2329:
1333:, from the Jurassic of Argentina; they argued against a relationship between Eutheria and Australosphenida (Figure 3, top), but were ambivalent about the placement of monotremes within Australosphenida. Based in part on Martin and Rauhut's earlier work on wear facets in australosphenidans, they questioned the presence of a true functional protocone on the upper molars of non-monotreme australosphenidans—none of which are known from upper teeth—and consequently suggested that australosphenidans may not, after all, have had truly tribosphenic teeth.
3181:
490:
2336:
150:
125:
3175:
4084:
4090:
1318:
published by Luo and colleagues, making several changes to the data, particularly in the monotremes. Their results (Figure 3, bottom) challenged the division between
Australosphenida and Boreosphenida, as proposed by Luo et al. Instead, they excluded monotremes from Australosphenida and placed the
596:
in the middle on the outer (labial) side, and metaconid at the back on the inner side (see Figure 2). The three cusps form a right angle with each other at the protoconid, so that the trigonid is described as "open". The paraconid is higher than the metaconid. At the front margin, a cingulum is
660:
and instead identified wear facets on the cusps and crests surrounding the basin. They proposed that wear in the australosphenidan talonid occurs mainly on the rims, not in the talonid basin itself, and that australosphenidans may not have had a functional protocone.
1198:
was thought to extend the known temporal range of tribosphenic mammals 25 million years further into the past. Consequently, Flynn and colleagues argued against the prevailing view that tribosphenic mammals originated on the northern continents
1240:). They characterized Australosphenida by the shared presence of a cingulum on the outer front corner of the lower molars, a short and broad talonid, a relatively low trigonid, and a triangulated last lower premolar.
597:
present that is divided into two small cusps. Unlike in various early tribosphenic mammals and close relatives, there is no additional cuspule behind the metaconid. At the back of the trigonid, the crest known as the
1261:
and monotremes. As evidence against the integrity of
Australosphenida, they cited the presence of lingual cingula in various non-australosphenidan mammals; the presence of two cusps in the anterior cingulum in
1291:
to
Australosphenida. They mentioned the condition of the hypoconulid, which is inclined forward, rather than backward as in boreosphenidans, as an additional australosphenidan character and noted that
4289:
1194:
and their extinct relatives) mammals, characterized by the protocone cusp on the upper molars contacting the talonid basin on the lower molars in chewing. The discovery of
359:
mammals. It is the oldest known mammal with putatively tribosphenic teeth; at the time of its discovery it antedated the second oldest example by about 25 million years.
1218:
and colleagues alternatively proposed that a tribosphenic molar pattern had arisen twice (compare Figure 3, top)—once giving rise to the marsupials and placentals (
646:). Flynn and colleagues identified two wear facets at the front and back margins of the talonid basin; they argue that these wear facets suggest the presence of a
4282:
624:
cusp is present towards the inner side of the tooth, and the hypoconid and hypoconulid are connected by a cutting edge which is suggestive of the presence of a
370:(marsupials, placentals, and their extinct tribosphenic-toothed relatives). In 2001, however, an alternative suggestion was published that united it with the
1349:
Compare similar trees in Luo et al. (2001, fig. 1), Luo et al. (2002, fig. 1), Rauhut et al. (2002, fig. 3), which included fewer australosphenidan species.
1650:
The oldest tribosphenic mammal from
Laurasia (Purbeck Limestone Group, Berriasian, Cretaceous, UK) and its bearing on the 'dual origin' of Tribosphenida
4417:
4275:
656:, a related primitive mammal from Argentina, Thomas Martin and Oliver Rauhut disputed the presence of these wear facets within the talonid basin in
516:
2328:
414:
were later added to
Australosphenida, and new work on wear in australosphenidan teeth has called into question whether these animals, including
4493:
1285:
The next year, Luo and colleagues published a more thorough analysis confirming their previous conclusion and adding the
Cretaceous Australian
573:. There is a cuspule (small cusp) on the back of the tooth and probably another on the inner front corner. This tooth resembles the molars of
335:(shelf) on the inner, or lingual, side of the tooth. The molars also have such a lingual cingulum. They consist of two groups of cusps: a
3180:
4478:
1703:
426:
plus monotremes, or that monotremes are not australosphenidans and that the remaining australosphenidans are related to placentals.
