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compared to saltwater eels that they use to navigate and maneuver through river bottoms and shallow water. Unlike most eels, freshwater eels have not lost their scales, and instead have soft, thin, scales that are embedded in the epidermis. Additionally, freshwater eels possess small, granular teeth arranged in bands on the jaws and vomer. Anguillidae do exhibit size-dependent sexual dimorphism. Male anguillids invest more energy into mating with as many females as he can, than they do into growth. Therefore, female anguillids are usually larger, ranging from 1.5–3 feet (0.46–0.91 m), while male anguillids rarely get larger than 1.5 feet (0.46 m) long. Adult anguillidae can vary in color, but normally are brown, olive or olive-yellow, and can be mottled. Coloration matches the floor of rivers and lakes which prevents the eels from being seen by predators while in clear or shallow water. Freshwater eels go through physical changes in their bodies when going to and from the ocean for different stages of life.
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consume whatever acceptable prey they happen upon, including things like crustaceans, fishes, and other aquatic fauna. Aside from their reduced pectoral fins, eels lack of paired appendages: use axial-based lateral undulation as means of locomotion, similar to snakes. High maneuverability of trunk is adaptation for hunting in structurally-complex habitats such as reefs. Some species are known to burrow into the sea bed/sediment, including species that utilize head-first or tail-first burrowing techniques. This is related to both foraging and anti-predatory behavior. Freshwater eels have several natural predators such as large fish and piscivorous birds. Much is unknown about
Anguillid eel behavior and its origins, due to the difficulty in observation, particularly in the context of reproduction, social constructs, and migration.
603:, meaning they only live to reproduce once, as they die after reproduction. However, these eels do not necessarily reproduce every year-they will sometimes wait until conditions are right in order to migrate and breed. The European eel can spawn starting at 7 years old, and the oldest of this species that has been found in the wild was 85 years of age. These conditions may include fat content, water quality or temperature, prey availability, river height and water flow rate, etc. This variability allows some eels to live even 50–70 years, however the lifespan of freshwater eels is not well documented. Very little is known about the mechanics of fertilization and spawning, and the time it takes these eels to hatch from their eggs is variable. Tsukamoto and associates found evidence of Japanese eels (
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Serrivomeridae (sawtooth eels). Until 2013, this subclass has been lumped together into a cohesive clade. However, recent molecular studies have suggested that
Anguillidae are actually more closely related to the Saccopharyngiforms (Gulpers and relatives) than they are to the other Anguilloid families. This leads to two possibilities: Either Anguilloidei is a paraphyletic group, or it was originally delineated inaccurately, and Anguillidae should not be included in this subclass. However, more studies need to be conducted to confirm the placement of freshwater eels within Anguilliformes, and determine the composition of the Anguilloidei subclass.
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Anguillidae were placed in “magnetic displacement” experiment where the geomagnetic north could be altered, and their actions could be monitored. The results showed that at different stages of life, the
Anguillidae, are capable of responding to the geomagnetic field and will alter their direction of interest accordingly. They depend on the intensity and inclination of the magnetic field to migrate. Within this experiment they also looked at how the glass eel may rely on the circatidal rhythm in the ocean to work its way back to the coast and into the freshwater systems, but it is not yet fully understood.
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predatory fish such as trout, aiding in population control in these systems. Juvenile eels occupy small spaces in between rocks, in crevices or mud. Freshwater eels are widespread and are catadromous, meaning they spend most of their life in freshwater (rivers mainly) and migrate to the ocean to breed. Leptocephali (larval) migration can range from months to up to almost a year. Temperate eels migrate on average for approximately 6–10 months, while tropical eels undergo shorter migrations between approximately 3–5 months on average. The
European eel (
575:) has one of the longest migrations of all freshwater eels, migrating up to 6000 km (over 3700 miles) in a single migration loop. Migration loops may be flexible in some species, and this variability is still being investigated. However, some eels in this family have altered their migration loop to become completely marine, not returning to fresh waters to develop. Ocean-resident eels are the exception of this family, and this behavior may be more common in areas in which the freshwater habitat is of lower quality or productivity.
641:-upon returning to freshwater growing habitat, the eels become pigmented and develop through the elver and yellow eel stages. The yellow and silver eel stages are named aptly for the coloration of the underbelly of the eel during these developmental stages. Elvers travel upstream in freshwater rivers, where they grow to adulthood. Finally, anguillids transition through the silver eel stage into adulthood and migrate to the oceanic breeding grounds to reproduce and begin the cycle anew. The
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search of food and avoiding strong currents. Fat reserves increase in preparation for less abundant food sources in the ocean. Females will experience a higher increase than males for the reason of egg production. The eyes also change increasing in size by two times and retinal pigments which are sensitive to red light in shallow waters change to pigments that are sensitive to blue light which is better adapted for the deep ocean that the silver eel will be experiencing.
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625:, and return to the ocean to spawn. All eels pass through several stages of development through their life cycle. Anguillid eels undergo morphological changes during these developmental stages that are associated with environmental conditions and aid in preparing them for further growth and finally reproduction. Anguillid eels begin their life as an egg in the ocean, and once hatched, enter a larval stage called
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478:). Threats to these species include: habitat loss/modification, migration barriers, pollution, parasitism, exploitation, and consumption, as eels are a popular food source especially in Asia and Europe. Fluctuating oceanic conditions associated with climate change also make these species vulnerable, with reduced water quality leading to
725:. The presence of a scapula is important in muscle attachment and allows for the upper head to move in various directions as well as increase strength of body undulation, thus increasing swimming capabilities. The presence of a scapula allows for stronger movements of pectoral fins which aid in movement across terrestrial obstacles.
