Revolutionary Catalonia

1734:. In turn, the POUM newspaper La Batalla accused the PSUC of being counterrevolutionary. In December 1936 the CNT and PSUC agreed to remove the POUM from the Catalan government. This was possibly influenced by Soviet consul Vladimir A. Antonov-Ovseenko who threatened to withdraw arm shipments. The PSUC now sought to weaken the CNT committees through an alliance with the urban middle classes and the rural tenant farmers in the Unió de Rabassaires. They passed a decree banning the committees, but could not effectively enforce it. This was because police power in Barcelona was divided between the CNT controlled patrols under the Junta de seguridad and the Assault and National Republican guards, under police commissioner Rodríguez Salas, a PSUC member. The PSUC and ERC then passed a set of decrees to dissolve the patrols and create a single unified security corps. CNT representatives in the Generalitat did not object, but there was widespread discontent among Anarchists and the POUM. Further decrees by the Generalitat which called up conscripts, dissolved military committees and provided for the integration of the militias into a regular army caused a crisis in which CNT ministers walked out of the government in protest. The POUM also opposed the decrees. Tensions were only exacerbated following the well publicized murders of PSUC secretary Roldán Cortada and Anarchist committee president Antonio Martín. Armed raids and attempts by the Republican guards to disarm the Anarchists and the seizure of towns along the French border from revolutionary committees led the CNT to mobilize and arm its workers. 1439:. The organization, with 30,000 members at its disposal, set up schools to educate women and worked to persuade prostitutes to give up their way of life. The anarcha-feminists argued that overthrow of patriarchal society was just as necessary for personal freedom, as the creation of a classless society. To demonstrate this new sexual equality, some women even fought at the front (no more than one thousand) and several more joined women's battalions in the rear. However, Michael Seidman argues that sexism was still present – in some collectives women were still paid less than men and could be denied voting rights, while single women could be expelled from a collective (as they lacked a more productive husband for farm labor). Some sexist male leaders deemed women to simply be lacking in commitment to revolutionary principles. However, Seidman also argues that women could still benefit from the collectives; young women enjoyed the relative freedom from religious domination, particularly when it came to sexuality and education, that collectivisation brought to certain villages. 1551:

divisive issues due to the reduced productivity of these members. Family size became a problem, as families were paid a wage according to the number of children they had and large families would take advantage of the collective's services, which proved to be a financial burden that smaller families resented having to support. Some social groups were also disliked and distrusted by the collectives – Roma were seen as a burden and lacking in revolutionary participation. Refugees to a collective were also a problem, as existing members sometimes regarded themselves as more in tune with the collectivist spirit and felt that the refugees were a burden, at times reacting with hostility to independent efforts by newer members, while the refugees thought they were victims of discrimination. Tensions could also erupt between workers and those in charge of managing output, as well as disputes over how much work members were required to put towards the collective.

1770:, under constant pressure from the PSUC to take control of public order in Catalonia, appointed Colonel Antonio Escobar of the Republican Guard as delegate of public order, but on his arrival in Barcelona, Escobar was shot and seriously wounded. After constant appeals by the CNT, POUM and UGT for a ceasefire, the fighting abated on the morning of 6 May. In the evening, news reached Barcelona that 1,500 assault guards were approaching the city. The CNT agreed on a truce after negotiations with the minister of interior back in Valencia. They agreed that the assault guards would not be attacked as long as they refrained from violence and that the CNT would order its members to abandon the barricades and go back to work. On 7 May, the assault guards entered Barcelona unopposed, and soon there were twelve thousand government troops in the city. 1543:

expressed frustration that peasants were more interested in what they could gain from the collective than commitment to revolutionary ideals. On a larger scale, Seidman argues that while collectives may have encouraged solidarity internally, on a local scale they contributed towards organised selfishness. Collectives encouraged autarky and self-sufficiency, refusing to share with other collectives. CNT officials lamented the "egotism" of the collectives, finding that the collectives were resistant to control (driven by fears that CNT officials would exploit them, which Seidman argues was not always an unreasonable fear). Due to wartime inflation and economic problems, the Republican government struggled to incentivise the collectives to follow their policies.

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revolutionary Boletín de Información declared that: "The thousands of proletarian combatants at the battle fronts are not fighting for the 'democratic Republic.' They are proletarian revolutionaries, who have taken up arms in order to make the Revolution. To postpone the triumph of the latter until after we win the war would weaken considerably the fighting spirit of the working class.... The Revolution and the war are inseparable. Everything that is said to the contrary is reformist counterrevolution." In spite of this, CNT ministers in the government also acquiesced to decrees which dissolved revolutionary committees, largely because they believed this would lead to closer ties with Britain and France.

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collective. Many retailers joined the collectives but others refused, wanting higher wages than the workers. Throughout the region, the CNT committees replaced the middle class distributors and traders in many businesses including retailers and wholesalers, hotel, café, and bar owners, opticians and doctors, barbers and bakers. Though the CNT tried to persuade the members of the middle class and small bourgeoisie to join the revolution, they were generally unwelcoming to the revolutionary changes wanting more than just expropriation of their businesses under force or threat of force and a worker's wage.

1831:

Franco-Spanish border posts. Another major blow to the CNT was the dissolution of countless revolutionary committees throughout Catalonia by the army and assault guards. When a new cabinet was formed by President Companys, the CNT decided not to participate. In the months that followed, the Communists carried out a campaign of arrests, tortures and assassinations against the CNT. The imprisonment of many Anarchists caused a wave of dissent in working class quarters. Meanwhile, the Communists working with Soviet agents seized most of the POUM leadership along with many of its members. The POUM secretary

1472:

armed CNT militiamen also had the effect of imposing fear on those who opposed collectivization. Those smallholders who refused collectivization were prevented from hiring any laborers and usually were forced to sell their crops directly to the committees, on their terms. They were also often denied the services of the collectivized businesses such as the barbershops and bakeries, use of communal transport, farm equipment and food supplies from communal warehouses. All of these economic pressures combined caused many tenant farmers and smallholders to give up their land and join the collectives.

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small proprietor to hire laborers and to control the sale of his crops without interference from the local committees. This moderate Communist appeal to the middle classes was in line with the Comintern strategy for a popular front alliance with the liberal and republican center parties. However, in some cases efforts by Communists to undermine collectives may actually have been a case of Communist soldiers simply looting the collectives for supplies, as wartime disrupted logistics and soldiers resented what they regarded as extortionate peasant prices.

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kind entailed. Owing to inadequate training and the sabotage of some of the technicians who remained many others had fled with the owners the workers' committees and other bodies that were improvised had to rely on the guidance of the unions.... Lacking training in economic matters, the union leaders, with more good will than success, began to issue directives that spread confusion in the factory committees and enormous chaos in production. This was aggravated by the fact that each union... gave different and often contradictory instruction.

426: 1858: 366: 327: 2307: 2294: 2268: 2158: 2119: 1203: 1582:. The appointed professional officers were not always respected. They also lacked heavy weapons. Militiamen would often leave the front whenever they wished. Republican officer Major Aberri said of the militiamen he encountered at the Aragon front: "It was the most natural thing in the world for them to leave the front when it was quiet. They knew nothing of discipline, and it was clear that nobody had bothered to instruct them on the subject. After a forty-hour week at the front they got bored and left it". 2171: 1738: 1570: 432: 1448:

of the large landholdings had fallen to the nationalists. However, historian Michael Seidman argues that while collectivisation was prominent, it was still a minority practice. Seidman argues that most peasants opted for individual farming and collectives tended to exist within a sea of small- and medium-property holders and that even within the region of Aragon, which was considered more revolutionary than Catalonia and a CNT stronghold, only about 40% of land was collectivised.

1452:

amenities were stored in a communal depot under committee control. In many localities, the local committee issued its own inconvertible paper money; wages were paid with this money, the size of which was determined by the size of the family. Locally produced goods were free if abundant, or bought at the communal storage. State issued convertible money was only used in trade with regions that had not adopted this system, and trade with other anarchist regions was done by

2106: 1670:(AIT) reported in May 1937: "There is now in the central zone a CNT army of thirty-three thousand men perfectly armed, well-organized, and with membership cards of the CNT from the first to the last man, under the control of officers also belonging to the CNT." Militarization was still resisted by the most radical Anarchists within the CNT-FAI who were extremely passionate about their libertarian ideals. More than any other unit, the famous and notorious 1539:

effectively boycott non-members, compelling them to join unless they wished to face a great deal of struggle otherwise. Property holders resented the seizure of their land and the prohibition on employing wage labor. However, Seidman notes while there was coercion, many rural Spaniards also joined willingly out of a belief that they would enjoy the good-life that was promised by various forms of socialism and communism.

1263: 341: 74: 6212: 2332: 67: 1635: 2344: 2368: 1402:, backed by the CNT approved a decree on "Collectivization and Workers' Control" on 24 October 1936. Under this decree all firms with more than 100 workers were to be collectivized and those with 100 or less could be collectivized if a majority of workers agreed. All collectivized enterprises were to join general industrial councils, which would be represented in a 2281: 2190: 2356: 2145: 1854:

collectives and of worker's control, while at the same time recognizing the authority of the state on matters such as nationalization of industry and the armed forces. In reality, the collectives were never granted legal status, while the agreement served the further divide the anarchist movement between the anti-statist and collaborationist camps.