642:
are areas of a tooth that show evidence of contact with a tooth in the opposing jaw when the teeth are brought together (known as
418:, did have tribosphenic teeth. Other paleontologists have challenged this concept of Australosphenida, and instead proposed that
2335:
4488:
4298:
1243:
Also in 2001, Denise
Sigogneau-Russell and colleagues in their description of the earliest Laurasian tribosphenic mammal,
4483:
612:, another group of cusps, makes up the back of the tooth. It is wider than long and contains a well-developed cusp, the
396:, which would have acquired tribosphenic molars independently from marsupials and placentals. The Jurassic Argentinean
1639:
New
Jurassic mammals from Patagonia, Argentina: A reappraisal of australosphenidan morphology and interrelationships
562:
149:
1164:
but excluding monotremes, are closely related to placentals. Many taxa are omitted from both trees for clarity.
565:
as specimen UA 10602. Relative to other primitive mammals, it is small. Each of the teeth has a prominent
1160:, are distinct from boreosphenidans. Bottom, Woodburne et al. (2003, fig. 3): australosphenidans, including
4372:
1696:
3174:
632:, rims the talonid basin; on m1, it is swollen and on m2, it contains two small cuspules, but a distinct
4473:
4443:
2800:
643:
598:
258:
3116:
3810:
3710:
3393:
3109:
3095:
1922:
4404:
4177:
4083:
3459:
3046:
2926:
2835:
2244:
1590:
602:
601:
is located relatively close to the outer side of the tooth and is continuous with another crest, the
566:
464:
456:
332:
3850:
3649:
3503:
3307:
3053:
2911:
2772:
1627:
1207:). They cited the retention of a distal metacristid and an "open" trigonid as characters separating
4048:
3970:
3930:
3510:
3496:
3400:
3357:
3088:
3067:
3060:
3002:
2659:
2638:
2526:
2285:
2251:
1830:
1579:
1245:
617:
489:
302:
3870:
3537:
3474:
3452:
3379:
3364:
3343:
2786:
2596:
4151:
3960:
3781:
3622:
3592:
3585:
3431:
3009:
2988:
2667:
2556:
2546:
2476:
2125:
1975:
1803:
1307:, this animal lacked a distal metacristid and did not have as well-developed a lingual cingulum.
1175:
629:
621:
348:
144:
4448:
3350:
3081:
2735:
2506:
1999:
1671:
639:
343:
with a main cusp, a smaller cusp, and a crest at the back. Features of the talonid suggest that
4131:
4089:
3920:
3900:
3606:
3445:
3074:
2652:
2566:
2516:
589:
4430:
4019:
3950:
3669:
3314:
2981:
2972:
2933:
2742:
2152:
1689:
1311:
1287:
1086:
803:
410:
4435:
3720:
3438:
3245:
3030:
2629:
2291:
1991:
1984:
1895:
1237:
1228:
1069:
786:
684:
570:
507:
477:
439:
393:
376:
328:
204:
3521:
3016:
2888:
2857:
2842:
2756:
2576:
2066:
2027:
1303:
was described from the
Jurassic of Argentina as another australosphenidan. In contrast to
496:. Generalized australosphenidan lower molar seen from above, illustrating major features.
452:
294:
41:
1660:
4243:
4208:
4118:
3679:
3551:
3530:
3466:
3418:
3335:
3259:
3230:
3123:
3102:
2873:
2866:
2695:
2586:
2486:
2203:
1772:
444:
650:(another cusp on the outer side of the tooth) on the upper molars. In a 2005 paper on
4467:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4213:
4141:
3890:
3822:
3740:
2944:
2880:
2424:
2237:
2227:
2097:
1578:
Flynn, J.J., Parrish, J.M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W.F. and Wyss, A.R. 1999.
1219:
867:
558:
468:
367:
324:
75:
1156:. Top, Rougier et al., (2007, fig. 9): australosphenidans, including monotremes and
4335:
4218:
3940:
3796:
3659:
3576:
3558:
3386:
3300:
3284:
2902:
2793:
2779:
2465:
2367:
2354:
2303:
2175:
1954:
1945:
1649:
1299:, by the presence of a V-shaped notch in the distal metacristid. In the same year,
1036:
705:
652:
574:
398:
217:
4267:
1327:. In 2007, Guillermo Rougier and colleagues described another australosphenidan,
4248:
4223:
4198:
4025:
3860:
3789:
3772:
3750:
3690:
3544:
3489:
3321:
3217:
3198:
3141:
3130:
3039:
2828:
2765:
2725:
2711:
2681:
2674:
2645:
2536:
2496:
2454:
2414:
2404:
2164:
2114:
1601:
945:
828:
50:
17:
4395:
124:
4326:
4203:
4171:
4161:
4037:
3997:
3840:
3730:
3328:
3252:
3238:
2995:
2821:
2807:
2704:
2606:
2444:
2384:
2273:
2083:
2075:
2044:
2037:
1961:
1329:
1315:
1215:
1179:
967:
880:
722:
593:
472:
404:
371:
306:
139:, seen in lingual view (from the side of the tongue). Scale bar is 1 mm.
