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The earliest variety of Pidgin
English to appear in British North America is AIPE. AIPE was used by both Europeans and the Native Americans in the contact situation and is therefore considered to be a true pidgin. A pidgin language is made up of two languages sometimes spoken by only one group.
241:
However, because AIPE was spoken by both groups, some would say that makes it as a true pidgin. The
European people are the ones who taught the Native Americans how to speak English. They developed AIPE together, which helped them communicate more efficiently.
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Native
American Pidgin Englishâs phonology is characterized primarily by decreasing the English phonemic record from definite exchanges and the loss of some phonemes, together with other distributed phenomena.
471:
Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). American Indian Pidgin
English. Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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Leechman, Douglas, and Robert A. Hall. American Indian Pidgin
English: Attestations and Grammatical Peculiarities. American Speech 30, no. 3 (1955): 163-71.
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Native
American Pidgin English is much more similar to English than are many other English-based pidgins, and it could be considered a mere
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Gramley. S. Varieties of
American English. WS 2009â2010. http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/sgramley/VarAmE-01-Introduction.pdf
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Leechman, Douglas; Hall, Robert A. (1955). "Native
American Pidgin English: Attestations and Grammatical Peculiarities".
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Leechman, Douglas; Hall, Robert A. (1955). "Native
American Pidgin English: Attestations and Grammatical Peculiarities".
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Leechman, Douglas; Hall, Robert A. (1955). "Native
American Pidgin English: Attestations and Grammatical Peculiarities".
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205:. The main geographic regions in which AIPE was spoken was
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Englishes. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
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676:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
432:. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
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447:. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton, 1985.
8:
445:Toward a Social History of American English
3186:Indigenous languages of the Americas stubs
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430:The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
50:This article includes a list of general
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3166:English language in the United States
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3108:Indigenous languages of the Americas
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3051:Indigenous peoples of North America
2996:This language-related article is a
226:as one of many factors influencing
3114:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
3057:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
3000:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3161:English-based pidgins and creoles
255:English-based pidgins and creoles
3098:
3041:
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2784:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
614:Inland Northern American English
41:
2766:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
279:Gramley, Stephan (2018-10-08).
27:English-based pidgin of the USA
516:Languages of the United States
191:American Indian Pidgin English
187:Native American Pidgin English
102:Native American Pidgin English
18:American Indian Pidgin English
1:
3049:This article relating to the
3106:This article related to the
2719:Black American Sign Language
2497:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
738:Western Pennsylvania English
2513:Navajo Family Sign Language
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2452:Anishinaabe Sign Language
701:Southern American English
681:Pacific Northwest English
671:Northern American English
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1479:San FelipeâSanto Domingo
733:Western American English
629:Midland American English
604:General American English
557:African-American English
197:spoken by Europeans and
30:Not to be confused with
3171:Native American culture
2455:Blackfoot Sign Language
666:New York Latino English
569:American Indian English
71:more precise citations.
32:American Indian English
2791:Henniker Sign Language
2714:American Sign Language
2458:Cheyenne Sign Language
1323:Central Siberian Yupik
1318:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
813:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
723:Upper Michigan English
696:Puerto Rican Englishes
281:The History of English
2493:Hawai'i Sign Language
2476:Ktunaxa Sign Language
2471:Plateau Sign Language
2233:Northern Sierra Miwok
2173:Southern Sierra Miwok
1482:ZiaâSanta Ana Pueblos
1230:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
718:Transatlantic English
661:New York City English
651:New Mexican Englishes
634:New England Englishes
289:10.4324/9780429460272
237:of American English.
220:AIPE is mentioned in
189:, sometimes known as
2941:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
2809:in 2021 in millions)
2747:Samoan Sign Language
2464:Navajo Sign Language
2399:Afro-Seminole Creole
2168:Central Sierra Miwok
1747:North Straits Salish
1171:Mescalero-Chiricahua
691:Philadelphia English
195:English-based pidgin
2807:(number of speakers
2805:Immigrant languages
2503:Inuit Sign Language
728:Utah Mormon English
656:New Orleans English
574:Appalachian English
443:Dillard, Joey Lee.
