1957:
2300:
1550: mrad. The small adjustment value means these sights can be adjusted in very small increments. These fine adjustments are however not very well suited for dialing between varied distances such as in field shooting because of the high number of clicks that will be required to move the line of sight, making it easier to lose track of the number of clicks than in scopes with larger click adjustments. For instance to move the line of sight 0.4 mrad, a 0.1 mrad scope must be adjusted 4 clicks, while comparably a 0.05 mrad and 0.025 mrad scope must be adjusted 8 and 16 clicks respectively.
1337:
741:
4298:
784:
1624:
shot was off target. The number of milliradians to correct is then multiplied by ten if the scope has 0.1 mrad adjustments. If for instance the shot was 0.6 mrad to the right of the target, 6 clicks will be needed to adjust the sight. This way there is no need for math, conversions, knowledge of target size or distance. This is true for a first focal plane scope at all magnifications, but a variable second focal plane must be set to a given magnification (usually its maximum magnification) for any mrad scales to be correct.
2321:), converted back into milliradians, can be used to adjust the aiming point. Generally mrad-reticle scopes have both horizontal and vertical crosshairs marked; the horizontal and vertical marks are used for range estimation and the vertical marks for bullet drop compensation. Trained users, however, can also use the horizontal dots to compensate for bullet drift due to wind. Milliradian-reticle-equipped scopes are well suited for long shots under uncertain conditions, such as those encountered by military and law enforcement
1597:
4283:
3467:
2167:
2282:
4268:
4256:
732:
2949:
2158:
1620:. The most common scope adjustment increment in mrad based rifle scopes is 0.1 mrad, which are sometimes called "one centimeter clicks" since 0.1 mrad equals exactly 1 cm at 100 meters, 2 cm at 200 meters, etc. Similarly, an adjustment click on a scope with 0.2 mrad adjustment will move the point of bullet impact 2 cm at 100 m and 4 cm at 200 m, etc.
1973:
20 meters at 1000 meters (or 2 m at 100 m, 4 m at 200 m, 6 m at 300 m etc.). The horizontal and vertical adjustment ranges can be different for a particular sight, for instance a scope may have 20 mrad vertical and 10 mrad horizontal adjustment. Elevation differ between models, but about 10–11 mrad are common in hunting scopes, while scopes made for
652:
36:
2754:
3455:
2333:
158:
702:(4000 in a circle). The United Kingdom was also trialing them to replace degrees and minutes. They were adopted by France although decigrades also remained in use throughout World War I. Other nations also used decigrades. The United States, which copied many French artillery practices, adopted angular mils, later known as
1981:
100 meters the sight will thereafter always have to be adjusted upwards to compensate for bullet drop at longer ranges, and therefore the adjustment below zero will never be used. This means that when using a neutral mount only about half of the scope's total elevation will be usable for shooting at longer ranges:
1249:
2919:
It is possible to purchase rifle scopes with a mrad reticle and minute-of-arc turrets, but it is general consensus that such mixing should be avoided. It is preferred to either have both a mrad reticle and mrad adjustment (mrad/mrad), or a minute-of-arc reticle and minute-of-arc adjustment to utilize
2361:
is much simpler with decimal units, thereby requiring less mental calculation in the field. Using the range estimation formula with the units meters for range and millimeters for target size it is just a matter of moving decimals and do the division, without the need of multiplication with additional
1627:
When using a scope with mrad adjustments, but without mrad markings in the reticle (i.e. a standard duplex cross-hair on a hunting or benchrest scope), sight correction for a known target subtension and known range can be calculated by the following formula, which utilizes the fact that an adjustment
1623:
When using a scope with both mrad adjustment and a reticle with mrad markings (called a mrad/mrad scope), the shooter can spot his own bullet impact and easily correct the sight if needed. If the shot was a miss, the mrad reticle can simply be used as a "ruler" to count the number of milliradians the
1384:
with an mrad reticle available), the reticle can be used to measure how many mrads to correct a shot even without knowing the shooting distance. For instance, assuming a precise shot fired by an experienced shooter missed the target by 0.8 mrad as seen through an optic, and the firearm sight has
1372:
is the physical amount of space covered by an angle and varies with distance. Thus, the subtension corresponding to a mrad (either in an mrad reticle or in mrad adjustments) varies with range. Knowing subtensions at different ranges can be useful for sighting in a firearm if there is no optic with an
2272:
If the firearm is attached in a fixed mount and aimed at a target, the shot grouping measures the firearm's mechanical precision and the uniformity of the ammunition. When the firearm also is held by a shooter, the shot grouping partly measures the precision of the firearm and ammunition, and partly
2344:
Angle can be used for either calculating target size or range if one of them is known. Where the range is known the angle will give the size, where the size is known then the range is given. When out in the field angle can be measured approximately by using calibrated optics or roughly using one's
2022:
In most regular sport and hunting rifles (except for in long range shooting), sights are usually mounted in neutral mounts. This is done because the optical quality of the scope is best in the middle of its adjustment range, and only being able to use half of the adjustment range to compensate for
1972:
The horizontal and vertical adjustment range of a firearm sight is often advertised by the manufacturer using mrads. For instance a rifle scope may be advertised as having a vertical adjustment range of 20 mrad, which means that by turning the turret the bullet impact can be moved a total of
2356:
While a radian is defined as an angle on the unit circle where the arc and radius have equal length, a milliradian is defined as the angle where the arc length is one thousandth of the radius. Therefore, when using milliradians for range estimation, the unit used for target distance needs to be
1980:
Sights can either be mounted in neutral or tilted mounts. In a neutral mount (also known as "flat base" or non-tilted mount) the sight will point reasonably parallel to the barrel, and be close to a zero at 100 meters (about 1 mrad low depending on rifle and caliber). After zeroing at
4348:
Artillery spotters typically use their calibrated binoculars to move fired projectiles' impact onto a target. Here they know the approximate range to the target and so can read off the angle (+ quick calculation) to give the left/right corrections in meters. A mil is a meter at a range of one
710:
and the adoption of the metric system of measurement (e.g. artillery replaced "units of base" with meters) the Red Army expanded the 600 unit circle into a 6000 mil circle. Hence the
Russian mil has a somewhat different origin than those derived from French artillery practices.
1322:
4512:
Dapples: ... Charles-Marc (1837-1920), ingénieur, professeur à l'université de
Lausanne, municipal à Lausanne, est l'inventeur de l'unité appelée "millième" pour mesurer les angles dans le tir d'artillerie. Une branche de la famille s'est fixée à Gênes à la fin du XVIIIe
2089:
2316:
With a mrad reticle-equipped scope the distance to an object can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy by a trained user by determining how many milliradians an object of known size subtends. Once the distance is known, the drop of the bullet at that range (see
2905:
1137:
2923:
If using a mixed system scope that has a mrad reticle and arcminute adjustment, one way to make use of the reticle for shot corrections is to exploit that 14′ approximately equals 4 mrad, and thereby multiplying an observed corrections in mrad by a fraction of
1373:
mrad reticle available, but involves mathematical calculations, and is therefore not used very much in practical applications. Subtensions always change with distance, but an mrad (as observed through an optic) is always an mrad regardless of distance. Therefore,
2783:) and about 10 m for a "big tank." From the front a Land Rover is about 1.5 m wide, most tanks around 3–3.5 m. So a SWB Land Rover from the side is one finger wide at about 100 m. A modern tank would have to be at a bit over 300 m.
