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compared to saltwater eels that they use to navigate and maneuver through river bottoms and shallow water. Unlike most eels, freshwater eels have not lost their scales, and instead have soft, thin, scales that are embedded in the epidermis. Additionally, freshwater eels possess small, granular teeth arranged in bands on the jaws and vomer. Anguillidae do exhibit size-dependent sexual dimorphism. Male anguillids invest more energy into mating with as many females as he can, than they do into growth. Therefore, female anguillids are usually larger, ranging from 1.5–3 feet (0.46–0.91 m), while male anguillids rarely get larger than 1.5 feet (0.46 m) long. Adult anguillidae can vary in color, but normally are brown, olive or olive-yellow, and can be mottled. Coloration matches the floor of rivers and lakes which prevents the eels from being seen by predators while in clear or shallow water. Freshwater eels go through physical changes in their bodies when going to and from the ocean for different stages of life.
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consume whatever acceptable prey they happen upon, including things like crustaceans, fishes, and other aquatic fauna. Aside from their reduced pectoral fins, eels lack of paired appendages: use axial-based lateral undulation as means of locomotion, similar to snakes. High maneuverability of trunk is adaptation for hunting in structurally-complex habitats such as reefs. Some species are known to burrow into the sea bed/sediment, including species that utilize head-first or tail-first burrowing techniques. This is related to both foraging and anti-predatory behavior. Freshwater eels have several natural predators such as large fish and piscivorous birds. Much is unknown about
Anguillid eel behavior and its origins, due to the difficulty in observation, particularly in the context of reproduction, social constructs, and migration.
614:, meaning they only live to reproduce once, as they die after reproduction. However, these eels do not necessarily reproduce every year-they will sometimes wait until conditions are right in order to migrate and breed. The European eel can spawn starting at 7 years old, and the oldest of this species that has been found in the wild was 85 years of age. These conditions may include fat content, water quality or temperature, prey availability, river height and water flow rate, etc. This variability allows some eels to live even 50–70 years, however the lifespan of freshwater eels is not well documented. Very little is known about the mechanics of fertilization and spawning, and the time it takes these eels to hatch from their eggs is variable. Tsukamoto and associates found evidence of Japanese eels (
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Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels). Until 2013, this subclass has been lumped together into a cohesive clade. However, recent molecular studies have suggested that
Anguillidae are actually more closely related to the Saccopharyngiforms (Gulpers and relatives) than they are to the other Anguilloid families. This leads to two possibilities: Either Anguilloidei is a paraphyletic group, or it was originally delineated inaccurately, and Anguillidae should not be included in this subclass. However, more studies need to be conducted to confirm the placement of freshwater eels within Anguilliformes, and determine the composition of the Anguilloidei subclass.
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Anguillidae were placed in “magnetic displacement” experiment where the geomagnetic north could be altered, and their actions could be monitored. The results showed that at different stages of life, the
Anguillidae, are capable of responding to the geomagnetic field and will alter their direction of interest accordingly. They depend on the intensity and inclination of the magnetic field to migrate. Within this experiment they also looked at how the glass eel may rely on the circatidal rhythm in the ocean to work its way back to the coast and into the freshwater systems, but it is not yet fully understood.
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predatory fish such as trout, aiding in population control in these systems. Juvenile eels occupy small spaces in between rocks, in crevices or mud. Freshwater eels are widespread and are catadromous, meaning they spend most of their life in freshwater (rivers mainly) and migrate to the ocean to breed. Leptocephali (larval) migration can range from months to up to almost a year. Temperate eels migrate on average for approximately 6–10 months, while tropical eels undergo shorter migrations between approximately 3–5 months on average. The
European eel (
586:) has one of the longest migrations of all freshwater eels, migrating up to 6000 km (over 3700 miles) in a single migration loop. Migration loops may be flexible in some species, and this variability is still being investigated. However, some eels in this family have altered their migration loop to become completely marine, not returning to fresh waters to develop. Ocean-resident eels are the exception of this family, and this behavior may be more common in areas in which the freshwater habitat is of lower quality or productivity.
652:-upon returning to freshwater growing habitat, the eels become pigmented and develop through the elver and yellow eel stages. The yellow and silver eel stages are named aptly for the coloration of the underbelly of the eel during these developmental stages. Elvers travel upstream in freshwater rivers, where they grow to adulthood. Finally, anguillids transition through the silver eel stage into adulthood and migrate to the oceanic breeding grounds to reproduce and begin the cycle anew. The
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search of food and avoiding strong currents. Fat reserves increase in preparation for less abundant food sources in the ocean. Females will experience a higher increase than males for the reason of egg production. The eyes also change increasing in size by two times and retinal pigments which are sensitive to red light in shallow waters change to pigments that are sensitive to blue light which is better adapted for the deep ocean that the silver eel will be experiencing.
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636:, and return to the ocean to spawn. All eels pass through several stages of development through their life cycle. Anguillid eels undergo morphological changes during these developmental stages that are associated with environmental conditions and aid in preparing them for further growth and finally reproduction. Anguillid eels begin their life as an egg in the ocean, and once hatched, enter a larval stage called
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489:). Threats to these species include: habitat loss/modification, migration barriers, pollution, parasitism, exploitation, and consumption, as eels are a popular food source especially in Asia and Europe. Fluctuating oceanic conditions associated with climate change also make these species vulnerable, with reduced water quality leading to
736:. The presence of a scapula is important in muscle attachment and allows for the upper head to move in various directions as well as increase strength of body undulation, thus increasing swimming capabilities. The presence of a scapula allows for stronger movements of pectoral fins which aid in movement across terrestrial obstacles.