1880:, "hundreds and thousands of citizens" were prosecuted by SIM tribunals and tortured in the SIM's secret prisons. Repression by the SIM as well as decrees which eroded Catalan autonomy by nationalizing the Catalan war industry, ports and courts caused widespread discontent in Catalonia amongst all social classes. Relations worsened between the 1358: 1578:

officers joined these columns, they were under the control of whichever organization had formed them. The militias suffered from a wide variety of problems. They were inexperienced and lacked discipline and unity of action. Rivalry between the various organizations exacerbated the lack of any centralized command and

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and the Communist party's nationalization of industry, the CNT was filled with defeatism and internal division. Pi Sunyer, mayor of Barcelona and a leader of the ERC, told President Azaña that "the Catalans no longer knew why they were fighting, because of Negrín's anti-Catalan policy." Catalonia was

1621:

Because of the need to create a centralized military, the Communist party was in favor of establishing a regular army and integrating the militias into this new force. They were the first party to dissolve their militia forces, including the fifth regiment, one of the most effective units in the war,

1554:

According to historian Stanley Payne, the social effects of the revolution were less drastic than the economic ones; while there were some social changes in larger urban areas (Barcelona emphasised a "proletarian style" and Catalonia set up inexpensive abortion facilities), the attitudes of the lower

1542:

Seidman also observes that peasants were not always as revolutionary or ideological as the anarchists would like; families might join a collective not because they agreed with its principles but rather to receive better rations. More individualistic sharecroppers would abandon collectives. Anarchists

1538:

Michael Seidman observes that in contrast to the Soviet experience, many collectives were voluntary and bottom-up. However, there was also an element of coercion – the terror and upheaval encouraged reluctant individuals to obey radical authorities. In addition, it was not uncommon for collectives to

1447:

Just as in the cities, peasant revolutionaries seized land in the countryside and organized collective farms. According to professor Edward E. Malefakis, between half and two-thirds of all cultivated land in Republican Spain was seized. The targets were mainly small and medium landholders, since most

2042:

came under attack throughout the region. Church buildings were burned or taken over by the CNT or by supporters of the Republican government and turned into warehouses or put to other secular uses. Thousands of members of the Catholic clergy were tortured and killed and many more fled the country or

1853:

In spite of the continued attacks by the PCE, the CNT eventually agreed to sign a pact of cooperation with the now Communist dominated UGT (the PCE had infiltrated the UGT and ousted Largo Caballero from his position in its executive). The pact was supposed to guarantee the legality of the remaining

1765:

and the Generalitat under Companys agreed on a ceasefire and a new provisional government, but despite this, the fighting continued. Dissenting anarchists such as the "Friends of Durruti" and radical members of the POUM along with Bolshevik Leninists spread propaganda to continue to the fighting. On

1662:. However, the CNT were eventually forced to yield to militarization, since the government refused to supply and arm its militias unless they joined the regular army. The experiences of CNT leaders in the front with the badly organized militias and the examples of better structured units such as the 1529:

Libertarian communism and agrarian collectivization were not economic terms or social principles enforced upon a hostile population by special teams of urban anarchosyndicalists, but a pattern of existence and a means of rural organization adopted from agricultural experience by rural anarchists and

1524:

Historian Graham Kelsey also maintains that the anarchist collectives were primarily maintained through libertarian principles of voluntary association and organization, and that the decision to join and participate was generally based on a rational and balanced choice made after the destabilization

1502:

A number of scholars and writers on the subject of the Spanish Civil War counter that the presence of a "coercive climate" was an unavoidable aspect of the war that the anarchists cannot be fairly blamed for, and that the presence of deliberate coercion or direct force was minimal, as evidenced by a

1497:

In their natural wisdom, our Albalate de Cinca comrades reasoned that it was their duty to demonstrate the superior quality of work in common. They told me "once we can prove to our brothers that collective labor saves time and energy, and brings greater results to each member of the collective, the

1427:

Anarchic communes often produced more than before the collectivization. The newly liberated zones worked on entirely libertarian principles; decisions were made through councils of ordinary citizens without any sort of bureaucracy. The CNT-FAI leadership was at this time not nearly as radical as the

1406:

agency, the Economic Council of Catalonia. Representatives of the Generalitat would be appointed by the CNT to these regional councils. The goal of this new form of organization would be to allow economic planning for civilian and military needs and stop the selfishness of more prosperous industries

2015:

We do not wish to deny that the nineteenth of July brought with it an overflowing of passions and abuses, a natural phenomenon of the transfer of power from the hands of privileged to the hands of the people. It is possible that our victory resulted in the death by violence of four or five thousand

1697:

During the Civil War, the Spanish Communist Party gained considerable influence due to the Republican force's reliance on weapons, supplies and military advisers from the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the Communist party (now working as the dominant force within the PSUC) constantly proclaimed that it

1419:

After the initial disruption, the unions soon began an overall reorganization of all trades, closing down hundreds of smaller plants and focusing on those few better equipped ones, improving working conditions. In the region of Catalonia, more than seventy foundries were closed down, and production

1322:

and Juan López filled seats in Caballero's cabinet. They took control of the national ministry of justice, industry, health and commerce, respectively. The CNT saw this "maximum concession compatible with its antiauthoritarian spirit" as crucial to winning the war. There was widespread friction and

1910:

was in attendance and she defended the FAI in "opposition to the growing encroachment of the Negrín government on the libertarian achievements". According to José Peirats, Horacio Prieto argued for an "undisguised reformism bordering on Marxism," and that "truly effective action" was only possible

1585:

In the initial months the ministry of war had little authority over transport and was forced to rely on the National Committee of Road Transport controlled by the CNT and UGT. The committees, unions and parties widely disregarded demands from the ministry of war and retained equipment and vehicles

1471:

and led to exploitation. While the official policy of the CNT was that of peaceful voluntary collectivization and many small farmers and peasant proprietors voluntarily joined the collectives, a larger proportion of them opposed collectivization or joined only after extreme duress. The presence of

1839:

By the end of May 1937, the Communists were conducting a campaign to destroy the rural collectives. The PCE used the Popular army and the National Guard to dissolve CNT committees and aid tenant farmers and sharecroppers recover land lost in the revolution. On 11 August, the Eleventh popular army

1550:

The collectives also suffered internal difficulties, particularly as the war dragged on. Unproductive members were an increasing concern and collectives implemented rules about who could join the collective in response. The status of the elderly, orphans, the disabled and widows were particularly

1451:

Collectivization in the countryside generally began with the establishment of CNT-FAI committees. These committees collectivized the soil of the rich and in some cases the soil of the poor as well. Farm buildings, machinery, transport and livestock were also collectivized. Food reserves and other

1393:

After the first few days of euphoria, the workers returned to work and found themselves without responsible management. This resulted in the creation of workers' committees in factories, workshops and warehouses, which tried to resume production with all the problems that a transformation of this

1546:

The disillusioned middle classes soon found allies in the Communist party which was quite moderate in comparison to the CNT, was generally against the mass collectivization of the revolution and called for the property of smallholders and tradesmen to be respected. They defended the right of the

1385:

Trade union control also spread to small businesses of the middle class handicraft men and tradesmen. In Barcelona, the CNT collectivized the sale of fish and eggs, slaughterhouses, milk processing and the fruit and vegetable markets, suppressing all dealers and sellers that were not part of the

1519:

was merely liberating the peasants. There had undoubtedly been pressure, and no doubt force was used on some occasions in the fervor after the rising. But the very fact that every village was a mixture of collectivists and individualists shows that the peasants had not been forced into communal

1577:

After the military rebellion, the Republic was left with a decimated officer corps and a severely weakened army in the regions it still controlled. Since the army was unable to resist the rebellion, the fighting mainly fell to the militia units organized by the various labor unions. While army

1373:

was implemented. These included railways, streetcars, buses, taxicabs, shipping, electric light and power companies, gasworks and waterworks, engineering and automobile assembly plants, mines, mills, factories, food-processing plants, theaters, newspapers, bars, hotels, restaurants, department

1905:

and FAI delegate Pedro Herrera were harshly critical of this policy. Toryho was removed from his position by the CNT national committee on 7 May 1938. Two months before the fall of Catalonia, a national plenum of the libertarian socialists was held in Barcelona between 16 and 30 October 1938.

1896:

minister. There was now widespread hostility amongst Republicans, Catalans, Basques and Socialists towards the Negrin government. As the Communists were forced to rely more and more on their dominance of the military and police, morale declined at the front as countless dissenting anarchists,

1844:

by force. With the aid of the army and the assault guards, the tenant farmers and small owners who had lost their land in the beginning of the revolution now divided up the land confiscated from the collectives. Even those collectives that had been created voluntarily were raided. This caused

1830:

In Catalonia, now controlled by troops under the Command of Communist General Sebastián Pozas and newly appointed Barcelona chief of Police Ricardo Burillo, the CNT independent police patrols were dissolved and disarmed. Furthermore, the CNT were completely removed from their positions at the

1702:

and the camouflaging of the true nature of the Spanish revolution by the Communist party was mainly due to the fear that the establishment of a revolutionary socialist state would antagonize Western democracies. The PSUC had also become the major defender of the Catalan middle classes against

1534:

There is also focus placed by pro-anarchist analysts on the many decades of organization and shorter period of CNT-FAI agitation that was to serve as a foundation for high membership levels throughout anarchist Spain, which is often referred to as a basis for the popularity of the anarchist

1706:

The party's attacks on the revolution, particularly the replacement of revolutionary committees with regular organs of state power brought it into conflict with the CNT-FAI, a major supporter of the revolutionary committees and the most powerful working class organization in Catalonia. The

1411:

industry, as well as by unions which did not want to give up their profits to other businesses. Another problem faced by the CNT was that while many collectivized firms were bankrupt, they refused to use the banks because the financial institutions were under the control of the socialist

1626:

and under the command of experienced army officers. The Communist party eventually came to dominate the leadership of the new army through their commissars, who used any means at their disposal, including violence and death threats, to increase party membership. Soviet army advisers and

1586:

for themselves and their own militia forces. In the CNT militias especially, there was no hierarchy, no saluting, no titles, uniforms or distinction in pay and quartering. They were organized into centuries with democratically elected leaders that had no permanent authority.

