822:
punishment for finite crimes would be incompatible with "the belief that God will judge people 'according to what they done' (e.g. Revelation 20:12), which implies that the penalty inflicted will be commensurate with the evil done." However, despite Stott's personal belief in annihilationism, he cautions, "I do not dogmatize about the position to which I have come. I hold it tentatively... I believe that the ultimate annihilation of the wicked should at least be accepted as a legitimate, biblically founded alternative to their eternal conscious torment."
1089:). Annihilationists believe that verses speaking of the second death refer to ceasing to exist. Opponents of annihilationism argue that the second death is the spiritual death (separation from God) that occurs after physical death (separation of soul and body). Annihilationists are quick to point out that spiritual death happens the moment one sins and that it is illogical to believe further separation from God can take place. In addition, annihilationists claim that complete separation from God conflicts with the doctrine of
751:, the dead are unconscious in their graves and immortality is conditional. When God formed Adam out of the dust of the ground, and before Adam could live, God breathed the breath of life into his body: "And man became a living soul" (Genesis 2:7). See also Ezekiel 18:4, 20. Psalm 146:4 says, "His (man's) breath goeth forth, he returneth to his earth (dust); in that very day his thoughts perish." No man has ascended to heaven except Jesus Christ (John 3:13).
818:, the first time he publicly did so. However 5 years later he said that he had been an annihilationist for around fifty years. Stott wrote, "Well, emotionally, I find the concept intolerable and do not understand how people can live with it without either cauterizing their feelings or cracking under the strain. But our emotions are a fluctuating, unreliable guide to truth ... my question what does my heart tell me, but what does God’s word say?"
498:
evil, to the resurrection of judgment." (Jn 5:28–29) Then Christ will come "in his glory, and all the angels with him... . Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate them one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats, and he will place the sheep at his right hand, but the goats at the left... . And they will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life." (Mt 25:31,32,46)
2269:
bestowed , deprives himself of continuance forever and ever. And, for this reason, the Lord declared to those who showed themselves ungrateful towards Him: If you have not been faithful in that which is little, who will give you that which is great? indicating that those who, in this brief temporal life, have shown themselves ungrateful to Him who bestowed it, shall justly not receive from Him length of days forever and ever."
1838:
2250:
not its attribute, as it is God's; but as a man does not live always, and the soul is not forever conjoined with the body, since, whenever this harmony must be broken up, the soul leaves the body, and the man exists no longer; even so, whenever the soul must cease to exist, the spirit of life is removed from it, and there is no more soul, but it goes back to the place from whence it was taken."
1464:
77:
36:
1078:
1:10). If all souls are born immortal, then why is humanity encouraged to seek it by Paul? "To them who by patient continuance in well doing 'seek' for glory and honour and immortality, eternal life:" (Romans 2:7) And also, why would Jesus offer humanity an opportunity to "live forever", if all live forever? "If any man eat of this bread, he shall live forever:" (John 6:51).
139:
1425:"And the devil, who deceived them, was thrown into the lake of burning sulfur, where the beast and the false prophet had been thrown. They will be tormented day and night for ever and ever." (This verse leads some annihilationists to conclude that while ordinary human unbelievers will be annihilated, demons will be tormented forever.)
497:
1038 The resurrection of all the dead, "of both the just and the unjust," (Acts 24:15) will precede the Last
Judgment. This will be "the hour when all who are in the tombs will hear (the Son of man's) voice and come forth, those who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done
2624:
4:2 (July 1966), pp. 193–200 . He considers it of "greatest use" to theologians and other readers, and presents only "few reservations" for such a "voluminous work". It is aimed at
English readers, and thus focuses on Great Britain and America; Vaucher expounds on continental European supporters. He
2300:
and their insistence that some were pre-destined to receive Christ, and others to be eternally punished. How much weight this statement of Wesley's should be placed on his idea of eternal condemnation remains debated. Actually, the terminology "being destroyed body and soul in hell" is from the lips
2249:
Chapter V: "some which have appeared worthy of God never die, but others are punished so long as God wills them to exist and to be punished." Chapter VI: "Now the soul partakes of life since God wills it to live. Thus, then, it will not even partake when God does not will it to live. For to live is
912:
The Church of
England's Doctrine Commission reported in February 1995 that Hell is not eternal torment. The report, entitled "The Mystery of Salvation" states, "Christians have professed appalling theologies which made God into a sadistic monster. ... Hell is not eternal torment, but it is the final
647:
view of Hell is held to be as annihilation rather than eternal burning of the wicked, and it is one of its distinctive tenets. They hold that the wicked will be lost eternally as they are consumed in the lake of fire rather than eternal suffering, and they will perish and cease to exist in the fire.