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637:) can lay between 2 million and 10 million eggs. These planktonic (free floating) eggs and translucent, leaf-like larvae are dispersed via ocean currents and migrate sometimes thousands of miles. They grow larger in size, and in their next growth stage, they are called glass eels. At this stage, they enter
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Metamorphosis is a big part in the lives of
Anguillidae and many changes happen in preparation for migration amongst the adults going from the yellow eel stage to the silver eel stage. The gas bladder adapts for higher pressures which it'll be exposed to in the ocean where it will dive much deeper in
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Cutaneous respiration accounts for approximately fifteen percent of their oxygen intake but when they are out of water, they are capable of receiving approximately fifty percent of their oxygen through gas exchange via the outer integument. This is an important feature since
Anguillidae at many times
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Population density sex determination is a feature where the
Anguillidae regulate their population's gender depending on the abundance of eggs present. High egg concentrations will result in more male than female ratios as well as vice versa. It does not mean that the eggs will all become one sex but
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Olfactory senses in this family are heightened for various reasons. Within the nasal sac are olfactory cells which have the capability of detecting extremely diluted chemicals as low as three to four molecules. This is extremely helpful in their nocturnal endeavors as well as for migratory purposes.
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of snake eels, and possessed morphological features more congruent with an ancestral anguilliform. Therefore, many phylogenetic studies use this fossil as a calibration point to date crown anguilliforms. Therefore, if the oldest eel is 83 million years old, it can be concluded that anguillidae could
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Mucous cells within epidermis are found in both the non-sexually mature and sexually mature adult stages. The mucous cells are made of glycoproteins which are found in higher concentrations on dorsal and ventral sides of body. It is believed that the family
Anguillidae has higher concentrations of
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Adult freshwater eels are elongated with tubelike, snake-shaped bodies. They have large, pointed heads and their dorsal fins are usually continuous with their caudal and anal fins, to form a fringe lining the posterior end of their bodies. They have relatively well developed eyes and pectoral fins
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The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are fused and pelvic fins are lacking. Dorsal fin begins mid body creating a long continuous fin where in other species it begins more posterior and is not as prominent in length. Their body movement depends highly on undulation originating near the anterior axial
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Anguillidae unlike its other relatives have a fully developed lateral line along their trunk. Lateral lines provide the ability for
Anguillidae to sense their surrounding environment through water displacement which aids in predation and hunting especially because they are predominantly nocturnal
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The exact placement of freshwater eels is still being debated, but there is a general consensus that
Anguillidae are firmly nested within Anguilliformes. Traditionally, molecular studies have placed Anguillidae in the subclass "Anguilloidei" with two other families: Nemichthyidae (snipe eels) and
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was found in the geological remains of one of these lakes, which makes it the oldest eel to inhabit a freshwater environment. Arguably, the most defining feature of Anguillidae is the fact that they inhabit freshwater, being the only family of eels to do so. Therefore, the hypothesis stating that
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It is known that when bodies of water start to dry up the Anguillidae burrow down into the mud and wait for rain while undergoing torpor. Since rain is not predictable torpor allows for the organism to lower its metabolic rate as well as its body temperature increasing its survivability.
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Paired frontal bones of skull make for a stronger cranium which aids in their variable burrowing tendencies with mud as well as maneuvering through terrestrial obstacles when hiding under rocks and logs that they encounter at the waters bottom where they spend most of their time during the day.
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are known to be primarily solitary in nature; they are not known to communicate socially or actively school, however large masses of elvers can be found as a result of synchronicity in response to environmental conditions. These eels are known as generalists and opportunistic feeders; most will
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Freshwater eels are aquatic and live in various habitats, including freshwater, estuaries, and saltwater/marine habitats, and occupy the roles of both predator and prey, and evidence has been found of nematode parasitism in some species. Some eel species have been observed consuming the eggs of
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Anguillid eels have a global distribution, and inhabit the waters of more than 150 countries. They are mainly found in tropical and temperate waters, except in the Eastern Pacific and South Atlantic. Conservation is difficult for this taxon because not much is known about their life history and
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to be 83 million years old. The fossil was discovered incomplete and lacked the skull and part of the anterior skeleton. Despite the morphological uncertainty, cranial and branchial features confirmed it was an eel. At first, it was classified the earliest member of the eel family, Ophichthidae
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Tsukamoto, Katsumi; Otake, Tsuguo; Mochioka, Noritaka; Lee, Tae-Won; Fricke, Hans; Inagaki, Tadashi; Aoyama, Jun; Ishikawa, Satoshi; Kimura, Shingo; Miller, Michael J.; Hasumoto, Hiroshi (2003-03-01). "Seamounts, New Moon and eel Spawning: The Search for the Spawning Site of the Japanese eel".
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Anguillidae are great swimmers due to their axial muscle attachment and W-shaped myomeres giving them the capability of swimming backwards just as well as they can swim forward. Not many other fish can do so. Since their mouths are not very large, they use their swimming capabilities to aid in
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and migration inhibition via migration barriers. According to the IUCN Anguillid Eel Specialist Group, or the AESG, the need for conservation of this family is clear given recent declines. However, conservation efforts are being inhibited by a lack of knowledge of the biology of these species,
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One experiment talked about the driving force that is seen in Anguillidae. When held in captivity it was reported that they would hit their heads against the glass or make fast for an escape route most likely looking for the fresh or saltwater they seek. This was a key indicator that they are
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Geomagnetic sensing has been identified as one of the most important specialized senses in this family. Unlike the other relatives the Anguillidae are catadromous meaning they must migrate for an extended period and depending on what life stage they are in they may be in the open ocean. The
365:, which is the fossil that represents the ancestor to all extant freshwater eels and marks the upper boundary of the age of anguillidae. Using these two fossil calibration points, freshwater eels are said to originate between 83 million years ago and 43.8 million years ago.