1678:

and freed convicts, the Iron Column was critical of the CNT-FAI for joining the national government and defended the militia system in their periodical Linea de Fuego. The CNT refused to supply them with arms and in March 1937 they were incorporated into the regular army.

1374:

stores, and thousands of dwellings previously owned by the upper classes. While the CNT was the leading organization in Catalonia, it often shared power with the UGT. For example, control of the Spanish National telephone company, was put under a joint CNT-UGT committee.

1290:

In spite of the fact that anarchist philosophy was against centralized government of any form and that the CNT-FAI had always shunned parliamentary politics while attacking the Socialists for collaborating with the state, by September 1936 they had decided to join the

1900:

Meanwhile, there was now a growing schism within the CNT and the FAI. Leading figures such as Horacio Prieto and minister of education Segundo Blanco argued for collaboration with the national government. Dissenting anarchists such as Jacinto Toryho, the director of

1835:

was also arrested, sent to a secret prison in Alcalá de Henares and eventually murdered. Nin's disappearance, and the repression of the POUM, caused an international outcry from various left wing organizations and further deepened the divisions within the Republic.

1420:

concentrated around twenty four larger foundries. The CNT argued that the smaller plants were less efficient and secure. In Barcelona, 905 smaller beauty shops and barbershops were closed down, their equipment and workers being focused on 212 larger shops.

1946:. Afterwards there followed five days of looting and extrajudicial killings by the Nationalist troops. Between 400,000 and 500,000 refugees including the defeated Army of Catalonia crossed the border into France. With the Nationalists now in control, 1869:. They succeeded in smashing the Republican defenses so thoroughly that their forces had reached the Mediterranean coast by 15 April, splitting the Republican territory in two. Catalonia was now cut off from the rest of the Republican territory. 1756:. The Civil guards took the ground floor of the telephone building, but were prevented from taking the upper levels. Soon, trucks carrying armed anarchists arrived. CNT councilors demanded the removal of police commissioner Rodríguez Salas, but 1617:

where it is stated that Durruti was killed when a comrade's machine pistol went off due to careless handling. Beevor assessed that anarchists at the time claimed Durruti was killed by a Nationalist sniper "for reasons of morale and propaganda".

105: 1416:. As a result of this, many were forced to seek government aid, appealing to Juan Peiró, the CNT minister of industry. Socialists and Communists in the government however, prevented Peiró from making any move which promoted collectivization. 1481:

reported that: "Certain abuses have been committed that we consider counterproductive. We know that certain irresponsible elements have frightened the small peasants and that up to now a certain apathy has been noted in their daily labors."

1682:

After the fall of the government of Francisco Largo Caballero and the rise of the Communist party to dominance in the armed forces, the integration of the militias was accelerated and most units were coerced into joining the regular army.

1997:

Everybody created his own justice and administered it himself...Some used to call this 'taking a person for a ride' but I maintain that it was justice administered directly by the people in the complete absence of the regular judicial

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was sharply critical of the anarchists in Catalonia. In a book which was also very critical of the Soviet Union-backed Communists, he described the terror which they had inflicted on Barcelona residents and their environment.

1845:

widespread discontent amongst the peasants, the situation became so dire that the Communist party agrarian commission admitted that "agricultural work was paralyzed" and was forced to restore some of the collectives.

1794:

claimed that Trotskyists and Fascists were behind the uprising. The Spanish Communist party newspapers also viciously attacked the POUM, denouncing members as traitors and fascists. The Communists, supported by the

1230:, seizing many arms and strategic buildings such as the telephone exchange and post offices. Through the various factory and transport committees, they dominated the economy of Catalonia. In spite of their militant 1423:

There were early issues with production in certain instances, however, Emma Goldman attested that industrial productivity doubled almost everywhere across the country, with agricultural yields increased "30–50%".

1335:

later explained: "At that time we only saw the reality of the situation created for us: the communists in the government and ourselves outside, the manifold possibilities, and all our achievements endangered."

1760:

refused. The POUM stood by the CNT and advised them to take control of the city, but the CNT appealed to the workers to cease fighting. With the situation deteriorating, a meeting of CNT delegates from

1214:, anarchist and socialist militias, along with Republican forces including the Assault and Civil Guards, defeated the forces controlled by Nationalist army officers in Catalonia and parts of eastern 1597:. Durruti's death on 20 November 1936, weakened the Column in spirit and tactical ability; they were eventually incorporated, by decree, into the regular army. Over a quarter of the population of 1872:

By 1938, the Communist party was also in control of the newly created Military Investigation Service. The SIM was virtually dominated by Communist party members, allies and Soviet agents such as

104: 3827: 2259: 1925:

Between July and November 1938 the Republican forces launched their largest offensive yet which was designed to reconnect their divided territory with Catalonia. Lacking in air support,

1811:

resisted this move, and the Communists, along with their allies in the PSOE, then left the government in protest. The following crisis led to the removal of Largo Caballero by President

1937:

and the Republican air force. On 23 December, Nationalist forces launched their assault on Catalonia. By now, most Catalans were demoralized and tired of the fighting. Alienated by the

1503:

generally peaceful mixture of collectivists and individualist dissenters who had opted not to participate in collective organization. The latter sentiment is expressed by historian

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While some joined voluntarily, others, especially in the beginning of the revolution, were forced to join the collectives by anarchist militias. The anarcho-syndicalist periodical

1343:

said, "With Franco at the gate of Madrid, I could hardly blame the CNT-FAI for choosing a lesser evil: participation in government rather than dictatorship, the most deadly evil."

1646:, POUM and other socialist militias initially resisted the integration. The CNT saw the militias as representing the will of the people while a centralized army was against its 959: 2011:

During the initial fighting several thousand individuals were executed by anarchist and socialist militants based on their assumed political allegiance and social class:

1166:, which was suppressed by the military. Further strikes followed in 1917 and 1919 amidst growing violence between the police and trade unions. With the CNT outlawed, the 2049:

estimates the total number of people killed in Catalonia in the summer and autumn of 1936 at 8,352 (out of a total of 38,000 victims of the Red Terror in all of Spain).

1103:'s (PCE) Popular Front government and their desire to nationalize revolutionary committees and militias brought it into conflict with the CNT and POUM, resulting in the 1823:) as the new premier. The new cabinet was dominated by the Communists, center socialists and republicans, the CNT and left wing of the PSOE were not represented. The 1407:

by using their profits to help others. However these plans for libertarian socialism based on trade unions were opposed by the socialists and communists who wanted a

1515:

The justification for this operation (whose 'very harsh measures' shocked even some Party members) was that since all the collectives had been established by force,

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Soon after, the CNT also joined the national government. On 18 October, a CNT plenary session of the regional federations granted the national committee secretary

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would form the core of a new landholding class and act as an obstacle to the revolution. The Anarchists also believed that private ownership of land created a

6625: 4645: 5295: 3891: 6385: 6263: 6145: 1609:, Durruti was hit by gunfire from a hospital taken over by Nationalists while he was unarmed and fleeing. Another account of Durruti's death is given in 1014: 805: 346: 2789: 2634: 1933:. According to Beevor, losses were as high as 30,000 on the Republican side. The Popular army was practically destroyed. It was the last action of the 87: 6561: 2207: 1456:. Since the committee controlled all the money supply, travel to another region required getting permission and convertible money from the committee. 1530:

adopted by local committees as the single most sensible alternative to the part-feudal, part-capitalist mode of organization that had just collapsed.

6410: 6390: 809: 250: 188: 6928: 2175: 1389:

Initially, the newly collectivized factories encountered various problems. CNT member Albert Pérez-Baró describes the initial economic confusion:

1295:. The CNT feared that arms would be withheld and that they would be isolated if the Generalitat under Lluís Companys formed a government with the 1108: 480: 6610: 1489:: "While there were plenty of abuses, forced collectivization, etc., there were plenty of good collectives, i.e., voluntary ones." The anarchist 1589:

The column began with 3,000 troops but at its peak, was made up of about 8,000 people. They had a difficult time getting arms from a suspicious

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also made them change their minds and support the creation of a regular army. The CNT conducted its own militarization. Helmut Ruediger of the

1048:, remained in power and even took control of most of the competences of the Spanish central government in its territory, the trade unions were 6938: 5230: 4671: 4083: 3812: 1902: 1643: 1219: 1159: 1053: 6576: 6424: 5625: 5042: 1296: 1069: 93: 4244: 1178:. Its radical members, who were also part of the CNT, exerted considerable influence on the other members of the trade union. During the 6958: 6953: 6839: 6420: 5785: 5725: 4367: 2298: 1800: 1339:

Some anarchists outside of Spain viewed their concessions as necessary considering the possibility of the Nationalists winning the war.

1299:(PSUC). CNT members filled the Ministries of Health, Supplies and Economy and the Central Anti-Fascist Militia Committee was dissolved. 1223: 1167: 1057: 5220: 1703:

collectivization, organizing 18,000 tradesmen and artisans into the Catalan Federation of Small Businessmen and Manufacturers (GEPCI).

4188: 3804: 2647: 2220: 2149: 1841: 1187: 6948: 4222: 4059: 4022: 3995: 3952: 3908: 3868: 3836: 3779: 3743: 3018: 2830: 1622:

and create mixed brigades, forming the core of the new Popular Army. These units were firmly under the oversight of Communist party

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collectives, rather than any presence of force or coercion that allegedly compelled unwilling persons to involuntarily participate.