2635:
2743:
2696:
1613:) increases with viewing distance to the target. For instance the same angle of 0.1 mrad will subtend 10 mm at 100 meters, 20 mm at 200 meters, etc., or similarly 0.39 inches at 100 m, 0.78 inches at 200 m, etc.
2017:
2847:
2398:
2910:
Where mag is scope magnification. However, a user should verify this with their individual scope since some are not calibrated at 10× . As above target distance and target size can be given in any two units of length with a ratio of 1000:1.
2582:
3517:
For maps and artillery, three rounded definitions are used which are close to the real definition, but more easily can be divided into parts. The different map and artillery definitions are sometimes referred to as "angular mils", and are:
1666:
2267:
4320:
Artillery uses angular measurement in gun laying, the azimuth between the gun and its target many kilometers away and the elevation angle of the barrel. This means that artillery uses mils to graduate indirect fire azimuth sights (called
1176:
2303:
Premade table for range estimation showing target sizes, distances and corresponding angular measurements. Angular sizes are given in milliradians, ranges in meters, and target sizes are shown in both in centimeters, millimeters and
934:
985:
1014:, but unlike the radian where the same unit must be used for radius and arc length, the milliradian needs to have a ratio between the units where the subtension is a thousandth of the radius when using the simplified formula.
2030:
are common since it is very important to have enough vertical adjustment to compensate for the bullet drop at longer distances. For this purpose scope mounts are sold with varying degrees of tilt, but some common values are:
706:. Before 2007 the Swedish defence forces used "streck" (6300 in a circle, streck meaning lines or marks) (together with degrees for some navigation) which is closer to the milliradian but then changed to NATO mils. After the
4297:
2960:
In the table below conversions from mrad to metric values are exact (e.g. 0.1 mrad equals exactly 1 cm at 100 meters), while conversions of minutes of arc to both metric and imperial values are approximate.
2273:
the shooter's consistency and skill. Often the shooters' skill is the most important element towards achieving a tight shot grouping, especially when competitors are using the same match grade firearms and ammunition.
1743: mrad changes the impact as many centimeters as there are hundreds of meters. In other words, 1 cm at 100 meters, 2.25 cm at 225 meters, 0.5 cm at 50 meters, etc. See the table below
520:
to count the number of mrads a shot was off-target, which directly translates to the sight adjustment needed to hit the target with a follow-up shot. Optics with mrad markings in the reticle can also be used to make a
1260:
2852:
So if the above-mentioned 6 m long BMP (6000 mm) is viewed at 6 mrad its distance is 1000 m, and if the angle of view is twice as large (12 mrad) the distance is half as much, 500 m.
1604:
Subtension refers to the length between two points on a target, and is usually given in either centimeters, millimeters or inches. Since an mrad is an angular measurement, the subtension covered by a given angle
2312:
that are marked in mrad. This can either be accomplished with lines or dots, and the latter is generally called mil-dots. The mrad reticle serves two purposes, range estimation and trajectory correction.
874:
718:
adopted metric units of measurement for land and general use. NATO mils, meters, and kilograms became standard, although degrees remained in use for naval and air purposes, reflecting civil practices.
2223:
A shot grouping is the spread of multiple shots on a target, taken in one shooting session. The group size on target in milliradians can be obtained by measuring the spread of the rounds on target in
2862:
1063:
2051:
994:
is mathematically defined as the angle formed when the length of a circular arc equals the radius of the circle, a milliradian, is the angle formed when the length of a circular arc equals
679:" (400 gradians in a circle) under various names having considerable popularity in much of northern Europe. However, Imperial Russia used a different approach, dividing a circle into
833:
2701:
If using the metric unit meters for distance and the imperial unit inches for target size, one has to multiply by a factor of 25.4, since one inch is defined as 25.4 millimeters.
1633:
2856:
When used with some riflescopes of variable objective magnification and fixed reticle magnification (where the reticle is in the second focal plane), the formula can be modified to:
4349:
thousand meters (for example, to move the impact of an artillery round 100 meters by a gun firing from 3 km away, it is necessary to shift the direction by 100/3 = 33.3 mils.)
2593:
2707:
2660:
2792:
2368:
2552:
2329:
and other field shooters. These riflemen must be able to aim at varying targets at unknown (sometimes long) distances, so accurate compensation for bullet drop is required.
2231:
and dividing by the shooting distance in meters. This way, using milliradians, one can easily compare shot groupings or target difficulties at different shooting distances.
1987:
4282:
643:
per turn instead of 360° or 2π radians, achieving higher resolution than a 360° compass while also being easier to divide into parts than if true milliradians were used.
540:
on target, and range. In such applications it is useful to use a unit for target size that is a thousandth of the unit for range, for instance by using the metric units
4615:
839:
and use simple ratios to determine size and distance with high accuracy for rifle and short distance artillery calculations by using the handy property of subtension:
4674:
2237:
1244:{\displaystyle \delta =100\%\times \left|{\frac {{\text{arcminutes}}_{\text{ trig}}-{\text{inches per hundred of yards}}}{{\text{arcminutes}}_{\text{trig}}}}\right|}
4597:
2348:
Milliradian reticles often have dots or marks with a spacing of 1 mrad in between, but graduations can also be finer and coarser (i.e. 0.8 or 1.2 mrad).
1449:
at varied distances. The click values are fine enough to get dialed in for most target shooting and coarse enough to keep the number of clicks down when dialing.
4579:
4267:
893:
3597:
Reticles in some artillery sights are calibrated to the relevant artillery definition for that military, i.e. the Carl Zeiss OEM-2 artillery sight made in
950:
3482:) points to the north, instead of using NATO mils where direction is always relative to the target (0 or 6400 NATO mils is always towards target).
1956:
1727:
In firearm optics, where 0.1 mrad per click is the most common mrad based adjustment value, another common rule of thumb is that an adjustment of
2786:
If, for instance a target known to be 1.5 m in height (1500 mm) is measured to 2.8 mrad in the reticle, the range can be estimated to:
4467:. However that Sweden has changed its map grid systems and angular measurement to those used by NATO, so the "streck" measurement unit is obsolete.
4561:
4525:
4743:
2345:
fingers and hands. With an outstretched arm one finger is approximately 30 mrad wide, a fist 150 mrad and a spread hand 300 mrad.
2098:
load and firearm combination, the bullet may drop 13 mrad at 1000 meters (13 meters). To be able to reach out, one could either:
1317:{\displaystyle {\text{arcminutes}}_{\text{ trig}}=\arctan {\frac {\text{inches per hundred of yards}}{3600}}\times {\frac {180}{\pi }}\times 60}
528:
Milliradians are generally used for very small angles, which allows for very accurate mathematical approximations to more easily calculate with
4543:
2357:
thousand times as large as the unit used for target size. Metric units are particularly useful in conjunction with a mrad reticle because the
4668:
756:(marked green, approximately 57.3°) corresponds to an angle where the length of the arc (blue) is equal to the radius of the circle (red).