1043:
Some annihilationists insist that words like "destroy, destruction, perish, death" must refer to "non-existence". While this interpretation of those terms does not imply the non-existence of Hades or the lake of fire, this interpretation does require that the suffering of the souls that inhabit it,
991:
With this one may compare the
Anglican prayer book, as the collect for the ninth Sunday after Trinity, but stating "we who cannot do anything that is good without Thee". In the modern ordinary form of the Mass of the Catholic Church, the collect is included again, used on Thursday in the first week
821:
Stott argued that the biblical descriptions of Hell only state that Hell itself is eternal, not necessarily that sinners damned to Hell will live eternally in suffering, pointing also to several biblical references to the "destruction" of sinners. Fundamentally, though, Stott argues that an eternal
2603:
931:
in 1989. In 1990, J. I. Packer delivered several lectures supporting the traditional doctrine of eternal suffering. The reluctance of many evangelicals is illustrated by the fact that proponents of annihilationism have had trouble publishing their doctrines with evangelical publishing houses, with
867:
I feel that the time has come when I must declare my mind honestly. I believe that endless torment is a hideous and unscriptural doctrine that has been a terrible burden on the mind of the church for many centuries and a terrible blot on her presentation of the gospel. I should indeed be happy if,
493:
1035 The teaching of the Church affirms the existence of hell and its eternity. Immediately after death, the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into Hell, where they suffer the punishments of hell, "eternal fire". The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God, in
1429:
Traditionalist
Christians point to biblical references to eternal punishment, as well as eternal elements of this punishment, such as the unquenchable fire, the everlasting shame, the "worm" that never dies, and the smoke that rises forever, as consistent with the traditional doctrine of eternal,
458:
Your interests are in jeopardy,—the salvation, I mean, of your souls; and unless you give yourselves to seek to know the
Supreme God, a cruel death awaits you when freed from the bonds of body, not bringing sudden annihilation, but destroying by the bitterness of its grievous and long-protracted
2268:
3. paragraph: "he who shall preserve the life bestowed upon him, and give thanks to Him who imparted it, shall receive also the length of days forever and ever. But he who shall reject it, and prove himself ungrateful to his Maker, inasmuch as he has been created, and has not recognized Him who
1077:
Annihilationists declare eternal existence and life is a gift gotten only from believing the gospel; (John 3:16) Paul calls this gift (immortality) an integral part of the gospel message: "who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and 'immortality' to light through the gospel." (2 Timothy
738:
support annihilation. They hold that the doctrine of Hell as defined by mainstream
Christianity is incompatible with the concept that God is love. They believe that God loves humans unconditionally, and has no destructive intentions for human beings. Seventh-day Adventists believe that the
963:. Consignment to the destroying fire is usually treated as the end of the story—not as the beginning of a new story. That the lost soul is eternally fixed in its diabolical attitude we cannot doubt: but whether this eternal fixity implies endless duration—or duration at all—we cannot say.
482:
Much as certain Church
Fathers and Catholic theologians have advocated qualified forms of universalism, some Catholic theologians have advocated qualified forms of annihilationism as being in line with Catholic teaching. Concerning the typical doctrinal presentation of Hell, the
1025:
Those who describe or believe in this doctrine may not use "annihilationist" to define the belief, and the terms "mortalist" and "conditionalist" are often used. Edward Fudge (1982) uses "annihilationist" to refer to both the "mortalists" and "conditionalists" who believe in a
783:
since the 1960s, and particularly since the 1980s. It has found support and acceptance among some
British evangelicals, although it is viewed with greater suspicion by their American counterparts. Recently, a handful of evangelical theologians, including the prominent
1438:. The sections of 1 Corinthians 15:22, "As all die in Adam, so all will be made alive in Christ", and 1 Corinthians 15:28, "God will be all in all", are cited. Verses that seem to contradict the tradition of complete damnation and come up in arguments also include
2876:
Three early essays from one of the classical advocates of conditional immortality, a French author. See especially "Appendix 1: Answers to
Objections Urged Against the Doctrine of the Gradual Extinction of Obdurate Sinners," beginning on page 147 of the book.
1093:
in which God is present everywhere, including Hell. Some annihilationists accept the position that Hell is a separation from God by taking the position that God sustains the life of his creations: when separated from God, one simply ceases to exist.
