Anguillidae - Knowledge (XXG)

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compared to saltwater eels that they use to navigate and maneuver through river bottoms and shallow water. Unlike most eels, freshwater eels have not lost their scales, and instead have soft, thin, scales that are embedded in the epidermis. Additionally, freshwater eels possess small, granular teeth arranged in bands on the jaws and vomer. Anguillidae do exhibit size-dependent sexual dimorphism. Male anguillids invest more energy into mating with as many females as he can, than they do into growth. Therefore, female anguillids are usually larger, ranging from 1.5–3 feet (0.46–0.91 m), while male anguillids rarely get larger than 1.5 feet (0.46 m) long. Adult anguillidae can vary in color, but normally are brown, olive or olive-yellow, and can be mottled. Coloration matches the floor of rivers and lakes which prevents the eels from being seen by predators while in clear or shallow water. Freshwater eels go through physical changes in their bodies when going to and from the ocean for different stages of life.

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consume whatever acceptable prey they happen upon, including things like crustaceans, fishes, and other aquatic fauna. Aside from their reduced pectoral fins, eels lack of paired appendages: use axial-based lateral undulation as means of locomotion, similar to snakes. High maneuverability of trunk is adaptation for hunting in structurally-complex habitats such as reefs. Some species are known to burrow into the sea bed/sediment, including species that utilize head-first or tail-first burrowing techniques. This is related to both foraging and anti-predatory behavior. Freshwater eels have several natural predators such as large fish and piscivorous birds. Much is unknown about Anguillid eel behavior and its origins, due to the difficulty in observation, particularly in the context of reproduction, social constructs, and migration.

614:, meaning they only live to reproduce once, as they die after reproduction. However, these eels do not necessarily reproduce every year-they will sometimes wait until conditions are right in order to migrate and breed. The European eel can spawn starting at 7 years old, and the oldest of this species that has been found in the wild was 85 years of age. These conditions may include fat content, water quality or temperature, prey availability, river height and water flow rate, etc. This variability allows some eels to live even 50–70 years, however the lifespan of freshwater eels is not well documented. Very little is known about the mechanics of fertilization and spawning, and the time it takes these eels to hatch from their eggs is variable. Tsukamoto and associates found evidence of Japanese eels ( 441: 432:

Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels). Until 2013, this subclass has been lumped together into a cohesive clade. However, recent molecular studies have suggested that Anguillidae are actually more closely related to the Saccopharyngiforms (Gulpers and relatives) than they are to the other Anguilloid families. This leads to two possibilities: Either Anguilloidei is a paraphyletic group, or it was originally delineated inaccurately, and Anguillidae should not be included in this subclass. However, more studies need to be conducted to confirm the placement of freshwater eels within Anguilliformes, and determine the composition of the Anguilloidei subclass.

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Anguillidae were placed in “magnetic displacement” experiment where the geomagnetic north could be altered, and their actions could be monitored. The results showed that at different stages of life, the Anguillidae, are capable of responding to the geomagnetic field and will alter their direction of interest accordingly. They depend on the intensity and inclination of the magnetic field to migrate. Within this experiment they also looked at how the glass eel may rely on the circatidal rhythm in the ocean to work its way back to the coast and into the freshwater systems, but it is not yet fully understood.

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predatory fish such as trout, aiding in population control in these systems. Juvenile eels occupy small spaces in between rocks, in crevices or mud. Freshwater eels are widespread and are catadromous, meaning they spend most of their life in freshwater (rivers mainly) and migrate to the ocean to breed. Leptocephali (larval) migration can range from months to up to almost a year. Temperate eels migrate on average for approximately 6–10 months, while tropical eels undergo shorter migrations between approximately 3–5 months on average. The European eel (

586:) has one of the longest migrations of all freshwater eels, migrating up to 6000 km (over 3700 miles) in a single migration loop. Migration loops may be flexible in some species, and this variability is still being investigated. However, some eels in this family have altered their migration loop to become completely marine, not returning to fresh waters to develop. Ocean-resident eels are the exception of this family, and this behavior may be more common in areas in which the freshwater habitat is of lower quality or productivity. 652:-upon returning to freshwater growing habitat, the eels become pigmented and develop through the elver and yellow eel stages. The yellow and silver eel stages are named aptly for the coloration of the underbelly of the eel during these developmental stages. Elvers travel upstream in freshwater rivers, where they grow to adulthood. Finally, anguillids transition through the silver eel stage into adulthood and migrate to the oceanic breeding grounds to reproduce and begin the cycle anew. The 765:

search of food and avoiding strong currents. Fat reserves increase in preparation for less abundant food sources in the ocean. Females will experience a higher increase than males for the reason of egg production. The eyes also change increasing in size by two times and retinal pigments which are sensitive to red light in shallow waters change to pigments that are sensitive to blue light which is better adapted for the deep ocean that the silver eel will be experiencing.

349: 148: 3406: 636:, and return to the ocean to spawn. All eels pass through several stages of development through their life cycle. Anguillid eels undergo morphological changes during these developmental stages that are associated with environmental conditions and aid in preparing them for further growth and finally reproduction. Anguillid eels begin their life as an egg in the ocean, and once hatched, enter a larval stage called 3537: 123: 567: 703: 3547: 489:). Threats to these species include: habitat loss/modification, migration barriers, pollution, parasitism, exploitation, and consumption, as eels are a popular food source especially in Asia and Europe. Fluctuating oceanic conditions associated with climate change also make these species vulnerable, with reduced water quality leading to 736:. The presence of a scapula is important in muscle attachment and allows for the upper head to move in various directions as well as increase strength of body undulation, thus increasing swimming capabilities. The presence of a scapula allows for stronger movements of pectoral fins which aid in movement across terrestrial obstacles. 595: 648:) can lay between 2 million and 10 million eggs. These planktonic (free floating) eggs and translucent, leaf-like larvae are dispersed via ocean currents and migrate sometimes thousands of miles. They grow larger in size, and in their next growth stage, they are called glass eels. At this stage, they enter 764:

Metamorphosis is a big part in the lives of Anguillidae and many changes happen in preparation for migration amongst the adults going from the yellow eel stage to the silver eel stage. The gas bladder adapts for higher pressures which it'll be exposed to in the ocean where it will dive much deeper in

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Cutaneous respiration accounts for approximately fifteen percent of their oxygen intake but when they are out of water, they are capable of receiving approximately fifty percent of their oxygen through gas exchange via the outer integument. This is an important feature since Anguillidae at many times

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Population density sex determination is a feature where the Anguillidae regulate their population's gender depending on the abundance of eggs present. High egg concentrations will result in more male than female ratios as well as vice versa. It does not mean that the eggs will all become one sex but

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Olfactory senses in this family are heightened for various reasons. Within the nasal sac are olfactory cells which have the capability of detecting extremely diluted chemicals as low as three to four molecules. This is extremely helpful in their nocturnal endeavors as well as for migratory purposes.