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Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en medecine, décrits dans la Matiere Medicale de Mr. Geoffroy medecin, dessinés d'après nature par Mr. de Gasault, gravés par Mrs. Defehrt, Prevost, Duflos, Martinet &c. Niquet scrip. . – pp. , index , Pl. 644-729.
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and was found in Messel, Germany. The Messel fossil deposit is dated to be 43.8 million years old during the mid-Eocene epoch. During this time period, Messel was undergoing intense volcanic activity which resulted in the formation of freshwater maar lakes.
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Ventral lateral gill slits make up eighty-five percent of gas exchange and are highly efficient in converting between salt and freshwater. This feature really separates the Anguillidae, freshwater eels, from other eels who have internal gill chambers.
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Santini, Francesco; Kong, Xianghui; Sorenson, Laurie; Carnevale, Giorgio; Mehta, Rita S.; Alfaro, Michael E. (December 2013). "A multi-locus molecular timescale for the origin and diversification of eels (Order: Anguilliformes)".
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need to move between bodies of water to maintain an aquatic environment. It is also known that they will burrow down into mud so having the capability to exchange gas outside of water is highly beneficial to this family.
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Simenstad, Charles A.; Dadswell, Michael J.; Klauda, Ronald J.; Moffitt, Christine M.; Saunders, Richard L.; Rulifson, Roger A.; Cooper, John E. (1989-12-27). "Common Strategies of Anadromous and Catadromous Fishes".
539:. Instead, young eels are collected from the wild and then raised in various enclosures. In addition to wild eel populations being reduced by this process, eels are often farmed in open-net pens, which allow
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Gaudant, Jean; Micklich, Norbert (December 1990). "Rhenanoperca minuta nov. gen., nov. sp., ein neuer Percoide (Pisces, Perciformes) aus der Messel-Formation (Mittel-Eozän, Unteres Geiseltalium)".
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was found by Italian scientists in 2002 in the Santonian-Campanian Calcari di Melissano, which is a fossil bed located near the town of Nardò. Strontium-isotope stratigraphy concluded the age of
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Schlüter, Malte; Steuber, Thomas; Parente, Mariano (February 2008). "Chronostratigraphy of Campanian–Maastrichtian platform carbonates and rudist associations of Salento (Apulia, Italy)".
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is a fast-growing industry. Important food eel species include longfin eel, Australian long-finned eel, short-finned eel, and Japanese eel. Most eel production historically has been in
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It was mistakenly reported that Anguillidae lack a scapular bone but after further research and more advanced staining techniques they have a scapula and coracoid which make up their
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Watanabe, Shun; Aoyama, Jun; Tsukamoto, Katsumi (2009-04-01). "A new species of freshwater eel Anguilla luzonensis (Teleostei: Anguillidae) from Luzon Island of the Philippines".
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is the ancestor to all freshwater eels is strongly supported. This fossil is commonly used as a calibration fossil to pinpoint the lower boundary of the age of freshwater eels.
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518:
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Growns, I. (2004-12-01). "A numerical classification of reproductive guilds of the freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia and their application to river management".
653:. The spawning areas of some other anguillid eels, such as the Japanese eel, and the giant mottled eel, were also discovered recently in the western North Pacific Ocean.
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Deelder, C.L. (January 1976). "The problem of the supernumary zones in otoliths of the European eel (Anguilla Anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)); a suggestion to cope with it".
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slime than other families. This aids in predation as well as helping keep themselves moist outside of water increasing efficiency of cutaneous respiration.
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Many species have variegated skin which means they will vary in color depending on their environment so that they can maintain the highest grade of camouflage.
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Franzen, Jens Lorenz (October 2005). "The implications of the numerical dating of the Messel fossil deposit (Eocene, Germany) for mammalian biochronology".
633:. Anguillid eels lay adhesive demersal eggs (eggs that are free-floating or attached to substrate), and most species have no parental care. Japanese eels (
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among the largest threats. In the Northern hemisphere, anguillid eels have had large declines in populations due to a number of reasons including
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Brito, Alberto (1989-12-27). "Nettenchelys dionisi, a New Species of Nettastomatid Eel (Pisces: Anguilliformes) from the Canary Islands".
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end. Due to the fins being fused we see a highly skilled swimmer amongst the Anguillidae which aids in migration and hunting/predation.
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543:, waste products, and diseases to flow directly back into wild eel habitat, further threatening wild populations. Freshwater eels are
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521:, recommends consumers avoid eating anguillid eels due to significant pressures on worldwide populations. Several species used as
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Tsukamoto, K; Aoyama, J; Miller, M J (December 2002). "Migration, speciation, and the evolution of diadromy in anguillid eels".
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They use terrestrial odors as cues in migration as well as low salinity and colder temperatures to direct themselves.
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306:, and are elongated fish of snake-like bodies, with long dorsal, caudal and anal fins forming a continuous fringe. They are
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which represents the ancestor to all extant eels, and marks the lower-boundary of the age of anguillidae. The second is
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531:, for example, have declined about 80% since the 1960s. Although about 90% of freshwater eels consumed in the US are
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feeding where they will bite onto their food and twist/spin rapidly tearing off a piece perfectly sized for them.
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2883:"Burrowing and subsurface locomotion in anguilliform fish: behavioral specializations and mechanical constraints"
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so are fed other wild-caught fish, adding another element of unsustainability to current eel-farming practices.