428:Kirkpatrick, Andy.
2582:Pennsylvania Dutch
2461:Cree Sign Language
2273:HavasupaiâHualapai
2219:Kings River Yokuts
2198:Buena Vista Yokuts
2178:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
686:Pennsylvania Dutch
609:High Tider English
594:California English
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1691:Northeastern Pomo
1678:Southeastern Pomo
1451:Northern Kalapuya
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579:Baltimore English
463:978-0-203-84932-3
438:978-0-203-84932-3
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641:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
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586:
584:Boston English
581:
576:
571:
566:
565:
564:
553:
550:
549:
543:
537:
531:
530:
523:
520:
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512:
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497:
489:
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482:
480:10.2307/453934
472:
469:
466:
455:
441:
424:
421:
418:
417:
404:10.2307/453934
398:(3): 163â171.
382:
369:10.2307/453934
363:(3): 163â171.
347:
334:10.2307/453934
328:(3): 163â171.
312:
297:
270:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
260:Chinook Jargon
257:
250:
247:
193:(AIPE) was an
182:
181:
174:
166:
165:
155:
147:
146:
145:Language codes
142:
141:
138:English pidgin
136:
134:
127:
124:
123:
122:(date missing)
120:
114:
113:
108:
107:Native to
104:
103:
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3198:
3187:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
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3169:
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3159:
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3145:
3140:
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3133:
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3126:
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3119:
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3097:
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3062:
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3056:
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3031:
3026:
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3019:
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3012:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2970:
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2964:
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2949:
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2803:
2793:
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2694:
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2676:
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2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
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2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
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2623:
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2620:
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2608:
2605:
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2600:
2598:
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2580:
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2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
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2545:
2542:
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2533:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2496:
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2490:
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2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
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2442:
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2433:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
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2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
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2388:
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2377:
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2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:Valley Yokuts
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Southern Tiwa
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:Tutelo-Saponi
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:Coeur d'Alene
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1698:Northern Pomo
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:Southern Pomo
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:Laguna Pueblo
1490:
1487:
1485:Western Keres
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:Susquehannock
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:Neutral Huron
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1328:Chevak Cupâik
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1251:Plains Apache
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1057:
1056:Upper Chinook
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
966:
964:
960:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
940:
939:
935:
933:
932:
928:
926:
925:
921:
919:
918:
914:
912:
911:
907:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
882:Nawathinehena
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
862:
858:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
776:
772:
769:
765:
762:
760:
754:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
713:Texan English
711:
707:
704:
703:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:Maine English
622:
620:
619:Miami English
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
589:Cajun English
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
563:
560:
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
547:
541:
538:
536:
532:
527:
524:Languages in
521:
517:
510:
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
490:
487:
481:
477:
473:
470:
467:
464:
460:
456:
454:
453:0-89925-046-7
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:
422:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
386:
383:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
313:
308:
304:
300:
298:9780429460272
294:
290:
286:
282:
275:
272:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
236:
231:
229:
225:
224:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
203:North America
200:
196:
192:
188:
179:
175:
173:
172:
167:
159:
156:
153:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
125:
121:
119:
115:
112:
111:United States
109:
105:
100:
91:
88:
80:
77:December 2017
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3116:expanding it
3105:
3059:expanding it
3048:
3002:expanding it
2995:
2980:
2789:
2782:
2764:
2756:
2645:Sabine River
2640:Puerto Rican
2592:Plautdietsch
2526:Oral settler
2469:
2417:Mohawk Dutch
2415:
2378:
2371:
2247:Plains Miwok
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2101:
2094:
1979:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1696:
1689:
1668:Eastern Pomo
1663:Central Pomo
1642:
1635:
1603:
1576:
1524:
1488:Acoma Pueblo
1456:
1449:
1442:
1432:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1277:
1272:Upper Umpqua
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1196:Upper Tanana
1166:Lower Tanana
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1065:
1025:
963:Austronesian
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
917:Narragansett
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
818:Massachusett
544:Dialects of
528:are extinct.