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of snake eels, and possessed morphological features more congruent with an ancestral anguilliform. Therefore, many phylogenetic studies use this fossil as a calibration point to date crown anguilliforms. Therefore, if the oldest eel is 83 million years old, it can be concluded that anguillidae could

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Mucous cells within epidermis are found in both the non-sexually mature and sexually mature adult stages. The mucous cells are made of glycoproteins which are found in higher concentrations on dorsal and ventral sides of body. It is believed that the family Anguillidae has higher concentrations of

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Adult freshwater eels are elongated with tubelike, snake-shaped bodies. They have large, pointed heads and their dorsal fins are usually continuous with their caudal and anal fins, to form a fringe lining the posterior end of their bodies. They have relatively well developed eyes and pectoral fins

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The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are fused and pelvic fins are lacking. Dorsal fin begins mid body creating a long continuous fin where in other species it begins more posterior and is not as prominent in length. Their body movement depends highly on undulation originating near the anterior axial

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Anguillidae unlike its other relatives have a fully developed lateral line along their trunk. Lateral lines provide the ability for Anguillidae to sense their surrounding environment through water displacement which aids in predation and hunting especially because they are predominantly nocturnal

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The exact placement of freshwater eels is still being debated, but there is a general consensus that Anguillidae are firmly nested within Anguilliformes. Traditionally, molecular studies have placed Anguillidae in the subclass "Anguilloidei" with two other families: Nemichthyidae (snipe eels) and

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was found in the geological remains of one of these lakes, which makes it the oldest eel to inhabit a freshwater environment. Arguably, the most defining feature of Anguillidae is the fact that they inhabit freshwater, being the only family of eels to do so. Therefore, the hypothesis stating that

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It is known that when bodies of water start to dry up the Anguillidae burrow down into the mud and wait for rain while undergoing torpor. Since rain is not predictable torpor allows for the organism to lower its metabolic rate as well as its body temperature increasing its survivability.

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Paired frontal bones of skull make for a stronger cranium which aids in their variable burrowing tendencies with mud as well as maneuvering through terrestrial obstacles when hiding under rocks and logs that they encounter at the waters bottom where they spend most of their time during the day.

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are known to be primarily solitary in nature; they are not known to communicate socially or actively school, however large masses of elvers can be found as a result of synchronicity in response to environmental conditions. These eels are known as generalists and opportunistic feeders; most will

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Freshwater eels are aquatic and live in various habitats, including freshwater, estuaries, and saltwater/marine habitats, and occupy the roles of both predator and prey, and evidence has been found of nematode parasitism in some species. Some eel species have been observed consuming the eggs of

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Anguillid eels have a global distribution, and inhabit the waters of more than 150 countries. They are mainly found in tropical and temperate waters, except in the Eastern Pacific and South Atlantic. Conservation is difficult for this taxon because not much is known about their life history and

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to be 83 million years old. The fossil was discovered incomplete and lacked the skull and part of the anterior skeleton. Despite the morphological uncertainty, cranial and branchial features confirmed it was an eel. At first, it was classified the earliest member of the eel family, Ophichthidae

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Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Otake, Tsuguo; Mochioka, Noritaka; Lee, Tae-Won; Fricke, Hans; Inagaki, Tadashi; Aoyama, Jun; Ishikawa, Satoshi; Kimura, Shingo; Miller, Michael J.; Hasumoto, Hiroshi (2003-03-01). "Seamounts, New Moon and eel Spawning: The Search for the Spawning Site of the Japanese eel".

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Anguillidae are great swimmers due to their axial muscle attachment and W-shaped myomeres giving them the capability of swimming backwards just as well as they can swim forward. Not many other fish can do so. Since their mouths are not very large, they use their swimming capabilities to aid in

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and migration inhibition via migration barriers. According to the IUCN Anguillid Eel Specialist Group, or the AESG, the need for conservation of this family is clear given recent declines. However, conservation efforts are being inhibited by a lack of knowledge of the biology of these species,

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One experiment talked about the driving force that is seen in Anguillidae. When held in captivity it was reported that they would hit their heads against the glass or make fast for an escape route most likely looking for the fresh or saltwater they seek. This was a key indicator that they are

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Geomagnetic sensing has been identified as one of the most important specialized senses in this family. Unlike the other relatives the Anguillidae are catadromous meaning they must migrate for an extended period and depending on what life stage they are in they may be in the open ocean. The

376:, which is the fossil that represents the ancestor to all extant freshwater eels and marks the upper boundary of the age of anguillidae. Using these two fossil calibration points, freshwater eels are said to originate between 83 million years ago and 43.8 million years ago. 1785:

Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy medecin, dessinés d'après nature par Mr. de Gasault, gravés par Mrs. Defehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet &c. Niquet scrip. . – pp. , index , Pl. 644-729.

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and was found in Messel, Germany. The Messel fossil deposit is dated to be 43.8 million years old during the mid-Eocene epoch. During this time period, Messel was undergoing intense volcanic activity which resulted in the formation of freshwater maar lakes.

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Ventral lateral gill slits make up eighty-five percent of gas exchange and are highly efficient in converting between salt and freshwater. This feature really separates the Anguillidae, freshwater eels, from other eels who have internal gill chambers.

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Santini, Francesco; Kong, Xianghui; Sorenson, Laurie; Carnevale, Giorgio; Mehta, Rita S.; Alfaro, Michael E. (December 2013). "A multi-locus molecular timescale for the origin and diversification of eels (Order: Anguilliformes)".

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need to move between bodies of water to maintain an aquatic environment. It is also known that they will burrow down into mud so having the capability to exchange gas outside of water is highly beneficial to this family.

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Simenstad, Charles A.; Dadswell, Michael J.; Klauda, Ronald J.; Moffitt, Christine M.; Saunders, Richard L.; Rulifson, Roger A.; Cooper, John E. (1989-12-27). "Common Strategies of Anadromous and Catadromous Fishes".