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grew throughout Spain. There was widespread discontent in Catalonia, which was heavily industrialized and was a stronghold of the

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Garcia Oliver, Juan (July 1937). "Los organismos revolucionarios – El Comité Central de las Milicias Antifascists of Catalonia".

1947: 1413: 1061: 900: 425: 1650:. They also feared the army as an organ of the Communist party, and these fears were backed up by the historical suppression of 6060: 5775: 2026: 1698:

was promoting "bourgeois democracy" and was fighting in defense of the Republic, not for proletarian revolution. Opposition to

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classes remained fairly conservative and there was comparatively little emulation of Russian-style "revolutionary morality".

1493:

noted how workers in collectives saw it as their duty convince their fellow workers that common labor was superior, writing:

1323:

debate between the "collaborationist" and "abstentionist" anarchists in the CNT. Many anarchists outside of Spain (such as

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and the central government of Negrín, now based in Barcelona with the resignation of Jaime Aiguadé, representative of the

983: 949: 910: 678: 405: 1327:) criticized CNT-FAI for entering into the government. There was also concern among anarchists with the growing power of 6913: 6787: 6694: 5975: 5935: 5651: 5620: 4909: 4816: 4621: 4529: 3633: 1885: 1873: 1715: 1271: 1239: 1107:

and the eventual replacement of the CNT by the PSUC as the major political force in Catalonia until their defeat to the

1096: 1073: 990: 6933: 6620: 6505: 6467: 6462: 6289: 6115: 5635: 4716: 4630: 1158:(25 July – 2 August 1909) in which workers rose up in revolt and were suppressed by the army. The anarcho-syndicalist 972: 954: 880: 4989: 1370: 6854: 6185: 5825: 5610: 5540: 5255: 5113: 5001: 4258: 4095: 4051: 3900: 2322: 2021: 1365:

Throughout Catalonia many sectors of the economy fell under the control of the anarchist CNT and the socialist UGT

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of 1937, fighting broke out after civil guards attempted to take over a CNT-run telephone building in Barcelona's

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inhabitants of Catalonia who were listed as rightists and were linked to political or ecclesiastical reaction.

1911:

through "organs of power." He also criticized the naivete of the anarchists and its "lack of concrete plans."

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was forbidden. All the Catalan newspapers were requisitioned and the forbidden books retired and burned.

1942:

swiftly conquered by Nationalist troops. After 4 days of aerial bombardment (between 21 and 25 January),

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Seidman, Michael (April 2000). "Agrarian Collectives during the Spanish Revolution and Civil War".

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Anarchosyndicalism, Libertarian Communism, and the State: The CNT in Zaragoza and Aragon, 1930–1937

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In the days following the fighting in Barcelona, various Communist newspapers engaged in a massive

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During the first weeks of the war, courts of law were replaced by revolutionary tribunals and

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The voluntary nature of the rural collectivization varied from region to region. According to

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Territorial division of Catalonia according to the decree of the Generalitat of October 1936

47: 3679:

Blake, John & Hart, David (directors); Ascherson, Neal & Cameron, James (writers).

1827:(PCE) had now come to the fore as the most influential force in the Republican government. 6314: 6155: 5565: 5465: 5460: 5440: 5410: 5365: 5360: 5350: 5315: 5188: 5037: 4934: 4859: 4834: 4762: 4539: 4419: 4331: 4282: 4272: 4108: 3846: 2993: 2285: 2233: 2089: 2039: 1889: 1877: 1808: 1767: 1459:

For the CNT, collectivization was a key component of the revolution, they feared that the

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Article in "Nosotros", the daily newspaper of the Iron Column in Valencia, March 1937.

4203: 2825:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, International Institute of Social History. p. 161. 1246:, was generally accommodating with the CNT but was wary of their appropriation of the 6907: 6494: 6369: 5580: 5535: 5500: 5480: 5435: 5390: 5285: 5235: 5153: 4974: 4919: 4504: 4499: 4479: 4248: 4210: 4148: 4069: 3987: 3856: 3822: 2046: 1832: 1610: 1504: 1315: 745: 490: 359: 6844: 6650: 6120: 6110: 5585: 5510: 5450: 5425: 5370: 5022: 4984: 4949: 4474: 4409: 4292: 2372: 2093:, a documentary film by Juan Gamero, Spanish with English subtitles, lasting 94 min 1907: 1790: 1490: 1460: 1408: 1340: 1231: 1143: 17: 1667: 4177:

The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War

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attended Durruti's funeral. It is still uncertain how Durruti died. According to

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Address to the International Working Men's Association Congress by Emma Goldman.

2236:(7 October 1936 – 26 January 1939) (in exile from 26 January 1939 – 9 June 1979) 2070: 1881: 1711: 1671: 1634: 1525:

and effective absence of capitalism as a powerful factor in the region, saying:

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republicans and socialists were arrested or shot by commissars and SIM agents.

1142:

trade unions. A series of strikes due to wage cuts and in response to military

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Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women

1929:

and heavy artillery, the Popular army was soundly defeated in the disastrous

1234:, they decided not to overthrow the Catalan government. The president of the 1044:

era. Although the constitutional Catalan institution of self-government, the

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militia. First hand account of the Aragon front and Revolutionary Barcelona.

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and used as a tool of political repression. According to Basque nationalist

1723: 1623: 1598: 1594: 1593:, so Durruti and his men compensated by seizing unused arms from government 1357: 1227: 1135: 1131: 1026: 1022: 1018: 392: 143: 6510: 4299:

A day Mournful and Overcast... by an "uncontrollable" from the Iron Column.

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The Spanish Civil War – Part II: Revolution, Counter-revolution and Terror.

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agents also exercised considerable influence within the new armed forces.

1052:

in command of most of the economy and military forces, which includes the

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Women training for a Republican militia outside Barcelona in August 1936

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Caballero government ministers (November 1936) from left to right:

1017:

in northeast Spain was controlled or largely influenced by various

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Stephen D. Mumford. The Life and Death of NSSM 200, pages 263–266.

1736: 1633: 1568: 1377: 1261: 384: 6798: 4252: 4132: 1719: 1628: 1065: 6245: 4349: 1722:(Workers' Party of Marxist Unification) which espoused an anti- 1331:

communists within the government. Anarchist Minister of Health

1226:

now came to the forefront as the most powerful organization in

2565: 2563: 1674:

fiercely resisted militarization. Composed of anarchists from

1428:

rank and file members responsible for these sweeping changes.

1162:(CNT) was formed in October 1910 and immediately called for a 4321: 4345: 4158:

Republic of Egos: A Social History of the Spanish Civil War

1865:

On 7 March 1938, the Nationalist forces launched a massive

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Interprovincial Council of Santander, Palencia and Burgos

1819:(a centrist socialist and ally of the Communists and the 1726:

far left ideology, and was thus denounced by the PSUC as

2790:"Vision on fire: Emma Goldman on the Spanish revolution" 2661: 2659: 2082:, an anarcha-feminist group closely affiliated with the 1306:

full powers to conduct negotiations with prime minister

1013:(21 July 1936 – 8 May 1937) was the period in which the 3800:

The Spanish Civil War: revolution and counterrevolution

2636:

Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman on the Spanish Revolution

1950:

was abolished, removing the co-official status of the

1718:(ERC). Another influential party in Barcelona was the 1254:, which became the main governing body in the region. 1170:(FAI) was formed in 1927 as a clandestine alliance of 222:

Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia

3828:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

2320: 1250:. The CNT and Companys worked together to set up the 1182:, anarchists continued to lead uprisings such as the 3683:(film) Britain: Granada Television Productions, 1983 2907:"Chapter 26: A History of Spain and Portugal vol. 2" 1431:

Another aspect of the revolution was the rise of an

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The Spanish Anarchists: The Heroic Years, 1868–1936