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648:) can lay between 2 million and 10 million eggs. These planktonic (free floating) eggs and translucent, leaf-like larvae are dispersed via ocean currents and migrate sometimes thousands of miles. They grow larger in size, and in their next growth stage, they are called glass eels. At this stage, they enter
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Metamorphosis is a big part in the lives of
Anguillidae and many changes happen in preparation for migration amongst the adults going from the yellow eel stage to the silver eel stage. The gas bladder adapts for higher pressures which it'll be exposed to in the ocean where it will dive much deeper in
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Cutaneous respiration accounts for approximately fifteen percent of their oxygen intake but when they are out of water, they are capable of receiving approximately fifty percent of their oxygen through gas exchange via the outer integument. This is an important feature since
Anguillidae at many times
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Population density sex determination is a feature where the
Anguillidae regulate their population's gender depending on the abundance of eggs present. High egg concentrations will result in more male than female ratios as well as vice versa. It does not mean that the eggs will all become one sex but
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Olfactory senses in this family are heightened for various reasons. Within the nasal sac are olfactory cells which have the capability of detecting extremely diluted chemicals as low as three to four molecules. This is extremely helpful in their nocturnal endeavors as well as for migratory purposes.
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of snake eels, and possessed morphological features more congruent with an ancestral anguilliform. Therefore, many phylogenetic studies use this fossil as a calibration point to date crown anguilliforms. Therefore, if the oldest eel is 83 million years old, it can be concluded that anguillidae could
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Mucous cells within epidermis are found in both the non-sexually mature and sexually mature adult stages. The mucous cells are made of glycoproteins which are found in higher concentrations on dorsal and ventral sides of body. It is believed that the family
Anguillidae has higher concentrations of
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Adult freshwater eels are elongated with tubelike, snake-shaped bodies. They have large, pointed heads and their dorsal fins are usually continuous with their caudal and anal fins, to form a fringe lining the posterior end of their bodies. They have relatively well developed eyes and pectoral fins
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The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are fused and pelvic fins are lacking. Dorsal fin begins mid body creating a long continuous fin where in other species it begins more posterior and is not as prominent in length. Their body movement depends highly on undulation originating near the anterior axial
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Anguillidae unlike its other relatives have a fully developed lateral line along their trunk. Lateral lines provide the ability for
Anguillidae to sense their surrounding environment through water displacement which aids in predation and hunting especially because they are predominantly nocturnal
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The exact placement of freshwater eels is still being debated, but there is a general consensus that
Anguillidae are firmly nested within Anguilliformes. Traditionally, molecular studies have placed Anguillidae in the subclass "Anguilloidei" with two other families: Nemichthyidae (snipe eels) and
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was found in the geological remains of one of these lakes, which makes it the oldest eel to inhabit a freshwater environment. Arguably, the most defining feature of Anguillidae is the fact that they inhabit freshwater, being the only family of eels to do so. Therefore, the hypothesis stating that
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It is known that when bodies of water start to dry up the Anguillidae burrow down into the mud and wait for rain while undergoing torpor. Since rain is not predictable torpor allows for the organism to lower its metabolic rate as well as its body temperature increasing its survivability.
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Paired frontal bones of skull make for a stronger cranium which aids in their variable burrowing tendencies with mud as well as maneuvering through terrestrial obstacles when hiding under rocks and logs that they encounter at the waters bottom where they spend most of their time during the day.
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are known to be primarily solitary in nature; they are not known to communicate socially or actively school, however large masses of elvers can be found as a result of synchronicity in response to environmental conditions. These eels are known as generalists and opportunistic feeders; most will
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Freshwater eels are aquatic and live in various habitats, including freshwater, estuaries, and saltwater/marine habitats, and occupy the roles of both predator and prey, and evidence has been found of nematode parasitism in some species. Some eel species have been observed consuming the eggs of
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Anguillid eels have a global distribution, and inhabit the waters of more than 150 countries. They are mainly found in tropical and temperate waters, except in the Eastern Pacific and South Atlantic. Conservation is difficult for this taxon because not much is known about their life history and
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to be 83 million years old. The fossil was discovered incomplete and lacked the skull and part of the anterior skeleton. Despite the morphological uncertainty, cranial and branchial features confirmed it was an eel. At first, it was classified the earliest member of the eel family, Ophichthidae
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Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Otake, Tsuguo; Mochioka, Noritaka; Lee, Tae-Won; Fricke, Hans; Inagaki, Tadashi; Aoyama, Jun; Ishikawa, Satoshi; Kimura, Shingo; Miller, Michael J.; Hasumoto, Hiroshi (2003-03-01). "Seamounts, New Moon and eel Spawning: The Search for the Spawning Site of the Japanese eel".
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Anguillidae are great swimmers due to their axial muscle attachment and W-shaped myomeres giving them the capability of swimming backwards just as well as they can swim forward. Not many other fish can do so. Since their mouths are not very large, they use their swimming capabilities to aid in
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and migration inhibition via migration barriers. According to the IUCN Anguillid Eel Specialist Group, or the AESG, the need for conservation of this family is clear given recent declines. However, conservation efforts are being inhibited by a lack of knowledge of the biology of these species,
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One experiment talked about the driving force that is seen in Anguillidae. When held in captivity it was reported that they would hit their heads against the glass or make fast for an escape route most likely looking for the fresh or saltwater they seek. This was a key indicator that they are
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Geomagnetic sensing has been identified as one of the most important specialized senses in this family. Unlike the other relatives the Anguillidae are catadromous meaning they must migrate for an extended period and depending on what life stage they are in they may be in the open ocean. The
376:, which is the fossil that represents the ancestor to all extant freshwater eels and marks the upper boundary of the age of anguillidae. Using these two fossil calibration points, freshwater eels are said to originate between 83 million years ago and 43.8 million years ago.