550:. Instead, young eels are collected from the wild and then raised in various enclosures. In addition to wild eel populations being reduced by this process, eels are often farmed in open-net pens, which allow 2126:

Gaudant, Jean; Micklich, Norbert (December 1990). "Rhenanoperca minuta nov. gen., nov. sp., ein neuer Percoide (Pisces, Perciformes) aus der Messel-Formation (Mittel-Eozän, Unteres Geiseltalium)".

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was found by Italian scientists in 2002 in the Santonian-Campanian Calcari di Melissano, which is a fossil bed located near the town of Nardò. Strontium-isotope stratigraphy concluded the age of

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Schlüter, Malte; Steuber, Thomas; Parente, Mariano (February 2008). "Chronostratigraphy of Campanian–Maastrichtian platform carbonates and rudist associations of Salento (Apulia, Italy)".

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is a fast-growing industry. Important food eel species include longfin eel, Australian long-finned eel, short-finned eel, and Japanese eel. Most eel production historically has been in

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It was mistakenly reported that Anguillidae lack a scapular bone but after further research and more advanced staining techniques they have a scapula and coracoid which make up their

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Watanabe, Shun; Aoyama, Jun; Tsukamoto, Katsumi (2009-04-01). "A new species of freshwater eel Anguilla luzonensis (Teleostei: Anguillidae) from Luzon Island of the Philippines".

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is the ancestor to all freshwater eels is strongly supported. This fossil is commonly used as a calibration fossil to pinpoint the lower boundary of the age of freshwater eels.

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Growns, I. (2004-12-01). "A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia and their application to river management".

664:. The spawning areas of some other anguillid eels, such as the Japanese eel, and the giant mottled eel, were also discovered recently in the western North Pacific Ocean. 2549:

Deelder, C.L. (January 1976). "The problem of the supernumary zones in otoliths of the European eel (Anguilla Anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)); a suggestion to cope with it".

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slime than other families. This aids in predation as well as helping keep themselves moist outside of water increasing efficiency of cutaneous respiration.

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Many species have variegated skin which means they will vary in color depending on their environment so that they can maintain the highest grade of camouflage.

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Franzen, Jens Lorenz (October 2005). "The implications of the numerical dating of the Messel fossil deposit (Eocene, Germany) for mammalian biochronology".

644:. Anguillid eels lay adhesive demersal eggs (eggs that are free-floating or attached to substrate), and most species have no parental care. Japanese eels ( 4169: 3992: 3705: 233: 4031: 3744: 493:

among the largest threats. In the Northern hemisphere, anguillid eels have had large declines in populations due to a number of reasons including

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Brito, Alberto (1989-12-27). "Nettenchelys dionisi, a New Species of Nettastomatid Eel (Pisces: Anguilliformes) from the Canary Islands".

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end. Due to the fins being fused we see a highly skilled swimmer amongst the Anguillidae which aids in migration and hunting/predation.

2527: 4164: 554:, waste products, and diseases to flow directly back into wild eel habitat, further threatening wild populations. Freshwater eels are 4154: 4144: 3067: 2804: 2764: 532:, recommends consumers avoid eating anguillid eels due to significant pressures on worldwide populations. Several species used as 4106: 3832: 1394: 2641:

Tsukamoto, K; Aoyama, J; Miller, M J (December 2002). "Migration, speciation, and the evolution of diadromy in anguillid eels".

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They use terrestrial odors as cues in migration as well as low salinity and colder temperatures to direct themselves.

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which represents the ancestor to all extant eels, and marks the lower-boundary of the age of anguillidae. The second is

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feeding where they will bite onto their food and twist/spin rapidly tearing off a piece perfectly sized for them.

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so are fed other wild-caught fish, adding another element of unsustainability to current eel-farming practices.

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Herrel, A.; Choi, H. F.; Dumont, E.; De Schepper, N.; Vanhooydonck, B.; Aerts, P.; Adriaens, D. (2011-04-15).

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Johnson, G. David; Ida, Hitoshi; Sakaue, Jiro; Sado, Tetsuya; Asahida, Takashi; Miya, Masaki (2011-08-17).

1635: 3567: 2313: 1518: 1369: 4093: 3806: 2784: 2499: 1534: 1504: 1494: 3919: 3632: 3045: 2356: 1671: 1574: 3824: 1761:"Fish otoliths from the Paleocene of Bavaria (Kressenberg) and Austria (Kroisbach and Oiching-Graben)" 4134: 4111: 4072: 3940: 3888: 3837: 3785: 3653: 2964: 2855: 2713: 2596: 2558: 2396: 2178: 2073: 2024: 1981: 1703: 1682: 1379: 1330: 1733: 368:

There are two important fossils used to date the origin of freshwater eels. The first is the fossil

3080: 2257:"A 'living fossil' eel (Anguilliformes: Protanguillidae, fam. nov.) from an undersea cave in Palau" 1623: 1603: 1566: 1561: 1529: 1485: 1481: 1462: 1253: 482: 348: 2820: 2737: 2620: 2237: 2151: 2105: 1944: 1892: 1708: 1612: 1594: 1583: 1476: 1340: 1277: 142: 3811: 4098: 4080: 3927: 3793: 3640: 3351: 3063: 3000: 2982: 2933: 2925: 2871: 2800: 2760: 2729: 2658: 2612: 2480: 2472: 2329: 2294: 2276: 2229: 2194: 2143: 2097: 2089: 2040: 1997: 1936: 1882: 1717: 1661: 1645: 1543: 1509: 490: 250: 3736: 3605: 4085: 3798: 3512: 3470: 3201: 3026: 2990: 2972: 2915: 2905: 2863: 2792: 2721: 2650: 2604: 2566: 2464: 2404: 2385:"Synergistic patterns of threat and the challenges facing global anguillid eel conservation" 2321: 2284: 2268: 2221: 2186: 2135: 2081: 2032: 1989: 1928: 1874: 1813: 1656: 1552: 1422: 1385: 1300: 653: 547: 498:

especially in their social and spawning behavior, as well as a lack of long-term data sets.

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have seen their population sizes greatly reduced in the past half century. Catches of the

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Chen, Zi-Ming; Zhang, Xiao-Yan; Qi, Wen-Long; Deng, Xiu-Mei; Xiao, Heng (August 2010).