95:
60:
1266:
as well as some boreosphenidans; the different appearance of the premolar in
4054:
3757:
3482:
3372:
3293:
3273:
2957:
2814:
2614:
2186:
2106:
2015:
1930:
1788:
1754:
1745:
1233:
1191:
1183:
647:
633:
620:, in the middle. The cristid obliqua connects to the hypoconid. The smaller
613:
578:
460:
448:
381:
356:
352:
298:
161:
100:
636:
cusp is absent. This entocristid is continuous with the lingual cingulum.
4389:
4342:
4306:
4008:
3910:
3700:
3639:
3266:
2394:
2193:
2052:
1815:
1763:
1736:
1637:
Rougier, G.W., Martinelli, A.G., Forasiepi, A.M. and
Novacek, M.J. 2007.
1204:
1200:
1187:
989:
895:
625:
585:
554:
550:
389:
336:
320:
316:
181:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
4422:
4355:
4349:
4182:
3803:
3599:
2919:
2434:
2215:
2141:
1626:
Rauhut, O.W.M., Martin, T., Ortiz-Jaureguizar, E. and Puerta, P. 2002.
1612:
628:
cusp on the upper molars. Further towards the inner side, a crest, the
609:
553:(lower jaw) with three teeth in it (Figure 1), interpreted as the last
385:
340:
105:
80:
577:, a group of primitive mammals, but the back cusp is smaller than the
3981:
3880:
1883:
1842:
1730:
1712:
569:(shelf) on the inner (lingual) side. The p-last has a strong central
290:
191:
171:
4366:
1617:(Australosphenida, Mammalia) and the evolution of tribosphenic teeth
463:
unit, the youngest of the three rock layers that make up the Isalo "
1672:
The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades
1638:
488:
4409:
1548:
Woodburne, 2003, fig. 5; Woodburne et al., 2003, fig. 3
1467:
Flynn et al., 1999, p. 57; Rougier et al., 2007, p. 23
4370:
4271:
4105:
3196:
2352:
1881:
1723:
1685:
27:
Species of small mammal from the middle Jurassic of Madagascar
1203:), and instead proposed that their origin lies in the south (
437:
was described by a team led by John Flynn in a 1999 paper in
447:, close to which the fossil was found. It is known from the
1681:
1656:, Series IIA (Earth and Planetary Science) 333(2):141–147.
1648:
Sigogneau-Russell, D., Hooker, J.J. and Ensom, P.C. 2001.
1600:
Luo, Z.-X., Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Cifelli, R.L. 2002.
1589:
Luo, Z.-X., Cifelli, R.L. and Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 2001.
351:, the basic arrangement of molar features also present in
1278:(with a well-developed hypoconid on the labial side) and
605:, which is in turn connected to the back of the tooth.
1670:
Woodburne, M.O., Rich, T.H. and Springer, M.S. 2003.
1319:
remaining australosphenidans close to Eutheria, with
4167:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4127:
3993:
3966:
3956:
3946:
3936:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3896:
3886:
3876:
3866:
3856:
3846:
3836:
3769:
3746:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3706:
3696:
3686:
3675:
3665:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3573:
3415:
3214:
3027:
2969:
2899:
2854:
2753:
2722:
2692:
2626:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2562:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2461:
2450:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2400:
2390:
2380:
2270:
2233:
2223:
2199:
2182:
2171:
2160:
2137:
2094:
2063:
2024:
1972:
1942:
1918:
1908:
1274:(squared); and the contrast between the talonids of
1236:, which first appeared in the Cretaceous (united as
4379:
4325:
4305:
4191:
4116:
4036:
4007:
3980:
3821:
3768:
3620:
3572:
3520:
3414:
3283:
3213:
3140:
3026:
2968:
2943:
2898:
2853:
2752:
2721:
2691:
2625:
2365:
2302:
2269:
2214:
2151:
2124:
2093:
2062:
2023:
2014:
1971:
1941:
1894:
1841:
1814:
1787:
549:was described on the basis of a fragmentary right
443:. The scientific name derives from the village of
588:, a group of three cusps forming a triangle: the
1295:and monotremes were united, to the exclusion of
1257:was closer to Laurasian tribosphenidans than to
584:The front half of the m1 and m2 consists of the
1170:In their paper, Flynn and colleagues described
392:, and their extinct relatives) into the clade
4283:
1697:
8:
1602:In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals
561:(m1 and m2). It is in the collection of the
1422:Sigogneau-Russell et al., 2001, p. 146
366:was interpreted as a primitive relative of
4367:
4290:
4276:
4268:
4113:
4102:
3986:
3829:
3628:
3423:
3222:
3210:
3206:
3193:
2949:
2373:
2362:
2349:
2130:
2020:
1901:
1891:
1878:
1820:
1793:
1784:
1720:
1704:
1690:
1682:
1152:Alternative views of the relationships of
616:, on the outer side and a depression, the
319:with three teeth, interpreted as the last
309:. The only described species of the genus
123:
31:
1654:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
1458:Martin and Rauhut, 2005, pp. 422–423
1418:
1416:
1580:A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar
1406:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1342:
1249:, agreed with the relationship between
455:, about 167 million years ago) of the
1661:Monotremes as pretribosphenic mammals
327:. The premolar consists of a central
7:
1628:A Jurassic mammal from South America
1611:Martin, T. and Rauhut, O.W.M. 2005.