631:, which are then often referred to as "mils", "lines", or similar. For instance there are artillery sights and compasses with 6,400
4255:
504:
sights by adjusting the angle of the sight compared to the barrel (up, down, left, or right). Milliradians are also used for comparing
1368:. New shooters are often explained the principle of subtensions in order to understand that a milliradian is an angular measurement.
4837:
4812:
667:
The milliradian (approximately 6,283.185 in a circle) was first used in the mid-19th century by
Charles-Marc Dapples (1837–1920), a
119:
3656:
1385:
0.1 mrad adjustments, the shooter must then dial 8 clicks on the scope to hit the same target under the same conditions.
849:
4703:
2920:
the strength of each system. Then the shooter can know exactly how many clicks to correct based on what he sees in the reticle.
777:
of the angle of a radian. (The image on the right is exaggerated for illustration, as a milliradian is much smaller in reality).
2299:
2094:
The adjustment range needed to shoot at a certain distance varies with firearm, caliber and load. For example, with a certain
185:
57:
2900:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in meters}}={\frac {\text{size in mm}}{\text{angle in mrad}}}\times {\frac {\text{mag}}{10}}}
1336:
1132:{\displaystyle \delta =100\%\times \left|{\frac {\theta _{\text{trig}}-\theta _{\text{rad}}}{\theta _{\text{trig}}}}\right|}
2084:{\displaystyle {\text{maximum elevation with tilted mount}}={\frac {\text{scope's total elevation}}{2}}+{\text{base tilt}}}
4902:
4651:
477:
100:
4486:
525:
of a known size target, or vice versa, to determine a target size if the distance is known, a practice called "milling".
1041:
parts per billion) error for an angle of 0.1 mrad, for instance by assuming 0.1 mrad equals 1 cm at 100 m
619:, and rifle scope adjustments and reticles are calibrated to this definition. There are also other definitions used for
72:
53:
3510:
of the circumference of a circle, which is the definition used by telescopic rifle sight manufacturers in reticles for
4725:
4869:
4390:
2768:
79:
2587:
Also, in general the same unit can be used for subtension and range if multiplied with a factor of thousand, i.e.
740:
46:
3511:
2772:
2757:
796:
522:
171:
140:
806:
783:
4912:
2630:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in meters}}={\frac {\text{target in meters}}{\text{angle in mrad}}}\times 1,000}
133:
2738:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in meters}}={\frac {\text{target in inches}}{\text{angle in mrad}}}\times 25.4}
2691:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in yards}}={\frac {\text{target in inches}}{\text{angle in mrad}}}\times 27.78}
2121:
Use a scope with 14 mrad of adjustment and a 6 mrad tilted mount to achieve a maximum adjustment of
1616:
Subtensions in mrad based optics are particularly useful together with target sizes and shooting distances in
3474:" ("Artilleriepromille") are used to indicate an absolute indication of direction by using the notation that
1587: mrad can be found in some short range sights, mostly with capped turrets, but are not very widely used.
1356:
Milliradian adjustment is commonly used as a unit for clicks in the mechanical adjustment knobs (turrets) of
86:
4907:
3685:
2842:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in meters}}={\frac {1500{\text{ mm}}}{2.8{\text{ mrad}}}}=535.7{\text{ m}}}
1011:
672:
660:
243:
4424:
4342:
3648:
2393:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in meters}}={\frac {\text{target in millimeters}}{\text{angle in mrad}}}}
1596:
1515:
675:. Degrees and minutes were the usual units of angular measurement but others were being proposed, with "
564:
of the radius. A common adjustment value in firearm sights is 1 cm at 100 meters which equals
167:
68:
2577:{\displaystyle {\text{distance in kilometers}}={\frac {\text{target in meters}}{\text{angle in mrad}}}}
170:
has markings with 1-mrad spacing, which can be used to compensate for wind drift, impact correction or
2012:{\displaystyle {\text{usable elevation in neutral mount}}={\frac {\text{scope's total elevation}}{2}}}
1511:
707:
680:
1502: mrad are used in speciality scope sights for extreme precision at fixed target ranges such as
548:
for range. This coincides with the definition of the milliradian where the arc length is defined as
2318:
2286:
1974:
1446:
1023:
493:
4447:, a unit of area, equal to the area of a square with sides of length of one thousandth of an inch.
1377:
and shot corrections are given in mrads, thereby avoiding the need for mathematical calculations.
3630:
3615:
and similar abbreviations are often used by militaries in the
English speaking part of the world.
2358:
1661:{\displaystyle {\text{adjustment in mrad}}={\frac {\text{subtension in mm}}{\text{range in m}}}.}
1507:
1503:
3466:
2262:{\displaystyle {\text{group size in mrad}}={\frac {\text{group size in mm}}{\text{range in m}}}}
2166:
2546:
The same holds true for calculating target distance in kilometers using target size in meters.
2281:
4833:
4808:
4664:
4402:
2764:
2102:
Use a scope with 26 mrad of adjustment in a neutral mount, to get a usable adjustment of
1345:
529:
4441:, a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a diameter of one thousandth of an inch.
1146:
The approximation using mrad is more precise than using another common system where 1′ (
4370:
3445:
1′ ≈ 0.291 mrad (or 2.91 cm at 100 m, approximately 3 cm at 100 m)
2292:
1610:
1606:
1361:
1026:
by using the simplified linear formula will increase as the angle increases. For example, a
885:
877:
683:(60° per triangle, 6 triangles in a circle) and hence 600 units to a circle.
656:
533:
787:
For small observed angles (green) the arc length (blue) approaches the subtension (orange).
4374:
4345:), together with their manual plotting devices, firing tables and fire control computers.
3725:
3663:
2095:
1374:
1365:
1349:
1341:
792:
616:
509:
489:
190:
3655:, 32 "nautical lines" per circle) which sometimes use the same symbol. However, the
93:
3486:
Because of the definition of pi, in a circle with a diameter of one there are 2000
2948:
1047:
2.9% error for 300 mrad, i.e. assuming 300 mrad equals 300 m at 1 km
3730:
3659:(DIN 1301 part 3) is to use ¯ for artillery lines, and " for nautical lines.)
2641:
1381:
929:{\displaystyle \theta _{\text{trig}}=\arctan {\frac {\text{subtension}}{\text{range}}}}
608:
516:
with mrad markings (called an "mrad/mrad scope"), the shooter can use the reticle as a
406:
1044:
0.03% error for 30 mrad, i.e. assuming 30 mrad equals 30 m at 1 km
4896:
4764:
4382:
3735:
2976:
2953:
2326:
2147:
1617:
941:
505:
219:
4881:
4785:
4633:
2157:
980:{\displaystyle \theta _{\text{rad}}\simeq {\frac {\text{subtension}}{\text{range}}}}
731:
4699:
4660:
4438:
3598:
3560:
836:
668:
2644:
yards for distance and inches for target size, one has to multiply by a factor of
651:
1160:
7.36% error for 1000′, i.e. assuming 1000′ equals 1000 inches at 100 yd
1150:) is approximated as 1 inch at 100 yards, where comparably there is a:
4505:
4464:
4303:
3644:
2027:
1961:
1357:
687:
600:
338:
35:
2760:
using the hands on an extended arm as a reference for the angular size in mrad.