2289: 2256: 1411: 290: 189: 1993: 1966: 618:) may synchronize their breeding cycles during the spawning season with the new moon. 4149: 4128: 3540: 3495: 3180: 3041: 2867: 2570: 1896: 1760: 1316: 637: 525: 333: 70: 3893: 2741: 2624: 2155: 2109: 122: 3645: 3619: 3439: 3434: 3388: 3364: 3335: 3289: 3265: 3164: 1310: 706: 657: 599: 570: 566: 543: 539: 466: 458: 450: 449:

behaviors. However, many Anguillid eels are of conservation concern, including the

395: 308: 242: 130: 2036: 1797: 332:, but not bred in captivity. Many populations in the wild are now threatened, and 3932: 2468: 2190: 640:. The young eel larvae live only in the ocean and consume small particles called 4049: 4005: 3906: 3873: 3762: 3718: 3599: 3480: 3449: 3343: 3327: 3308: 3193: 3139: 2409: 2384: 2085: 702: 661: 641: 622: 507: 329: 318: 45: 3864: 2453:"A new record of Anguillid fish in Lancangjiang River, China: Anguilla bicolor" 3490: 3475: 3424: 3249: 3236: 3209: 3127: 2977: 2725: 2608: 394:(snake eels). However, upon further inspection, the fossil only displayed one 90: 55: 3590: 2986: 2929: 2875: 2733: 2679: 2662: 2616: 2476: 2280: 2233: 2198: 2147: 2093: 2044: 2001: 1940: 4023: 3953: 3666: 3485: 3380: 3257: 3217: 2452: 633: 555: 159: 108: 95: 3030: 3004: 2937: 2920: 2787:. In McCormick, Stephen D.; Farrell, Anthony P.; Brauner, Colin J. (eds.). 2484: 2325: 2298: 2272: 2101: 1878: 1817: 1802:, a rare work published by Garsault in 1764, in the zoological literature" 321:, spending their adult lives in freshwater, but migrating to the ocean to 3858: 3584: 3444: 3121: 3050: 1908:

Coad, B. W., "Review of the Freshwater Eels of Iran (Family Anguillidae).

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EELS, FRESHWATER; SMITH, DAVID G. (2018-10-23), "Family Anguillidae",

4010: 3723: 3454: 3115: 2953:"Evolution of the locomotory system in eels (Teleostei: Elopomorpha)" 2791:. Euryhaline Fishes. Vol. 32. Academic Press. pp. 253–326. 519: 169: 112: 3710: 3561: 2654: 2225: 1932: 594: 3958: 3671: 757:

rather have a higher ratio in one of the two sexes present.

3819: 3501: 3429: 701: 625: 593: 565: 534: 522:, but in recent years, the greatest production has been in China. 515: 511: 439: 347: 3945: 2427: 2755:

McCosker, John F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).

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Pfaff, Cathrin; Zorzin, Roberto; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016-08-11).

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The earliest known, unequivocal fossil of an anguillid eel is

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Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R., eds. (2022).

1833:"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References" 311:

species and six subspecies in this family are in the genus

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6 – Freshwater to Seawater Transitions in Migratory Fishes

1967:"Les otolithes des Téléostéens du Plio-Pleistocène belge" 328:

Eels are an important food fish and some species are now

2785:"Freshwater to Seawater Transitions in Migratory Fishes" 3072: 2261:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine

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is one of the more famous anecdotes in the history of

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Zydlewski, Joseph; Wilkie, Michael P. (2012-01-01).