525:
444:
429:
395:
391:
385:
360:
356:
350:
325:
321:
315:
280:
274:
243:
239:
232:
221:
219:
190:
186:
185:
169:
157:
83:
74:
55:
2875:Hindi (0.9)
2683:Angloromani
2635:New Mexican
2564:New England
2205:Coast Miwok
2078:TĂŒbatulabal
2010:Uto-Aztecan
1992:Tsimshianic
1981:Piro Pueblo
1901:Mitchigamea
1857:OmahaâPonca
1822:Assiniboine
1737:Lushootseed
1589:Palaihnihan
1422:Wenrohronon
1118:Yeniseian?)
981:Refaluwasch
868:Gros Ventre
201:in western
69:introducing
3155:Categories
2896:Urdu (0.5)
2864:Portuguese
2834:Vietnamese
2724:Protactile
2706:Francosign
2373:Chitimacha
2226:Lake Miwok
1727:Halkomelem
1223:Holikachuk
1098:Purisimeño
843:Potawatomi
562:Vernacular
266:References
215:Washington
52:references
2698:languages
2678:Spanglish
2661:languages
2587:Hutterite
2544:Louisiana
2528:languages
2445:Hand Talk
2437:languages
2392:Languages
2240:Palewyami
2191:Bay Miwok
2160:Yuk-Utian
2038:Kitanemuk
1872:Winnebago
1796:Tillamook
1624:Nez Perce
1578:Apalachee
1550:Chickasaw
1537:Muskogean
1434:Kalapuyan
1381:Tuscarora
1338:Iroquoian
1181:Tanacross
1156:Jicarilla
1131:Deg Xinag
1105:Ventureño
1077:Barbareño
1067:Chumashan
1046:Kathlamet
1038:Chinookan
991:Tokelauan
910:Nanticoke
823:Menominee
793:Blackfoot
759:languages
465:(page 56)
440:(page 56)
307:160813020
235:ethnolect
171:Glottolog
152:ISO 639-3
2945:Armenian
2918:Gujarati
2912:Japanese
2776:Isolates
2602:Alsatian
2554:Missouri
2486:Isolates
2328:Isolates
2288:Maricopa
2283:Kumeyaay
2114:Wakashan
2073:Timbisha
2068:Shoshoni
2033:Kawaiisu
2028:Ivilyuat
2018:Comanche
1789:Quinault
1762:Thompson
1752:Okanagan
1742:Nooksack
1709:Salishan
1629:Sahaptin
1605:Atsugewi
1597:Achumawi
1570:Muscogee
1565:Mikasuki
1458:Yoncalla
1408:Nottoway
1366:Onondaga
1351:Cherokee
1290:Eskaleut
1258:Tsetsaut
1141:Gwichâin
1136:Dena'ina
1091:Obispeño
976:Hawaiian
971:Chamorro
931:Powhatan
861:Etchemin
798:Cheyenne
767:Families
249:See also
178:amer1255
2936:Punjabi
2924:Bengali
2900:Persian
2891:Italian
2870:Haitian
2858:Russian
2828:Tagalog
2822:Chinese
2816:Spanish
2757:Kentish
2617:Spanish
2597:Bernese
2559:Muskrat
2380:Tonkawa
2350:Siuslaw
2345:Kutenai
2308:Yavapai
2298:Quechan
2268:Cocopah
2260:CochimĂ
2140:Nomlaki
2132:Wintuan
2063:Serrano
2058:O'odham
2043:Luiseño
1958:Picuris
1908:Moneton
1894:Chiwere
1887:Catawba
1837:Hidatsa
1775:Cowlitz
1732:Klallam
1673:Kashaya
1637:Klamath
1560:Koasati
1555:Choctaw