380: 287: 274: 260: 247: 233: 217: 201: 187: 163: 149: 139: 114: 34: 4202: 2034:Because of its role as a leading supporter of the 1849:Divisions in the government and anarchist movement 1509:Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 3536: 3534: 2275:(in exile from 5 November 1939 – 5 December 1977) 2163:Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic 4295:'s Social Reconstruction in Spain (London 1938). 2473: 2471: 1807:now called for the POUM to be dissolved, but PM 1068:(Workers' Party of Marxist Unification) and the 2013: 1995: 1527: 1513: 1495: 1391: 2124:Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation 1782:campaign against the anarchists and the POUM. 1714:, power was divided between the CNT, PSUC and 27:Part of Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War 6257: 4361: 4330:, a documentary on Anarchism in Catalonia by 1954:and banning Catalan Christian names, and the 1130:In the early 20th century, the popularity of 991: 39: 8: 1347:1936 Revolution and worker's self management 1079:Socialist rule of the region began with the 4259:MILITANT ANARCHISM and the REALITY in SPAIN 1559:Revolutionary militias and the regular army 1381:CNT poster promoting collectivized Textiles 1206:Emblem of the Catalan Government, 1932–1939 6667: 6598: 6534: 6440: 6264: 6250: 6242: 6146:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 4676: 4368: 4354: 4346: 4043:The 'Red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War 2452:(in Spanish). Barcelona: CNT. p. 193. 1498:peasants now standing aloof will join us." 998: 984: 399: 103: 31: 2816: 2814: 2391: 1361:Cinema ticket from a venue run by the CNT 1252:Central Committee of Antifascist Militias 1060:(FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation). The 3692: 3658: 3646: 3588: 3564: 3540: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3333: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3081: 3069: 3057: 3045: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2869: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2689: 2620: 2605: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2554: 2542: 2527: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2462: 2435: 2423: 2411: 1856: 1376: 1356: 1201: 1091:in the countryside, and attacks against 3767:The Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War 2893: 2881: 2857: 2845: 2701: 2677: 2384: 2327: 2176:Popular Executive Committee of Valencia 413: 402: 5149:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 3892:The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939 3704: 3612: 3600: 3576: 3552: 3033: 2805: 2665: 2395: 2208:Sovereign Council of Asturias and León 4007:Revolution and War in Spain 1931–1939 3831:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2006:, Anarchist minister of justice, 1936 1840:division dissolved the CNT dominated 286: 273: 259: 246: 242: 200: 196: 186: 7: 3980:Anarchists in the Spanish Revolution 2210:(6 September 1936 – 21 October 1937) 2043:sought refuge in foreign embassies. 1297:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 1070:Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia 4305:The revolutionary movement in Spain 2399: 1398:In response to these problems, the 1064:(UGT, General Worker's Union), the 4279:Writings on the Spanish Anarchists 3805:University of North Carolina Press 2262:(8 February 1937 – 26 August 1937) 2221:Regional Defence Council of Aragon 2152:(4 October 1934 – 19 October 1934) 1888:(ERC) party in the government and 1842:Regional Defense Council of Aragon 1668:International Workers' Association 1286:(Spanish Socialist Workers' Party) 1220:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 1160:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 1054:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 25: 3932:Durruti in the Spanish Revolution 2249:(7 November 1936 – 23 April 1937) 2223:(6 October 1936 – 11 August 1937) 2165:(6 October 1934 – 7 October 1934) 1766:Wednesday, 5 May, prime minister 6210: 5184:International Conference of Rome 5174:International Conference of Rome 4338:Gallery of CNT political posters 2366: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2240: 2227: 2214: 2201: 2188: 2184:(22 July 1936 – 8 February 1937) 2169: 2156: 2143: 2130: 2117: 2104: 1801:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 1194:with the aid of Moorish troops. 430: 424: 364: 339: 325: 132:: Autonomous territory within a 86: 72: 65: 2288:(18 January 1941 – 23 May 1942) 2178:(22 July 1936 – 8 January 1937) 2126:(14 April 1931 – 17 April 1931) 1346: 1258:Anarchists enter the government 1190:which was brutally put down by 1188:Asturian miners' strike of 1934 1099:. The growing influence of the 6929:Spanish Civil War in Catalonia 5296:Australian Anarchist Centenary 5221:German Revolution of 1918–1919 2182:Málaga Public Health Committee 2113:(6 April 1914 – 20 March 1925) 1774:Repression of the CNT and POUM 1520:farming at the point of a gun. 1015:autonomous region of Catalonia 1: 4935:Decentralized planned economy 4181:University of Wisconsin Press 2642:. AK Press. pp. 81, 84. 2197:(31 July 1936 – 1 April 1939) 2139:(27 June 1931 – 28 June 1931) 2074:, a Spanish film directed by 1648:anti-authoritarian principles 1224:Federación Anarquista Ibérica 1168:Federación Anarquista Ibérica 1087:of businesses and factories, 1062:Unión General de Trabajadores 1058:Federación Anarquista Ibérica 679:War of the Spanish Succession 6939:1936 establishments in Spain 4530:Proletarian internationalism 4328:Roig I Negre (Red and Black) 4251:, writer and officer in the 4005:Preston, Paul, ed. (2001) . 3634:University of Michigan Press 1944:Barcelona fell on 26 January 1886:Republican Left of Catalonia 1874:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov 1748:In what became known as the 1716:Republican Left of Catalonia 1272:Republican Left of Catalonia 1240:Republican Left of Catalonia 1074:Communist Party of Catalonia 189:President of the Generalitat 6421:Declaration of independence 5231:1919 United States bombings 2314:(30 October 2018 – present) 2150:Asturian Socialist Republic 1788:and the American communist 1174:during the dictatorship of 6975: 6959:Former socialist republics 6954:Spanish Revolution of 1936 6416:Statute of Autonomy (2006) 6411:Statute of Autonomy (1979) 6391:Statute of Autonomy (1932) 6186:Situationist International 5256:Spanish Revolution of 1936 5114:Self-managed social center 4307:by Helmut Ruediger (under 4117:10.1177/026569140003000203 4096:European History Quarterly 4052:Cambridge University Press 3901:Cambridge University Press 3797:Bolloten, Burnett (1991). 2987:About Buenaventura Durruti 1978: 1918: 1690: 1562: 1353:Spanish Revolution of 1936 1350: 1123: 1081:Spanish Revolution of 1936 1072:(PSUC, which included the 481:Roman conquest of Hispania 6877: 6670: 6601: 6537: 6491:Unique territorial entity 6443: 6320:Principality of Catalonia 6205: 5311:Really Really Free Market 5306:1999 Seattle WTO protests 4595:Temporary autonomous zone 4520:Permanent autonomous zone 4455:Consensus decision-making 4289:The Collectives in Aragon 4175:Seidman, Michael (2011). 4156:Seidman, Michael (2002). 3011:Durruti: The People Armed 2111:Commonwealth of Catalonia 1603:Durruti: The People Armed 1308:Francisco Largo Caballero 1212:Spanish coup of July 1936 568:Principality of Catalonia 304: 300: 243: 213: 197: 102: 61: 56: 6949:20th-century revolutions 5301:Carnival Against Capital 5226:Bavarian Soviet Republic 5215:Manifesto of the Sixteen 5109:Radical environmentalism 5058:Independent Media Center 4990:Workers' self-management 4435:Autonomous social center 4078:. HarperCollins Canada. 3288:, pp. 441, 450, 453 2312:Council for the Republic 2273:Generalitat de Catalunya 1825:Communist Party of Spain 1400:Generalitat of Catalonia 1371:workers' self-management 1293:Generalitat of Catalonia 1236:Generalitat of Catalonia 1101:Communist Party of Spain 1046:Generalitat of Catalonia 669:Revolt of the Barretines 347:Generalitat of Catalonia 182:Generalitat of Catalonia 81:Below: Flag of Catalonia 41:Catalunya revolucionària 6860:Pi de les Tres Branques 6577:International relations 6348:Northern Catalonia loss 4930:Cost the limit of price 2821:Kelsey, Graham (1991). 2022:Diego Abad de Santillán 1815:. Azaña then appointed 1638:Map of the Aragon front 1304:Horacio Martínez Prieto 1186:revolt in 1933 and the 1180:Second Spanish Republic 1076:) were also prominent. 1011:Revolutionary Catalonia 871:Transition to democracy 333:Second Spanish Republic 227:Parliament of Catalonia 134:constitutional republic 126:with stateless features 94:Seal of the Generalitat 36:Revolutionary Catalonia 6386:Republican Generalitat 5726:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4535:Propaganda of the deed 4525:Prefigurative politics 4515:Participatory politics 4460:Conscientious objector 4269:The Tragic Week in May 3978:Peirats, Jose (1998). 2633:Goldman, Emma (2006). 2247:Madrid Defense Council 2032: 2009: 1987:extrajudicial killings 1935:International Brigades 1862: 1745: 1664:International Brigades 1639: 1574: 1532: 1522: 1500: 1443:Rural collectivization 1435:women's movement, the 1404:decentralized planning 1396: 1382: 1362: 1310:. CNT representatives 1287: 1207: 1176:Miguel Primo de Rivera 806:Republican Generalitat 659:Treaty of the Pyrenees 572:c. 12th century – 1714 40: 6919:Anarchist communities 6582:Independence movement 6176:Libertarian socialism 5291:Kate Sharpley Library 5266:Red inverted triangle 5209:High Treason Incident 5199:Congress of Amsterdam 4605:Voluntary association 4415:Anti-authoritarianism 4405:Anarchist criminology 4400:Anarchist Black Cross 4205:The Spanish Civil War 4040:Ruiz, Julius (2014). 