199:
part of the classical era Somali city-state under the regional name
Barbario. Meanwhile, Bulhar, known as the Port of Isis, existed long before the classical era, reaching its peak and largest trade activity during the classical era. The Somali city-state was preceded by the Kingdom of Macrobia, which had its center at Opone, located in the modern-day Hafun Peninsula. This is suggested by Agarwal, an Indian scholar who has been studying the Macrobian civilization and its history, placing it in Somalia. After the fall of the Macrobian Empire, the Somali city-state was formed. Various cities flourished during the Late Iron Age and early Classical era, with the greatest cities being Opone and Mosylon, which were heavily involved in trade with ancient Egypt, as noted by Herodotus.
195:
local commercial center of the Port of Isis is believed to correspond with the town of Bulhar, situated near Zeila. The port of
Mosylon is identified in modern-day Bosaso city in the northeast of Somalia. This is the region from which the Pharaohs launched their ships to obtain precious goods from the Bari region of punt-land state which is home to valued items such as incense, frankincense, myrrh, and rare animals and birds, used to trade with the Kush Kingdom of Nubia and ancient Egypt in antiquity.
40:
512:
292:, and used them to link themselves with the port cities of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. They also developed an understandable way of defining the islands of the Indian Ocean in their navigational reach. They would name archipelagos or groups of islands after the most important island there, from the Somali point of view. However, Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the
428:
323:
I am the first and only of the kings my predecessors to have subdued all these peoples by the grace given me by my mighty god Ares , who also engendered me. It is through him that I have submitted to my power all the peoples neighbouring my empire, in the east to the Land of
Aromatics, to the west to
278:
world. The Romans and Greeks believed the source of cinnamon to have been the Somali peninsula, but in reality, the highly valued product was brought to
Somalia by way of Indian ships. Through collusive agreement by Somali and Gulf Arab traders, Indian and Chinese cinnamon was also exported for far
502:
The Somali coast formed a section of the greater incense trade alongside
Southeast Asia, South Asia, and southern Arabia on the Red Sea. Incense was mainstream in the Mediterranean region, where the products would be consistently used in strict religious purposes and for other everyday uses, which
386:
According to the
Chinese The people of the land of Pi-pa-lo did not eat any grains but ate a lot of meat, the people would also pick a vein of one of their oxen, mix the blood with milk and eat it raw. They did not use any clothes, but wrapped sheep's skin around their waists which hanged down and
198:
Additionally, Pliny indicated that the Port of Isis was located near stone pillars on which unknown letters were engraved. Samuel Sharpe suggests that these old inscriptions were probably hieroglyphical. Ruins of tumuli and pyramid structures are today found in the vicinity of the city, which was
194:
The Somali city-states on the northern Somali coast have been active since the late bronze ge until
Islamic period with evidence of the ancient city-state of Mosylon. According to historical records, the Egyptian Pharaoh Sesostris led his forces to mosylon and passed the Port of Isis. The ancient
399:
described the
Political system of the city states as desentralised and lacking a strong centralised government with each port city administered by a chief called tyrannidas. The vast majority of the settlements were found inshore, each port city had its own unmistakable character some were
382:
In ancient times
Somalia was known to the Chinese as the "country of Pi-pa-lo", which had four port cities each trying to gain the supremacy over the other. It had twenty thousand troops between them, who wore cuirasses, a protective body armor.
287:
and Europe, which made the cinnamon trade a very profitable revenue generator, especially for the Somali merchants through whose hands large quantities were shipped across ancient sea and land routes. They also had an understanding of the
423:
was the principal ship for traders from the different city-states. It was a fast, durable, double masted ship. The Beden was used as the main trading vessel. The boat was used mainly because of its speed
930:
467:, were trading in items such as incenses, frankincense, myrrh and cassia. The cities would engage in a lucrative trade network connecting Somali merchants with
1262:
The
Culture of the East African Coast: In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in the Light of Recent Archaeological Discoveries, By Gervase Mathew pg 68
1133:
400:
unwelcoming to the Romans others welcoming and often depended on the conditions and perspectives of the locals. The port cities such as
1232:
914:
319:. It describes Ezana's easternmost conquest as the "land of Aromatics", also translated "Land of Incense" or "frankincense country":
1205:
270:
to Somalia and Arabia. This is said to have been the best kept secret of the Somali and Gulf Arab merchants in their trade with the
236:
to curb pillaging, Somali and Gulf Arab merchants by agreement barred Indian ships from trading in the free port cities of the
520:
396:
49:
225:
peninsula between the first and fifth century CE. The Greeks referred to Somalis as the Barbaria and their land as Barbars.