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Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy medecin, dessinés d'après nature par Mr. de Gasault, gravés par Mrs. Defehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet &c. Niquet scrip. . – pp. , index , Pl. 644-729.
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and was found in Messel, Germany. The Messel fossil deposit is dated to be 43.8 million years old during the mid-Eocene epoch. During this time period, Messel was undergoing intense volcanic activity which resulted in the formation of freshwater maar lakes.
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Ventral lateral gill slits make up eighty-five percent of gas exchange and are highly efficient in converting between salt and freshwater. This feature really separates the Anguillidae, freshwater eels, from other eels who have internal gill chambers.
2063:
Santini, Francesco; Kong, Xianghui; Sorenson, Laurie; Carnevale, Giorgio; Mehta, Rita S.; Alfaro, Michael E. (December 2013). "A multi-locus molecular timescale for the origin and diversification of eels (Order: Anguilliformes)".
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need to move between bodies of water to maintain an aquatic environment. It is also known that they will burrow down into mud so having the capability to exchange gas outside of water is highly beneficial to this family.
1918:
Simenstad, Charles A.; Dadswell, Michael J.; Klauda, Ronald J.; Moffitt, Christine M.; Saunders, Richard L.; Rulifson, Roger A.; Cooper, John E. (1989-12-27). "Common Strategies of Anadromous and Catadromous Fishes".
550:. Instead, young eels are collected from the wild and then raised in various enclosures. In addition to wild eel populations being reduced by this process, eels are often farmed in open-net pens, which allow
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Gaudant, Jean; Micklich, Norbert (December 1990). "Rhenanoperca minuta nov. gen., nov. sp., ein neuer Percoide (Pisces, Perciformes) aus der Messel-Formation (Mittel-Eozän, Unteres Geiseltalium)".
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was found by Italian scientists in 2002 in the Santonian-Campanian Calcari di Melissano, which is a fossil bed located near the town of Nardò. Strontium-isotope stratigraphy concluded the age of
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Schlüter, Malte; Steuber, Thomas; Parente, Mariano (February 2008). "Chronostratigraphy of Campanian–Maastrichtian platform carbonates and rudist associations of Salento (Apulia, Italy)".
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is a fast-growing industry. Important food eel species include longfin eel, Australian long-finned eel, short-finned eel, and Japanese eel. Most eel production historically has been in
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It was mistakenly reported that Anguillidae lack a scapular bone but after further research and more advanced staining techniques they have a scapula and coracoid which make up their
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Watanabe, Shun; Aoyama, Jun; Tsukamoto, Katsumi (2009-04-01). "A new species of freshwater eel Anguilla luzonensis (Teleostei: Anguillidae) from Luzon Island of the Philippines".
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is the ancestor to all freshwater eels is strongly supported. This fossil is commonly used as a calibration fossil to pinpoint the lower boundary of the age of freshwater eels.
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529:
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Growns, I. (2004-12-01). "A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia and their application to river management".
664:. The spawning areas of some other anguillid eels, such as the Japanese eel, and the giant mottled eel, were also discovered recently in the western North Pacific Ocean.
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Deelder, C.L. (January 1976). "The problem of the supernumary zones in otoliths of the European eel (Anguilla Anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)); a suggestion to cope with it".
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slime than other families. This aids in predation as well as helping keep themselves moist outside of water increasing efficiency of cutaneous respiration.
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Many species have variegated skin which means they will vary in color depending on their environment so that they can maintain the highest grade of camouflage.
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Franzen, Jens Lorenz (October 2005). "The implications of the numerical dating of the Messel fossil deposit (Eocene, Germany) for mammalian biochronology".
644:. Anguillid eels lay adhesive demersal eggs (eggs that are free-floating or attached to substrate), and most species have no parental care. Japanese eels (
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among the largest threats. In the Northern hemisphere, anguillid eels have had large declines in populations due to a number of reasons including
440:
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Brito, Alberto (1989-12-27). "Nettenchelys dionisi, a New Species of Nettastomatid Eel (Pisces: Anguilliformes) from the Canary Islands".
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end. Due to the fins being fused we see a highly skilled swimmer amongst the Anguillidae which aids in migration and hunting/predation.
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554:, waste products, and diseases to flow directly back into wild eel habitat, further threatening wild populations. Freshwater eels are
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532:, recommends consumers avoid eating anguillid eels due to significant pressures on worldwide populations. Several species used as
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Tsukamoto, K; Aoyama, J; Miller, M J (December 2002). "Migration, speciation, and the evolution of diadromy in anguillid eels".
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They use terrestrial odors as cues in migration as well as low salinity and colder temperatures to direct themselves.
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317:, and are elongated fish of snake-like bodies, with long dorsal, caudal and anal fins forming a continuous fringe. They are
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which represents the ancestor to all extant eels, and marks the lower-boundary of the age of anguillidae. The second is
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542:, for example, have declined about 80% since the 1960s. Although about 90% of freshwater eels consumed in the US are
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feeding where they will bite onto their food and twist/spin rapidly tearing off a piece perfectly sized for them.
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2894:"Burrowing and subsurface locomotion in anguilliform fish: behavioral specializations and mechanical constraints"
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so are fed other wild-caught fish, adding another element of unsustainability to current eel-farming practices.