1188:"He burned incense in the Valley of the Son of Hinnom, and burned his children in the fire, according to the abominations of the nations whom the Lord had cast out before the children of Israel." (the Valley of Ben Hinnom is where the concept of
1202:"They have built pagan shrines to Baal, and there they burn their sons as sacrifices to Baal. I have never commanded such a horrible deed; it never even crossed my mind to command such a thing!" (the Valley of Ben Hinnom is where the concept of
983:
I, question 10), so apparently eternal separation from God is a "negative eternity", a complete and permanent separation from God. In the Collect (opening prayer) for the eighth Sunday after Pentecost in the Tridentine missal, we find the words
634:
publication, which started in the early 1850s, and played a key part in the origin of the Advent Christian Church. Storrs came to believe the wicked would never be resurrected. He and like-minded others formed the Life and Advent Union in 1863.
677:
of the movement in the 1850s, and two books were published. Annihilationism was apparently established in the church by the middle of that decade. (In the 1860s, the group adopted the name "Seventh-day Adventist" and organized more formally.)
2445:
Church of England Commission on evangelism – 1946 "... but gives the idea that 'everyone goes to heaven when he dies'. 198 During their earlier years children have to learn how to discriminate between the world of experience and the world of
2790:" (1980) webpage from the official church website. See "25. Second Coming of Christ", "26. Death and Resurrection", "27. Millennium and the End of Sin", and "28. New Earth". The earlier 1872 and 1931 statements also support conditionalism
1430:
conscious torment of the non-believers or sinners in Hell. An annihilationist response is that the eternal nature of the fire, worms, and disgrace do not imply eternal conscious torment, only that the punishment has eternal consequences.
3287:
Church of England, "The Mystery of Salvation: The Doctrine Commission of the General Synod" (1995), p. 199; published by Church House Publishing, London, 1995; copyrighted by The Central Board of Finance of the Church of England, 1995,
1409:"And if your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out. It is better for you to enter the kingdom of God with one eye than to have two eyes and be thrown into hell, where 'the worms that eat them do not die, and the fire is not quenched.
1055:
Some annihilationists understand there will be suffering in the death process, but ultimately the wages of sin is death, not eternal existence. Some affirm that Jesus taught limited conscious physical sufferings upon the guilty:
973:(1992) describes Hell as "eternal death" (paragraph 1861) and elsewhere states that "the chief punishment of hell is that of eternal separation from God" (paragraph 1035). The question is what "eternal" means in this context.
1060:
That servant who knows his master's will and does not get ready or does not do what his master wants will be beaten with many blows. But the one who does not know and does things deserving punishment will be beaten with few
433:
have held to traditional notions of Hell. However, the annihilationist position is not without some historical precedent. Early forms of annihilationism or conditional immortality are claimed to be found in the writings of
416:
Other relevant New Testament texts include Matthew 10:28 where Christ speaks of the wicked being destroyed "both body and soul" in fiery hell or John 3:36 which says that "he that believeth not the Son shall not see life".
403:
Proponents of annihilationism agree that the Bible teaches that the wicked are punished eternally, but they believe that punishment is complete destruction for eternity as opposed to eternal life in torment. They see
2301:
of Jesus. Matthew 10:28 "And do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear Him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell." SERMON 128, Preached at Bristol, in the year 1740 –
1345:"And they will go out and look on the dead bodies of those who rebelled against me; the worms that eat them will not die, the fire that burns them will not be quenched, and they will be loathsome to all mankind."
4075:
The Conditional Immortality Association of New Zealand Inc. is a non-profit organization established to promote a Biblical understanding of human nature, life, death and eternity as taught throughout Scripture.
1433:
Christians who believe in universal reconciliation have also criticized annihilationism using Biblical references. Books of the Bible argued to possibly support the idea of full reconciliation include the
1303:
Wenham claims that just a single verse (Revelation 14:11) sounds like eternal torment to him. This is out of a total of 264 references. Ralph Bowles argues the word order of the verse was chosen to fit a
408:
passages referring to the finality of judgment, and not its duration (see Isaiah 66:24; cf. 2 Kings 22:17; Isaiah 17:2–7; 51:8; Jeremiah 4:4; 7:20; 21:12; Ezekiel 20:47–48; Malachi 4:1-3). Similarly, the
1118:"For I have told you often before, and I say it again with tears in my eyes, that there are many whose conduct shows they are really enemies of the cross of Christ. 19 They are headed for destruction."
2639:
5 (1967), pp. 202–204 . Vaucher praises Froom's "erudition"; as a "monumental work" without "rival". He questions whether several individuals should be claimed for conditionalism, or that the
1419:"And the smoke of their torment will rise for ever and ever. There will be no rest day or night for those who worship the beast and its image, or for anyone who receives the mark of its name."