3848: 3574: 3463: 3417: 3363: 3320: 3301: 3248: 3229: 3192: 3173: 3157: 3148: 2680:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Aquatic species" 2643:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2357:"FAMILY Details for Anguillidae – Freshwater eels" 780:Phylogeny of the Anguillidae by Inoue et al. 2010 2504:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 336:recommend consumers avoid eating anguillid eels. 3088: 1871:Orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes 8: 621:Members of this family spend their lives in 506:Anguillid eels are important food fish. Eel 4160:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque 399:not have originated any earlier than that. 3562: 3414: 3154: 3095: 3081: 3073: 121: 31: 3023:Deep-ocean origin of the freshwater eels. 2994: 2976: 2919: 2909: 2759:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 89. 2457:Dong Wu Xue Yan Jiu = Zoological Research 2428:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 2408: 2288: 1873:, Yale University Press, pp. 25–47, 1796:Welter-Schultes, F. W.; Klug, R. (2009). 656:of the American and European eels in the 2526:. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from 1806:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 1751: 2887: 2885: 2828: 2818: 2778: 2776: 2497: 2674: 2672: 2636: 2634: 2582: 2580: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2422: 2420: 2378: 2376: 2121: 2119: 2066:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2058: 2056: 2054: 7: 4073:4e74837d-acfc-4862-937e-0c0a97534545 3985:c03a15bd-3ede-43d3-9dc2-4a93b6f0e5bd 3825:FD1087D9-FFA3-4A52-FF67-A6E34D26FE1A 3786:17022c3a-d0d7-483b-bde4-7a2270e24e19 3698:20a1efeb-bacd-4988-8908-0a31d671e979 3546: 1960: 1958: 1864: 1862: 1860: 2432:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1138: 1116: 1094: 1072: 1026: 1019: 997: 975: 902: 856: 849: 827: 805: 798: 786: 2797:10.1016/b978-0-12-396951-4.00006-2 530:sustainable seafood advisory lists 25: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3404: 3025:Biol. Lett. 2010 6, S. 363–366, 2868:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2004.00404.x 2848:Fisheries Management and Ecology 1395:Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis 146: 4170:Extant Danian first appearances 2898:Journal of Experimental Biology 2706:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2318:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 654:discovery of the spawning area 303:, with the only known species 1: 3062:. San Diego: Academic Press. 2037:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.04.005 1994:10.1016/s0016-6995(78)80083-7 1265:Anguillidarum semisphaeroides 436:Distribution and conservation 3060:Freshwater Fish Distribution 2571:10.1016/0044-8486(76)90078-8 2469:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2010.04444 2314:"Fish Migration, Horizontal" 2191:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.04.002 2128:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 1406:Anguilla bengalensis labiata 1354:Anguilla australis australis 2410:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.009 2086:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.016 1783:Garsault, F. A. P. de 1764. 1759:Werner Schwarzhans (2012). 1590:(Indonesian longfinned eel) 1365:Anguilla australis schmidti 590:Reproduction and life cycle 4186: 528:, one of the better-known 4165:Monogeneric fish families 3531: 3413: 3402: 3110: 2978:10.1186/s12862-016-0728-7 2609:10.1007/s12562-009-0087-z 2519:Halpin, Patricia (2007). 1666:(Pacific shortfinned eel) 1525:(New Zealand longfin eel) 1447:Anguilla bicolor pacifica 1442:(Indonesian shortfin eel) 1158: 1143: 1136: 1121: 1114: 1099: 1092: 1077: 1070: 1046: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1002: 995: 980: 973: 922: 907: 900: 876: 861: 854: 847: 832: 825: 810: 803: 796: 483:Indonesian longfinned eel 272: 267: 248: 241: 143:Scientific classification 141: 129: 120: 34: 4155:Danian first appearances 4145:Ray-finned fish families 3044:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2957:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2171:Annales de Paléontologie 1619:(Polynesian longfin eel) 1579:(Philippine mottled eel) 1436:Anguilla bicolor bicolor 297:. Except from the genus 2726:10.1023/A:1023926705906 2471:(inactive 2024-09-12). 2383:Jacoby, D.M.P. (2015). 1698:Stinton & Nolf 1970 1628:(W. K. H. Peters, 1852) 1539:(Highlands longfin eel) 475:New Zealand longfin eel 353:New Zealand longfin eel 3058:Berra, Tim M. (2001). 3031:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0989 2757:Encyclopedia of Fishes 2521:"Seafood Watch: Unagi" 2326:10.1006/rwos.2001.0021 2273:10.1098/rspb.2011.1289 1713:(speckled longfin eel) 1694:Anguilla rectangularis 1519:Anguilla dieffenbachii 1289:Neoanguilla nepalensis 769:constantly migrating. 714: 607: 578: 445: 360: 357:Anguilla dieffenbachii 305:Neoanguilla nepalensis 4094:Paleobiology Database 3807:Paleobiology Database 2312:Arnold, G.P. (2001). 1879:10.2307/j.ctvbcd0dm.6 1818:10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a1 1636:Anguilla multiradiata 1630:(African longfin eel) 1588:Schlegel ex Kaup 1856 1514:(Celebes longfin eel) 1505:Anguilla celebesensis 1456:(Indian shortfin eel) 1416:(African mottled eel) 705: 597: 569: 502:Commercial importance 443: 351: 3980:Fauna Europaea (new) 3693:Fauna Europaea (new) 3354:(Bobtail snipe eels) 3150:Families by suborder 3054:. June 2011 version. 3046:"Family Anguillidae" 1765:Palaeo Ichthyologica 1704:Anguilla reinhardtii 1401:(Indian mottled eel) 1380:Anguilla bengalensis 686:generalists. 381:Nardoechelys robinsi 370:Nardoechelys robinsi 340:Physical description 307:from Nepal, all the 2969:2016BMCEE..16..159P 2860:2004FisME..11..369G 2718:2003EnvBF..66..221T 2601:2009FisSc..75..387W 2563:1976Aquac...9..373D 2401:2015GEcoC...4..321J 2389:Glob. Ecol. Conserv 2183:2005AnPal..91..329F 2078:2013MolPE..69..884S 2029:2008CrRes..29..100S 2017:Cretaceous Research 1986:1978Geobi..11..517N 1965:Nolf, Dirk (1978). 