2041:
9 mrad, which equals 9 m at 1000 m (or 0.9 m at 100 m)
2038:
6 mrad, which equals 6 m at 1000 m (or 0.6 m at 100 m)
2035:
3 mrad, which equals 3 m at 1000 m (or 0.3 m at 100 m)
4444:
4366:
4338:
4273:
3017:
3010:
2224:
2180:
measures about 13 mm and was fired at about 45 meters, which equals
841:
One mrad approximately subtends one meter at a distance of one thousand meters
541:
537:
372:
1154:
4.72% error by assuming that an angle of 1′ equals 1 inch at 100 yd
4418:
4386:
4307:
3703:
Conversion between true milliradian and derived units for maps and artillery
3622:
3471:
2753:
2175:
Two shot groupings obtained with different firearms at different distances.
1965:
1147:
699:
627:
which are rounded to more easily be divided into smaller parts for use with
624:
620:
440:
4805:
Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and
Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems
1628:
of 1 mrad changes the impact as many millimeters as there are meters:
512:
at different distances. When using a scope with both mrad adjustment and a
17:
3604:
Various symbols have been used to represent angular mils for compass use:
3454:
1157:
4.75% error for 100′, i.e. assuming 100′ equals 100 in at 100 yd
2228:
1723:= 0.05 mrad, or 1 click with a 0.05 mrad adjustment scope.
4856:
3494:) per full turn. In other words, one real milliradian covers just under
2201:
measures about 7 mm and was fired at about 90 meters, which equals
2045:
With a tilted mount the maximum usable scope elevation can be found by:
4414:
4362:
4288:
3564:
3459:
2337:
2332:
2309:
1977:
usually have an adjustment range of 20–30 mrad (70–100 moa).
676:
628:
513:
501:
157:
3601:
from 1969 to 1976 is calibrated for the eastern bloc 6000 mil circle.
1010:
of the radius of the circle. Just like the radian, the milliradian is
4410:
4406:
4378:
4358:
3586:
2322:
991:
753:
497:
307:
233:
2023:
bullet drop is seldom a problem at short and medium range shooting.
4291:
compass with scales both in 360 degrees and NATO 6400 mil
3567:(Finland phasing out the standard in favour of the NATO standard).
3465:
3453:
2947:
2780:
2331:
2298:
2280:
1955:
1595:
1335:
881:
782:
650:
545:
517:
226:
200:
163:
1380:
If a rifle scope has mrad markings in the reticle (or there is a
791:
Use of the milliradian is practical because it is concerned with
4750:
4732:. Light Test & Measurement Instruments. Vilnius, LT: Standa.
3538:
3031:
3024:
2776:
1600:
Illustration of sight adjustment with 0.1 milliradian increment.
944:
by using the definition of a radian and the simplified formula:
800:
715:
2411:
These relations can easily be derived by looking at the units:
29:
1445:′ are used in general purpose sights for hunting, target and
869:{\displaystyle {\text{subtension}}\simeq {\text{arc length}}}
246:
with an arc length one thousandth of the radius, i.e. 1
1348:
load. Bullet drop and wind drift are shown both in mrad and
698:(6400 in a circle) for use with artillery sights instead of
500:(0.001 radian). Milliradians are used in adjustment of
4306:
wrist compass with two (opposite) scales, 360 degrees
3688:
for the standard Warsaw Pact mil. Sometimes just marked as
612:
4773:
Photonics solutions for extending the frontiers of science
611:
divided into 1,000 mrad per radian, hence 2,000
508:, or to compare the difficulty of hitting different sized
604:
4463:
Sweden (and
Finland) have not been part of NATO nor the
4369:
for describing small angles, i.e. measuring alignment,
4562:"Calculation of approximation error for 300 mrad"
4526:"Calculation of approximation error for 0.1 mrad"
4261:
A 360 degree and 6400 NATO mil compass rose.
2402:
1163:
1050:
4544:"Calculation of approximation error for 30 mrad"
2865:
2795:
2710:
2663:
2596:
2555:
2371:
2240:
2054:
1990:
1636:
1263:
1179:
1066:
953:
896:
852:
809:
3407:
0.1 mrad equals exactly 1 cm at 100 m
615:
or approximately 6,283.185 milliradians in one
599:The true definition of a milliradian is based on a
436:
402:
368:
334:
303:
281:
239:
214:
206:
196:
184:
179:
150:
139:"Millirad" redirects here. Not to be confused with
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2899:
2841:
2737:
2690:
2629:
2576:
2392:
2261:
2083:
2011:
1660:
1316:
1243:
1131:
979:
928:
868:
827:
4870:"Mils / MOA & the range estimation equations"
4744:"The mirror alignment and control system for CT5"
4276:compass with 6400 ‰ ("artillery per milles")
2965:Conversion of various sight adjustment increment
2362:constants, thus producing fewer rounding errors.
3671:), a symbol used on some older French compasses.
3462:with the full circle divided into 6400 NATO mils
2767:are about 3 to 4 m long, "smaller tank" or
2654:≈ 27.78, since there are 36 inches in one yard.
1167:Calculation of percentage error for arcminutes
4828:Nebylov, Alexander V.; Watson, Joseph (2016).
4616:"Calculation of approximation error for 1000′"
4598:"Calculation of approximation error for 100′"
8:
4790:Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology
4580:"Calculation of approximation error for 1′"
2308:Many telescopic sights used on rifles have
690:, France was experimenting with the use of
27:Angular measurement, thousandth of a radian
4487:"How to use milliradian-adjustable scopes"
4310:and 6000 Soviet mil counterclockwise.
1964:can be explained as the angle between the
1745:
828:{\displaystyle \sin \theta \simeq \theta }
156:
147:
2887:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2834:
2820:
2810:
2804:
2796:
2794:
2719:
2711:
2709:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2380:
2372:
2370:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2076:
2063:
2055:
2053:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1689:= 0.4 mrad, or 4 clicks with a
1645:
1637:
1635:
1298:
1285:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1178:
1117:
1106:
1093:
1086:
1065:
1054:Calculation of percentage error for mrad
967:
958:
952:
916:
901:
895:
861:
853:
851:
808:
799:shows that the angle approximates to the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3700:
2963:
2752:
4749:. The H.E.S.S. experiment. Geneva, CH:
4478:
4456:
4353:Other scientific and technological uses
4251:
2026:However, in long range shooting tilted
835:. This allows a user to dispense with
496:which is defined as a thousandth of a
2952:Comparison of milliradian (mrad) and
1506:. Some specialty iron sights used in
659:, one of the former buildings of the
7:
4507:Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse
4427:, an inch-based unit often called a
3458:Map measure M/70 of the NATO member
58:adding citations to reliable sources
3639:, called "artillery line" (German:
3470:In the Swiss Army, 6400 "artillery
2277:Range estimation with mrad reticles
2057:maximum elevation with tilted mount
4361:) is also used in other fields of
3450:Definitions for maps and artillery
2295:as seen at 25× magnification.
1592:Subtensions at different distances
1364:both in the military and civilian
1189:
1076:
25:
4329:), their associated instruments (
1993:usable elevation in neutral mount
285:
4730:Opto-Mechanical Products Catalog
4706:from the original on 18 May 2019
4417:, today standardised as 10
4296:
4281:
4266:
4254:
3692:if superscript is not available.