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Herrel, A.; Choi, H. F.; Dumont, E.; De Schepper, N.; Vanhooydonck, B.; Aerts, P.; Adriaens, D. (2011-04-15).
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Johnson, G. David; Ida, Hitoshi; Sakaue, Jiro; Sado, Tetsuya; Asahida, Takashi; Miya, Masaki (2011-08-17).
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1750:"Fish otoliths from the Paleocene of Bavaria (Kressenberg) and Austria (Kroisbach and Oiching-Graben)"
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There are two important fossils used to date the origin of freshwater eels. The first is the fossil
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2246:"A 'living fossil' eel (Anguilliformes: Protanguillidae, fam. nov.) from an undersea cave in Palau"
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2374:"Synergistic patterns of threat and the challenges facing global anguillid eel conservation"
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especially in their social and spawning behavior, as well as a lack of long-term data sets.
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have seen their population sizes greatly reduced in the past half century. Catches of the
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Chen, Zi-Ming; Zhang, Xiao-Yan; Qi, Wen-Long; Deng, Xiu-Mei; Xiao, Heng (August 2010).
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behaviors. However, many Anguillid eels are of conservation concern, including the
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321:, but not bred in captivity. Many populations in the wild are now threatened, and
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629:. The young eel larvae live only in the ocean and consume small particles called
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2442:"A new record of Anguillid fish in Lancangjiang River, China: Anguilla bicolor"
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383:(snake eels). However, upon further inspection, the fossil only displayed one
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2776:. In McCormick, Stephen D.; Farrell, Anthony P.; Brauner, Colin J. (eds.).
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1791:, a rare work published by Garsault in 1764, in the zoological literature"
310:, spending their adult lives in freshwater, but migrating to the ocean to
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Coad, B. W., "Review of the Freshwater Eels of Iran (Family Anguillidae).
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EELS, FRESHWATER; SMITH, DAVID G. (2018-10-23), "Family Anguillidae",
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2942:"Evolution of the locomotory system in eels (Teleostei: Elopomorpha)"
2780:. Euryhaline Fishes. Vol. 32. Academic Press. pp. 253–326.
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rather have a higher ratio in one of the two sexes present.
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511:, but in recent years, the greatest production has been in China.
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McCosker, John F. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
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Pfaff, Cathrin; Zorzin, Roberto; Kriwet, JĂĽrgen (2016-08-11).
1787:"Nomenclatural consequences resulting from the rediscovery of
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The earliest known, unequivocal fossil of an anguillid eel is
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Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R., eds. (2022).
1822:"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References"
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species and six subspecies in this family are in the genus
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6 – Freshwater to Seawater Transitions in Migratory Fishes
1956:"Les otolithes des Téléostéens du Plio-Pleistocène belge"
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Eels are an important food fish and some species are now
2774:"Freshwater to Seawater Transitions in Migratory Fishes"
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Les figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine
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is one of the more famous anecdotes in the history of
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Zydlewski, Joseph; Wilkie, Michael P. (2012-01-01).
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2669:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture – Aquatic species"
2632:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2346:"FAMILY Details for Anguillidae – Freshwater eels"
769:Phylogeny of the Anguillidae by Inoue et al. 2010
2493:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
325:recommend consumers avoid eating anguillid eels.
3077:
1860:Orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes
8:
610:Members of this family spend their lives in
495:Anguillid eels are important food fish. Eel
4149:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
388:not have originated any earlier than that.
3551:
3403:
3143:
3084:
3070:
3062:
110:
20:
3012:Deep-ocean origin of the freshwater eels.
2983:
2965:
2908:
2898:
2748:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 89.
2446:Dong Wu Xue Yan Jiu = Zoological Research
2417:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
2397:
2277:
1862:, Yale University Press, pp. 25–47,
1785:Welter-Schultes, F. W.; Klug, R. (2009).
645:of the American and European eels in the
2515:. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from
1795:The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature
1740:
2876:
2874:
2817:
2807:
2767:
2765:
2486:
2663:
2661:
2625:
2623:
2571:
2569:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2411:
2409:
2367:
2365:
2110:
2108:
2055:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2047:
2045:
2043:
7:
4062:4e74837d-acfc-4862-937e-0c0a97534545
3974:c03a15bd-3ede-43d3-9dc2-4a93b6f0e5bd
3814:FD1087D9-FFA3-4A52-FF67-A6E34D26FE1A
3775:17022c3a-d0d7-483b-bde4-7a2270e24e19
3687:20a1efeb-bacd-4988-8908-0a31d671e979
3535:
1949:
1947:
1853:
1851:
1849:
2421:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1127:
1105:
1083:
1061:
1015:
1008:
986:
964:
891:
845:
838:
816:
794:
787:
775:
2786:10.1016/b978-0-12-396951-4.00006-2
519:sustainable seafood advisory lists
14:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3393:
3014:Biol. Lett. 2010 6, S. 363–366,
2857:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2004.00404.x
2837:Fisheries Management and Ecology
1384:Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis
135:
4159:Extant Danian first appearances
2887:Journal of Experimental Biology
2695:Environmental Biology of Fishes
2307:Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences
643:discovery of the spawning area
292:, with the only known species
1:
3051:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2026:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.04.005
1983:10.1016/s0016-6995(78)80083-7
1254:Anguillidarum semisphaeroides
425:Distribution and conservation
3049:Freshwater Fish Distribution
2560:10.1016/0044-8486(76)90078-8
2458:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2010.04444
2303:"Fish Migration, Horizontal"
2180:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.04.002
2117:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1395:Anguilla bengalensis labiata
1343:Anguilla australis australis
2399:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.07.009
2075:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.016
1772:Garsault, F. A. P. de 1764.