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Herrel, A.; Choi, H. F.; Dumont, E.; De Schepper, N.; Vanhooydonck, B.; Aerts, P.; Adriaens, D. (2011-04-15).
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Johnson, G. David; Ida, Hitoshi; Sakaue, Jiro; Sado, Tetsuya; Asahida, Takashi; Miya, Masaki (2011-08-17).
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1761:"Fish otoliths from the Paleocene of Bavaria (Kressenberg) and Austria (Kroisbach and Oiching-Graben)"
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There are two important fossils used to date the origin of freshwater eels. The first is the fossil
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2257:"A 'living fossil' eel (Anguilliformes: Protanguillidae, fam. nov.) from an undersea cave in Palau"
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2385:"Synergistic patterns of threat and the challenges facing global anguillid eel conservation"
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especially in their social and spawning behavior, as well as a lack of long-term data sets.
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have seen their population sizes greatly reduced in the past half century. Catches of the
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Chen, Zi-Ming; Zhang, Xiao-Yan; Qi, Wen-Long; Deng, Xiu-Mei; Xiao, Heng (August 2010).
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behaviors. However, many Anguillid eels are of conservation concern, including the
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332:, but not bred in captivity. Many populations in the wild are now threatened, and
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640:. The young eel larvae live only in the ocean and consume small particles called
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2453:"A new record of Anguillid fish in Lancangjiang River, China: Anguilla bicolor"
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394:(snake eels). However, upon further inspection, the fossil only displayed one
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2787:. In McCormick, Stephen D.; Farrell, Anthony P.; Brauner, Colin J. (eds.).
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1802:, a rare work published by Garsault in 1764, in the zoological literature"
321:, spending their adult lives in freshwater, but migrating to the ocean to
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Coad, B. W., "Review of the Freshwater Eels of Iran (Family Anguillidae).
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EELS, FRESHWATER; SMITH, DAVID G. (2018-10-23), "Family Anguillidae",
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2953:"Evolution of the locomotory system in eels (Teleostei: Elopomorpha)"
2791:. Euryhaline Fishes. Vol. 32. Academic Press. pp. 253–326.
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rather have a higher ratio in one of the two sexes present.
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522:, but in recent years, the greatest production has been in China.
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McCosker, John F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
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Pfaff, Cathrin; Zorzin, Roberto; Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2016-08-11).
1798:"Nomenclatural consequences resulting from the rediscovery of
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The earliest known, unequivocal fossil of an anguillid eel is
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Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R., eds. (2022).
1833:"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References"
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species and six subspecies in this family are in the genus
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6 – Freshwater to Seawater Transitions in Migratory Fishes
1967:"Les otolithes des Téléostéens du Plio-Pleistocène belge"
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Eels are an important food fish and some species are now
2785:"Freshwater to Seawater Transitions in Migratory Fishes"
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1800:
Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine
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is one of the more famous anecdotes in the history of
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Zydlewski, Joseph; Wilkie, Michael P. (2012-01-01).
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2680:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Aquatic species"
2643:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2357:"FAMILY Details for Anguillidae – Freshwater eels"
780:Phylogeny of the Anguillidae by Inoue et al. 2010
2504:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
336:recommend consumers avoid eating anguillid eels.
3088:
1871:Orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes
8:
621:Members of this family spend their lives in
506:Anguillid eels are important food fish. Eel
4160:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
399:not have originated any earlier than that.
3562:
3414:
3154:
3095:
3081:
3073:
121:
31:
3023:Deep-ocean origin of the freshwater eels.
2994:
2976:
2919:
2909:
2759:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 89.
2457:Dong Wu Xue Yan Jiu = Zoological Research
2428:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
2408:
2288:
1873:, Yale University Press, pp. 25–47,
1796:Welter-Schultes, F. W.; Klug, R. (2009).
656:of the American and European eels in the
2526:. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from
1806:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1751:
2887:
2885:
2828:
2818:
2778:
2776:
2497:
2674:
2672:
2636:
2634:
2582:
2580:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2422:
2420:
2378:
2376:
2121:
2119:
2066:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2058:
2056:
2054:
7:
4073:4e74837d-acfc-4862-937e-0c0a97534545
3985:c03a15bd-3ede-43d3-9dc2-4a93b6f0e5bd
3825:FD1087D9-FFA3-4A52-FF67-A6E34D26FE1A
3786:17022c3a-d0d7-483b-bde4-7a2270e24e19
3698:20a1efeb-bacd-4988-8908-0a31d671e979
3546:
1960:
1958:
1864:
1862:
1860:
2432:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1138:
1116:
1094:
1072:
1026:
1019:
997:
975:
902:
856:
849:
827:
805:
798:
786:
2797:10.1016/b978-0-12-396951-4.00006-2
530:sustainable seafood advisory lists
25:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3404:
3025:Biol. Lett. 2010 6, S. 363–366,
2868:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2004.00404.x
2848:Fisheries Management and Ecology
1395:Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis
146:
4170:Extant Danian first appearances
2898:Journal of Experimental Biology
2706:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2318:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
654:discovery of the spawning area
303:, with the only known species
1:
3062:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2037:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.04.005
1994:10.1016/s0016-6995(78)80083-7
1265:Anguillidarum semisphaeroides
436:Distribution and conservation
3060:Freshwater Fish Distribution
2571:10.1016/0044-8486(76)90078-8
2469:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2010.04444
2314:"Fish Migration, Horizontal"
2191:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.04.002
2128:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1406:Anguilla bengalensis labiata
1354:Anguilla australis australis
2410:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.009
2086:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.016
1783:Garsault, F. A. P. de 1764.