1566:Rougier et al., 2007, pp. 24–25
331:with one or two smaller cusps and a
1591:Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals
1061:
1011:
1004:
982:
960:
938:
931:
873:
778:
771:
747:
697:
690:
680:
673:
459:in northwestern Madagascar, in the
1621:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1368:Flynn et al., 1999, pp. 57–58
1211:from more modern tribosphenidans.
475:teeth and remains of the sauropod
339:of three cusps at the front and a
25:
1676:Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution
1539:Woodburne, 2003, pp. 233–235
1494:Luo et al., 2001, pp. 53, 56
1440:Luo et al., 2002, pp. 22, 29
1186:and their extinct relatives) and
503:pos: posterior (towards the back)
500:ant: anterior (towards the front)
315:, it is known from a fragmentary
305:(about 167 million years ago) of
4088:
4082:
3179:
3173:
2334:
2327:
1557:Rougier et al., 2007, p. 31
1530:Rauhut et al., 2002, p. 166
1410:Rauhut et al., 2002, p. 167
1253:and monotremes, but argued that
592:at the front on the inner side,
148:
1431:Flynn et al., 1999, fig. 2
1398:Flynn et al., 1999, fig. 3
4299:Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar
1665:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1476:Flynn et al., 1999, p. 60
1449:Flynn et al., 1999, p. 59
1386:Flynn et al., 1999, p. 58
668:
467:". This unit has also yielded
408:and the Cretaceous Australian
362:Upon its description in 1999,
1:
4494:Fossil taxa described in 1999
1606:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1503:Luo et al., 2002, fig. 1
1521:Luo et al., 2002, p. 22
1512:Luo et al., 2002, p. 23
1485:Luo et al., 2001, p. 56
1226:, the Cretaceous Australian
1314:and colleagues revised the
557:(p-last) and the first two
4510:
4479:Jurassic mammals of Africa
1613:Mandible and dentition of
1174:as the oldest mammal with
563:University of Antananarivo
422:is not closely related to
4112:
4101:
4079:
3989:
3832:
3631:
3426:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3192:
3170:
2952:
2376:
2361:
2348:
2324:
2133:
1904:
1890:
1877:
1823:
1796:
1783:
1719:
1674:(subscription required).
1663:(subscription required).
1652:(subscription required).
1643:American Museum Novitates
1630:(subscription required).
1619:(subscription required).
1593:(subscription required).
1582:(subscription required).
1178:—the basic molar type of
1083:
1066:
1059:
1033:
1016:
1009:
1002:
987:
980:
965:
958:
943:
936:
893:
878:
871:
826:
800:
783:
776:
769:
752:
745:
719:
702:
695:
688:
678:
264:
257:
145:Scientific classification
143:
131:
122:
34:
1615:Asfaltomylos patagonicus
1323:most closely related to
1659:Woodburne, M.O. 2003.
1222:), and once producing
543:
524:dm: distal metacristid
4489:Fossils of Madagascar
4444:Paleobiology Database
1316:phylogenetic analysis
492:
430:Discovery and context
4178:Saint Bathans Mammal
4484:Jurassic Madagascar
1176:tribosphenic molars
527:co: cristid obliqua
349:tribosphenic molars
303:Isalo III Formation
3623:Prototribosphenida
2126:Ornithorhynchoidea
1976:Ausktribosphenidae
599:distal metacristid
581:of symmetrodonts.