1748:Werner Schwarzhans (2012).
1579:(Indonesian longfinned eel)
1354:Anguilla australis schmidti
579:Reproduction and life cycle
4175:
517:, one of the better-known
4154:Monogeneric fish families
3520:
3402:
3391:
3099:
2967:10.1186/s12862-016-0728-7
2598:10.1007/s12562-009-0087-z
2508:Halpin, Patricia (2007).
1655:(Pacific shortfinned eel)
1514:(New Zealand longfin eel)
1436:Anguilla bicolor pacifica
1431:(Indonesian shortfin eel)
1147:
1132:
1125:
1110:
1103:
1088:
1081:
1066:
1059:
1035:
1020:
1013:
1006:
991:
984:
969:
962:
911:
896:
889:
865:
850:
843:
836:
821:
814:
799:
792:
785:
472:Indonesian longfinned eel
261:
256:
237:
230:
132:Scientific classification
130:
118:
109:
23:
4144:Danian first appearances
4134:Ray-finned fish families
3033:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2946:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2160:Annales de Paléontologie
1608:(Polynesian longfin eel)
1568:(Philippine mottled eel)
1425:Anguilla bicolor bicolor
286:. Except from the genus
2715:10.1023/A:1023926705906
2460:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2372:Jacoby, D.M.P. (2015).
1687:Stinton & Nolf 1970
1617:(W. K. H. Peters, 1852)
1528:(Highlands longfin eel)
464:New Zealand longfin eel
342:New Zealand longfin eel
3047:Berra, Tim M. (2001).
3020:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0989
2746:Encyclopedia of Fishes
2510:"Seafood Watch: Unagi"
2315:10.1006/rwos.2001.0021
2262:10.1098/rspb.2011.1289
1702:(speckled longfin eel)
1683:Anguilla rectangularis
1508:Anguilla dieffenbachii
1278:Neoanguilla nepalensis
758:constantly migrating.
703:
596:
567:
434:
349:
346:Anguilla dieffenbachii
294:Neoanguilla nepalensis
4083:Paleobiology Database
3796:Paleobiology Database
2301:Arnold, G.P. (2001).
1868:10.2307/j.ctvbcd0dm.6
1807:10.21805/bzn.v66i3.a1
1625:Anguilla multiradiata
1619:(African longfin eel)
1577:Schlegel ex Kaup 1856
1503:(Celebes longfin eel)
1494:Anguilla celebesensis
1445:(Indian shortfin eel)
1405:(African mottled eel)
694:
586:
558:
491:Commercial importance
432:
340:
3969:Fauna Europaea (new)
3682:Fauna Europaea (new)
3343:(Bobtail snipe eels)
3139:Families by suborder
3043:. June 2011 version.
3035:"Family Anguillidae"
1754:Palaeo Ichthyologica
1693:Anguilla reinhardtii
1390:(Indian mottled eel)
1369:Anguilla bengalensis
675:generalists.
370:Nardoechelys robinsi
359:Nardoechelys robinsi
329:Physical description
296:from Nepal, all the
2958:2016BMCEE..16..159P
2849:2004FisME..11..369G
2707:2003EnvBF..66..221T
2590:2009FisSc..75..387W
2552:1976Aquac...9..373D
2390:2015GEcoC...4..321J
2378:Glob. Ecol. Conserv
2172:2005AnPal..91..329F
2067:2013MolPE..69..884S
2018:2008CrRes..29..100S
2006:Cretaceous Research
1975:1978Geobi..11..517N
1954:Nolf, Dirk (1978).
1842:Fishes of the World
1613:Anguilla mossambica
1597:(giant mottled eel)
1551:Anguilla luzonensis
1519:Anguilla interioris
1452:Anguilla borneensis
1347:J. Richardson, 1841
661:Eels in the family
599:Anguillid eels are
3170:Synaphobranchidae
3163:Synaphobranchoidei
2900:10.1242/jeb.051185
2129:10.1007/bf02985719
1602:Anguilla megastoma
1584:Anguilla marmorata
1573:Anguilla malgumora
1484:Anguilla brevicula
1466:Anguilla breviceps
1388:(J. E. Gray, 1831)
1349:(short-finned eel)
1330:Anguilla australis
704:
597:
568:
435:
350:
282:that contains the
4111:
4110:
4070:Open Tree of Life
3783:Open Tree of Life
3557:Taxon identifiers
3548:
3547:
3516:
3515:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3364:(Freshwater eels)
3344:
3336:
3328:
3325:Saccopharyngidae
3320:
3310:Saccopharyngoidei
3301:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3229:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3191:Heterenchelyidae
3173:
2638:(12): 1989–1998.
2578:Fisheries Science
2324:978-0-12-227430-5
2256:(1730): 934–943.