280:
1195:
1125:
The Roman Empire and the Indian Ocean: The Ancient World Economy & the Kingdoms of Africa, Arabia & India
1288:
1123:
255:
1283:
633:
1161:
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century
745:, it handled a considerable amount of the Indian Ocean trade through its large ships and extensive harbor.
723:
610:
99:
310:
301:
218:
1278:
772:
315:
184:
164:
924:
1228:
1224:
The Southeast Asia Connection: Trade and Polities in the Eurasian World Economy, 500 BC–AD 500
1201:
1129:
910:
476:
284:
245:
237:
148:
103:
324:
the land of Ethiopia and the Sasou ; some I fought myself, against others I sent my armies.
1094:
1016:
742:
293:
249:
156:
1148:
Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press, 2001), pp.13–14
768:
672:
176:
112:
17:
240:
to protect the interests of Somali and Arab merchants in the extremely lucrative ancient
1159:
1098:
776:
762:
637:
579:
427:
368:
210:
180:
120:
95:
1272:
597:
376:
676:– Ancient town in southern Somalia. It is considered a predecessor of the port city
1182:
859:
812:
780:
703:
614:
511:
496:
271:
136:
39:
754:
749:
653:
567:
544:
448:
352:
306:
248:
commerce, However Indian merchants continued to trade in the port cities of the
188:
160:
691:
836:
816:
796:
563:
516:
468:
436:
267:
263:
152:
132:
45:
1250:
An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Horn: The British-Somali Expedition
827:
820:
784:
758:
684:
641:
621:
601:– Ancient port town in northern Somalia. It likely corresponded with the
551:
540:
492:
488:
464:
460:
401:
259:
172:
124:
65:
1222:
843:
832:
737:
677:
665:
617:
606:
571:
562:– In ancient times, the port city of Botiala transported goods such as
558:
535:
529:
484:
444:
344:
332:
331:
was one of the ports that lay in a line along the north Somali coast.
328:
289:
241:
229:
222:
128:
116:
61:
795:– In ancient times, the port city of Opone traded with merchants from
866:
808:
804:
730:
715:
657:
648:
629:
590:
480:
360:
309:
recording his various victories in war, copied in the 6th century by
305:
a 4th-century monumental inscription by a King of Axum perhaps named
275:
214:
503:
has made incense a noteworthy commodity in the Indian Ocean trade.
855:
850:
800:
791:
711:
707:
698:
661:
625:
575:
510:
472:
456:
452:
432:
426:
420:
409:
336:
144:
140:
719:
583:
233:
1086:
Neville Chittick (1979), "Early Ports in the Horn of Africa",
1037:
Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide
895:
The Aromatherapy Book by Jeanne Rose and John Hulburd pg 94
379:, a site protected on the south but exposed on the north.
1183:
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Schoff's 1912 translation
147:, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the
1197:
The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony
1054:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
815:, and connected with traders from as far afield as
499:. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime
90:
82:
71:
57:
1112:Eastern African History By Robert O. Collins Pg 53
1048:Y. Shitomi (1997), "A New Interpretation of the
1021:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
984:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
971:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
958:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
945:The Commerce Between the Roman Empire and India
656:possibly located between the southern ports of
741:– The most important ancient port city of the
702:– Ancient port city known for its commerce in
1088:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
854:– Ancient port where sailors on their way to
8:
539:, it was an important place for the ancient
32:
1023:(Edinburgh University Press, 1991), p. 187.
823:, exchanging spices, silks and other goods.
929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
296:, which was free from Roman interference.
252:, which was free from Roman interference.
38:
1031:
1029:
1012:
1010:
858:could take refuge from the storms of the
613:and structures, including ancient coins,
879:
753:– Ancient port engaged in the fragrant
1004:Peter Thonemann, "Gates of Horn", p. 9
922:
258:merchants brought large quantities of
230:Roman conquest of the Nabataean Empire
31:
1108:
1106:
779:. It was situated in the vicinity of
119:people were an important link in the
7:
835:. It is the possible predecessor of
1099:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1979.tb01131.x
408:, Whereas other port cities like
25:
1194:Kete, Molefi (18 December 2018).