544:
323:and the first two
277:Flynn et al., 1999
237:Flynn et al., 1999
4459:
4458:
4431:Open Tree of Life
4373:Taxon identifiers
4364:
4363:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4097:
4096:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
3616:
3615:
3568:
3567:
3410:
3409:
3188:
3187:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3117:Symmetrodontoides
2973:Zhangheotheriidae
2344:
2343:
2322:
2321:
2292:multituberculates
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2153:Ornithorhynchidae
2010:
2009:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1312:Michael Woodburne
1310:However, in 2003
1232:, and the living
1168:
1167:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1048:
1047:
924:
923:
915:
914:
906:
905:
857:
856:
848:
847:
839:
838:
815:
814:
734:
733:
539:tb: talonid basin
282:
281:
238:
16:(Redirected from
4501:
4452:
4451:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4425:
4413:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4368:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4169:
4159:
4149:
4139:
4129:
4114:
4103:
4092:
4087:
4086:
3995:
3987:
3968:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3878:
3868:
3858:
3848:
3838:
3830:
3811:Tendagurutherium
3771:
3748:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3629:
3575:
3439:Austrotriconodon
3424:
3417:
3394:Portopinheirodon
3246:Drescheratherium
3223:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3194:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3110:Spalacotheroides
3096:Spalacotheridium
3031:Spalacotheriidae
3029:
2971:
2950:
2901:
2856:
2755:
2724:
2694:
2630:Gobiconodontidae
2628:
2604:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2484:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2412:
2402:
2392:
2382:
2374:
2363:
2350:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2272:
2235:
2225:
2201:
2184:
2173:
2162:
2139:
2131:
2096:
2065:
2026:
2021:
1985:Ausktribosphenos
1974:
1944:
1923:Tendagurutherium
1920:
1910:
1902:
1896:Australosphenida
1892:
1879:
1821:
1794:
1785:
1778:
1777:
1721:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1384:
1369:
1366:
1350:
1347:
1293:Ausktribosphenos
1280:Ausktribosphenos
1272:Ausktribosphenos
1259:Ausktribosphenos
1251:Ausktribosphenos
1238:Australosphenida
1229:Ausktribosphenos
1070:Ausktribosphenos
1062:
1012:
1005:
983:
961:
939:
932:
874:
787:Ausktribosphenos
779:
772:
748:
698:
691:
685:Australosphenida
681:
674:
669:
478:Lapparentosaurus
424:Ausktribosphenos
394:Australosphenida
377:Ausktribosphenos
273:
269:
236:
229:
216:
205:Australosphenida
153:
152:
127:
117:
47:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
18:Ambondro (genus)
4509:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4447:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4408:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4381:Ambondro mahabo
4375:
4365:
4360:
4321:
4301:
4296:
4266:
4253:
4187:
4108:
4093:
4081:
4061:
4032:
4003:
3976:
3824:
3823:Tribosphenida /
3817:
3764:
3625:
3612:
3564:
3522:Mesungulatoidea
3516:
3406:
3279:
3201:
3184:
3172:
3156:
3136:
3022:
3017:Zhangheotherium
2964:
2939:
2927:Trishulotherium
2894:
2889:Volaticotherium
2849:
2836:Victoriaconodon
2757:Triconodontidae
2748:
2717:
2687:
2621:
2577:Phascolotherium
2370:
2357:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2298:
2257:
2210:
2194:Ornithorhynchus
2147:
2120:
2089:
2067:Steropodontidae
2058:
2028:Kollikodontidae
2006:
1967:
1937:
1886:
1857:
1837:
1810:
1779:
1726:
1725:
1715:
1710:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1049:
925:
916:
907:
858:
849:
840:
816:
735:
667:
665:Interpretations
603:cristid obliqua
542:
536:ec: entocristid
533:hl: hypoconulid
487:
457:Mahajanga Basin
453:middle Jurassic
435:Ambondro mahabo
432:
295:Middle Jurassic
286:Ambondro mahabo
278:
275:
271:Ambondro mahabo
267:
266:
253:
235:
227:
214:
147:
118:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
45:
44:
42:Middle Jurassic
38:
36:Ambondro mahabo
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4507:
4505:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4440:
4427:
4414:
4401:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4272:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4244:Amphitheriidae
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Eutriconodonta
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4155:
4145:
4135:
4124:
4122:
4119:Incertae sedis
4110:
4109:
4106:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4013:
4011:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3990:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3851:Argaliatherium
3844:
3833:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3744:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3680:Brancatherulum
3673:
3663:
3653:
3650:Amphibetulimus
3643:
3632:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3552:Peligrotherium
3548:
3541:
3534:
3531:Coloniatherium
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3504:Quirogatherium
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3467:Groebertherium
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3419:Meridiolestida
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3336:Groebertherium
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3308:Anthracolestes
3304:
3297:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3260:Henkelotherium
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3231:Brancatherulum
3226:
3220:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3124:Symmetrolestes
3120:
3113:
3106:
3103:Spalacotherium
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3054:Cifellitherium
3050:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2912:Gobiotheriodon
2907:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2874:Ichthyoconodon
2870:
2867:Argentoconodon
2862:
2860:
2858:Volaticotheria
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:Volaticotheria
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2773:Arundelconodon
2769:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2698:
2696:Jeholodentidae
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2600:
2590:
2587:Sangarotherium
2580:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2487:Indotriconodon
2480:
2470:
2459:
2448:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2231:
2220:
2218:
2216:Tachyglossidae
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:Patagorhynchus
2197:
2190:
2180:
2169:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2071:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:Mammaliaformes
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1678:28(2):360–385.