3667:, called "thousandths" (French:
2406:Derivation of the range formula
2285:P4L mrad reticle as used in the
2165:
2156:
1518:come with adjustments in either
739:
730:
686:Around the time of the start of
232:meaning "one thousand") and the
34:
4680:from the original on 5 May 2016
3589:. The Swedish term for this is
2352:Units for target size and range
761:: A milliradian corresponds to
45:needs additional citations for
4726:"Optical Beam Alignment Meter"
4504:Renaud, Hugues (31 May 2002).
3697:Conversion table for compasses
2915:Mixing mrad and minutes of arc
1952:Adjustment range and base tilt
671:engineer and professor at the
1:
4405:, a unit of length common in
2944:Conversion table for firearms
795:, and when using radians the
536:observed in an optic, linear
532:, back and forth between the
484:, sometimes also abbreviated
4830:Aerospace Navigation Systems
2940:when adjusting the turrets.
1705: mrad adjustment scope.
4391:inertial navigation systems
4337:), their elevation sights (
1288:inches per hundred of yards
1219:inches per hundred of yards
880:denoted by θ (Greek letter
4929:
4765:"Focusing and Collimating"
2145:
138:
131:
4886:The Online Compass Museum
4832:. John Wiley & Sons.
3647:(not to be confused with
3512:stadiametric rangefinding
2992:
2983:
2974:
2969:
1968:of a rifle and its scope.
1759:
1756:
1751:
1748:
876:, instead of finding the
797:small angle approximation
299:
155:
141:Millirad (radiation unit)
4803:Groves, Paul D. (2013).
3684:), a symbol used by the
3643:), a symbol used by the
3629:), a symbol used by the
3410:1 mrad ≈ 3.44′, so
2775:at about 6 m (e.g.
2336:Mildot chart as used by
1960:The concept of a tilted
846:More in detail, because
134:Minute and second of arc
132:Not to be confused with
4316:Use in artillery sights
3641:artilleristische Strich
3561:the former Soviet Union
2066:scope's total elevation
2002:scope's total elevation
1397:Gradations (clicks) of
940:one can instead make a
4661:Army Command (Finland)
4510:. Fonds, AV Laussane.
3686:Finnish Defence Forces
3483:
3463:
2957:
2901:
2843:
2761:
2739:
2692:
2631:
2578:
2558:distance in kilometers
2394:
2341:
2305:
2296:
2263:
2199:The group on the right
2085:
2013:
1969:
1662:
1601:
1394:General purpose scopes
1353:
1318:
1245:
1133:
981:
930:
870:
829:
803:of the angle, that is
788:
722:Mathematical principle
673:University of Lausanne
664:
661:University of Lausanne
4653:Taistelijan Opas 2013
4638:Online Compass Museum
4425:Thousandth of an inch
4357:The milliradian (and
3469:
3457:
2951:
2902:
2844:
2756:
2740:
2693:
2632:
2579:
2395:
2383:target in millimeters
2335:
2302:
2284:
2264:
2178:The group on the left
2086:
2014:
1959:
1663:
1599:
1339:
1319:
1246:
1134:
982:
931:
871:
830:
786:
752:: An angle of 1
681:equilateral triangles
654:
168:Dragunov sniper rifle
4903:Units of plane angle
4327:panoramic telescopes
3905:1 Warsaw Pact mil =
3621:, called "artillery
2863:
2793:
2708:
2661:
2594:
2553:
2369:
2287:Schmidt & Bender
2238:
2052:
1988:
1634:
1516:300 meter rifle
1261:
1177:
1064:
951:
894:
850:
807:
708:Bolshevik Revolution
544:for target size and
54:improve this article
4868:Simeone, Robert J.
4807:(Second ed.).
4700:"Suunnistus: Piiru"
3965:1 Swedish streck =
3705:
3593:, literally "line".
2966:
2319:external ballistics
2196:= 0.289 mrad.
1975:long range shooting
1447:long range shooting
1389:Common click values
1024:approximation error
1018:Approximation error
494:angular measurement
294:... is equal to ...
180:General information
4771:. Technical Note.
4359:other SI multiples
4170:1 minute of arc =
4028:1 Nautical line =
3701:
3627:Artilleriepromille
3484:
3478:(corresponding to
3464:
2964:
2958:
2897:
2868:distance in meters
2839:
2798:distance in meters
2762:
2749:Practical examples
2735:
2713:distance in meters
2688:
2627:
2599:distance in meters
2574:
2390:
2374:distance in meters
2342:
2306:
2297:
2259:
2243:group size in mrad
2217:= 0.078 mrad.
2137:+ 6 = 13 mrad
2081:
2009:
1970:
1658:
1639:adjustment in mrad
1602:
1504:benchrest shooting
1354:
1314:
1241:
1129:
977:
942:good approximation
926:
866:
825:
789:
665:
534:angular separation
530:direct proportions
446:
438:
412:
404:
378:
370:
344:
336:
313:
305:
4786:"beam divergence"
4670:978-951-25-2485-3
4403:Scandinavian mile
4250:
4249:
3653:Nautischer Strich
3404:
3403:
3150:0.0485 mrad
2895:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2869:
2837:
2826:
2823:
2813:
2799:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2714:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2667:
2666:distance in yards
2613:
2612:
2609:
2600:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2559:
2544:
2543:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2375:
2359:mental arithmetic
2257:
2256:
2253:
2244:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2058:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1949:
1948:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1640:
1452:Speciality scopes
1329:
1328:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1268:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1211:
1206:
1144:
1143:
1123:
1120:
1109:
1096:
975:
974:
971:
961:
924:
923:
920:
904:
864:
856:
603:with a radius of
470:
469:
282:Conversions
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
4920:
4889:
4877:
4864:
4861:convertworld.com
4844:
4843:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4748:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4658:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4640:. Compassipedia.
4630:
4624:
4623:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4483:
4468:
4461:
4300:
4285:
4270:
4258:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4211:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3973:
3972:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3869:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3778:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3754:
3742:1 milliradian =
3719:Warsaw Pact Mil
3706:
3704:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3365:0.291 mrad
3335:
3334:
3330:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3278:0.145 mrad
3271:
3270:
3266:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3214:0.073 mrad
3207:
3206:
3202:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3118:0.036 mrad
3111:
3110:
3106:
3086:0.025 mrad
3079:
3078:
3074:
3054:0.024 mrad
3047:
3046:
3042:
3003:
2996:
2967:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2758:Estimating range
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2722:target in inches
2721:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2677:
2675:target in inches
2674:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2614:
2610:
2608:target in meters
2607:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2567:target in meters
2566:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2517:= meter, (short
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2291:
2290:5-25×56 PM II LP
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2252:group size in mm
2251:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2169:
2160:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1648:subtension in mm
1647:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1611:angular diameter
1607:angular distance
1586:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1375:ballistic tables
1332:Sight adjustment
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1164:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1051:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
986:
984:
983:
978:
976:
972:
969:
968:
963:
962:
959:
935:
933:
932:
927:
925:
921:
918:
917:
906:
905:
902:
886:tangent function
878:angular distance
875:
873:
872:
867:
865:
862:
857:
854:
834:
832:
831:
826:
776:
774:
773:
770:
767:
743:
734:
657:Palais de Rumine
641:Swedish "streck"
637:Warsaw Pact mils
595:
593:
592:
589:
586:
579:
577:
576:
573:
570:
563:
561:
560:
557:
554:
523:range estimation
510:shooting targets
465:
463:
462:
461:
456:
453:
447:
439:
431:
429:
428:
427:
422:
419:
413:
405:
397:
395:
394:
393:
388:
385:
379:
371:
363:
361:
360:
359:
354:
351:
345:
337:
329:
327:
326:
323:
320:
314:
306:
277:
275:
274:
271:
268:
261:
259:
258:
255:
252:
172:range estimation
160:
148:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4913:Optical devices
4893:
4892:
4882:"Compassipedia"
4880:
4867:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4840:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4493:. 14 July 2011.