3579:, p. 376 and 484 2992:7 August 2013 at the 2234:Government of Euzkadi 1979:Further information: 1860: 1740: 1637: 1615:The Spanish Civil War 1591:Republican government 1572: 1380: 1360: 1265: 1205: 911:Independence movement 736:Liberals and Carlists 475:c. 6th BC – c. 1st BC 465:c. 6th BC – c. 1st BC 150:Common languages 6944:Revolutions in Spain 6924:History of Catalonia 6763:Gegants i capgrossos 6396:Catalan State (1934) 6344:Republic (1640–1641) 6217:Anarchism portal 5621:Fictional characters 5104:Radical cheerleading 3013:. Black Rose Books. 1198:Beginning of the war 1093:Spanish nationalists 699:Nueva Planta decrees 542:c.760 – 12th century 6914:Anarchism by region 6358:War of the Catalans 6305:County of Barcelona 6166:Left-libertarianism 5241:Kronstadt rebellion 5179:Trial of the Thirty 5144:Revolutions of 1848 5086:No gods, no masters 4895:Synthesis anarchism 4885:Anarcho-syndicalism 4873:Types of federation 4245:Homage to Catalonia 4075:Homage to Catalonia 3630:The Spanish Cockpit 3408:, pp. 501, 506 3312:, pp. 441, 460 3300:, pp. 441, 457 3180:, pp. 405, 409 3048:, pp. 273–275. 2896:, pp. 224–229. 2884:, pp. 217–224. 2860:, pp. 213–217. 2848:, pp. 211–213. 2704:, pp. 210–211. 2680:, pp. 225–226. 2572:, pp. 223–224. 2065:Homage to Catalonia 2063:, based loosely on 1921:Catalonia Offensive 1867:offensive in Aragon 1565:Confederal militias 1469:bourgeois mentality 1284:Anastasio de Gracia 1268:Jaume Aguadé i Miró 1248:means of production 1140:anarcho-syndicalist 901:Statute of Autonomy 881:Statute of Autonomy 820:Events of 6 October 810:Statute of Autonomy 786:La Canadenca strike 689:War of the Catalans 588:War of the Remences 578:Compromise of Caspe 548:County of Barcelona 522:5th century – c.720 174:Anarcho-syndicalism 79:Above: CNT-FAI flag 18:Anarchist Catalonia 6934:Anarchism in Spain 6116:Anti-globalization 5786:Dominican Republic 5611:Anarcho-punk bands 5271:Labadie Collection 5261:Barcelona May Days 5164:Cantonal rebellion 5098:Property is theft! 5064:The Internationale 5018:Anarchist bookfair 4817:Without adjectives 4672:Schools of thought 3722:Ackelsberg, Martha 3615:, pp. 378–379 3516:, pp. 633–634 3504:, pp. 614–615 3492:, pp. 605–606 3420:, pp. 522–523 3372:, pp. 490–493 3264:, pp. 433–434 3240:, pp. 426–428 3228:, pp. 419–420 3204:, pp. 416–417 3132:, pp. 111–112 3009:Paz, Abel (1976). 2465:, pp. 202–203 2438:, pp. 388–389 2027:Solidaridad Obrera 2004:Juan García Oliver 1981:Red Terror (Spain) 1931:Battle of the Ebro 1903:Solidaridad Obrera 1894:Basque Nationalist 1863: 1861:Spain in July 1938 1754:Plaça de Catalunya 1750:Barcelona May Days 1746: 1744:(Catalonia square) 1742:Plaça de Catalunya 1660:Russian Revolution 1652:Russian anarchists 1640: 1575: 1478:Solidaridad Obrera 1383: 1363: 1325:Alexander Schapiro 1312:Juan García Oliver 1288: 1280:Juan García Oliver 1208: 1154:culminated in the 1126:Anarchism in Spain 1109:Nationalist forces 1089:collective farming 6901: 6900: 6873: 6872: 6659: 6658: 6590: 6589: 6567:Political parties 6524: 6523: 6516:Spanish provinces 6354:War of Succession 6330:Catholic Monarchs 6239: 6238: 6196:Spontaneous order 6126:Anti-war movement 5631:Jewish anarchists 5139:French Revolution 5092:Popular education 4868: 4867: 4585:Spontaneous order 4445:Classless society 4263:Federica Montseny 4239:Primary documents 4085:978-1-4434-1676-4 3814:978-0-8078-1906-7 3762:Alexander, Robert 3084:, pp. 326–7. 3072:, pp. 322–4. 2872:, pp. 83–84. 2740:, pp. 63–64. 2716:, pp. 65–66. 2450:From July to July 2137:Galician Republic 1989:by militants and 1939:Negrin government 1915:Fall of Catalonia 1333:Federica Montseny 1320:Federica Montseny 1276:Federica Montseny 1042:Spanish Civil War 1008: 1007: 919: 918: 842: 841: 830:Spanish Civil War 707: 706: 625:Catholic Monarchs 606: 605: 598:Catalan Civil War 499: 498: 398: 397: 376: 375: 372: 371: 352: 351: 291:Fall of Catalonia 238:Spanish Civil War 203:• 1936–1939 16:(Redirected from 6966: 6886: 6668: 6611:Financial crisis 6599: 6535: 6441: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6106:Anti-consumerism 6101:Anti-corporatism 5251:Amakasu Incident 5194:Strandza Commune 5169:Haymarket affair 5070:Jewish anarchism 5012:A las Barricadas 4980:Social ownership 4965:Market socialism 4940:Free association 4900:Union of egoists 4677: 4610:Workers' council 4600:Union of egoists 4560:Security culture 4470:Decentralization 4465:Critique of work 4370: 4363: 4356: 4347: 4316:Images and films 4228: 4208: 4194: 4171: 4152: 4089: 4065: 4036: 4001: 3974: 3935:. Translated by 3922: 3882: 3861:Harper & Row 3847:Bookchin, Murray 3842: 3818: 3793: 3757: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3695:, pp. 50–51 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3649:, p. 388-50 3644: 3638: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3006: 3000: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2818: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2389: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2347: 2346: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2299:Catalan Republic 2297: 2296: 2295: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2219: 2218: 2217: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2195:Anarchist Aragon 2193: 2192: 2191: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2060:Land and Freedom 2030: 2007: 1966:Austrian author 1952:Catalan language 1948:Catalan autonomy 1805:Indalecio Prieto 1700:collectivization 1433:anarcha-feminist 1238:and head of the 1192:Francisco Franco 1085:workers' control 1000: 993: 986: 857: 856: 796:Catalan Republic 722: 721: 649:Catalan Republic 621: 620: 538:Catalan counties 514: 513: 447: 446: 434: 428: 418: 400: 368: 367: 356: 355: 343: 342: 329: 328: 322: 321: 306: 305: 296:10 February 1939 107: 90: 76: 69: 51: 43: 32: 21: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6889: 6882: 6869: 6855:St George's Day 6821: 6788:Public holidays 6719: 6655: 6616:Property bubble 6586: 6520: 6472: 6430: 6425:2017 referendum 6381:Republic (1931) 6315:Crown of Aragon 6276: 6270: 6240: 6235: 6211: 6209: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6156:Labour movement 6086: 6085: 6084: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5316:Occupy movement 5189:Ferrer movement 5124: 5123: 5122: 5038:Escuela Moderna 4996: 4995: 4994: 4904: 4864: 4821: 4785:Insurrectionary 4744: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4540:Refusal of work 4425:Anti-militarism 4420:Anti-capitalism 4379: 4374: 4343: 4332:TV3 (Catalonia) 4318: 4283:Camillo Berneri 4273:Augustin Souchy 4241: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4197: 4191: 4174: 4168: 4155: 4109:SAGE Publishing 4092: 4086: 4068: 4062: 4039: 4025: 4004: 3998: 3977: 3955: 3925: 3911: 3885: 3871: 3845: 3839: 3821: 3815: 3796: 3782: 3760: 3746: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3626:Borkenau, Franz 3624: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2998:Peter E. Newell 2994:Wayback Machine 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2639: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2398:, p. 221; 2394:, p. 754; 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2306: 2304: 2293: 2291: 2286:Basque Republic 2280: 2278: 2267: 2265: 2254: 2252: 2241: 2239: 2228: 2226: 2215: 2213: 2202: 2200: 2189: 2187: 2170: 2168: 2157: 2155: 2144: 2142: 2131: 2129: 2118: 2116: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2090:Vivir la utopia 2055: 2040:Catholic Church 2031: 2020: 2008: 2002: 1993:soon followed: 1983: 1977: 1964: 1923: 1917: 1890:Manuel de Irujo 1878:Manuel de Irujo 1851: 1809:Largo Caballero 1799:faction of the 1776: 1768:Largo Caballero 1710:In the Catalan 1695: 1689: 1567: 1561: 1445: 1355: 1349: 1260: 1200: 1172:affinity groups 1128: 1122: 1117: 1097:Catholic clergy 1083:, resulting in 1004: 966: 965: 964: 929: 921: 920: 854: 844: 843: 719: 709: 708: 618: 608: 607: 558:Crown of Aragon 511: 501: 500: 444: 429: 416: 409: 387: 365: 340: 326: 293: 280: 267: 253: 225: 204: 176: 128: 110: 98: 97: 96: 91: 83: 82: 80: 77: 70: 52: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6972: 6970: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6906: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6888: 6887: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6865:Catalan donkey 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6812: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6729: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Catalan peseta 6602: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6506:Municipalities 6503: 6498: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6468:Extreme points 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6351: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6300:Roman Hispania 6297: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6275: articles 6271: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6171:Libertarianism 6168: 6163: 6161:Left communism 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6092:Related topics 6088: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6061:United Kingdom 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5776:Czech Republic 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5431:González Prada 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Makhnovshchina 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5159:Hague Congress 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960:Labour voucher 4957: 4955:Give-away shop 4952: 4947: 4945:General strike 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4880:Affinity group 4876: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4850:Post-anarchist 4847: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4773:Social ecology 4770: 4760: 4754: 4752: 4750:Post-classical 4746: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4685: 4683: 4674: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:Social ecology 4567: 4565:Self-ownership 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4495:Horizontalidad 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4450:Class struggle 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4430:Affinity group 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4381: 4380: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4325: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4302: 4296: 4286: 4276: 4266: 4256: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:External links 4232: 4230: 4229: 4223: 4215:Modern Library 4195: 4190:978-0299249649 4189: 4172: 4166: 4153: 4090: 4084: 4070:Orwell, George 4066: 4060: 4037: 4023: 4002: 3996: 3975: 3953: 3923: 3909: 3883: 3869: 3843: 3837: 3823:Beevor, Antony 3819: 3813: 3794: 3780: 3758: 3744: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3672: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3636:. p. 178. 