1270:"And death and Hades were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death, even the lake of fire. And if any was not found written in the book of life, he was cast into the lake of fire."
924:
view" that has "grown within evangelicalism in recent years". A 2011 study of British evangelicals showed 19% disagreed a little or a lot with eternal conscious torment, and 31% were unsure.
537:, caused controversy with statements including that "Judgment is the ultimate separation of the evil from the good, with the consequent destruction of all that opposes itself to God's will."
3125:, Britain: InterVarsity Press, 1985; a 2nd edition. A new edition with an extended chapter on the debate was published by Eagle books in 1994, from Guilford, England. As cited by Phillips
4152:
238:
belief that everyone will be saved. However, it is also possible to hold to a partial annihilationism, believing unsaved humans to be obliterated, but demonic beings to suffer forever.
868:
before I die, I could help in sweeping it away. Most of all I should rejoice to see a number of theologians ... joining ... in researching this great topic with all its ramifications.
1242:"I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Anyone who eats this bread will live forever" (the offer to live forever only makes sense if it were possible to not live forever.)
1369:"... where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth." Beings that have been destroyed do not have teeth to gnash. Beings in the process of burning up in a fire, however, do.
284:
argued that it could be held as a legitimate interpretation of biblical texts by those who give supreme authority to scripture. Earlier in the 20th century, some theologians at the
3225:(March 20, 1987), pp. 40–41. He lists the evangelical authors who persuaded him as: Stott, Fudge, Hughes, and Green (as cited elsewhere in this article), and Stephen Travis,
1071:
Other annihilationists, who understand that a loving God would not gratuitously cause the dead to suffer, believe this verse refers to those living through the tribulation(
587:
introduced the belief to the Millerites. He had been a Methodist minister and antislavery advocate. He was introduced to annihilationism when in 1837 he read a pamphlet by
839:
contained a chapter that challenged the traditional church doctrine, and it was the first book from an evangelical publishing house to do so. It was republished later as
2813:
2199:
Gregory A. Boyd and Paul R. Eddy, Across the Spectrum: Understanding Issues in Evangelical Theology, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 2009), pp. 286–287.
1716:
rejects eternal torment, universalism, and apparently also annihilation; but believes those who reject God will become dehumanized, and no longer be in the image of God
3309:
748:
2670:
1014:
is not innately immortal. They are related yet distinct. God, who alone is immortal, passes on the gift of immortality to the righteous, who will live forever in
577:
churches. (The Millerite movement consisted of 50,000 to 100,000 people in the United States who eagerly expected the soon return of Jesus, and originated around
297:
1339:"The sinners in Zion are terrified; trembling grips the godless: 'Who of us can dwell with the consuming fire? Who of us can dwell with everlasting burning?'"
413:
teaches that the wicked will justly suffer for their sins, but the end result will be their destruction (cf. Luke 16:19–31; Romans 2:8; 2 Thessalonians 1:9).
1216:—roots, branches, and all... On the day when I act, you will tread upon the wicked as if they were dust under your feet," says the Lord of Heaven's Armies."
1030:, as well as those groups which hold that not all the wicked will rise to face the New Testament's "resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust".
1264:"and turning the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah into ashes condemned them with an overthrow, having made them an example unto those that should live ungodly"
1327:"Surely God will bring you down to everlasting ruin: He will snatch you up and pluck you from your tent; he will uproot you from the land of the living."
939:
wrote, "annihilation is certainly an acceptable interpretation of the relevant New Testament passages ... For myself, I remain agnostic." Comparatively,
554:
622:, adopted the traditional position of the immortal soul, and became the American Evangelical Adventist Conference. On the other hand, groups behind the
2740:
1308:, and does not support eternal punishment. Opponents of annihilationism, however, say that there are in fact many bible verses supporting their view.
611:
2839:
Life in Christ: A Study of the Scripture Doctrine On the Nature of Man, the Object of the Divine Incarnation, and the Conditions of Human Immortality
1176:"For the living know that they shall die: but the dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a reward; for the memory of them is forgotten."
156:
148:
3848:
4162:
352:
3569:
by John Wenham, pp. 68–92; esp. pp. 81–83. Quotations are Wenham's terms, not the Bible's necessarily. The first edition of the book was titled,
1921:
2163:
450:(d. 330) are often interpreted as the first to defend annihilationism explicitly. One quote, in particular, stands out in Arnobius' second book
3940:
4049:
4027:
3957:
3921:
3805:
3734:
3321:
2768:
3099:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans; and Leicester, United Kingdom: Inter-Varsity Press, 1989, pp. 398–407. As cited by Packer (and Pinnock).