1759:Werner Schwarzhans (2012).
1590:(Indonesian longfinned eel)
1365:Anguilla australis schmidti
590:Reproduction and life cycle
4186:
528:, one of the better-known
4165:Monogeneric fish families
3531:
3413:
3402:
3110:
2978:10.1186/s12862-016-0728-7
2609:10.1007/s12562-009-0087-z
2519:Halpin, Patricia (2007).
1666:(Pacific shortfinned eel)
1525:(New Zealand longfin eel)
1447:Anguilla bicolor pacifica
1442:(Indonesian shortfin eel)
1158:
1143:
1136:
1121:
1114:
1099:
1092:
1077:
1070:
1046:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1002:
995:
980:
973:
922:
907:
900:
876:
861:
854:
847:
832:
825:
810:
803:
796:
483:Indonesian longfinned eel
272:
267:
248:
241:
143:Scientific classification
141:
129:
120:
34:
4155:Danian first appearances
4145:Ray-finned fish families
3044:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2957:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2171:Annales de Paléontologie
1619:(Polynesian longfin eel)
1579:(Philippine mottled eel)
1436:Anguilla bicolor bicolor
297:. Except from the genus
2726:10.1023/A:1023926705906
2471:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2383:Jacoby, D.M.P. (2015).
1698:Stinton & Nolf 1970
1628:(W. K. H. Peters, 1852)
1539:(Highlands longfin eel)
475:New Zealand longfin eel
353:New Zealand longfin eel
3058:Berra, Tim M. (2001).
3031:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0989
2757:Encyclopedia of Fishes
2521:"Seafood Watch: Unagi"
2326:10.1006/rwos.2001.0021
2273:10.1098/rspb.2011.1289
1713:(speckled longfin eel)
1694:Anguilla rectangularis
1519:Anguilla dieffenbachii
1289:Neoanguilla nepalensis
769:constantly migrating.
714:
607:
578:
445:
360:
357:Anguilla dieffenbachii
305:Neoanguilla nepalensis
4094:Paleobiology Database
3807:Paleobiology Database
2312:Arnold, G.P. (2001).
1879:10.2307/j.ctvbcd0dm.6
1818:10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a1
1636:Anguilla multiradiata
1630:(African longfin eel)
1588:Schlegel ex Kaup 1856
1514:(Celebes longfin eel)
1505:Anguilla celebesensis
1456:(Indian shortfin eel)
1416:(African mottled eel)
705:
597:
569:
502:Commercial importance
443:
351:
3980:Fauna Europaea (new)
3693:Fauna Europaea (new)
3354:(Bobtail snipe eels)
3150:Families by suborder
3054:. June 2011 version.
3046:"Family Anguillidae"
1765:Palaeo Ichthyologica
1704:Anguilla reinhardtii
1401:(Indian mottled eel)
1380:Anguilla bengalensis
686:generalists.
381:Nardoechelys robinsi
370:Nardoechelys robinsi
340:Physical description
307:from Nepal, all the
2969:2016BMCEE..16..159P
2860:2004FisME..11..369G
2718:2003EnvBF..66..221T
2601:2009FisSc..75..387W
2563:1976Aquac...9..373D
2401:2015GEcoC...4..321J
2389:Glob. Ecol. Conserv
2183:2005AnPal..91..329F
2078:2013MolPE..69..884S
2029:2008CrRes..29..100S
2017:Cretaceous Research
1986:1978Geobi..11..517N
1965:Nolf, Dirk (1978).
1853:Fishes of the World
1624:Anguilla mossambica
1608:(giant mottled eel)
1562:Anguilla luzonensis
1530:Anguilla interioris
1463:Anguilla borneensis
1358:J. Richardson, 1841
672:Eels in the family
610:Anguillid eels are
3181:Synaphobranchidae
3174:Synaphobranchoidei
2911:10.1242/jeb.051185
2140:10.1007/bf02985719
1613:Anguilla megastoma
1595:Anguilla marmorata
1584:Anguilla malgumora
1495:Anguilla brevicula
1477:Anguilla breviceps
1399:(J. E. Gray, 1831)
1360:(short-finned eel)
1341:Anguilla australis
715:
608:
579:
446:
361:
293:that contains the
4122:
4121:
4081:Open Tree of Life
3794:Open Tree of Life
3568:Taxon identifiers
3559:
3558:
3527:
3526:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3375:(Freshwater eels)
3355:
3347:
3339:
3336:Saccopharyngidae
3331:
3321:Saccopharyngoidei
3312:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3240:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3202:Heterenchelyidae
3184:
2649:(12): 1989–1998.
2589:Fisheries Science
2335:978-0-12-227430-5
2267:(1730): 934–943.
