4519:Energy development 4501:Sustainable energy 4490:water purification 4454:Industrial ecology 4221:2015-10-31 at the 4164:2016-03-03 at the 3725:20.500.11850/53016 3236:10.3303/CET1124255 3008:Solid State Ionics 2794:10.1039/C2EE21586A 2697:10.1039/C2EE03393C 2612:10.1039/c1cs15008a 2004:Vegetable oil fuel 2000:aviation gasoline. 1902:Energy development 1709:nuclear technology 1629:unconventional gas 1274:Sustainable energy 1259:Low-carbon economy 1098:consumer behaviour 472: 411: 199:and reductions in 115: 4737:Alternative fuels 4724: 4723: 4561:commercialization 4118:. Space4peace.org 3867:(38): 5423–5431. 3788:978-1-59928-803-1 3583:(15): 8067–8081. 3142:Popular Mechanics 2269:978-1-59928-803-1 2037:978-0-8155-2041-2 1971:for transporting 1808:radioactive waste 1729:radioactive decay 1717:nuclear reactions 1365: 1364: 1229:Carbon neutrality 1218:2000-watt society 1212:Energy transition 1123:development goals 1041:Social accounting 761:Environmental tax 756:Emissions trading 663:, transported by 649:Sabatier reaction 489:low sulfur diesel 118:Alternative fuels 75: 74: 18:Alternative fuels 16:(Redirected from 4759: 4661:Energy recycling 4582:electric vehicle 4556:Renewable energy 4530:alternative fuel 4480:sewage treatment 4464:Waste management 4427: 4318:Energy recycling 4313:Electric vehicle 4283:Clean technology 4257: 4250: 4243: 4234: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3958:(8): 6893–6900. 3946: 3940: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3915:(5–6): 717–724. 3904: 3895: 3894: 3884: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3828: 3826: 3825: 3819: 3808: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3777:. ABDO. p. 3774:Alternative Cars 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3677:. Archived from 3671: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3531:. Archived from 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3410:Energy After Oil 3404: 3398: 3395:World Scientific 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3368:on April 8, 2013 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3323: 3317: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3288:on April 8, 2013 3275: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3259:on April 8, 2013 3246: 3240: 3239: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3163:"Doty Windfuels" 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2987:(6): 1307–1314. 2976: 2967: 2966: 2948: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2905: 2895: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2846: 2836: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2757: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2690: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2657:10.1039/C004106H 2642: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2605: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2510:(2): 4242–4254. 2498: 2492: 2491: 2466:(5): 4570–4587. 2454: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2445: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2358: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2258:. ABDO. p. 2255:Alternative Cars 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2152:. 22 March 2006. 2146: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2098: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2073: 2059: 2050: 2049: 2021: 1995: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1898: 1862: 1857: 1856: 1703:Nuclear reactors 1512:and 4–9 percent 1357: 1350: 1343: 1223:Alternative fuel 1113:design standards 1021:Impact investing 827:Circular economy 794:Carbon footprint 713: 690: 675:, or be used in 617:greenhouse gases 603:or derived from 598:power plant flue 402:at the left and 353: 342:(f) electricity; 336:(d) natural gas; 333:(c) propane gas; 309: 285: 209:nitrogen dioxide 122:non-conventional 120:, also known as 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4681:Green computing 4656:Energy recovery 4592: 4524:Energy recovery 4514:Electrification 4495: 4441:Air pollution ( 4428: 4419: 4266: 4261: 4223:Wayback Machine 4166:Wayback Machine 4135: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3882:10.1.1.528.3954 3858: 3857: 3853: 3839: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3701: 3700: 3693: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3538: 3536: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3483:"Fuel or Fool?" 3480: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3430:cite conference 3426: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3260: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3165:. Windfuels.com 3161: 3160: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3065: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3037:. fraunhofer.de 3032: 3031: 3027: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2946:10.1.1.359.8746 2929: 2928: 2919: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2743:Socolow, Robert 2741: 2740: 2731: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2688:10.1.1.698.8497 2672: 2671: 2664: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2603:10.1.1.666.7435 2587: 2586: 2582: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2235: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2212: 2210: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2138:. 