1853:Fishes of the World 1624:Anguilla mossambica 1608:(giant mottled eel) 1562:Anguilla luzonensis 1530:Anguilla interioris 1463:Anguilla borneensis 1358:J. Richardson, 1841 672:Eels in the family 610:Anguillid eels are 3181:Synaphobranchidae 3174:Synaphobranchoidei 2911:10.1242/jeb.051185 2140:10.1007/bf02985719 1613:Anguilla megastoma 1595:Anguilla marmorata 1584:Anguilla malgumora 1495:Anguilla brevicula 1477:Anguilla breviceps 1399:(J. E. Gray, 1831) 1360:(short-finned eel) 1341:Anguilla australis 715: 608: 579: 446: 361: 293:that contains the 4122: 4121: 4081:Open Tree of Life 3794:Open Tree of Life 3568:Taxon identifiers 3559: 3558: 3527: 3526: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3376: 3375:(Freshwater eels) 3355: 3347: 3339: 3336:Saccopharyngidae 3331: 3321:Saccopharyngoidei 3312: 3293: 3285: 3277: 3269: 3261: 3240: 3221: 3213: 3205: 3202:Heterenchelyidae 3184: 2649:(12): 1989–1998. 2589:Fisheries Science 2335:978-0-12-227430-5 2267:(1730): 934–943. 1888:978-1-933789-32-3 1739: 1727: 1718:Anguilla rostrata 1712: 1699: 1688: 1677: 1676:Agassiz 1833–1845 1672:Anguilla pachyura 1665: 1651: 1646:Anguilla nebulosa 1641: 1640:Agassiz 1833–1845 1629: 1618: 1607: 1589: 1578: 1556: 1544:Anguilla japonica 1538: 1524: 1513: 1500: 1499:Agassiz 1833–1845 1489: 1471: 1455: 1441: 1431: 1415: 1400: 1389: 1373: 1359: 1349: 1336: 1324: 1311:Anguilla anguilla 1306: 1294: 1283: 1270: 1259: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1170: 1059: 1058: 962: 961: 953: 952: 944: 943: 935: 934: 889: 888: 711:Anguilla japonica 604:Anguilla Rostrata 575:Anguilla anguilla 548:bred in captivity 491:biodiversity loss 279: 278: 251:Anguilla anguilla 237: 218: 135:Anguilla rostrata 16:(Redirected from 4177: 4115: 4114: 4102: 4101: 4089: 4088: 4076: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4053: 4052: 4050:NBNSYS0000188598 4040: 4039: 4027: 4026: 4014: 4013: 4001: 4000: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3974: 3962: 3961: 3949: 3948: 3936: 3935: 3923: 3922: 3910: 3909: 3897: 3896: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3841: 3840: 3828: 3827: 3815: 3814: 3802: 3801: 3789: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3766: 3765: 3763:NBNSYS0000159368 3753: 3752: 3740: 3739: 3727: 3726: 3714: 3713: 3701: 3700: 3688: 3687: 3675: 3674: 3662: 3661: 3649: 3648: 3636: 3635: 3623: 3622: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3563: 3549: 3548: 3539: 3538: 3513:Sina and the Eel 3471:Eel life history 3415: 3408: 3390: 3382: 3374: 3353: 3345: 3337: 3329: 3328:Eurypharyngidae 3311:(Spaghetti eels) 3310: 3291: 3283: 3282:Nettastomatidae 3275: 3267: 3259: 3238: 3219: 3211: 3203: 3183:(Cutthroat eels) 3182: 3158:Protanguilloidei 3155: 3151: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3055: 3033: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2980: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2923: 2913: 2904:(8): 1379–1385. 2889: 2880: 2879: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2814: 2813: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2690: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2546: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2503: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2424: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2292: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2134:(3–4): 269–286. 2123: 2114: 2113: 2060: 2049: 2048: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1866: 1855: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1793: 1787: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1756: 1737: 1721: 1707: 1697: 1687:Schwarzhans 2012 1686: 1675: 1660: 1657:Anguilla obscura 1650:McClelland, 1844 1649: 1639: 1627: 1616: 1598: 1587: 1565: 1547: 1533: 1523:J. E. Gray, 1842 1522: 1508: 1498: 1480: 1466: 1450: 1440:McClelland, 1844 1439: 1426: 1423:Anguilla bicolor 1409: 1398: 1383: 1368: 1357: 1344: 1334: 1314: 1304: 1292: 1281: 1269:Schwarzhans 2003 1268: 1258:Schwarzhans 2003 1257: 1139: 1117: 1095: 1073: 1027: 1020: 998: 976: 925:A. dieffenbachii 903: 857: 850: 828: 806: 799: 787: 777: 776: 495:overexploitation 479:A. dieffenbachii 232: 213: 151: 150: 125: 105: 42: 38:Temporal range: 32: 27:Family of fishes 21: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4140:Commercial fish 4125: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4110: 4105: 4097: 4092: 4084: 4079: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4030: 4022: 4017: 4009: 4004: 3996: 3991: 3983: 3978: 3970: 3965: 3957: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3931: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3892: 3887: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3844: 3836: 3831: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3805: 3797: 3792: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3769: 3761: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3709: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3683: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3657: 3652: 3644: 3639: 3631: 3626: 3618: 3613: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3570: 3560: 3555: 3523: 3459: 3409: 3396: 3391:(Sawtooth eels) 3389:Serrivomeridae 3359: 3316: 3297: 3284:(Duckbill eels) 3274:Muraenesocidae 3268:(Longneck eels) 3244: 3225: 3188: 3169: 3165:Protanguillidae 3149: 3144: 3106: 3101: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3016: 3012: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2921:1854/LU-1269790 2891: 2890: 2883: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2827: 2817: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2688: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2670: 2655:10.1139/f02-165 2640: 2639: 2632: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2530: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2363: 2361:www.fishbase.de 2355: 2354: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2226:10.2307/1445971 2211: 2210: 2206: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2062: 2061: 2052: 2014: 2013: 2009: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1933:10.2307/1446011 1917: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1889: 1868: 1867: 1858: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1776: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1683:Anguilla pfeili 1412:W. K. H. Peters 1331:Anguilla annosa 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1208: 1199: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1060: 1034:A. celebesensis 963: 954: 945: 936: 890: 775: 742: 734:pectoral girdle 700: 683: 670: 592: 564: 546:, they are not 504: 438: 429: 411:Anguilla ignota 407: 404:Anguilla ignota 384: 374:Anguilla ignota 366: 342: 295:freshwater eels 291:ray-finned fish 263: 254: 231: 212: 145: 116: 106: 104: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 