62:. Seeds from the underground flowers have low genetic variability (due to their selfing), tend to be larger, and may germinate from within the tissues of the flower, so ensuring that the annual can remain at the site that was suitable to it in the preceding year. Seeds from aerial flowers usually have greater genetic variability, tend to be smaller, and may be spread further. This assists the colonization of new territory, but also helps the exchange of genetic material between populations.
23:
that occurs with 13 plant families, expressed mostly in species with an annual life cycle. It is characterized by production of two types of fruit, for different ecological roles. It is sometimes restricted to the situation where one fruit type is aerial and the other subterranean (hypogeous), and
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Worldwide, approximately 67 species exhibit amphicarpy, or 0.02% of the known species of flowering plants. Most of these 67 species occur in often disturbed or very stressful circumstances. 31 of the 67 species known to exhibit amphicarpy are in the family
312:
Swift, Joel F.; Smith, Stacy A.; Menges, Eric S.; Bassüner, Burgund; Edwards, Christine E. (2016-12-01). "Analysis of mating system and genetic structure in the endangered, amphicarpic plant, Lewton's polygala (Polygala lewtonii)".
72:. In Israel, a country that harbors many disturbed habitats, with eight out of a total flora of twenty five hundred species, a much higher percentage of 0.32% is amphicarpic. Species that use amphicarpy include
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28:, which latter means a plant that carries two distinct types of fruit or seeds. The word amphicarp is the contraction of the Greek words
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473:
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Speroni, G.; Izaguirre, P.; Bernardello, G.; Franco, J. (2014). "Reproductive versatility in legumes: the case of amphicarpy in
163:"Amphicarpic plants: definition, ecology, geographic distribution, systematics, life history, evolution and use in agriculture"
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Plants use this strategy to increase the chance that their genetic material is passed on. It can be referred to as
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Zhang, Keliang; Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C.; Cheplick, Gregory P.; Yang, Xuejun; Huang, Zhenying (2020).
505:
Koller, Dov; Roth, Nurit (1964). "Studies on the
Ecological and Physiological Significance of Amphicarpy in
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Ruiz de
Clavijo, E. (1995). "The Ecological Significance of Fruit Heteromorphism in the Amphicarpic Species
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104:. It grows in grasslands where its aerial flowers may not come into seed due to herbivores.
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flowers. The fruits that develop from the aerial flowers may often be the result of
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In a typical plant with amphicarpy, one fruit type is underground. These
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Cheplick, Gregory Paul (1987). "The ecology of amphicarpic plants".
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Greenwood, Paul J.; Harvey, Paul H.; Slatkin, Montgomery (1985).
257:
The Kew Plant
Glossary: an Illustrated Dictionary of Plant Terms
479:. In V.A. Funk; A. Susanna; T. Stuessy; R. Bayer (eds.).
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272:
The
Cambridge Illustrated Glossary of Botanical Terms
381:MAPA's Dictionary of Plants and Flowers in Israel
231:Evolution: Essays in Honour of John Maynard Smith
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58:in which an organism produces several different
356:Herwig Teppner (2003), "The Heterodiaspory of
96:is a perennial, that combines amphicarpy with
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485:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
259:, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Kew Publishing
472:Funk, Vicki A.; Fragman-Sapir, Ori (2009).
383:(in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: MAPA. p. 439.
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255:Beentje, H. & Williamson, J. (2010),
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178:
551:), 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation
406:Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences
439:International Journal of Plant Sciences
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474:"22. Gymnarrheneae (Gymnarrhenoideae)"
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24:similar to, but distinguished from,
270:Hickey, M. & King, C. (2001),
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123:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
544:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
1:
409:. CUP Archive. p. 345.
274:, Cambridge University Press
234:. CUP Archive. p. 149.
135:10.1016/0169-5347(87)90166-2
32:meaning "of both kinds" and
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511:American Journal of Botany
403:Weberling, Focko (1992).
327:10.1007/s10592-016-0860-3
358:Capsella bursa-pastoris
98:vegetative reproduction
575:Trifolium polymorphum
507:Gymnarrhena micrantha
315:Conservation Genetics
93:Trifolium polymorphum
81:Gymnarrhena micrantha
43:usually develop from
21:reproductive strategy
379:Shmida, Avi (2005).
547:Lewton's polygala (
629:Plant reproduction
487:. pp. 327–332
393:, s.v. heterocarpy
167:Biological Reviews
41:underground fruits
591:10.1111/plb.12113
549:Polygala lewtonii
360:(Brassicaceae)",
180:10.1111/brv.12623
87:Polygala lewtonii
49:cross-pollination
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36:meaning fruit.
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293:Dictionary.com
289:"Amphicarpous"
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600:11336/13539
56:bet hedging
26:heterocarpy
560:2016-12-25
491:2016-12-27
483:. Vienna:
298:2016-12-25
108:References
60:phenotypes
17:Amphicarpy
389:716569354
335:1566-0621
215:218975119
189:1469-185X
623:Category
609:24138122
343:41614461
207:32462729
143:21227828
100:through
69:Fabaceae
531:2440059
459:2475114
198:7540684
102:stolons
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362:Phyton
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555:(PDF)
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455:JSTOR
339:S2CID
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19:is a
605:PMID
411:ISBN
385:OCLC
331:ISSN
236:ISBN
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139:PMID
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30:ἀμφί
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