1545:Alabama
1518:Nisenan
1500:Maiduan
1469:Keresan
1386:Wyandot
1313:Alutiiq
1303:Inupiat
1279:Wailaki
1265:Tututni
1244:Mattole
1161:Koyukon
1084:Cruzeño
1019:Wichita
1009:Arikara
1001:Caddoan
938:Quiripi
924:Pamlico
889:Mahican
848:Shawnee
828:Mi'kmaq
788:Arapaho
783:Abenaki
644:Western
639:Eastern
535:English
526:italics
423:Sources
118:Extinct
65:improve
2963:Hebrew
2906:Telugu
2885:Polish
2879:German
2852:Korean
2846:French
2840:Arabic
2818:(41.3)
2739:BANZSL
2668:Gullah
2655:Creole
2630:Isleño
2574:German
2536:French
2409:Michif
2321:Others
2303:Tiipai
2293:Mojave
2258:Yumanâ
2145:Patwin
2103:Tongva
2096:Cupeño
1940:Tanoan
1929:Woccon
1880:Biloxi
1867:Stoney
1862:Quapaw
1852:Mandan
1847:Lakota
1832:Dakota
1814:Siouan
1757:Salish
1655:Pomoan
1644:Molala
1508:Konkow
1376:Seneca
1361:Oneida
1356:Mohawk
1346:Cayuga
1186:Tolowa
1176:Navajo
1116:DenĂ©(â
1051:TsinĂșk
1027:Kitsai
986:Samoan
838:Ojibwe
833:Munsee
461:
451:
436:
412:453934
410:
377:453934
375:
342:453934
340:
305:
295:
213:, and
211:Oregon
54:, but
3110:is a
3053:is a
2971:(0.2)
2969:Khmer
2965:(0.2)
2959:(0.2)
2957:Hmong
2953:(0.3)
2951:Greek
2947:(0.3)
2938:(0.3)
2932:(0.3)
2930:Tamil
2926:(0.4)
2920:(0.4)
2914:(0.5)
2908:(0.5)
2902:(0.5)
2893:(0.5)
2887:(0.5)
2881:(0.9)
2872:(0.9)
2866:(0.9)
2860:(1.0)
2854:(1.1)
2848:(1.2)
2842:(1.4)
2836:(1.5)
2830:(1.7)
2824:(3.4)
2659:mixed
2607:Texas
2549:MĂ©tis
2360:Yuchi
2355:Washo
2340:Karuk
2335:Haida
2150:Wintu
2122:Makah
2088:Yaqui
1953:Kiowa
1948:Jemez
1842:Kansa
1767:Twana
1526:Chico
1513:Maidu
1371:Osage
1308:Aleut
1298:Inuit
1237:Lipan
1209:Cahto
1126:Ahtna
1014:Caddo
952:Wiyot
945:Unami
853:Yurok
775:Algic
706:Older
408:JSTOR
373:JSTOR
338:JSTOR
303:S2CID
3112:stub
3055:stub
2998:stub
2657:and
2365:Zuni
2278:Ipai
2048:Mono
2023:Hopi
1973:Tewa
1968:Taos
1827:Crow
1394:Erie
1216:Eyak
1151:Hupa
875:Loup
803:Cree
459:ISBN
449:ISBN
434:ISBN
293:ISBN
158:None
1915:Ofo
1146:HĂ€n
808:Fox
476:doi
400:doi
365:doi
330:doi
285:doi
162:mis
3157::
406:.
396:30
394:.
371:.
361:30
359:.
336:.
326:30
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301:.
291:.
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230:.
217:.
209:,
3143:e
3136:t
3129:v
3118:.
3086:e
3079:t
3072:v
3061:.
3029:e
3022:t
3015:v
3004:.
508:e
501:t
494:v
478::
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34:.
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