4485:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4399:
4375:beam divergence
4355:
4318:
4311:
4301:
4292:
4286:
4277:
4271:
4262:
4259:
4238:
4236:
4229:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4162:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4081:
4074:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3918:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3897:
3889:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3849:
3847:
3836:
3834:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3810:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3722:Swedish streck
3702:
3699:
3585:of a circle in
3579:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3559:of a circle in
3553:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3537:of a circle in
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3492:≈ 6283.185 mrad
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3452:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3310:0.15 mrad
3300:
3296:
3295:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3182:0.05 mrad
3172:
3168:
3167:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3095:0.0985 in
3076:
3072:
3071:
3063:0.0958 in
3044:
3040:
3039:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2978:
2971:
2946:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2917:
2861:
2860:
2816:
2806:
2791:
2790:
2751:
2706:
2705:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2592:
2591:
2551:
2550:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2476:and vice versa
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:= mrad, (short
2443:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2367:
2366:
2354:
2327:varmint hunters
2289:
2279:
2236:
2235:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2050:
2049:
1986:
1985:
1954:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1632:
1631:
1594:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571: mrad and
1565:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429: mrad and
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1366:shooting sports
1342:ballistic table
1334:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1223:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1175:
1174:
1113:
1102:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1062:
1061:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1020:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
995:
954:
949:
948:
897:
892:
891:
884:) by using the
848:
847:
805:
804:
781:
780:
779:
778:
771:
768:
765:
764:
762:
757:
746:
745:
744:
736:
735:
724:
649:
590:
587:
584:
583:
581:
574:
571:
568:
567:
565:
558:
555:
552:
551:
549:
490:SI derived unit
459:
457:
454:
451:
450:
448:
445:
437:
425:
423:
420:
417:
416:
414:
411:
403:
391:
389:
386:
383:
382:
380:
377:
369:
357:
355:
352:
349:
348:
346:
343:
335:
324:
321:
318:
317:
315:
312:
304:
272:
269:
266:
265:
263:
256:
253:
250:
249:
247:
210:mrad, mil
191:SI derived unit
175:
144:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4908:Decimalisation
4905:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4878:
4865:
4851:
4850:External links
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4820:
4813:
4795:
4777:
4756:
4735:
4717:
4702:(in Finnish).
4691:
4669:
4659:(in Finnish).
4643:
4634:"Divisions GB"
4625:
4607:
4589:
4571:
4553:
4535:
4517:
4496:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4422:
4398:
4395:
4383:accelerometers
4354:
4351:
4335:aiming circles
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4234:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4116:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4008:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3934:
3927:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3884:
3871:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3814:
3788:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3672:
3660:
3634:
3616:
3595:
3594:
3568:
3542:
3490:milliradians (
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3377:1.047 in
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:0.2 mrad
3340:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:14.54 mm
3279:
3276:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:0.1 mrad
3244:
3241:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:0.197 in
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3162:0.175 in
3160:
3159:0.192 in
3157:
3156:0.485 cm
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3131:
3130:0.131 in
3128:
3127:0.144 in
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3068:
3067:
3066:0.087 in
3064:
3061:
3060:0.242 cm
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2945:
2942:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2894:
2886:
2873:
2850:
2849:
2833:
2830:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2699:
2698:
2687:
2684:
2671:
2642:imperial units
2638:
2637:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2474:
2473:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2379:
2353:
2350:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2248:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:Main article:
2143:
2142:Shot groupings
2140:
2139:
2138:
2119:
2118:= 13 mrad
2092:
2091:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2006:
1998:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1670:For instance:
1657:
1644:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1554:
1551:
1534: mrad or
1508:ISSF 10 m
1453:
1450:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1382:spotting scope
1346:7.62×51mm NATO
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1252:
1251:
1239:
1216:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1019:
1016:
988:
987:
966:
957:
938:
937:
915:
912:
909:
900:
860:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
748:
747:
738:
737:
729:
728:
727:
726:
725:
723:
720:
714:In the 1950s,
648:
645:
639:or 6,300
506:shot groupings
468:
467:
443:
434:
433:
409:
400:
399:
375:
366:
365:
341:
332:
331:
310:
301:
300:
297:
296:
291:
284:
283:
279:
278:
241:
237:
236:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
198:
194:
193:
188:
182:
181:
177:
176:
161:
153:
152:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4925:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4841:
4839:9781119163060
4835:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4814:9781608070053
4810:
4806:
4799:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4757:
4752:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4621:
4620:Wolfram Alpha
4617:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4602:Wolfram Alpha
4599:
4593:
4590:
4585:
4584:Wolfram Alpha
4581:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4566:Wolfram Alpha
4563:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4548:Wolfram Alpha
4545:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4530:Wolfram Alpha
4527:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4264:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4235:
4233:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4189:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4108:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4038:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4009:
4007:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3883:
3872:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3846:
3844:1 NATO mil =
3843:
3842:
3832:
3815:
3806:
3789:
3787:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:Minute of arc
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3649:Compass Point
3646:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3543:
3540:
3521:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3473:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3426: mrad ≈
3409:
3406:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:1.15 in
3373:
3371:2.91 cm
3370:
3368:29.1 mm