1888:978-1-933789-32-3
1739:
1727:
1718:Anguilla rostrata
1712:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1676:Agassiz 1833–1845
1672:Anguilla pachyura
1665:
1651:
1646:Anguilla nebulosa
1641:
1640:Agassiz 1833–1845
1629:
1618:
1607:
1589:
1578:
1556:
1544:Anguilla japonica
1538:
1524:
1513:
1500:
1499:Agassiz 1833–1845
1489:
1471:
1455:
1441:
1431:
1415:
1400:
1389:
1373:
1359:
1349:
1336:
1324:
1311:Anguilla anguilla
1306:
1294:
1283:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1059:
1058:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
935:
934:
889:
888:
711:Anguilla japonica
604:Anguilla Rostrata
575:Anguilla anguilla
548:bred in captivity
491:biodiversity loss
279:
278:
251:Anguilla anguilla
237:
218:
135:Anguilla rostrata
16:(Redirected from
4177:
4115:
4114:
4102:
4101:
4089:
4088:
4076:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4052:
4050:NBNSYS0000188598
4040:
4039:
4027:
4026:
4014:
4013:
4001:
4000:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3948:
3936:
3935:
3923:
3922:
3910:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3801:
3789:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3765:
3763:NBNSYS0000159368
3753:
3752:
3740:
3739:
3727:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3701:
3700:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3674:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3513:Sina and the Eel
3471:Eel life history
3415:
3408:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3328:Eurypharyngidae
3311:(Spaghetti eels)
3310:
3291:
3283:
3282:Nettastomatidae
3275:
3267:
3259:
3238:
3219:
3211:
3203:
3183:(Cutthroat eels)
3182:
3158:Protanguilloidei
3155:
3151:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3055:
3033:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2980:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2923:
2913:
2904:(8): 1379–1385.
2889:
2880:
2879:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2546:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2380:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2134:(3–4): 269–286.
2123:
2114:
2113:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1866:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1756:
1737:
1721:
1707:
1697:
1687:Schwarzhans 2012
1686:
1675:
1660:
1657:Anguilla obscura
1650:McClelland, 1844
1649:
1639:
1627:
1616:
1598:
1587:
1565:
1547:
1533:
1523:J. E. Gray, 1842
1522:
1508:
1498:
1480:
1466:
1450:
1440:McClelland, 1844
1439:
1426:
1423:Anguilla bicolor
1409:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1357:
1344:
1334:
1314:
1304:
1292:
1281:
1269:Schwarzhans 2003
1268:
1258:Schwarzhans 2003
1257:
1139:
1117:
1095:
1073:
1027:
1020:
998:
976:
925:A. dieffenbachii
903:
857:
850:
828:
806:
799:
787:
777:
776:
495:overexploitation
479:A. dieffenbachii
232:
213:
151:
150:
125:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
27:Family of fishes
21:
18:Anguilla (genus)
4185:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4174:
4140:Commercial fish
4125:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4105:
4097:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4048:
4043:
4035:
4030:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3970:
3965:
3957:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3844:
3836:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3735:
3730:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3704:
3696:
3691:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3626:
3618:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3523:
3459:
3409:
3396:
3391:(Sawtooth eels)
3389:Serrivomeridae
3359:
3316:
3297:
3284:(Duckbill eels)
3274:Muraenesocidae
3268:(Longneck eels)
3244:
3225:
3188:
3169:
3165:Protanguillidae
3149:
3144:
3106:
3101:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3016:
3012:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2921:1854/LU-1269790
2891:
2890:
2883:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2827:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2655:10.1139/f02-165
2640:
2639:
2632:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2361:www.fishbase.de
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2226:10.2307/1445971
2211:
2210:
2206:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1933:10.2307/1446011
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1889:
1868:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1776:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1683:Anguilla pfeili
1412:W. K. H. Peters
1331:Anguilla annosa
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1060:
1034:A. celebesensis
963:
954:
945:
936:
890:
775:
742:
734:pectoral girdle
700:
683:
670:
592:
564:
546:, they are not
504:
438:
429:
411:Anguilla ignota
407:
404:Anguilla ignota
384:
374:Anguilla ignota
366:
342:
295:freshwater eels
291:ray-finned fish
263:
254:
231:
212:
145:
116:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4183:
4181:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4127:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4103:
4090:
4077:
4067:
4054:
4041:
4028:
4015:
4002:
3989:
3976:
3967:Fauna Europaea
3963:
3950:
3937:
3924:
3911:
3898:
3885:
3870:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3790:
3780:
3767:
3754:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3702:
3689:
3680:Fauna Europaea
3676:
3663:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3611:
3596:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3464:Related topics
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3381:Nemichthyidae
3378:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3344:Monognathidae
3341:
3333:
3330:(Pelican eels)
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3276:(Pike congers)
3271:
3266:Derichthyidae
3263:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3239:(False morays)
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3210:Myrocongridae
3207:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3134:Actinopterygii
3130:
3124:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3056:
3042:Froese, Rainer
3035:
3034:
3010:
2943:
2881:
2854:(6): 369–377.
2838:
2805:
2772:
2765:
2747:
2712:(3): 221–229.
2695:
2668:
2630:
2595:(2): 387–392.
2576:
2536:
2533:on 2010-07-06.
2511:
2463:(4): 444–445.
2443:
2416:
2372:
2348:
2334:
2304:
2247:
2220:(4): 876–880.
2204:
2177:(4): 329–335.
2161:
2115:
2072:(3): 884–894.
2050:
2023:(1): 100–114.
2007:
1980:(4): 517–562.
1954:
1910:
1901:
1887:
1856:
1845:
1823:
1812:(3): 225–241.