1877:978-1-933789-32-3
1728:
1716:
1707:Anguilla rostrata
1701:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1665:Agassiz 1833–1845
1661:Anguilla pachyura
1654:
1640:
1635:Anguilla nebulosa
1630:
1629:Agassiz 1833–1845
1618:
1607:
1596:
1578:
1567:
1545:
1533:Anguilla japonica
1527:
1513:
1502:
1489:
1488:Agassiz 1833–1845
1478:
1460:
1444:
1430:
1420:
1404:
1389:
1378:
1362:
1348:
1338:
1325:
1313:
1300:Anguilla anguilla
1295:
1283:
1272:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1048:
1047:
951:
950:
942:
941:
933:
932:
924:
923:
878:
877:
700:Anguilla japonica
593:Anguilla Rostrata
564:Anguilla anguilla
537:bred in captivity
480:biodiversity loss
268:
267:
240:Anguilla anguilla
226:
207:
124:Anguilla rostrata
4166:
4104:
4103:
4091:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4065:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4042:
4041:
4039:NBNSYS0000188598
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3989:
3977:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3950:
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3816:
3804:
3803:
3791:
3790:
3778:
3777:
3768:
3767:
3755:
3754:
3752:NBNSYS0000159368
3742:
3741:
3729:
3728:
3716:
3715:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3552:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3502:Sina and the Eel
3460:Eel life history
3404:
3397:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3317:Eurypharyngidae
3300:(Spaghetti eels)
3299:
3280:
3272:
3271:Nettastomatidae
3264:
3256:
3248:
3227:
3208:
3200:
3192:
3172:(Cutthroat eels)
3171:
3147:Protanguilloidei
3144:
3140:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3044:
3022:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2969:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2912:
2902:
2893:(8): 1379–1385.
2878:
2869:
2868:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2514:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2123:(3–4): 269–286.
2112:
2103:
2102:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1855:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1745:
1726:
1710:
1696:
1686:
1676:Schwarzhans 2012
1675:
1664:
1649:
1646:Anguilla obscura
1639:McClelland, 1844
1638:
1628:
1616:
1605:
1587:
1576:
1554:
1536:
1522:
1512:J. E. Gray, 1842
1511:
1497:
1487:
1469:
1455:
1439:
1429:McClelland, 1844
1428:
1415:
1412:Anguilla bicolor
1398:
1387:
1372:
1357:
1346:
1333:
1323:
1303:
1293:
1281:
1270:
1258:Schwarzhans 2003
1257:
1247:Schwarzhans 2003
1246:
1128:
1106:
1084:
1062:
1016:
1009:
987:
965:
914:A. dieffenbachii
892:
846:
839:
817:
795:
788:
776:
766:
765:
484:overexploitation
468:A. dieffenbachii
221:
202:
140:
139:
114:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
16:Family of fishes
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4129:Commercial fish
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4099:
4094:
4086:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3985:
3980:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3833:
3825:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3773:
3771:
3763:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3732:
3724:
3719:
3711:
3706:
3698:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3672:
3667:
3659:
3654:
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3512:
3448:
3398:
3385:
3380:(Sawtooth eels)
3378:Serrivomeridae
3348:
3305:
3286:
3273:(Duckbill eels)
3263:Muraenesocidae
3257:(Longneck eels)
3233:
3214:
3177:
3158:
3154:Protanguillidae
3138:
3133:
3095:
3090:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3005:
3001:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2910:1854/LU-1269790
2880:
2879:
2872:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2816:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2659:
2644:10.1139/f02-165
2629:
2628:
2621:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2485:
2478:
2476:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2350:www.fishbase.de
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2215:10.2307/1445971
2200:
2199:
2195:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1922:10.2307/1446011
1906:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1857:
1856:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1672:Anguilla pfeili
1401:W. K. H. Peters
1320:Anguilla annosa
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1049:
1023:A. celebesensis
952:
943:
934:
925:
879:
764:
731:
723:pectoral girdle
689:
672:
659:
581:
553:
535:, they are not
493:
427:
418:
400:Anguilla ignota
396:
393:Anguilla ignota
373:
363:Anguilla ignota
355:
331:
284:freshwater eels
280:ray-finned fish
252:
243:
220:
201:
134:
105:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4172:
4170:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4092:
4079:
4066:
4056:
4043:
4030:
4017:
4004:
3991:
3978:
3965:
3956:Fauna Europaea
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3859:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3818:
3805:
3792:
3779:
3769:
3756:
3743:
3730:
3717:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3669:Fauna Europaea
3665:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3585:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3454:
3453:Related topics
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3370:Nemichthyidae
3367:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3333:Monognathidae
3330:
3322:
3319:(Pelican eels)
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3265:(Pike congers)
3260:
3255:Derichthyidae
3252:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3228:(False morays)
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3199:Myrocongridae
3196:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3123:Actinopterygii
3119:
3113:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3045:
3031:Froese, Rainer
3024:
3023:
2999:
2932:
2870:
2843:(6): 369–377.
2827:
2794:
2761:
2754:
2736:
2701:(3): 221–229.
2684:
2657:
2619:
2584:(2): 387–392.
2565:
2525:
2522:on 2010-07-06.
2500:
2452:(4): 444–445.
2432:
2405:
2361:
2337:
2323:
2293:
2236:
2209:(4): 876–880.
2193:
2166:(4): 329–335.
2150:
2104:
2061:(3): 884–894.
2039:
2012:(1): 100–114.
1996:
1969:(4): 517–562.
1943:
1899:
1890:
1876:
1845:
1834:
1812:
1801:(3): 225–241.