913:
and irrevocable choosing of that which is opposed to God so completely and so absolutely that the only end is total non-being." The British
3979:
959:
But I notice that Our Lord, while stressing the terror of hell with unsparing severity usually emphasizes the idea not of duration but of
3795:
1399:"Then he will say to those on his left, 'Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels.
1072:
851:, which explores the doctrine through an autobiographical approach. His interest in the topic stemmed from the 1930s as a student at the
2635:
2620:
764:
2303:
257:. Thus those who do not repent of their sins are eventually destroyed because of the incompatibility of sin with God's holy character.
1446:), "For no one is cast off by the Lord forever. Though he brings grief, he will show compassion, so great is his unfailing love", and
3524:
Edward Fudge, The Fire That Consumes: A Biblical and Historical Study of Final Punishment (Houston, Texas: Providential Press, 1982).
2783:
463:
Eternal Hell/torment has been "the semiofficial position of the church since approximately the sixth century", according to Pinnock.
4041:
4019:
3550:
3293:
2760:
2412:
2387:
2362:
2337:
1547:
533:
185:
120:
63:
1212:"The day of judgment is coming, burning like a furnace. On that day the arrogant and the wicked will be burned up like straw. They
87:
2491:
2030:
David A. Reed, Answering Jehovah's Witnesses: Subject by Subject, electronic ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1997).
1607:
1481:
1435:
969:
485:
49:
2599:
829:
in 1989, which has been called "ne of the most significant books" in the debate. A portion deals with this issue in particular.
4157:
1363:"Multitudes who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake: some to everlasting life, others to shame and everlasting contempt."
1158:"He will give eternal life to those who keep on doing good, seeking after the glory and honor and immortality that God offers."
649:
280:, but it has often been in the minority. It experienced a resurgence in the 1980s when several prominent theologians including
3913:
Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part Four: Death, Life-After-Death, Resurrection and the World-To-Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity
1528:
599:
who accepted conditionalism. Still, in 1844 the movement officially decided these issues were not essential points of belief.
3380:
1485:
670:, and hinted at this belief in early publications. Together, the three constitute the primary founders of this denomination.
3327:
1500:
1387:"It is better for you to enter life maimed or crippled than to have two hands or two feet and be thrown into eternal fire."
591:. He published tracts in 1841 and 1842 arguing for conditionalism and annihilation. He became a Millerite, and started the
3376:
3181:
2630:
1872:
701:
as "a classic defense of conditionalism". It is a lengthy historical work, documenting the supporters throughout history.
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to torment his creations forever. They claim that the popular conceptions of Hell stem from Jewish speculation during the
3866:
3628:
2615:
2824:
644:
550:
324:
3532:
3530:
3244:
Life and Immortality: An Examination of the Nature and Meaning of Life and Death as They Are Revealed in the Scriptures
2690:
1901:
1507:
1450:(NIV), "We have put our hope in the living God, who is the Savior of all people, and especially of those who believe."
3766:
2718:
899:. Theologians from Cambridge have been influential in supporting the annihilationist position, particularly Atkinson.
250:
3138:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1992. A report on the Fourth Edinburgh Conference on Christian Dogmatics.
1267:
1245:
1115:
1010:
The doctrine is often, although not always, bound up with the notion of "conditional immortality", a belief that the
102:
2880:
1044:
is terminated by their reduction to non-existence. Adventists, and perhaps others, then understand the term "Hell" (
1577:
1185:
1474:
1173:
1143:
470:'s recorded sermons is often reluctantly understood as implying annihilationism. Contrarily, the denominations of
98:
3949:
1514:
1443:
892:
618:". However, they split on the issues of conditionalism and annihilation. The dominant group, which published the
602:
The Millerites expected Jesus to return around 1843 or 1844, based on Bible texts including Daniel 8:14, and one
578:
253:. Annihilationism asserts that God will destroy and cremate the wicked, leaving only the righteous to live on in
3780:
977:, following Boethius, states that "eternity is the full, perfect and simultaneous possession of unending life" (
4147:
1877:
1747:
1447:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1179:
1109:
1005:
663:
242:
2242:
1161:
2915:"CHARLES FOX PARHAM'S THEOLOGICAL UNDERBELLY: ANNIHILATIONISM, 8TH-DAY CREATIONISM AND PRE-MILLENIAL ZIONISM"
1261:
1255:
1167:
1149:
1146:"There is only the terrible expectation of God's judgment and the raging fire that will consume his enemies."