1788:
1774:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1734:Anguilla rouxi
1729:
1728:(American eel)
1714:
1700:
1689:
1678:
1667:
1653:
1642:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1591:
1580:
1558:
1557:(Japanese eel)
1540:
1526:
1515:
1501:
1490:
1473:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1390:(mottled eel)
1376:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1337:
1326:
1325:(European eel)
1297:
1296:
1295:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1001:
996:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:A. reinhardtii
979:
974:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
960:
959:
956:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
883:
882:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
831:
826:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
809:
804:
802:
797:
795:
785:
782:
781:
774:
771:
741:
740:Other features
738:
699:
696:
682:
679:
669:
666:
591:
588:
584:A. anguillidae
563:
560:
503:
500:
437:
434:
428:
425:
406:
401:
383:
378:
365:
362:
341:
338:
277:
276:
270:
269:
265:
264:
255:
246:
245:
239:
238:
224:
220:
219:
207:
203:
202:
200:Anguilliformes
197:
193:
192:
190:Actinopterygii
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
127:
126:
118:
117:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4182:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3552:
3544:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:Leptocephalus
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3338:(Gulper eels)
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:Ophichthidae
3288:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3068:0-12-093156-7
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:Jun G. Inoue
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2822:
2808:
2806:9780123969514
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:0-12-547665-5
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:(mottled eel)
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1452:E. J. Schmidt
1449:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:J. Richardson
1343:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:Garsault 1764
1303:
1302:
1298:
1293:Shrestha 2008
1291:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1282:Shrestha 2008
1280:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1254:Anguillidarum
1250:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:A. interioris
1119:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
999:
993:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
978:
977:
971:
970:
967:
966:
958:
957:
949:
948:
940:
939:
931:
930:
927:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
885:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
859:
858:
852:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:A. borneensis
830:
829:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
813:A. mossambica
808:
807:
801:
800:
794:
793:
789:
788:
784:
783:
779:
778:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
735:
730:
726:
723:
719:
712:
708:
704:
697:
695:
691:
687:
680:
678:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
624:
619:
617:
613:
605:
601:
600:American eels
596:
589:
587:
585:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
526:Seafood Watch
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
501:
499:
496:
492:
488:
487:A. borneensis
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:Anguillid eel
442:
435:
433:
426:
424:
422:
417:
412:
405:
402:
400:
397:
392:
388:
382:
379:
377:
375:
371:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
339:
337:
335:
334:Seafood Watch
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
253:
252:
247:
244:
240:
235:
230:
229:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
114:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
3849:
3575:
3511:
3507:Eel cuddling
3440:Jellied eels
3383:(Snipe eels)
3373:Anguillidae
3372:
3365:Anguilloidei
3309:Moringuidae
3302:Moringuoidei
3292:(Snake eels)
3220:(Moray eels)
3138:Superorder:
3059:
3049:
3022:
3018:
3013:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2901:
2897:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2810:. Retrieved
2788:
2756:
2750:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:
2646:
2642:
2592:
2588:
2554:
2550:
2528:the original
2514:
2500:cite journal
2488:. Retrieved
2460:
2456:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2431:
2392:
2388:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2131:
2127:
2069:
2065:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1870:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1826:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1732:
1716:
1709:Steindachner
1702:
1692:
1681:
1670:
1655:
1644:
1634:
1622:
1611:
1593:
1582:
1560:
1542:
1528:
1517:
1503:
1493:
1475:
1472:(Borneo eel)
1461:
1445:
1434:
1421:
1404:
1393:
1378:
1363:
1352:
1339:
1335:Stinton 1975
1329:
1309:
1299:
1287:
1276:
1263:
1252:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1144:
1123:
1122:
1101:
1100:
1080:A. marmorata
1079:
1078:
1049:A. megastoma
1048:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1004:
1003:
982:
981:
924:
923:
910:A. australis
909:
908:
878:
877:
863:
862:
834:
833:
812:
811:
791:
790:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
710:
707:Japanese eel
692:
688:
684:
673:
671:
658:Sargasso Sea
645:
638:leptocephali
620:
615:
609:
603:
583:
580:
574:
571:European eel
540:European eel
533:
524:
505:
486:
478:
470:
467:Japanese eel
462:
459:American eel
454:
451:European eel
447:
430:
420:
415:
410:
408:
403:
396:synapomorphy
390:
386:
385:
380:
373:
369:
367:
364:Paleontology
356:
343:
327:
313:
312:
304:
299:
298:
294:
282:
280:
273:
249:
243:Type species
227:
226:
209:
134:
131:American eel
115:) to Present
29:
4135:Anguillidae
4006:iNaturalist
3894:Anguillidae
3874:Wikispecies
3719:iNaturalist
3620:Anguillidae
3606:Anguillidae
3600:Wikispecies
3576:Anguillidae
3481:Ely Eel Day
3450:Eel noodles
3352:Cyematidae
3237:Chlopsidae
3230:Chlopsoidei
3218:Muraenidae
3212:(Thin eels)
3194:Muraenoidei
3140:Elopomorpha
3126:Subphylum:
2829:|work=
2684:www.fao.org
2557:: 373–379.
2551:Aquaculture
2490:27 November
2395:: 321–333.
2341:27 November
2320:: 947–955.
1927:(4): 1094.
1781:Pl. 661 in
1567:S. Watanabe
1278:Neoanguilla
1102:A. nebulosa
1005:A. japonica
879:A. rostrata
864:A. anguilla
674:Anguillidae
662:ichthyology
646:A. japonica
642:marine snow
616:A. japonica
612:semelparous
544:farm-raised
508:aquaculture
481:), and the
471:A. japonica
463:A. rostrata
455:A. anguilla
330:farm-raised
319:catadromous
300:Neoanguilla
283:Anguillidae
210:Anguillidae
35:Anguillidae
4129:Categories
3491:Glass eels
3476:Eel ladder
3425:Eel (food)
3258:Congridae
3250:Congroidei
3204:(Mud eels)
3128:Vertebrata
2963:(1): 159.