1777:
1763:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:Anguilla rouxi
1718:
1717:(American eel)
1703:
1689:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1642:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1580:
1569:
1547:
1546:(Japanese eel)
1529:
1515:
1504:
1490:
1479:
1462:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1379:(mottled eel)
1365:
1364:
1363:
1350:
1326:
1315:
1314:(European eel)
1286:
1285:
1284:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
990:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:A. reinhardtii
968:
963:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
949:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
876:
875:
872:
871:
864:
861:
860:
857:
856:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
820:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
774:
771:
770:
763:
760:
730:
729:Other features
727:
688:
685:
671:
668:
658:
655:
580:
577:
573:A. anguillidae
552:
549:
492:
489:
426:
423:
417:
414:
395:
390:
372:
367:
354:
351:
330:
327:
266:
265:
259:
258:
254:
253:
244:
235:
234:
228:
227:
213:
209:
208:
196:
192:
191:
189:Anguilliformes
186:
182:
181:
179:Actinopterygii
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
116:
115:
107:
106:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4171:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3541:
3533:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3485:Leptocephalus
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3327:(Gulper eels)
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3279:Ophichthidae
3277:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3057:0-12-093156-7
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3006:Jun G. Inoue
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2811:
2797:
2795:9780123969514
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2755:0-12-547665-5
2751:
2747:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2685:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1641:(mottled eel)
1637:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1441:E. J. Schmidt
1438:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:J. Richardson
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:Garsault 1764
1292:
1291:
1287:
1282:Shrestha 2008
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1271:Shrestha 2008
1269:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1243:Anguillidarum
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:A. interioris
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
989:
988:
982:
981:
978:
977:
974:
973:
967:
966:
960:
959:
956:
955:
947:
946:
938:
937:
929:
928:
920:
919:
916:
915:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
874:
873:
870:
869:
863:
862:
859:
858:
855:
854:
848:
847:
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
824:A. borneensis
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
802:A. mossambica
797:
796:
790:
789:
783:
782:
778:
777:
773:
772:
768:
767:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
728:
726:
724:
719:
715:
712:
708:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
680:
676:
669:
667:
664:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
613:
608:
606:
602:
594:
590:
589:American eels
585:
578:
576:
574:
565:
561:
557:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
520:
516:
515:Seafood Watch
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
488:
485:
481:
477:
476:A. borneensis
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:Anguillid eel
431:
424:
422:
415:
413:
411:
406:
401:
394:
391:
389:
386:
381:
377:
371:
368:
366:
364:
360:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
326:
324:
323:Seafood Watch
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
273:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
242:
241:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
218:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
103:
99:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
3838:
3564:
3500:
3496:Eel cuddling
3429:Jellied eels
3372:(Snipe eels)
3362:Anguillidae
3361:
3354:Anguilloidei
3298:Moringuidae
3291:Moringuoidei
3281:(Snake eels)
3209:(Moray eels)
3127:Superorder:
3048:
3038:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2890:
2886:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2799:. Retrieved
2777:
2745:
2739:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2676:. Retrieved
2672:
2635:
2631:
2581:
2577:
2543:
2539:
2517:the original
2503:
2489:cite journal
2477:. Retrieved
2449:
2445:
2435:
2424:. Retrieved
2420:
2381:
2377:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2306:
2296:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2120:
2116:
2058:
2054:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1966:
1962:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1859:
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1815:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1780:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1721:
1705:
1698:Steindachner
1691:
1681:
1670:
1659:
1644:
1633:
1623:
1611:
1600:
1582:
1571:
1549:
1531:
1517:
1506:
1492:
1482:
1464:
1461:(Borneo eel)
1450:
1434:
1423:
1410:
1393:
1382:
1367:
1352:
1341:
1328:
1324:Stinton 1975
1318:
1298:
1288:
1276:
1265:
1252:
1241:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1133:
1112:
1111:
1090:
1089:
1069:A. marmorata
1068:
1067:
1038:A. megastoma
1037:
1036:
1022:
1021:
993:
992:
971:
970:
913:
912:
899:A. australis
898:
897:
867:
866:
852:
851:
823:
822:
801:
800:
780:
779:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
720:
716:
713:
709:
705:
699:
696:Japanese eel
681:
677:
673:
662:
660:
647:Sargasso Sea
634:
627:leptocephali
609:
604:
598:
592:
572:
569:
563:
560:European eel
529:European eel
522:
513:
494:
475:
467:
459:
456:Japanese eel
451:
448:American eel
443:
440:European eel
436:
419:
409:
404:
399:
397:
392:
385:synapomorphy
379:
375:
374:
369:
362:
358:
356:
353:Paleontology
345:
332:
316:
302:
301:
293:
288:
287:
283:
271:
269:
262:
238:
232:Type species
216:
215:
198:
123:
120:American eel
104:) to Present
18:
4124:Anguillidae
3995:iNaturalist
3883:Anguillidae
3863:Wikispecies
3708:iNaturalist
3609:Anguillidae
3595:Anguillidae
3589:Wikispecies
3565:Anguillidae
3470:Ely Eel Day
3439:Eel noodles
3341:Cyematidae
3226:Chlopsidae
3219:Chlopsoidei
3207:Muraenidae
3201:(Thin eels)
3183:Muraenoidei
3129:Elopomorpha
3115:Subphylum:
2818:|work=
2673:www.fao.org
2546:: 373–379.
2540:Aquaculture
2479:27 November
2384:: 321–333.
2330:27 November
2309:: 947–955.
1916:(4): 1094.
1770:Pl. 661 in
1556:S. Watanabe
1267:Neoanguilla
1091:A. nebulosa
994:A. japonica
868:A. rostrata
853:A. anguilla
663:Anguillidae
651:ichthyology
635:A. japonica
631:marine snow
605:A. japonica
601:semelparous
533:farm-raised
497:aquaculture
470:), and the
460:A. japonica
452:A. rostrata
444:A. anguilla
319:farm-raised
308:catadromous
289:Neoanguilla
272:Anguillidae
199:Anguillidae
24:Anguillidae
4118:Categories
3480:Glass eels
3465:Eel ladder
3414:Eel (food)
3247:Congridae
3239:Congroidei
3193:(Mud eels)
3117:Vertebrata
2952:(1): 159.