1133:
1127:
760:
1732:
1674:
1582:
1496:
1155:
1121:
1103:
852:
768:
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in 1843 to promote these doctrines. However most leaders of the movement rejected these beliefs, other than
574:
545:
Recently the doctrine has been most often associated with groups descended from or with influences from the
375:
336:
285:
273:
227:
3708:
3351:
2972:
2737:
1703:
Others have remained "agnostic", not taking a stand on the issue of hell. The two listed are also British:
1239:
1229:
792:, have offered at least tentative support for the doctrine, touching off a heated debate within mainstream
4116:
1639:
1027:
735:
709:
562:
558:
328:
266:
258:
235:
4101:
3845:
3681:
3669:
3592:
3509:
3388:
2922:
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1989:
891:
called it "the ablest critique of hell by a believer in the inspiration of the Bible." Clark Pinnock of
261:
posit that living in eternal hell is a false doctrine of pagan origin, as the wicked will perish in the
3513:
3505:
3501:
2227:
943:
did not systematize his own beliefs. He rejected traditional pictures of the "tortures" of hell, as in
3466:
1357:"I will completely destroy them and make them an object of horror and scorn, and an everlasting ruin."
771:(1836–1910, in 1889) and others. Early Pentecostal pioneer Charles Fox Parham taught annihilationism.
3305:
2952:
1950:
1664:
1439:
1222:"And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which
914:
812:
785:
667:
659:
607:
570:
55:
2545:
2380:
A Catholic Reading Guide to Conditional Immortality – The Third Alternative to Hell and Universalism
3936:
3741:
3349:
21st Century Evangelicals: A snapshot of the beliefs and habits of evangelical Christians in the UK
2723:
1851:
1772:
1602:
951:
724:
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whom alone man can possess the life and happiness for which he was created and for which he longs.
435:
379:
2046:
292:
supported the belief. Twentieth-century English theologians who favor annihilation include Bishop
4003:
3609:
3189:
2985:
2552:
1857:
1777:
1305:
906:
880:
779:
Annihilationism seems to be gaining as a legitimate minority opinion within modern, conservative
739:
destructive force of Gehenna is eternal, rather than an indication of eternal conscious torment.
528:
305:
301:
3998:
226:
will be totally destroyed and their consciousness extinguished rather than suffering forever in
4127:
2480:
It had the motto "No immortality, or endless life except through Jesus Christ alone." Sources:
1277:, a prominent annihilationist, has classified the New Testament texts on the fate of the dead:
1136:"... For the Lord watches over the path of the godly, but the path of the wicked leads to
1086:
902:
Annihilationism is also the belief of some liberal Christians within mainstream denominations.
4045:
4037:
4023:
4015:
3963:
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3917:
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3317:
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2682:
2408:
2383:
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2333:
1802:
1669:
945:
508:
348:
2003:
1521:
1422:
1416:
3654:, Christian Theology, 2nd Ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic, 1998), pp. 1242–1244.
3651:
3601:
2307:
1782:
1727:
1592:
1587:
1317:
1232:"For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him
1170:"When they breathe their last, they return to the earth, and all their plans die with them."
1124:"Though the wicked sprout like weeds and evildoers flourish they will be destroyed forever."
979:
815:
799:
The subject really gained attention in the late 1980s, from publications by two evangelical
704:
674:
606:. When the most expected date of Jesus' return (October 22, 1844) passed uneventfully, the "
566:
524:
383:
332:
2488:
1348:
1082:
3852:
3694:
3584:
3355:
3185:
2997:
2935:
2787:
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2744:
2495:
2457:
1862:
1843:
1822:
1792:
1396:
1390:
1378:
1372:
1354:
1106:"God alone, who gave the law, is the Judge. He alone has the power to save or to destroy."
603:
231:
1406:
1384:
1366:
1342:
1336:
1330:
927:
Several evangelical reactions to annihilationism were published. Another critique was by
2894:
2837:
2071:
1360:
1351:"I will bring on you everlasting disgrace—everlasting shame that will not be forgotten."
1324:
2854:
2666:
2643:
taught an immortal soul. He challenged the preaching tone of books, and related artwork
2611:
1742:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1597:
974:
921:
856:
793:
679:
655:
289:
277:
4096:
4085:
proves "annihilationism" and not the Greek philosophical belief in innate immortality.