1668:
1667:10(3):195–248.
1657:
1646:
1635:
1624:
1623:25(2):414–425.
1609:
1598:
1587:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1166:
1165:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
964:
959:
957:
954:
953:
950:
949:
942:
937:
935:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:
913:
912:
909:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
877:
872:
870:
864:
863:
860:
859:
855:
854:
851:
850:
846:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
833:
832:
825:
822:
821:
818:
817:
813:
812:
809:
808:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
751:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
679:
677:
672:
666:
663:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
497:
486:
483:
445:Ambondromahabo
431:
428:
280:
279:
276:
262:
261:
255:
254:
250:A. mahabo
246:
244:
240:
239:
225:
221:
220:
212:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
48:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4506:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4462:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Paurodontidae
4237:
4235:
4234:Eupantotheria
4232:
4230:
4229:Symmetrodonta
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:Amphilestidae
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:Chronoperates
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4056:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3971:Tribactonodon
3965:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:Kielantherium
3925:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:Holoclemensia
3885:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Boreosphenida
3820:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3741:Palaeoxonodon
3735:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3511:Solanutherium
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:Paraungulatum
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:Treslagosodon
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:Krebsotherium
3355:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:Spalacolestes
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:Infernolestes
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:Heishanlestes
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3003:Ningchengodon
3000:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:Trechnotheria
2942:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:Triconolestes
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:Huasteconodon
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:Fuxinoconodon
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2527:Kryptotherium
2521:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:Chaoyangodens
2419:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2330:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:Murrayglossus
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:Megalibgwilia
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2098:Teinolophidae
2092:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1246:Tribactonodon
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:Boreosphenida
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
985:
984:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
963:
962:
956:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
941:
940:
934:
933:
929:
928:
920:
919:
911:
910:
902:
901:
898:
897:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
876:
875:
869:
868:Boreosphenida
866:
865:
862:
861:
853:
852:
844:
843:
835:
834:
831:
830:
824:
823:
820:
819:
811:
810:
807:
806:
805:
798:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
788:
781:
780:
774:
773:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
757:
750:
749:
743:
742:
739:
738:
730:
729:
726:
725:
724:
717:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
707:
700:
699:
693:
692:
686:
683:
682:
676:
675:
671:
670:
664:
662:
659:
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:talonid basin
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
575:symmetrodonts
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
538:
535:
532:
530:hy: hypoconid
529:
526:
523:
521:me: metaconid
520:
518:
514:
512:pa: paraconid
511:
509:
505:
502:
499:
498:
495:
491:
484:
482:
480:
479:
474:
470:
469:crocodyliform
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
407:
406:
401:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:
373:
369:
368:Tribosphenida
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
287:
274:
272:
263:
260:
259:Binomial name
256:
252:
251:
245:
242:
241:
234:
233:
226:
223:
222:
219:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4474:Henosferidae
4461:
4380:
4348:
4341:
4336:Adalatherium
4334:
4315:
4314:
4219:Theriiformes
4170:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4117:
3996:
3969:
3959:
3949:
3941:Pappotherium
3939:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3899:
3889:
3879:
3871:Carinalestes
3869:
3859:
3849:
3839:
3809:
3802:
3797:Peramuroides
3795:
3788:
3780:
3756:
3749:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3709:
3699:
3689:
3678:
3668:
3660:Amphitherium
3658:
3648:
3638:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:Donodontidae
3559:Reigitherium
3557:
3550:
3543:
3538:Mesungulatum
3536:
3529:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3475:Lakotalestes
3473:
3465:
3458:
3453:Casamiquelia
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3399:
3392:
3387:Phascolestes
3385:
3380:Minutolestes
3378:
3371:
3365:Lakotalestes
3363:
3356:
3349:
3344:Guimarotodus
3342:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3301:Amblotherium
3299:
3292:
3285:Dryolestidae
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2956:
2932:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2903:Tinodontidae
2887:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2794:Eotriconodon
2792:
2787:Corviconodon
2785:
2780:Astroconodon
2778:
2771:
2764:
2741:
2734:
2710:
2703:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2613:
2605:
2597:Tendagurodon
2595:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2485:
2475:
2466:Fruitafossor
2464:
2453:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2413:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2368:Theriimorpha
2355:Theriimorpha
2304:Theriimorpha
2250:
2245:Tachyglossus
2243:
2236:
2226:
2202:
2192:
2185:
2176:Monotrematum
2174:
2163:
2140:
2113:
2105:
2082:
2074:
2051:
2043:
2036:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1960:
1955:Asfaltomylos
1953:
1946:Henosferidae
1929:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1675:
1664:
1653:
1642:
1634:416:165–168.