40: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4183: 4181: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4103: 4090: 4077: 4067: 4054: 4041: 4028: 4015: 4002: 3989: 3976: 3967:Fauna Europaea 3963: 3950: 3937: 3924: 3911: 3898: 3885: 3870: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3829: 3816: 3803: 3790: 3780: 3767: 3754: 3741: 3728: 3715: 3702: 3689: 3680:Fauna Europaea 3676: 3663: 3650: 3637: 3624: 3611: 3596: 3580: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3465: 3464:Related topics 3461: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3386: 3381:Nemichthyidae 3378: 3369: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3344:Monognathidae 3341: 3333: 3330:(Pelican eels) 3324: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3279: 3276:(Pike congers) 3271: 3266:Derichthyidae 3263: 3254: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3239:(False morays) 3233: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3210:Myrocongridae 3207: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3134:Actinopterygii 3130: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3056: 3042:Froese, Rainer 3035: 3034: 3010: 2943: 2881: 2854:(6): 369–377. 2838: 2805: 2772: 2765: 2747: 2712:(3): 221–229. 2695: 2668: 2630: 2595:(2): 387–392. 2576: 2536: 2533:on 2010-07-06. 2511: 2463:(4): 444–445. 2443: 2416: 2372: 2348: 2334: 2304: 2247: 2220:(4): 876–880. 2204: 2177:(4): 329–335. 2161: 2115: 2072:(3): 884–894. 2050: 2023:(1): 100–114. 2007: 1980:(4): 517–562. 1954: 1910: 1901: 1887: 1856: 1845: 1823: 1812:(3): 225–241. 1788: 1774: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1734:Anguilla rouxi 1729: 1728:(American eel) 1714: 1700: 1689: 1678: 1667: 1653: 1642: 1631: 1620: 1609: 1591: 1580: 1558: 1557:(Japanese eel) 1540: 1526: 1515: 1501: 1490: 1473: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1443: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1402: 1390:(mottled eel) 1376: 1375: 1374: 1361: 1337: 1326: 1325:(European eel) 1297: 1296: 1295: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1001: 996: 994: 991: 990: 987: 986: 983:A. reinhardtii 979: 974: 972: 969: 968: 965: 964: 960: 959: 956: 955: 951: 950: 947: 946: 942: 941: 938: 937: 933: 932: 929: 928: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 906: 901: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 887: 886: 883: 882: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 860: 855: 853: 848: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 831: 826: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 809: 804: 802: 797: 795: 785: 782: 781: 774: 771: 741: 740:Other features 738: 699: 696: 682: 679: 669: 666: 591: 588: 584:A. anguillidae 563: 560: 503: 500: 437: 434: 428: 425: 406: 401: 383: 378: 365: 362: 341: 338: 277: 276: 270: 269: 265: 264: 255: 246: 245: 239: 238: 224: 220: 219: 207: 203: 202: 200:Anguilliformes 197: 193: 192: 190:Actinopterygii 187: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 139: 138: 127: 126: 118: 117: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 43: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4182: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3552: 3544: 3542: 3534: 3533: 3530: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3496:Leptocephalus 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3340: 3338:(Gulper eels) 3334: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290:Ophichthidae 3288: 3286: 3280: 3278: 3272: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3214: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3068:0-12-093156-7 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3017:Jun G. Inoue 3014: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2822: 2808: 2806:9780123969514 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2766:0-12-547665-5 2762: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2696: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2444: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1834: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1652:(mottled eel) 1648: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1453: 1452:E. J. Schmidt 1449: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346:J. Richardson 1343: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1305:Garsault 1764 1303: 1302: 1298: 1293:Shrestha 2008 1291: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1282:Shrestha 2008 1280: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1254:Anguillidarum 1250: 1249: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1221: 1220: 1212: 1211: 1203: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1124:A. interioris 1119: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1000: 999: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 978: 977: 971: 970: 967: 966: 958: 957: 949: 948: 940: 939: 931: 930: 927: 926: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 905: 904: 898: 897: 894: 893: 885: 884: 881: 880: 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 859: 858: 852: 851: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 835:A. borneensis 830: 829: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 813:A. mossambica 808: 807: 801: 800: 794: 793: 789: 788: 784: 783: 779: 778: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 739: 737: 735: 730: 726: 723: 719: 712: 708: 704: 697: 695: 691: 687: 680: 678: 675: 667: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 624: 619: 617: 613: 605: 601: 600:American eels 596: 589: 587: 585: 576: 572: 568: 561: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536: 531: 527: 526:Seafood Watch 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 501: 499: 496: 492: 488: 487:A. borneensis 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 444:Anguillid eel 442: 435: 433: 426: 424: 422: 417: 412: 405: 402: 400: 397: 392: 388: 382: 379: 377: 375: 371: 363: 358: 354: 350: 346: 339: 337: 335: 334:Seafood Watch 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 315: 310: 306: 302: 301: 296: 292: 288: 284: 275: 271: 266: 262: 258: 253: 252: 247: 244: 240: 235: 230: 229: 225: 222: 221: 216: 211: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 155: 154: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 114: 110: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 33: 30: 19: 3849: 3575: 3511: 3507:Eel cuddling 3440:Jellied eels 3383:(Snipe eels) 3373:Anguillidae 3372: 3365:Anguilloidei 3309:Moringuidae 3302:Moringuoidei 3292:(Snake eels) 3220:(Moray eels) 3138:Superorder: 3059: 3049: 3022: 3018: 3013: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2901: 2897: 2851: 2847: 2841: 2810:. 