2812:2019-12-04
2689:2019-12-04
2437:2019-12-04
2366:2019-12-04
1838:8 February
1746:References
1617:Kaup, 1856
1428:McClelland
1386:J. E. Gray
1161:A. bicolor
1146:A. obscura
698:Physiology
623:freshwater
556:carnivores
391:N. robinsi
387:N. robinsi
215:Rafinesque
3346:(Onejaws)
3260:(Congers)
3114:Kingdom:
2987:1471-2148
2930:0022-0949
2876:1365-2400
2831:ignored (
2821:cite book
2734:1573-5133
2663:0706-652X
2617:1444-2906
2477:0254-5853
2281:0962-8452
2234:0045-8511
2199:0753-3969
2148:0031-0220
2094:1055-7903
2045:0195-6671
2002:0016-6995
1941:0045-8511
1897:239903435
1738:Nolf 1974
1575:Tsukamoto
1486:Y. T. Jin
1482:Y. T. Chu
1370:Phillipps
650:estuaries
634:estuaries
598:Juvenile
552:parasites
427:Phylogeny
421:A. ignota
416:A. ignota
274:See text
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
109:Paleocene
3946:46561250
3907:Anguilla
3880:Anguilla
3865:Q9154612
3859:Wikidata
3850:Anguilla
3585:Wikidata
3541:Category
3498:(larvae)
3445:Kabayaki
3122:Chordata
3120:Phylum:
3116:Animalia
3051:FishBase
3005:27514517
2938:21430215
2742:12032022
2625:19692756
2485:20740708
2299:21849321
2156:82717028
2110:19546541
2102:23831455
1553:Schlegel
1549:Temminck
1317:Linnaeus
1301:Anguilla
792:Anguilla
668:Behavior
314:Anguilla
268:Species
257:Linnaeus
234:Garsault
228:Anguilla
206:Family:
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
41:Danian–0
3998:2403092
3591:Q212239
3551:Commons
3519:Sniggle
3486:Eel pot
3435:Eel pie
3418:As food
3132:Class:
2996:4981956
2965:Bibcode
2856:Bibcode
2714:Bibcode
2597:Bibcode
2559:Bibcode
2397:Bibcode
2290:3259923
2242:1445971
2179:Bibcode
2074:Bibcode
2025:Bibcode
1982:Bibcode
1974:Geobios
1949:1446011
1771:: 1–88.
1726:, 1817)
1724:Lesueur
1662:GĂĽnther
1604:Gaimard
1535:Whitley
1414:, 1852)
1388:, 1831)
773:Species
681:Sensory
562:Ecology
473:), the
465:), the
457:), the
223:Genus:
196:Order:
186:Class:
4112:125620
4086:854195
4070:NZOR:
4037:161126
4024:108353
3972:304330
3959:1ANGLG
3838:125425
3812:265729
3799:854196
3783:NZOR:
3750:161125
3737:114139
3672:1ANGLF
3455:Unadon
3066:
3019:et al.
3003:
2993:
2985:
2936:
2928:
2874:
2803:
2763:
2740:
2732:
2661:
2623:
2615:
2483:
2475:
2332:
2297:
2287:
2279:
2240:
2232:
2214:Copeia
2197:
2154:
2146:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2043:
2000:
1947:
1939:
1921:Copeia
1895:
1885:
1786:Paris.
1711:, 1867
1664:, 1872
1606:, 1824
1602:&
1577:, 2009
1573:&
1571:Aoyama
1555:, 1847
1551:&
1537:, 1938
1512:, 1856
1488:, 1984
1484:&
1470:, 1924
1454:, 1928
1430:, 1844
1372:, 1925
1348:, 1841
626:rivers
520:Taiwan
518:, and
309:extant
287:family
285:are a
236:, 1764
217:, 1810
113:Danian
107:Early
4107:WoRMS
4099:35345
4011:49221
3833:WoRMS
3820:Plazi
3732:IRMNG
3724:49220
3685:12016
3646:62352
3502:Abaia
3430:Anago
2738:S2CID
2621:S2CID
2531:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
2238:JSTOR
2152:S2CID
2106:S2CID
1970:(PDF)
1945:JSTOR
1893:S2CID
1468:Popta
632:, or
630:lakes
535:unagi
516:Korea
512:Japan
323:spawn
4150:Eels
4063:7935
4058:NCBI
4032:ITIS
3993:GBIF
3954:EPPO
3920:2534
3915:BOLD
3776:7934
3771:NCBI
3745:ITIS
3711:2949
3706:GBIF
3667:EPPO
3659:8295
3633:1236
3628:BOLD
3104:Eels
3064:ISBN
3001:PMID
2983:ISSN
2934:PMID
2926:ISSN
2872:ISSN
2833:help
2801:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2730:ISSN
2659:ISSN
2613:ISSN
2506:link
2492:2023
2481:PMID
2473:ISSN
2343:2023
2330:ISBN
2295:PMID
2277:ISSN
2230:ISSN
2218:1989
2195:ISSN
2144:ISSN
2098:PMID
2090:ISSN
2041:ISSN
1998:ISSN
1937:ISSN
1925:1989
1883:ISBN
1840:2022
1600:Quoy
1510:Kaup
1321:1758
281:The
261:1758
46:Preęž’
4045:NBN
4019:ISC
3941:EoL
3933:W6M
3928:CoL
3902:AFD
3889:ADW
3758:NBN
3654:EoL
3641:CoL
3615:AFD
3027:doi
2991:PMC
2973:doi
2916:hdl
2906:doi
2902:214
2864:doi
2793:doi
2722:doi
2651:doi
2605:doi
2567:doi
2465:doi
2405:doi
2322:doi
2285:PMC
2269:doi
2265:279
2222:doi
2187:doi
2136:doi
2082:doi
2033:doi
1990:doi
1929:doi
1875:doi
1814:doi
289:of
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