515:The most prominent cities of the
213:travelers including the likes of
44:The most prominent cities of the
1122:McLaughlin, Raoul (2014-09-11).
995:Eric Herbert Warmington, p. 187.
533:– Known in ancient times as the
395:An ancient document called the
232:and the Roman naval presence at
1164:. London, Bombay & Calcutta
1158:Schoff, Wilfred Harvey (1912).
375:). It is to be identified with
86:Probably macrobian civilization
907:Making Sense of Somali History
905:Abdullahi, Abdurahman (2017).
521:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
412:the natives were described as
50:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
29:Ancient city-states of Somalia
1:
1039:(I. B. Tauris, 2003), p. 235.
75:
1221:Chew, Sing C (2010-05-06).
135:were the main suppliers of
1305:
1248:Chittick, Neville (1975).
33:Ancient Somali City-States
18:Ancient Somali City-States
982:Eric Herbert Warmington,
969:Eric Herbert Warmington,
956:Eric Herbert Warmington,
943:Eric Herbert Warmington,
609:". Holds many historical
335:was the sixth port after
37:
1077:Huntingford 1980, p. 83.
123:connecting the region's
831:– Ancient port city in
115:, the ancestors of the
1068:McCrindle 2010, p. 63.
909:. London. p. 47.
524:
440:
326:
100:Sultanate of Mogadishu
1050:Monumentum Adulitanum
514:
430:
321:
311:Cosmas Indicopleustes
302:Monumentum Adulitanum
219:Cosmas Indicopleustes
131:. Somali sailors and
127:with the rest of the
391:Trade and Governance
316:Christian Topography
1252:. pp. 117–133.
507:List of City States
221:made visits to the
169:ancient city-states
34:
1227:. Berghahn Books.
1035:Stuart Munro-Hay,
771:– ancient coastal
642:platform monuments
525:
441:
419:A ship called the
404:were described as
171:competed with the
58:Geographical range
1135:978-1-4738-4095-9
1128:. Pen and Sword.
279:higher prices to
246:Mediterranean Sea
238:Arabian peninsula
149:Ancient Egyptians
109:
108:
104:Sultanate of Ifat
16:(Redirected from
1296:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1191:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1101:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1017:Stuart Munro-Hay
1014:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
980:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
934:
928:
920:
902:
896:
893:
887:
886:Phoenicia pg 199
884:
783:in the southern
743:Somali Peninsula
710:in exchange for
607:Market of Spices
294:Somali peninsula
250:Somali peninsula
183:for the wealthy
77:
42:
35:
21:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1289:Ancient Somalia
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1027:
1015:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
981:
977:
968:
964:
955:
951:
942:
938:
921:
917:
904:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
761:trade with the
638:standing stones
509:
485:Parthian Persia
393:
208:
202:
94:harla kingdom,
53:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:Ancient cities
1281:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1240:
1234:978-1785337888
1233:
1213:
1206:
1186:
1175:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1102:
1093:(4), 273–277.
1079:
1070:
1061:
1041:
1025:
1006:
997:
988:
975:
973:, pp. 185–186.
962:
949:
936:
916:978-1909112797
915:
897:
888:
878:
877:
875:
872:
871:
870:
863:
847:
840:
824:
788:
777:Horn of Africa
766:
763:Hellenic world
746:
734:
727:
695:
688:
681:
669:
645:
594:
587:
564:aromatic woods
555:
548:
536:Cape of Spices
508:
505:
477:Ptolemic Egypt
392:
389:
387:covered them.
256:Ancient Indian
207:
204:
121:Horn of Africa
107:
106:
96:Adal Sultanate
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
69:
68:
59:
55:
54:
43:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1301:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1207:9781351685153
1203:
1200:. Routledge.