1631:
1620:
1614:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1573:Bibliography
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1364:
1345:
1328:
1325:Asfaltomylos
1324:
1320:
1309:
1304:
1301:Asfaltomylos
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1208:
1195:
1171:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1067:
1037:Asfaltomylos
1035:
1034:
1019:
1018:
1017:
988:
966:
944:
894:
879:
827:
802:
801:
785:
784:
755:
754:
753:
721:
720:
706:Asfaltomylos
704:
703:
657:
653:Asfaltomylos
651:
638:
607:
583:
546:
545:
493:
476:
438:
434:
433:
423:
419:
415:
409:
403:
399:Asfaltomylos
397:
375:
363:
361:
344:
311:
310:
285:
284:
283:
270:
265:
249:
248:
231:
230:
218:Henosferidae
198:
136:
132:
35:
29:
4249:Marsupionta
4224:Pantotheria
4199:Prototheria
4152:Microderson
3961:Tirotherium
3861:Brasilestes
3790:Kouriogenys
3782:Afriquiamus
3773:Peramuridae
3758:Monotremata
3751:Vincelestes
3691:Chunnelodon
3593:Anoualestes
3586:Amazighodon
3545:Orretherium
3490:Necrolestes
3432:Amarillodon
3322:Crusafontia
3218:Dryolestida
3199:Cladotheria
3142:Cladotheria
3131:Yaverlestes
3040:Akidolestes
3010:Origolestes
2989:Kiyatherium
2958:Monotremata
2829:Trioracodon
2766:Alticonodon
2726:Klameliidae
2712:Yanoconodon
2682:Spinolestes
2675:Repenomamus
2668:Meemannodon
2646:Gobiconodon
2615:Monotremata
2557:Manchurodon
2547:Liaotherium
2537:Liaoconodon
2497:Juchilestes
2477:Hakusanodon
2455:Dyskritodon
2415:Aploconodon
2405:Amphilestes
2165:Dharragarra
2115:Teinolophos
2016:Monotremata
1931:Monotremata
1608:47(1):1–78.
1282:(squared).
1270:(flat) and
1180:metatherian
946:Monotremata
829:Monotremata
640:Wear facets
630:entocristid
622:hypoconulid
485:Description
374:Australian
4468:Categories
4327:Cretaceous
4204:Yinotheria
4192:Other taxa
4172:Tingamarra
4162:Thereuodon
4107:Other taxa
4055:marsupials
4049:Metatheria
4038:Metatheria
4026:placentals
3998:Patagomaia
3841:Aegialodon
3731:Nanolestes
3351:Hercynodon
3329:Dryolestes
3253:Euthlastus
3239:Dorsetodon
3151:see below↓
3082:Shalbaatar
2996:Maotherium
2822:Triconodon
2808:Meiconodon
2736:Ferganodon
2705:Jeholodens
2607:Allotheria
2507:Jueconodon
2445:Condorodon
2385:Acinacodus
2313:see below↓
2286:Allotheria
2274:Allotheria
2084:Steropodon
2076:Parvopalus
2045:Kryoryctes
2038:Kollikodon
2000:Kryoparvus
1962:Henosferus
1852:see below↓
1831:Cynodontia
1816:Cynodontia
1764:Cynodontia
1755:Therapsida
1645:3566:1–54.
1597:409:53–57.
1586:401:57–60.
1357:References
1330:Henosferus
1234:monotremes
1216:Zhe-Xi Luo
1192:placentals
1184:marsupials
968:Metatheria
881:Metatheria
723:Henosferus
594:protoconid
517:protoconid
473:plesiosaur
405:Henosferus
382:monotremes
372:Cretaceous
307:Madagascar
4132:Atlasodon
4053:includes
4024:includes
3921:Kermackia
3901:Hypomylos
3607:Stylodens
3483:Leonardus
3446:Bondesius
3373:Laolestes
3294:Achyrodon
3274:Tathiodon
3075:Lactodens
2815:Priacodon
2801:Jugulator
2653:Hangjinia
2567:Nakunodon
2517:Kemchugia
2290:includes
2252:Zaglossus
2187:Obdurodon
2107:Stirtodon
1804:Synapsida
1789:Synapsida
1746:Synapsida
1729:Kingdom:
1214:In 2001,
1188:eutherian
1150:Figure 3.