15 July 2015. 2134: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2096: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2038: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 1993: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1896: 1858: 1851: 1848: 1831: 1797:, and its ore, 1769: 1740:nuclear reactor 1721:nuclear fission 1715:via controlled 1705: 1700: 1692:Main articles: 1690: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1660: 1618: 1599: 1576: 1552: 1546: 1544:Propane autogas 1530: 1503: 1497: 1485: 1472: 1466: 1398: 1389:Werlte, Germany 1387:(LNG) plant in 1361: 1332: 1331: 1287: 1279: 1278: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1190:Thermoeconomics 944:Ethical banking 832:Climate finance 817: 809: 808: 789: 781: 780: 721: 580:—produced from 555: 546: 532: 524: 515: 499:Main articles: 497: 477:carbon monoxide 464: 458: 449: 443: 426: 420: 385: 379: 362: 354: 351: 316: 310: 307: 294:In the US, the 292: 286: 283: 230: 225: 197:decarbonization 170:renewable fuels 71: 65: 62: 55: 43:This article's 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4729: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 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1319: 1317:Green New Deal 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1292:Carbon leakage 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1244:Feed-in tariff 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1200:Value of Earth 1197: 1192: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1056:Sustainability 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 951: 946: 941: 940: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 862:Eco-innovation 859: 854: 852:Eco-capitalism 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 801: 796: 790: 788:Climate change 787: 786: 783: 782: 779: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 741:Carbon finance 738: 733: 728: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 706: 705: 699: 698: 677:gas to liquids 625:carbon capture 613:carbon neutral 596:recycled from 594:carbon dioxide 586:nuclear energy 562:synthetic fuel 554: 551: 545: 542: 530: 523: 520: 496: 493: 460:Main article: 457: 454: 445:Main article: 442: 439: 435:nitrocellulose 422:Main article: 419: 416: 381:Main article: 378: 375: 361: 358: 356: 355: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 315: 312: 305: 291: 288: 281: 280: 279: 273: 258: 255: 252: 249: 234:European Union 229: 226: 224: 221: 213:sulfur dioxide 193:transportation 126:advanced fuels 73: 72: 52:the key points 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4764: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4630:New Classical 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4567: 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Use of 1648:agri-waste 1610:automobile 1604:(CNG) and 1534:air engine 1439:load curve 1435:wind power 1433:Nighttime 1153:management 1148:livelihood 1143:industries 1093:capitalism 1061:accounting 959:accounting 917:enterprise 907:accounting 804:Food miles 751:Carbon tax 447:Algae fuel 441:Algae fuel 366:shelf life 262:biomethane 162:bioalcohol 107:Piracicaba 66:April 2021 4711:Recycling 4434:Pollution 4414:transport 3877:CiteSeerX 3633:214004934 3597:213550709 3397:, p. 126. 3333:and Water 2941:CiteSeerX 2683:CiteSeerX 2598:CiteSeerX 2524:203940130 2373:140018135 2365:1540-7489 2046:694454972 1990:Swiftfuel 1763:mission. 1640:landfills 1540:as fuel. 1489:fuel cell 1452:petroleum 1448:wholesale 1195:Used good 1183:transport 1071:reporting 989:marketing 582:renewable 564:—such as 462:Biodiesel 456:Biodiesel 400:biodiesel 251:hydrogen, 201:pollution 158:biodiesel 134:petroleum 113:, Brazil. 111:São Paulo 87:biodiesel 83:Brazilian 50:summarize 4219:Archived 4162:Archived 3982:Archived 2912:22843674 2853:22143760 2620:21505692 2567:18757281 2488:58543105 2480:30612375 2182:Archived 1893:E-diesel 1846:See also 1799:monazite 1761:SNAP-10A 1514:hydrogen 1286:Policies 1173:sourcing 999:recovery 964:building 937:planning 842:Degrowth 816:Concepts 695:a series 693:Part of 665:pipeline 645:hydrogen 643:to make 631:and net 609:seawater 588:used to 578:jet fuel 570:gasoline 538:hydrogen 350:— 306:— 282:— 185:gasoline 174:hydrogen 154:biofuels 81:Typical 4615:natural 4535:biofuel 4468:Water ( 4443:control 4271:General 3869:Bibcode 3147:29 July 3121:29 July 2963:3560886 2903:3421162 2880:Bibcode 2844:3251141 2821:Bibcode 2575:2055798 2547:Bibcode 1795:uranium 1791:Thorium 1725:fissile 1612:fuels. 1555:Propane 1550:Autogas 1178:tourism 1133:finance 1009:vehicle 1004:trading 994:paradox 974:economy 922:finance 566:methane 527:Ammonia 522:Ammonia 424:Biomass 418:Biomass 407:ethanol 383:Biofuel 377:Biofuel 232:In the 150:ammonia 146:methane 138:propane 105:(CNG). 101:), and 95:ethanol 91:gasohol 4528:Fuel ( 4379:design 3879: 3785: 3631: 3595: 2961: 2943: 2910: 2900: 2851: 2841: 2685: 2618: 2600: 2573: 2565: 2522: 2486: 2478: 2371: 2363: 2266: 2044: 2034: 1881:Biogas 1756:RORSAT 1644:sewage 1636:biogas 1407:, and 1158:market 1128:energy 1108:design 979:growth 912:design 653:stored 592:waste 511:, and 371:kWh/km 278:(LPG); 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