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3530: 3518: 3506: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3120:, p. 488. 3110: 3108:, p. 333. 3098: 3096:, p. 330. 3086: 3074: 3062: 3060:, p. 277. 3050: 3038: 3036:, p. 736. 3026: 3019: 3001: 2979: 2977:, p. 261. 2967: 2965:, p. 259. 2955: 2953:, p. 256. 2943: 2941:, p. 254. 2931: 2929:, p. 250. 2919: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2831: 2810: 2798: 2781: 2779:, p. 242. 2769: 2757: 2742: 2730: 2718: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2668:, p. 107. 2655: 2649:978-1904859574 2648: 2625: 2610: 2608:, p. 227. 2598: 2596:, p. 225. 2586: 2584:, p. 224. 2574: 2559: 2547: 2532: 2517: 2506: 2494: 2482: 2467: 2455: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2402:, p. 512. 2392:Alexander 1999 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2339: 2316: 2315: 2302: 2289: 2276: 2263: 2250: 2237: 2224: 2211: 2198: 2185: 2179: 2166: 2153: 2140: 2127: 2114: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2086: 2080:Mujeres Libres 2076:Vicente Aranda 2067: 2054: 2051: 2018: 2000: 1976: 1973: 1968:Franz Borkenau 1963: 1960: 1919:Main article: 1916: 1913: 1850: 1847: 1775: 1772: 1758:Lluís Companys 1691:Main article: 1688: 1685: 1563:Main article: 1560: 1557: 1465:tenant farmers 1444: 1441: 1437:Mujeres Libres 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1282:(CNT-FAI) and 1259: 1256: 1244:Lluís Companys 1199: 1196: 1164:general strike 1148:Second Rif War 1124:Main article: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1006: 1005: 1003: 1002: 995: 988: 980: 977: 976: 968: 967: 963: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 935:Historiography 931: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 917: 916: 913: 907: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 887: 886: 883: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 855: 850: 849: 846: 845: 840: 839: 836: 826: 825: 822: 816: 815: 812: 802: 801: 798: 792: 791: 788: 782: 781: 778: 772: 771: 768: 762: 761: 758: 752: 751: 748: 742: 741: 738: 732: 731: 728: 726:Peninsular War 720: 715: 714: 711: 710: 705: 704: 701: 695: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 675: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 641: 640: 637: 635:Habsburg Spain 631: 630: 627: 619: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 603: 600: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 580: 574: 573: 570: 564: 563: 560: 554: 553: 550: 544: 543: 540: 534: 533: 530: 524: 523: 520: 512: 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 496: 495:27 BC – 476 AD 493: 487: 486: 485:218 BC – 19 BC 483: 477: 476: 473: 471:Greek colonies 467: 466: 463: 457: 456: 453: 445: 440: 439: 436: 435: 421: 420: 411: 410: 403: 396: 395: 382: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 362: 353: 350: 349: 344: 336: 335: 330: 318: 317: 312: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 272: 271: 270:1 October 1936 268: 261: 258: 257: 254: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 234:Historical era 231: 230: 219: 215: 214: 211: 210: 208:Lluís Companys 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 191: 185: 184: 167: 161: 160: 151: 147: 146: 141: 137: 136: 116: 112: 111: 108: 100: 99: 92: 85: 84: 78: 71: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 54: 53: 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6971: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6310:Constitutions 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6207: 6204: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:United States 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:French Guiana 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Biennio Rosso 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154:Paris Commune 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Mutual credit 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4920:Communization 4918: 4917: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4710:Philosophical 4708: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4688:Individualist 4686: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Animal rights 4629: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500:Individualism 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4480:Direct action 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4322:Living utopia 4320: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291:Excerpt from 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4249:George Orwell 4246: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4224:0-375-75515-2 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4061:9781107054547 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4024:0-415-09894-7 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997:0-900384-53-0 3993: 3989: 3988:Freedom Press 3985: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3954:1-904859-50-X 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3910:0-521-45932-X 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3888: 3887:Graham, Helen 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3870:0-06-090607-3 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3838:0-297-84832-1 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3781:1-85756-400-6 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3745:1-902593-96-0 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3693:Bolloten 1991 3689: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659:Bolloten 1991 3655: 3652: 3648: 3647:Bolloten 1991 3643: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3603:, p. 382 3602: 3597: 3594: 3591:, p. 681 3590: 3589:Bolloten 1991 3585: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3567:, p. 667 3566: 3565:Bolloten 1991 3561: 3558: 3555:, p. 358 3554: 3549: 3546: 3543:, p. 625 3542: 3541:Bolloten 1991 3537: 3535: 3531: 3528:, p. 623 3527: 3526:Bolloten 1991 3522: 3519: 3515: 3514:Bolloten 1991 3510: 3507: 3503: 3502:Bolloten 1991 3498: 3495: 3491: 3490:Bolloten 1991 3486: 3483: 3480:, p. 600 3479: 3478:Bolloten 1991 3474: 3471: 3468:, p. 568 3467: 3466:Bolloten 1991 3462: 3459: 3456:, p. 530 3455: 3454:Bolloten 1991 3450: 3447: 3444:, p. 529 3443: 3442:Bolloten 1991 3438: 3435: 3432:, p. 526 3431: 3430:Bolloten 1991 3426: 3423: 3419: 3418:Bolloten 1991 3414: 3411: 3407: 3406:Bolloten 1991 3402: 3399: 3396:, p. 498 3395: 3394:Bolloten 1991 3390: 3387: 3384:, p. 495 3383: 3382:Bolloten 1991 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370:Bolloten 1991 3366: 3363: 3360:, p. 473 3359: 3358:Bolloten 1991 3354: 3351: 3348:, p. 474 3347: 3346:Bolloten 1991 3342: 3339: 3336:, p. 465 3335: 3334:Bolloten 1991 3330: 3327: 3324:, p. 429 3323: 3322:Bolloten 1991 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310:Bolloten 1991 3306: 3303: 3299: 3298:Bolloten 1991 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286:Bolloten 1991 3282: 3279: 3276:, p. 441 3275: 3274:Bolloten 1991 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262:Bolloten 1991 3258: 3255: 3252:, p. 431 3251: 3250:Bolloten 1991 3246: 3243: 3239: 3238:Bolloten 1991 3234: 3231: 3227: 3226:Bolloten 1991 3222: 3219: 3216:, p. 417 3215: 3214:Bolloten 1991 3210: 3207: 3203: 3202:Bolloten 1991 3198: 3195: 3192:, p. 411 3191: 3190:Bolloten 1991 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178:Bolloten 1991 3174: 3171: 3168:, p. 214 3167: 3166:Bolloten 1991 3162: 3159: 3156:, p. 231 3155: 3154:Bolloten 1991 3150: 3147: 3144:, p. 396 3143: 3142:Bolloten 1991 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130:Bolloten 1991 3126: 3123: 3119: 3118:Bolloten 1991 3114: 3111: 3107: 3106:Bolloten 1991 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094:Bolloten 1991 3090: 3087: 3083: 3082:Bolloten 1991 3078: 3075: 3071: 3070:Bolloten 1991 3066: 3063: 3059: 3058:Bolloten 1991 3054: 3051: 3047: 3046:Bolloten 1991 3042: 3039: 3035: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3020:9780919618749 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2975:Bolloten 1991 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963:Bolloten 1991 2959: 2956: 2952: 2951:Bolloten 1991 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939:Bolloten 1991 2935: 2932: 2928: 2927:Bolloten 1991 2923: 2920: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2870:Bolloten 1991 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2832:0-7923-0275-3 2828: 2824: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2808:, p. 295 2807: 2802: 2799: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2777:Bolloten 1991 2773: 2770: 2767:, p. 76. 2766: 2765:Bolloten 1991 2761: 2758: 2755:, p. 75. 