2866:
4141:
3994:
3613:
2825:
http://www.churchofgod-7thday.org/Publications/Doctrinal%20Points%20Final%20Proof.pdf
2652:
Clark Pinnock, "The Conditional View", p. 147 footnote 21; in William Crockett, ed.,
2217:
Chapter 10: "For were He to reward us according to our works, we should cease to be."
1812:
1807:
1767:
1679:
1629:
1019:
1011:
888:
884:
780:
698:
596:
584:
516:
439:
430:
410:
405:
355:
reported in 1995 that Hell may be a state of "total non-being", not eternal torment.
269:
believe that there can be no punishment after death because the dead cease to exist.
211:
3539:
4082:
2968:
2540:
1853 – the first clear statement. James White, "Destruction of the Wicked" series,
2017:
1881:
1787:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1737:
1713:
1649:
1634:
1375:"... it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment.."
1090:
876:
714:
694:
520:
367:
293:
262:
219:
3911:
1381:"... it will be more bearable for Sodom on the day of judgment than for you"
3673:
3368:
3246:. Taunton, England: printed by E. Goodman, pp. 196–?. As cited by Phillips, and
2626:
2042:
1817:
1797:
1707:
1572:
1463:
1274:
940:
936:
832:
683:
512:
467:
387:
371:
309:
254:
3178:
2261:
2018:"Seventh-day Adventists Believe... The Millenium and the End of Sin: 27-26.HTM"
1837:
1393:"... where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth." Same as Matt 8:12
614:
to discuss the future direction of the movement, and were henceforth known as "
474:
which arose through his influence typically do not agree with annihilationism.
17:
3605:
1867:
1833:
1567:
1112:"But we are not like those who turn away from God to their own destruction..."
905:
There have been individual supporters earlier. Pentecostal healing evangelist
804:
789:
630:
adopted conditionalism. Later, the main advocate of conditionalism became the
588:
426:
340:
281:
4112:
4108:
3665:
3585:"Does Revelation 14:11 Teach Eternal Torment? Examining a Proof-text on Hell"
2896:
Christ Our Life: The Scriptural Argument for Immortality Through Christ Alone
2686:
2355:
Dare We Hope: "that All Men be Saved"? ; With, A Short Discourse on Hell
1975:
1081:
Annihilationism is based on passages that speak of the unsaved as perishing (
4120:
3967:
3400:
2640:
2297:
2210:
928:
615:
546:
471:
363:
320:
316:
215:
3442:
Pinnock, "The Conditional View", in Crockett; p. 150 including footnote 28.
3175:
The Fire that Consumes: A Biblical and Historical Study of Final Punishment
2851:
the standard conditional immortality belief that the dead are unconscious.
370:
writings, historical criticism of the doctrine of Hell, and the concept of
1296:
108 (41%) to "unforgiven sin", where the precise consequence is not stated
920:
report (published in 2000) states the doctrine is a "significant minority
648:
The church formed from a small group of Millerite Adventists who kept the
3942:
Immortality or Resurrection? A Biblical Study on Human Nature and Destiny
3666:"Damning assumptions: What advocates of endless torment take for granted"
3247:
3134:
Wenham, "The Case for Conditional Immortality" in N. M. S. Cameron, ed.,
909:
promoted annihilationism in the last few years before his death in 1965.
895:
has defended annihilation. Earlier, Atkinson had self-published the book
800:
447:
443:
359:
344:
689:
A publication with a noticeable impact in the wider Christian world was
1488: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1203:
1189:
386:
and influenced Christian theologians, and also graphic and imaginative
1320:, identify the following biblical texts in support of their doctrine:
1015:
3308:; Alliance Commission on Unity and Truth among Evangelicals (2000).
2914:
2278:
Arnobius, Against the Heathen: Book II, paragraph 61, last sentence.
1152:"...for the day of judgment, when ungodly people will be destroyed."
807:
and Philip Hughes. Stott advocated annihilationism in the 1988 book
707:, an Australian and former Seventh-day Adventist best known for his
315:
Some annihilationist Christian denominations were influenced by the
105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3455:. London and Glasgow: Collins, 1940, p114–115; emphasis in original
2629:
as conditionals, and other descriptions of their history. Vaucher,
2484:
3013:
by David L. Edwards with a response from John Stott. 1988, p. 314
1316:
Proponents of the traditional Christian doctrine of Hell, such as
1045:
223:
3229:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1982, pp. 196–199. Listed in
2164:"England: Doctrine Commission Report on the Mystery of Salvation"
531:. In 1945 a report by the Archbishops' Commission on Evangelism,
4078:
4066:
4012:
Hell Under Fire: Modern Scholarship Reinvents Eternal Punishment
3348:
1193:
993:
246:
2847:. White does posit an intermediate conscious state of the soul
1922:"Revelation 20:10...a Devil of a Dilemma for Advent Christians"
1252:, forever separated from the Lord and from his glorious power."