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Watanabe 1278:Neoanguilla 1102:A. nebulosa 1005:A. japonica 879:A. rostrata 864:A. anguilla 674:Anguillidae 662:ichthyology 646:A. japonica 642:marine snow 616:A. japonica 612:semelparous 544:farm-raised 508:aquaculture 481:), and the 471:A. japonica 463:A. rostrata 455:A. anguilla 330:farm-raised 319:catadromous 300:Neoanguilla 283:Anguillidae 210:Anguillidae 35:Anguillidae 4129:Categories 3491:Glass eels 3476:Eel ladder 3425:Eel (food) 3258:Congridae 3250:Congroidei 3204:(Mud eels) 3128:Vertebrata 2963:(1): 159. 2812:2019-12-04 2689:2019-12-04 2437:2019-12-04 2366:2019-12-04 1838:8 February 1746:References 1617:Kaup, 1856 1428:McClelland 1386:J. E. Gray 1161:A. bicolor 1146:A. obscura 698:Physiology 623:freshwater 556:carnivores 391:N. robinsi 387:N. robinsi 215:Rafinesque 3346:(Onejaws) 3260:(Congers) 3114:Kingdom: 2987:1471-2148 2930:0022-0949 2876:1365-2400 2831:ignored ( 2821:cite book 2734:1573-5133 2663:0706-652X 2617:1444-2906 2477:0254-5853 2281:0962-8452 2234:0045-8511 2199:0753-3969 2148:0031-0220 2094:1055-7903 2045:0195-6671 2002:0016-6995 1941:0045-8511 1897:239903435 1738:Nolf 1974 1575:Tsukamoto 1486:Y. T. Jin 1482:Y. T. Chu 1370:Phillipps 650:estuaries 634:estuaries 598:Juvenile 552:parasites 427:Phylogeny 421:A. ignota 416:A. ignota 274:See text 166:Kingdom: 160:Eukaryota 109:Paleocene 18:Anguillid 3946:46561250 3907:Anguilla 3880:Anguilla 3865:Q9154612 3859:Wikidata 3850:Anguilla 3585:Wikidata 3541:Category 3498:(larvae) 3445:Kabayaki 3122:Chordata 3120:Phylum: 3116:Animalia 3051:FishBase 3005:27514517 2938:21430215 2742:12032022 2625:19692756 2485:20740708 2299:21849321 2156:82717028 2110:19546541 2102:23831455 1553:Schlegel 1549:Temminck 1317:Linnaeus 1301:Anguilla 792:Anguilla 668:Behavior 314:Anguilla 268:Species 257:Linnaeus 234:Garsault 228:Anguilla 206:Family: 180:Chordata 176:Phylum: 170:Animalia 156:Domain: 41:Danian–0 3998:2403092 3591:Q212239 3551:Commons 3519:Sniggle 3486:Eel pot 3435:Eel pie 3418:As food 3132:Class: 2996:4981956 2965:Bibcode 2856:Bibcode 2714:Bibcode 2597:Bibcode 2559:Bibcode 2397:Bibcode 2290:3259923 2242:1445971 2179:Bibcode 2074:Bibcode 2025:Bibcode 1982:Bibcode 1974:Geobios 1949:1446011 1771:: 1–88. 1726:, 1817) 1724:Lesueur 1662:Günther 1604:Gaimard 1535:Whitley 1414:, 1852) 1388:, 1831) 773:Species 681:Sensory 562:Ecology 473:), the 465:), the 457:), the 223:Genus: 196:Order: 186:Class: 4112:125620 4086:854195 4070:NZOR: 4037:161126 4024:108353 3972:304330 3959:1ANGLG 3838:125425 3812:265729 3799:854196 3783:NZOR: 3750:161125 3737:114139 3672:1ANGLF 3455:Unadon 3066: 3019:et al. 3003: 2993: 2985: 2936: 2928: 2874: 2803: 2763: 2740: 2732: 2661: 2623: 2615: 2483: 2475: 2332: 2297: 2287: 2279: 2240: 2232: 2214:Copeia 2197: 2154: 2146: 2108: 2100: 2092: 2043: 2000: 1947: 1939: 1921:Copeia 1895: 1885: 1786:Paris. 1711:, 1867 1664:, 1872 1606:, 1824 1602:& 1577:, 2009 1573:& 1571:Aoyama 1555:, 1847 1551:& 1537:, 1938 1512:, 1856 1488:, 1984 1484:& 1470:, 1924 1454:, 1928 1430:, 1844 1372:, 1925 1348:, 1841 626:rivers 520:Taiwan 518:, and 309:extant 287:family 285:are a 236:, 1764 217:, 1810 113:Danian 107:Early 4107:WoRMS 4099:35345 4011:49221 3833:WoRMS 3820:Plazi 3732:IRMNG 3724:49220 3685:12016 3646:62352 3502:Abaia 3430:Anago 2738:S2CID 2621:S2CID 2531:(PDF) 2524:(PDF) 2238:JSTOR 2152:S2CID 2106:S2CID 1970:(PDF) 1945:JSTOR 1893:S2CID 1468:Popta 632:, or 630:lakes 535:unagi 516:Korea 512:Japan 323:spawn 4150:Eels 4063:7935 4058:NCBI 4032:ITIS 3993:GBIF 3954:EPPO 3920:2534 3915:BOLD 3776:7934 3771:NCBI 3745:ITIS 3711:2949 3706:GBIF 3667:EPPO 3659:8295 3633:1236 3628:BOLD 3104:Eels 3064:ISBN 3001:PMID 2983:ISSN 2934:PMID 2926:ISSN 2872:ISSN 2833:help 2801:ISBN 2761:ISBN 2730:ISSN 2659:ISSN 2613:ISSN 2506:link 2492:2023 2481:PMID 2473:ISSN 2343:2023 2330:ISBN 2295:PMID 2277:ISSN 2230:ISSN 2218:1989 2195:ISSN 2144:ISSN 2098:PMID 2090:ISSN 2041:ISSN 1998:ISSN 1937:ISSN 1925:1989 1883:ISBN 1840:2022 1600:Quoy 1510:Kaup 1321:1758 281:The 261:1758 46:PreꞒ 4045:NBN 4019:ISC 3941:EoL 3933:W6M 3928:CoL 3902:AFD 3889:ADW 3758:NBN 3654:EoL 3641:CoL 3615:AFD 3027:doi 2991:PMC 2973:doi 2916:hdl 2906:doi 2902:214 2864:doi 2793:doi 2722:doi 2651:doi 2605:doi 2567:doi 2465:doi 2405:doi 2322:doi 2285:PMC 2269:doi 2265:279 2222:doi 2187:doi 2136:doi 2082:doi 2033:doi 1990:doi 1929:doi 1875:doi 1814:doi 289:of 4131:: 4109:: 4096:: 4083:: 4060:: 4047:: 4034:: 4021:: 4008:: 3995:: 3982:: 3969:: 3956:: 3943:: 3930:: 3917:: 3904:: 3891:: 3876:: 3861:: 3835:: 3822:: 3809:: 3796:: 3773:: 3760:: 3747:: 3734:: 3721:: 3708:: 3695:: 3682:: 3669:: 3656:: 3643:: 3630:: 3617:: 3602:: 3587:: 3048:. 3021:: 2999:. 2989:. 2981:. 2971:. 2961:16 2959:. 2955:. 2932:. 2924:. 2914:. 2900:. 2896:. 2884:^ 2870:. 2862:. 2852:11 2850:. 2825:: 2823:}} 2819:{{ 2799:. 2775:^ 2736:. 2728:. 2720:. 2710:66 2708:. 2682:. 2671:^ 2657:. 2647:59 2645:. 2633:^ 2619:. 2611:. 2603:. 2593:75 2591:. 2579:^ 2565:. 2553:. 2539:^ 2502:}} 2498:{{ 2479:. 2461:31 2459:. 2455:. 2430:. 2419:^ 2403:. 2391:. 2387:. 2375:^ 2359:. 2328:. 2316:. 2293:. 2283:. 2275:. 2263:. 2259:. 2236:. 2228:. 2216:. 2193:. 2185:. 2175:91 2173:. 2150:. 2142:. 2132:64 2130:. 2118:^ 2104:. 2096:. 2088:. 2080:. 2070:69 2068:. 2053:^ 2039:. 2031:. 2021:29 2019:. 1996:. 1988:. 1978:11 1976:. 1972:. 1957:^ 1943:. 1935:. 1923:. 1891:, 1881:, 1859:^ 1810:66 1808:. 1804:. 1769:12 1767:. 1763:. 1569:, 1319:, 628:, 514:, 325:. 259:, 137:) 96:Pg 3096:e 3089:t 3082:v 3029:: 3007:. 2975:: 2967:: 2940:. 2918:: 2908:: 2878:. 2866:: 2858:: 2835:) 2815:. 2795:: 2769:. 2744:. 2724:: 2716:: 2692:. 2665:. 2653:: 2627:. 2607:: 2599:: 2573:. 2569:: 2561:: 2555:9 2508:) 2494:. 2467:: 2440:. 2413:. 2407:: 2399:: 2393:4 2369:. 2345:. 2324:: 2301:. 2271:: 2244:. 2224:: 2201:. 2189:: 2181:: 2158:. 2138:: 2112:. 2084:: 2076:: 2047:. 2035:: 2027:: 2004:. 1992:: 1984:: 1951:. 1931:: 1877:: 1842:. 1820:. 1816:: 1731:† 1722:( 1691:† 1680:† 1669:† 1633:† 1492:† 1410:( 1384:( 1328:† 1323:) 1315:( 1286:? 1275:? 1262:† 1251:† 713:) 709:( 606:) 602:( 577:) 573:( 485:( 477:( 469:( 461:( 453:( 359:) 355:( 133:( 111:( 101:N 91:K 86:J 81:T 76:P 71:C 66:D 61:S 56:O 51:Ꞓ 20:)

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