648:protocone
644:occlusion
634:entoconid
614:hypoconid
590:paraconid
579:metaconid
461:Isalo III
449:Bathonian
357:placental
353:marsupial
317:lower jaw
299:Bathonian
293:from the
243:Species:
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
135:. Jaw of
46:Bathonian
4410:32826847
4396:Q2553985
4390:Wikidata
4343:Lavanify
4316:Ambondro
4307:Jurassic
4020:Eutheria
4009:Eutheria
3951:Picopsis
3911:Juramaia
3701:Magnimus
3670:Arguimus
3640:Abelodon
3460:Cronopio
3315:Beckumia
3267:Paurodon
2982:Anebodon
2934:Yermakia
2743:Klamelia
2395:Amphidon
2053:Sundrius
1913:Ambondro
1884:Mammalia
1843:Mammalia
1737:Chordata
1735:Phylum:
1731:Animalia
1713:Mammalia
1321:Ambondro
1305:Ambondro
1297:Ambondro
1276:Ambondro
1268:Ambondro
1264:Ambondro
1255:Ambondro
1224:Ambondro
1209:Ambondro
1205:Gondwana
1201:Laurasia
1196:Ambondro
1172:Ambondro
1162:Ambondro
1158:Ambondro
1154:Ambondro
1020:Ambondro
990:Eutheria
896:Eutheria
756:Ambondro
658:Ambondro
626:metacone
586:trigonid
567:cingulum
555:premolar
551:mandible
547:Ambondro
508:cingulum
494:Figure 2
420:Ambondro
416:Ambondro
390:platypus
386:echidnas
380:and the
364:Ambondro
345:Ambondro
337:trigonid
333:cingulum
321:premolar
312:Ambondro
232:Ambondro
211:Family:
192:Mammalia
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
137:Ambondro
133:Figure 1
4436:6143175
4423:8637642
4356:UA 8699
4350:Vintana
4183:UA 8699
3804:Peramus
3721:Mozomus
3711:Minimus
3600:Donodon
2920:Tinodon
2435:Comodon
2142:Opalios
1992:Bishops
1288:Bishops
1087:Bishops
804:Bishops
610:talonid
411:Bishops
341:talonid
268:†
247:†
224:Genus:
188:Class:
112:↓
4449:156674
3982:Theria
3881:Eomaia
3047:Aliaga
1632:Nature
1595:Nature
1584:Nature
559:molars
440:Nature
388:, the
325:molars
291:mammal
1769:Clade
1760:Clade
1751:Clade
1742:Clade
1337:Notes
465:Group
384:(the
289:is a
199:Clade
4418:GBIF
4047:see
4018:see
2284:see
1829:see
1802:see
608:The
571:cusp
515:pr:
506:ci:
471:and
402:and
355:and
347:had
329:cusp
51:PreꞒ
4405:EoL
4470::
4446::
4433::
4420::
4407::
4392::
1771::
1762::
1753::
1744::
1641:.
1604:.
1415:^
1403:^
1391:^
1373:^
481:.
301:)
201::
101:Pg
4291:e
4284:t
4277:v
4168:†
4158:†
4148:†
4138:†
4128:†
3994:†
3967:†
3957:†
3947:†
3937:†
3927:†
3917:†
3907:†
3897:†
3887:†
3877:†
3867:†
3857:†
3847:†
3837:†
3814:?
3785:?
3770:†
3761:?
3747:†
3737:†
3727:†
3717:†
3707:†
3697:†
3687:†
3683:?
3676:†
3666:†
3656:†
3646:†
3636:†
3574:†
3478:?
3470:?
3416:†
3368:?
3339:?
3234:?
3215:†
3028:†
2970:†
2961:?
2915:?
2900:†
2884:?
2855:†
2846:?
2754:†
2728:?
2723:†
2693:†
2663:?
2627:†
2618:?
2610:?
2603:†
2593:†
2583:†
2573:†
2563:†
2553:†
2543:†
2533:†
2523:†
2513:†
2503:†
2493:†
2483:†
2473:†
2469:?
2462:†
2458:?
2451:†
2441:†
2431:†
2421:†
2411:†
2401:†
2391:†
2381:†
2276:?
2271:†
2234:†
2224:†
2207:?
2200:†
2183:†
2179:?
2172:†
2168:?
2161:†
2138:†
2110:?
2095:†
2079:?
2064:†
2048:?
2030:?
2025:†
2003:?
1995:?
1973:†
1943:†
1934:?
1926:?
1919:†
1909:†
1898:?
1705:e
1698:t
1691:v
1199:(
1190:(
1182:(
451:(
297:(
228:†
215:†
106:N
96:K
91:J
86:T
81:P
76:C
71:D
66:S
61:O
56:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