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:0.72 in
3353:
3351:0.79 in
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3322:0.54 in
3321:
3319:0.59 in
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3290:0.52 in
3289:
3287:0.57 in
3286:
3284:1.45 cm
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3261:
3258:0.36 in
3257:
3255:0.39 in
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3226:0.26 in
3225:
3223:0.29 in
3222:
3220:0.73 cm
3219:
3217:7.27 mm
3216:
3213:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3194:0.18 in
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3153:4.85 mm
3152:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:0.36 cm
3123:
3121:3.64 mm
3120:
3117:
3114:
3102:
3101:
3098:0.09 in
3097:
3094:
3092:0.25 cm
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3057:2.42 mm
3056:
3053:
3050:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2989:
2980:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2954:minute of arc
2950:
2943:
2941:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2892:
2884:
2880:angle in mrad
2871:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2831:
2828:
2817:
2807:
2801:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2732:
2729:
2725:angle in mrad
2716:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2685:
2682:
2678:angle in mrad
2669:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2640:If using the
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:angle in mrad
2602:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2570:angle in mrad
2561:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2533:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2459:
2446:
2438:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2386:angle in mrad
2377:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2200:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2149:
2148:Shot grouping
2141:
2120:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2004:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:1000 mm
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1755:
1747:
1744:
1707:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1591:
1555:
1552:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1237:
1214:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:minute of arc
1125:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1012:dimensionless
993:
964:
955:
947:
946:
945:
943:
913:
910:
907:
898:
890:
889:
888:
887:
883:
879:
858:
844:
842:
838:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
802:
798:
794:
785:
760:
755:
751:
742:
733:
721:
719:
717:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
662:
658:
653:
646:
644:
642:
638:
635:, 6,000
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
597:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
444:
442:
435:
410:
408:
401:
376:
374:
367:
342:
340:
333:
311:
309:
302:
298:
295:
292:
290:
286:
280:
245:
244:Dimensionless
242:
238:
235:
231:
228:
224:
221:
220:metric prefix
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
183:
178:
173:
169:
166:reticle in a
165:
159:
154:
149:
146:
142:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
69:"Milliradian"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4885:
4873:
4860:
4829:
4823:
4804:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4759:
4738:
4729:
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4694:
4682:. Retrieved
4652:
4646:
4637:
4628:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4459:
4439:Circular mil
4432:
4428:
4356:
4347:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4244:
4223:
4173:
4161:
4154:
4141:
4134:
4092:
4080:
4073:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
3997:
3992:
3956:
3949:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3896:
3886:
3873:
3860:
3855:
3816:
3790:
3774:
3745:
3711:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3657:DIN standard
3652:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:East Germany
3596:
3590:
3516:
3485:
3400:3.6 in
3397:3.9 in
3391:100 mm
3388:1 mrad
3382:1 mrad
3316:1.5 cm
3188:0.5 cm
3089:2.5 mm
2985:
2959:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2855:
2851:
2785:
2763:
2700:
2639:
2586:
2545:
2531:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2475:
2465:
2457:
2444:
2436:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2315:
2307:
2271:
2222:
2198:
2177:
2093:
2044:
2028:scope mounts
2025:
2021:
1979:
1971:
1942:100 mm
1939:100 cm
1933:1000 m
1919:900 mm
1902:800 mm
1885:700 mm
1868:600 mm
1851:500 mm
1834:400 mm
1817:300 mm
1800:200 mm
1783:100 mm
1726:
1669:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:metric units
1615:
1603:
1470: mrad,
1379:
1369:
1362:scope sights
1355:
1344:for a given
1253:
1145:
1021:
989:
939:
845:
840:
837:trigonometry
793:small angles
790:
758:
749:
713:
703:
696:angular mils
695:
691:
685:
666:
640:
636:
632:
621:land mapping
598:
596: mrad.
527:
485:
481:
473:
471:
293:
288:
287:1 mrad
229:
222:
197:Unit of
145:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
4491:Outdoor Hub
4465:Warsaw Pact
4371:collimation
4339:clinometers
4323:dial sights
4304:Soviet Army
4089:1 degree =
3712:Milliradian
3680:, Swedish:
3645:German Army
3625:" (German:
3394:10 cm
3345:20 mm
3336: mrad
3313:15 mm
3304: mrad
3249:10 mm
3240: mrad
3176: mrad
3080: mrad
2970:Increment,
2765:Land Rovers
2293:scope sight
2225:millimeters
1962:scope mount
1945:10 cm
1925:90 mm
1922:90 cm
1916:900 m
1908:80 mm
1905:80 cm
1899:800 m
1891:70 mm
1888:70 cm
1882:700 m
1874:60 mm
1871:60 cm
1865:600 m
1857:50 mm
1854:50 cm
1848:500 m
1840:40 mm
1837:40 cm
1831:400 m
1823:30 mm
1820:30 cm
1814:300 m
1806:20 mm
1803:20 cm
1797:200 m
1789:10 mm
1786:10 cm
1780:100 m
1775: mrad
1752:Subtension
1718:1000 m
688:World War I
601:unit circle
542:millimeters
474:milliradian
432:≈ 0.057296°
215:Named after
186:Unit system
151:Milliradian
18:Angular mil
4897:Categories
4874:scribd.com
4474:References
4445:Square mil
4419:kilometers
4413:, but not
4387:gyroscopes
4367:technology
4274:Swiss Army
3676:(Finnish:
3631:Swiss Army
3623:per milles
3541:countries.
3472:per milles
3348:2 cm
3252:1 cm
3185:5 mm
2877:size in mm
2822: mrad
2485:millimeter
2419:millimeter
2255:range in m
1928:9 cm
1911:8 cm
1894:7 cm
1877:6 cm
1860:5 cm
1843:4 cm
1826:3 cm
1809:2 cm
1792:1 cm
1712:50 mm
1678:20 mm
1651:range in m
1370:Subtension
1272: trig
1267:arcminutes
1226:arcminutes
1210: trig
1205:arcminutes
970:subtension
919:subtension
863:arc length
855:subtension
700:decigrades
538:subtension
441:arcminutes
398:≈ 0.063662
364: turn
262:or 1
110:April 2021
80:newspapers
4452:Footnotes
4343:quadrants
4331:directors
4308:clockwise
3716:NATO mil
3682:delstreck
3669:millièmes
3651:(German:
2972:or click
2885:×
2730:×
2683:×
2616:×
2078:base tilt
1966:bore-axis
1684:50 m
1512:50 m
1309:×
1304:π
1296:×
1283:
1215:−
1193:×
1190:%
1181:δ
1115:θ
1104:θ
1100:−
1091:θ
1080:×
1077:%
1068:δ
965:≃
956:θ
914:
899:θ
859:≃
823:θ
820:≃
817:θ
814:
704:NATO mils
692:millièmes
633:NATO mils
629:compasses
625:artillery
466:≈ 3.4377′
330: rad
4857:"angles"
4704:Archived
4675:Archived
4397:See also
3480:6400 A ‰
2812: mm
2480:meter =
2310:reticles
1340:Example
990:Since a
488:) is an
480:-symbol
240:In units
4769:Newport
4415:Denmark
4363:science
4289:US Army
4228:⁄
4187:
4175:
4146:⁄
4106:
4094:
4065:⁄
4055:196.875
4032:196.349
4002:⁄
3941:⁄
3878:⁄
3830:
3818:
3804:
3792:
3779:⁄
3731:Degrees
3583:
3571:
3565:Finland
3557:
3545:
3535:
3523:
3508:
3496:
3460:Denmark
3440:
3428:
3424:
3412:
3385:3.438′
3339:0.688′
3331:⁄
3307:0.516′
3299:⁄
3267:⁄
3243:0.344′
3235:⁄
3203:⁄
3179:0.172′
3171:⁄
3147:0.167′
3139:⁄
3115:0.125′
3107:⁄
3083:0.086′
3075:⁄
3051:0.083′
3043:⁄
2988:radians
2938:
2926:
2836: m
2649:⁄
2536:
2519:
2515:
2498:
2494:
2482:
2472:= mrad)
2470:
2453:
2449:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2414:mrad =
2338:snipers
2323:snipers
2304:inches.