1199:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
992:
989:
985:
979:
976:
972:
966:
963:
959:
953:
950:
946:
940:
937:
932:
926:
918:
912:
908:
901:
898:
892:
889:
883:
880:
873:
869:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
838:
834:
830:
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
751:
747:
744:
740:
739:
735:
733:
732:
728:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
696:
694:
693:
689:
687:
686:
682:
679:
675:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:
556:
554:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
527:
526:
522:
518:
513:
506:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:The ports of
438:
434:
429:
425:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
390:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
320:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
303:
297:
295:
291:
286:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Ancient Greek
205:
203:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:classical era
163:. During the
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:ancient world
126:
122:
118:
114:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
51:
47:
41:
36:
27:
19:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1189:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1160:
1153:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1036:
1020:
1000:
991:
983:
978:
970:
965:
957:
952:
944:
939:
906:
900:
891:
882:
865:
860:Indian Ocean
849:
842:
826:
813:Roman Empire
790:
781:Port Dunford
748:
736:
729:
704:frankincense
697:
690:
683:
671:
647:
602:
596:
589:
557:
550:
534:
528:
501:
497:Roman Empire
442:
418:
413:
405:
394:
385:
381:
372:
369:Bandar Alula
364:
361:Bandar Kasim
356:
348:
340:
327:
322:
314:
300:
298:
281:North Africa
254:
227:
209:
201:
197:
193:
168:
137:frankincense
110:
26:
1279:City-states
664:, based on
624:buildings,
545:spice trade
543:and Indian
406:very unruly
307:Sembrouthes
189:Greco-Roman
161:Babylonians
153:Phoenicians
91:Followed by
83:Preceded by
1273:Categories
874:References
726:and India.
692:Macajilayn
652:– Ancient
634:enclosures
433:Beden ship
228:After the
167:, several
157:Mycenaeans
1059:, 81–102.
986:, p. 229.
960:, p. 187.
925:cite book
837:Mogadishu
817:Indonesia
797:Phoenicia
632:, walled
611:artifacts
586:merchants
519:from the
517:Old World
469:Phoenicia
437:Fra Mauro
285:Near East
268:Indonesia
264:Sri Lanka
177:Parthians
133:merchants
113:antiquity
48:from the
46:Old World
947:, p. 54.
828:Sarapion
821:Malaysia
811:and the
785:Jubaland
773:emporium
759:cinnamon
685:Hannassa
668:'s work.
654:emporium
622:drystone
603:Periplus
552:Avalites
541:cinnamon
495:and the
493:Nabataea
465:Sarapion
461:Avalites
414:peaceful
402:Avalites
397:Periplus
365:Mosullon
341:Aualites
290:monsoons
260:cinnamon
181:Axumites
173:Sabaeans
125:commerce
66:Djibouti
844:Salweyn
833:Somalia
775:in the
738:Mosylon
724:Arsinoe
678:Kismayo
666:Ptolemy
630:mosques
618:pottery
580:Persian
572:incense
559:Botiala
530:Aromata
445:Mosylon
439:'s map.
431:Somali
373:Akannai
357:Moundou
345:Berbera
333:Aromata
329:Aromata
313:in his
242:Red Sea
206:History
191:trade.
78:1–800AD
62:Somalia
1231:
1204:
1168:7 June
1132:
913:
867:Toniki
809:Persia
805:Greece
750:Mundus
731:Miandi
716:copper
712:cloaks
673:Gondal
658:Barawa
649:Essina
626:cairns
591:Bulhar
576:Indian
481:Greece
449:Mundus
367:) and
283:, the
223:Somali
215:Strabo
145:spices
117:Somali
856:India
851:Tabae
801:Egypt
792:Opone
769:Nikon
722:from
708:myrrh
699:Malao
662:Merca
615:Roman
473:Tabae
457:Malao
453:Opone
435:from
421:Beden
410:Malao
349:Malao
337:Zeyla
276:Greek
272:Roman
262:from
141:myrrh
72:Dates
1229:ISBN
1202:ISBN
1170:2016
1130:ISBN
931:link
911:ISBN
819:and
757:and
720:gold
718:and
706:and
660:and
640:and
598:Damo
584:Arab
582:and
570:and
489:Saba
463:And
377:Damo
353:Heis
299:The
274:and
266:and
234:Aden
217:and
185:Indo
179:and
159:and
143:and
1095:doi
1052:",
755:gum
574:to
568:gum
359:),
351:),
343:),
111:In
1275::
1105:^
1057:55
1028:^
1019:,
1009:^
927:}}
923:{{
807:,
803:,
799:,
714:,
636:,
628:,
620:,
578:,
566:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
471:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
416:.
175:,
155:,
151:,
139:,
102:,
98:,
76:c.
64:,
1237:.
1210:.
1172:.
1138:.
1097::
1091:8
933:)
919:.
862:.
839:.
787:.
765:.
680:.
644:.
605:"
547:.
523:.
371:(
363:(
355:(
347:(
339:(
244:–
187:-
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