2754: 2753:Bolloten 1991 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738:Bolloten 1991 2734: 2731: 2728:, p. 66. 2727: 2726:Bolloten 1991 2722: 2719: 2715: 2714:Bolloten 1991 2710: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2692:, p. 62. 2691: 2690:Bolloten 1991 2686: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2638: 2637: 2629: 2626: 2623:, p. 58. 2622: 2621:Bolloten 1991 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:Bolloten 1991 2602: 2599: 2595: 2594:Bolloten 1991 2590: 2587: 2583: 2582:Bolloten 1991 2578: 2575: 2571: 2570:Bolloten 1991 2566: 2564: 2560: 2557:, p. 60. 2556: 2555:Bolloten 1991 2551: 2548: 2545:, p. 57. 2544: 2543:Bolloten 1991 2539: 2537: 2533: 2530:, p. 55. 2529: 2528:Bolloten 1991 2524: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2504:, p. 210 2503: 2502:Bolloten 1991 2498: 2495: 2492:, p. 201 2491: 2490:Bolloten 1991 2486: 2483: 2480:, p. 203 2479: 2478:Bolloten 1991 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463:Bolloten 1991 2459: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2436:Bolloten 1991 2432: 2429: 2426:, p. 388 2425: 2424:Bolloten 1991 2420: 2417: 2414:, p. 192 2413: 2412:Bolloten 1991 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2338: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2313: 2303: 2300: 2290: 2287: 2277: 2274: 2264: 2261: 2251: 2248: 2238: 2235: 2225: 2222: 2212: 2209: 2199: 2196: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2164: 2154: 2151: 2141: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2115: 2112: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2047:Antony Beevor 2044: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2012: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1803:(PSOE) under 1802: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1611:Antony Beevor 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1580:general staff 1571: 1566: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1505:Antony Beevor 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1461:small holders 1457: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1204: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1001: 996: 994: 989: 987: 982: 981: 979: 978: 975: 974: 970: 969: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 932: 925: 924: 914: 912: 909: 908: 904: 902: 899: 898: 894: 892: 891:Barcelona '92 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 872: 869: 868: 864: 862: 859: 858: 853: 848: 847: 837: 835: 831: 828: 827: 823: 821: 818: 817: 813: 811: 807: 804: 803: 799: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 783: 779: 777: 774: 773: 769: 767: 764: 763: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 718: 713: 712: 702: 700: 697: 696: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 680: 677: 676: 672: 670: 667: 666: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 646: 643: 642: 638: 636: 633: 632: 628: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 611: 601: 599: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 571: 569: 566: 565: 561: 559: 556: 555: 551: 549: 546: 545: 541: 539: 536: 535: 531: 529: 526: 525: 521: 519: 516: 515: 510: 505: 504: 494: 492: 491:Tarraconensis 489: 488: 484: 482: 479: 478: 474: 472: 469: 468: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 452: 449: 448: 443: 438: 437: 433: 427: 423: 422: 419: 412: 407: 401: 394: 391: 386: 383: 381:Today part of 379: 363: 361: 360:Spanish State 358: 357: 354: 348: 345: 338: 337: 334: 331: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 303: 299: 295: 292: 282: 279: 269: 265: 255: 252: 239: 236: 232: 228: 223: 220: 216: 212: 209: 206: 192: 190: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 166: 162: 159: 155: 152: 148: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 127: 124: 120: 117: 113: 106: 101: 95: 89: 75: 68: 60: 55: 49: 42: 33: 30: 19: 6850:National Day 6840:Coat of arms 6817:Tió de Nadal 6797: 6733:Architecture 6705:Prostitution 6680:Demographics 6641:Trade unions 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Dashar). 4111:: 209–235. 3705:Beevor 2006 3613:Beevor 2006 3601:Beevor 2006 3577:Beevor 2006 3553:Beevor 2006 3034:Beevor 2006 2806:Beevor 2006 2666:Beevor 2006 2396:Graham 2002 2071:Libertarias 2038:cause, the 2036:Nationalist 1882:Generalitat 1817:Juan Negrín 1712:Generalitat 1672:Iron Column 1658:during the 1487:Ralph Bates 1278:(CNT-FAI), 1210:During the 1156:Tragic Week 766:Tragic Week 415:History of 310:Preceded by 251:Established 229:(1936–1939) 218:Legislature 123:Quasi-state 6908:Categories 6773:Literature 6715:Traditions 6557:Government 6552:Parliament 6495:Val d'Aran 6401:Revolution 6370:Renaixença 6151:Dual Power 6136:Autonomism 6131:Autarchism 5791:East Timor 5761:Costa Rica 5706:Bangladesh 5701:Azerbaijan 5411:Feyerabend 5048:Freeganism 4698:Illegalist 4636:Capitalism 4575:Sociocracy 4545:Revolution 4510:Mutual aid 4440:Black bloc 4167:0299178641 4141:5723592885 3963:2006920974 2380:References 2078:about the 1991:vigilantes 1833:Andrés Nin 1780:propaganda 1728:Trotskyist 1687:May events 1656:Bolsheviks 1624:commissars 1595:stockpiles 1316:Joan Peiró 1120:Background 960:Presidents 834:Revolution 756:Catalanism 746:Renaixença 528:Al-Andalus 451:Prehistory 266:disbanded 165:Government 6783:Mythology 6685:Education 6646:Transport 6562:President 6542:Elections 6486:Vegueries 6458:Mountains 6436:Geography 6406:Francoism 6325:Civil War 6273:Catalonia 6191:Socialism 6141:Communism 6076:Venezuela 6011:Singapore 5946:Nicaragua 5871:Indonesia 5851:Hong Kong 5846:Guatemala 5691:Australia 5681:Argentina 5652:By region 5636:Musicians 5541:Santillán 5491:Malatesta 5461:Kropotkin 5441:Guillaume 5119:Symbolism 5033:DIY ethic 4910:Economics 4855:Post-left 4800:Christian 4795:Religious 4732:Communist 4717:Mutualist 4681:Classical 4641:Education 4590:Squatting 4550:Rewilding 4485:Free love 4377:Anarchism 4201:(2001) . 4149:144459611 4125:0265-6914 4048:Cambridge 4033:803661954 4015:Routledge 3971:482919277 3941:Edinburgh 3929:(2006) . 3927:Paz, Abel 3919:464890766 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4661:Violence 4656:Religion 4555:Sabotage 4385:Concepts 4309:Pen name 4211:New York 4133:84643695 4072:(2012). 3945:AK Press 3889:(2002). 3857:New York 3849:(1978). 3790:43717219 3764:(1999). 3736:AK Press 3724:(2005). 3628:(1974). 2990:Archived 2400:Paz 2006 2098:See also 2019:— 2001:— 1797:centrist 1763:Valencia 1693:May Days 1676:Valencia 1607:Abel Paz 1369:, where 1146:for the 1105:May Days 1095:and the 1050:de facto 1038:militias 973:Timeline 950:Military 928:By topic 552:801–1162 532:713–1154 509:Medieval 461:Iberians 406:a series 404:Part of 278:May Days 170:De facto 119:De facto 6884:Outline 6827:Symbols 6793:Sardana 6758:Cuisine 6748:Castell 6743:Caganer 6725:Culture 6664:Society 6636:Tourism 6595:Economy 6511:Terçons 6453:Forests 6448:Climate 6282:History 6231:Outline 6181:Marxism 6081:Vietnam 6071:Uruguay 6056:Ukraine 6046:Tunisia 5996:Romania 5951:Nigeria 5931:Morocco 5881:Ireland 5861:Iceland 5856:Hungary 5836:Germany 5831:Georgia 5816:Finland 5811:Estonia 5796:Ecuador 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5501:Michel 5481:Makhno 5456:Kōtoku 5446:He-Yin 5421:Godwin 5406:Ferrer 5376:Cleyre 5341:Armand 5336:Alston 5327:People 4810:Jewish 4722:Social 4693:Egoist 4622:Issues 4221: 4187: 4164: 4147: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4105:London 4082: 4058: 4031: 4021: 4011:London 3994: 3984:London 3969: 3961: 3951: 3917: 3907: 3877: 3867: 3835: 3811: 3788: 3778: 3772:London 3752: 3742: 3017: 2829: 2646: 1975:Crimes 1892:, the 1785:Pravda 1517:Líster 1454:barter 1218:. The 1216:Aragon 1036:, and 1025:, and 955:Counts 760:1870s– 717:Modern 455: 408:on the 388: 224:(1936) 193: 115:Status 44: 6805:Sport 6778:Music 6675:Crime 6626:Roads 6036:Syria 6021:Spain 5901:Korea 5896:Japan 5891:Italy 5866:India 5801:Egypt 5751:China 5746:Chile 5626:Films 5616:Books 5602:Lists 5571:Volin 5476:Magón 5451:Kanno 5401:Faure 5396:Ervin 5391:Ellul 5276:Provo 5043:Films 4860:Queer 4835:Black 4763:Green 4145:S2CID 4103:(2). 2912:8 May 2793:(PDF) 2640:(PDF) 2373:Spain 1927:armor 385:Spain 6835:Flag 6799:Seny 6651:Wine 6621:Rail 5971:Peru 5876:Iran 5771:Cuba 5576:Ward 5506:Most 5496:Mett 5028:Arts 4253:POUM 4219:ISBN 4185:ISBN 4162:ISBN 4137:OCLC 4129:LCCN 4121:ISSN 4080:ISBN 4056:ISBN 4029:OCLC 4019:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3967:OCLC 3959:LCCN 3949:ISBN 3915:OCLC 3905:ISBN 3875:OCLC 3865:ISBN 3833:ISBN 3809:ISBN 3786:OCLC 3776:ISBN 3750:OCLC 3740:ISBN 3015:ISBN 2914:2015 2827:ISBN 2644:ISBN 2053:Film 1730:and 1720:POUM 1642:The 1629:NKVD 1463:and 1134:and 1066:POUM 895:1992 824:1934 800:1931 790:1919 770:1909 703:1716 663:1659 582:1412 264:CCMA 6738:Art 6695:Law 5471:Liu 5381:Day 5286:LIP 4505:Law 4281:by 4271:by 4261:by 4247:by 4113:doi 2996:by 1644:CNT 1613:'s 1605:by 1414:UGT 1274:), 1150:in 945:Art 6910:: 6346:, 5346:Ba 4217:. 4213:: 4209:. 4183:. 4179:. 4160:. 4143:. 4135:. 4127:. 4119:. 4107:: 4101:30 4099:. 4054:. 4050:: 4046:. 4027:. 4017:. 4013:: 4009:. 3990:. 3986:: 3982:. 3965:. 3957:. 3947:. 3943:: 3939:. 3913:. 3903:. 3899:: 3895:. 3873:. 3863:. 3859:: 3855:. 3807:. 3803:. 3784:. 3770:. 3748:. 3738:. 3734:: 3730:. 3632:. 3533:^ 2813:^ 2745:^ 2658:^ 2613:^ 2562:^ 2535:^ 2520:^ 2470:^ 1511:. 1318:, 1314:, 1032:, 1021:, 832:/ 808:/ 647:/ 180:: 172:: 156:, 121:: 6497:) 6493:( 6427:) 6423:( 6360:) 6356:( 6350:) 6342:( 6265:e 6258:t 6251:v 5100:" 5096:" 5088:" 5084:" 4369:e 4362:t 4355:v 4285:. 4275:. 4265:. 4227:. 4193:. 4170:. 4151:. 4115:: 4088:. 4064:. 4035:. 4000:. 3973:. 3921:. 3881:. 3841:. 3817:. 3792:. 3756:. 3023:. 2916:. 2835:. 2795:. 2652:. 2325:: 1270:( 1222:- 999:e 992:t 985:v 390:∟ 50:) 46:( 20:)

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