2229:caliper
2227:with a
2215:
2203:
2194:
2182:
2135:
2126:14 mrad
2123:
2116:
2107:26 mrad
2104:
1773:
1761:
1757:1 mrad
1741:
1729:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1675:
1585:
1573:
1569:
1557:
1548:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1456:
1443:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1008:
996:
775:
763:
647:History
607:and an
594:
582:
578:
566:
562:
550:
514:reticle
502:firearm
464:
449:
430:
415:
407:degrees
396:
381:
362:
347:
328:
316:
308:radians
276:
264:
260:
248:
94:scholar
4836:
4811:
4710:18 May
4684:18 May
4667:
4411:Sweden
4407:Norway
4381:, and
4379:optics
4373:, and
4127:16.666
4119:17.777
4111:17.452
3861:0.9375
3591:streck
3587:Sweden
3211:0.25′
3002:
3000:At 100
2995:
2993:At 100
2986:milli-
2979:of arc
2956:(moa).
2504:-meter
2435:milli-
1749:Range
1553:Others
1486:′ and
1280:arctan
1254:where
1037:% (or
992:radian
911:arctan
754:radian
546:meters
498:radian
289:in ...
234:radian
225:(from
223:milli-
207:Symbol
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4747:(PDF)
4678:(PDF)
4657:(PDF)
4431:or a
4237:0.016
4230:21600
4216:0.291
4208:0.277
4200:0.296
4192:0.290
4075:11.25
4048:187.5
4019:3.428
4011:0.057
3985:0.952
3977:1.015
3969:0.997
3917:1.066
3909:1.047
3898:3.375
3888:0.056
3866:0.984
3848:0.981
3835:3.437
3809:0.057
3767:1.002
3759:0.954
3751:1.018
3678:piiru
3476:0 A ‰
3362:1.0′
3275:0.5′
2977:mins
2832:535.7
2686:27.78
2538:= m).
2502:milli
2445:meter
2437:meter
2425:meter
2185:13 mm
973:range
922:range
882:theta
759:Right
677:grads
669:Swiss
575:100 m
569:10 mm
559:1,000
518:ruler
339:turns
230:mille
227:Latin
201:Angle
164:PSO-1
101:JSTOR
87:books
4834:ISBN
4809:ISBN
4751:CERN
4712:2019
4686:2019
4665:ISBN
4429:thou
4409:and
4385:and
4365:and
4136:17.5
4004:6300
3951:0.06
3943:6000
3931:1.05
3880:6400
3781:2000
3726:Turn
3580:6300
3563:and
3554:6000
3539:NATO
3532:6400
3505:6283
3073:0.25
2808:1500
2777:T-34
2773:MICV
2733:25.4
2647:1000
2532:mrad
2511:mrad
2491:mrad
2212:90 m
2206:7 mm
2191:45 m
2096:.308
1539:0.25
1514:and
1459:0.25
1360:and
1358:iron
1291:3600
1231:trig
1119:trig
1095:trig
1022:The
1005:1000
903:trig
801:sine
772:1000
750:Left
716:NATO
655:The
623:and
617:turn
492:for
482:mrad
373:gons
356:2000
325:1000
218:The
162:The
73:news
4433:mil
4389:in
4377:in
4341:or
4333:or
4325:or
4239:667
4218:667
4210:778
4202:297
4194:880
4148:360
4129:667
4121:778
4113:778
4097:50π
4082:675
4041:200
4034:541
4021:572
4013:143
3987:381
3979:873
3971:302
3958:3.6
3919:667
3911:167
3868:375
3850:719
3837:747
3811:296
3801:50π
3769:677
3761:930
3753:592
3613:MIL
3609:mil
3359:1′
3297:1.5
3169:0.5
3004:yd
2890:mag
2818:2.8
2781:BMP
2779:or
2769:APC
2625:000
1609:or
1560:1.5
1523:0.5
1491:0.5
1413:′,
1350:moa
1301:180
1187:100
1108:rad
1074:100
1039:3.3
1031:3.3
960:rad
811:sin
694:or
609:arc
605:one
486:mil
56:by
4899::
4884:.
4872:.
4859:.
4788:.
4767:.
4728:.
4673:.
4663:.
4636:.
4618:.
4600:.
4582:.
4564:.
4546:.
4528:.
4513:s.
4489:.
4393:.
4190:≈
4184:54
4178:5π
4163:60
4109:≈
4067:32
3890:25
3833:≈
3827:5π
3821:54
3807:≈
3611:,
3514:.
3421:10
3333:10
3301:10
3272:′
3237:10
3208:′
3173:10
3144:′
3112:′
3077:10
3048:′
3045:12
3034:)
3032:in
3027:)
3025:in
3020:)
3018:cm
3013:)
3011:mm
2997:m
2990:)
2981:)
2929:14
2893:10
2651:36
2496:=
2430:=
2325:,
1770:10
1738:10
1700:10
1582:10
1566:10
1545:10
1529:10
1510:,
1497:10
1465:10
1424:10
1312:60
1035:10
843:.
591:10
580:=
478:SI
472:A
452:54
424:50
273:km
251:mm
4888:.
4876:.
4863:.
4842:.
4817:.
4792:.
4753:.
4714:.
4688:.
4622:.
4604:.
4586:.
4568:.
4550:.
4532:.
4435:.
4421:.
4245:1
4226:1
4181:/
4156:1
4144:1
4103:9
4100:/
4063:1
4000:1
3993:1
3939:1
3925:1
3876:1
3856:1
3824:/
3798:/
3795:9
3783:π
3777:1
3746:1
3690:v
3664:₥
3637:¯
3633:.
3619:‰
3577:/
3574:1
3551:/
3548:1
3529:/
3526:1
3502:/
3499:1
3488:π
3442:′
3437:3
3434:/
3431:1
3418:/
3415:1
3329:2
3269:2
3265:1
3233:1
3205:4
3201:1
3141:6
3137:1
3109:8
3105:1
3041:1
3030:(
3023:(
3016:(
3009:(
2984:(
2975:(
2935:4
2932:/
2872:=
2829:=
2802:=
2771:/
2717:=
2670:=
2622:,
2619:1
2603:=
2562:=
2528:/
2525:m
2523:m
2507:/
2488:/
2466:m
2462:/
2458:m
2456:m
2441:/
2422:/
2378:=
2340:.
2247:=
2209:/
2188:/
2132:2
2129:/
2113:2
2110:/
2074:+
2069:2
2061:=
2005:2
1997:=
1767:/
1764:1
1735:/
1732:1
1715:/
1697:/
1694:1
1681:/
1656:.
1643:=
1605:(
1579:/
1576:2
1563:/
1542:/
1526:/
1494:/
1481:8
1478:/
1475:1
1462:/
1440:2
1437:/
1434:1
1421:/
1418:1
1408:4
1405:/
1402:1
1352:.
1277:=
1238:|
1197:|
1184:=
1126:|
1084:|
1071:=
1033:×
1002:/
999:1
936:,
908:=
769:/
766:1
663:.
613:π
588:/
585:1
572:/
556:/
553:1
476:(
460:π
458:5
455:/
426:π
421:/
418:9
392:π
390:5
387:/
384:1
358:π
353:/
350:1
322:/
319:1
270:/
267:m
257:m
254:/
174:.
143:.
136:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