2801:2019-12-04
2678:2019-12-04
2426:2019-12-04
2355:2019-12-04
1827:8 February
1735:References
1606:Kaup, 1856
1417:McClelland
1375:J. E. Gray
1150:A. bicolor
1135:A. obscura
687:Physiology
612:freshwater
545:carnivores
380:N. robinsi
376:N. robinsi
204:Rafinesque
3335:(Onejaws)
3249:(Congers)
3103:Kingdom:
2976:1471-2148
2919:0022-0949
2865:1365-2400
2820:ignored (
2810:cite book
2723:1573-5133
2652:0706-652X
2606:1444-2906
2466:0254-5853
2270:0962-8452
2223:0045-8511
2188:0753-3969
2137:0031-0220
2083:1055-7903
2034:0195-6671
1991:0016-6995
1930:0045-8511
1886:239903435
1727:Nolf 1974
1564:Tsukamoto
1475:Y. T. Jin
1471:Y. T. Chu
1359:Phillipps
639:estuaries
623:estuaries
587:Juvenile
541:parasites
416:Phylogeny
410:A. ignota
405:A. ignota
263:See text
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
98:Paleocene
3935:46561250
3896:Anguilla
3869:Anguilla
3854:Q9154612
3848:Wikidata
3839:Anguilla
3574:Wikidata
3530:Category
3487:(larvae)
3434:Kabayaki
3111:Chordata
3109:Phylum:
3105:Animalia
3040:FishBase
2994:27514517
2927:21430215
2731:12032022
2614:19692756
2474:20740708
2288:21849321
2145:82717028
2099:19546541
2091:23831455
1542:Schlegel
1538:Temminck
1306:Linnaeus
1290:Anguilla
781:Anguilla
657:Behavior
303:Anguilla
257:Species
246:Linnaeus
223:Garsault
217:Anguilla
195:Family:
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
30:Danian–0
3987:2403092
3580:Q212239
3540:Commons
3508:Sniggle
3475:Eel pot
3424:Eel pie
3407:As food
3121:Class:
2985:4981956
2954:Bibcode
2845:Bibcode
2703:Bibcode
2586:Bibcode
2548:Bibcode
2386:Bibcode
2279:3259923
2231:1445971
2168:Bibcode
2063:Bibcode
2014:Bibcode
1971:Bibcode
1963:Geobios
1938:1446011
1760:: 1–88.
1715:, 1817)
1713:Lesueur
1651:GĂĽnther
1593:Gaimard
1524:Whitley
1403:, 1852)
1377:, 1831)
762:Species
670:Sensory
551:Ecology
462:), the
454:), the
446:), the
212:Genus:
185:Order:
175:Class:
4101:125620
4075:854195
4059:NZOR:
4026:161126
4013:108353
3961:304330
3948:1ANGLG
3827:125425
3801:265729
3788:854196
3772:NZOR:
3739:161125
3726:114139
3661:1ANGLF
3444:Unadon
3055:
3008:et al.
2992:
2982:
2974:
2925:
2917:
2863:
2792:
2752:
2729:
2721:
2650:
2612:
2604:
2472:
2464:
2321:
2286:
2276:
2268:
2229:
2221:
2203:Copeia
2186:
2143:
2135:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2032:
1989:
1936:
1928:
1910:Copeia
1884:
1874:
1775:Paris.
1700:, 1867
1653:, 1872
1595:, 1824
1591:&
1566:, 2009
1562:&
1560:Aoyama
1544:, 1847
1540:&
1526:, 1938
1501:, 1856
1477:, 1984
1473:&
1459:, 1924
1443:, 1928
1419:, 1844
1361:, 1925
1337:, 1841
615:rivers
509:Taiwan
507:, and
298:extant
276:family
274:are a
225:, 1764
206:, 1810
102:Danian
96:Early
4096:WoRMS
4088:35345
4000:49221
3822:WoRMS
3809:Plazi
3721:IRMNG
3713:49220
3674:12016
3635:62352
3491:Abaia
3419:Anago
2727:S2CID
2610:S2CID
2520:(PDF)
2513:(PDF)
2227:JSTOR
2141:S2CID
2095:S2CID
1959:(PDF)
1934:JSTOR
1882:S2CID
1457:Popta
621:, or
619:lakes
524:unagi
505:Korea
501:Japan
312:spawn
4139:Eels
4052:7935
4047:NCBI
4021:ITIS
3982:GBIF
3943:EPPO
3909:2534
3904:BOLD
3765:7934
3760:NCBI
3734:ITIS
3700:2949
3695:GBIF
3656:EPPO
3648:8295
3622:1236
3617:BOLD
3093:Eels
3053:ISBN
2990:PMID
2972:ISSN
2923:PMID
2915:ISSN
2861:ISSN
2822:help
2790:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2719:ISSN
2648:ISSN
2602:ISSN
2495:link
2481:2023
2470:PMID
2462:ISSN
2332:2023
2319:ISBN
2284:PMID
2266:ISSN
2219:ISSN
2207:1989
2184:ISSN
2133:ISSN
2087:PMID
2079:ISSN
2030:ISSN
1987:ISSN
1926:ISSN
1914:1989
1872:ISBN
1829:2022
1589:Quoy
1499:Kaup
1310:1758
270:The
250:1758
35:Preęž’
4034:NBN
4008:ISC
3930:EoL
3922:W6M
3917:CoL
3891:AFD
3878:ADW
3747:NBN
3643:EoL
3630:CoL
3604:AFD
3016:doi
2980:PMC
2962:doi
2905:hdl
2895:doi
2891:214
2853:doi
2782:doi
2711:doi
2640:doi
2594:doi
2556:doi
2454:doi
2394:doi
2311:doi
2274:PMC
2258:doi
2254:279
2211:doi
2176:doi
2125:doi
2071:doi
2022:doi
1979:doi
1918:doi
1864:doi
1803:doi
278:of
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