4072:
3740:. The Maronite Voice, Volume VII, Issue No. XI. Archived from
1457:
863:, which has been a standard textbook for students.) He wrote:
843:. He contributed a chapter on conditionalism in the 1992 book
132:
70:
29:
1333:"He beat back his enemies; he put them to everlasting shame."
3974:
Clark Pinnock, "The Destruction of the Finally Impenitent".
3416:
Letter from F. F. Bruce to John Stott in 1989, as quoted in
1130:"But the wicked will die... they will disappear like smoke."
3429:
According to F. F. Bruce, in his foreword to Edward Fudge,
1164:"For you were made from dust, and to dust you will return."
230:. Annihilationism stands in contrast to both the belief in
3359:. Evangelical Alliance and Christian Research, 2011, p. 9.
2882:
Debt and Grace as Related to a Doctrine of the Future Life
2051:(Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1965–1966). PART IV.
519:,the doctrine of annihilation of the "wicked" following a
347:
writers have also proposed annihilationist doctrines. The
3735:"The Question of Universal Salvation: Will All Be Saved?"
2547:?. D. P. Hall, articles in 1854, republished as the book
1293:
25 (10%) to "death in its finality" or "the second death"
955:, "Lewis sounds much like an annihilationist." He wrote:
731:, has defended annihilation. Pinnock wrote the foreword.
3904:
Two Views of Hell: A Biblical & Theological Dialogue
2598:, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald, 1965–66;
1287:
59 (22%) to "destruction, perdition, utter loss or ruin"
1022:, while the wicked will ultimately face a second death.
658:
rejected the immortal soul concept in 1843. Her husband
3709:"Universalism: a historical survey by Richard Bauckham"
3097:
The True Image: The Origin and Destiny of Man in Christ
988:", meaning "we who without Thee cannot be (or exist)".
160:
94:
3797:
Evangelical Essentials: A Liberal-evangelical Dialogue
2570:
History of the Doctrine of the Immortality of the Soul
652:
and today forms the most prominent "Adventist" group.
272:
The belief in annihilationism has appeared throughout
4010:
Christopher W. Morgan and Robert A. Peterson, eds.,
3316:. London: Paternoster Publishing. pp. 130–135.
3221:
An early article was Pinnock, "Fire, then Nothing".
1854:, the belief that the soul is not naturally immortal
1052:
of destruction, not a permanently existing process.
323:
movement of the mid-19th century. These include the
3906:. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press, 2000
3794:Edwards, David Lawrence; Stott, John R. W. (1989).
2525:
Historical Dictionary of the Seventh-day Adventists
2458:"Six Sermons By George Storrs – The Harvest Herald"
1710:, who described himself as "agnostic" on this issue
949:where he pictured it as a drab "grey town". Yet in
935:Some well respected authors have remained neutral.
304:, Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury (1933),
3573:, but contained little or none of this discussion.
3538:
2088:London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1988, pp. 313–320.
446:(d. 202), among others. However, the teachings of
3910:Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan Jeffery (2000).
3405:The Last Things: Death, Judgment, Heaven and Hell
27:Doctrine that the unsaved cease to exist at death
3831:. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1990, pp. 69–70.
2868:The Extinction of Evil: Three Theological Essays
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1990:"Punishment of the Wicked in Light of the Cross"
3916:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 342.
2489:George Storrs: 1796–1879: A Biographical Sketch
2228:"Justin Martyr and the Immortality of the Soul"
1058:
957:
865:
511:has through most of its history been closer to
491:
456:
4034:Hell on Trial: The Case for Eternal Punishment
3867:"J. I. Packer on Why Annihilationism Is Wrong"
3629:"J. I. Packer on Why Annihilationism Is Wrong"
2523:Gary Land, "Conditional Immortality" entry in
2153:London: A. and C. Black., 1966, pp. 186f., 260
1182:"The person who sins is the one who will die."
2507:Letter from Fitch to Storrs, January 25, 1844
2190:, pp. 52–53 (he accepts the traditional view)
1224:is able to destroy both soul and body in hell
515:'s doctrine of conscious continuation of the
298:William Temple, 98th Archbishop of Canterbury
8:
4153:Beliefs and practices of Jehovah's Witnesses
4107:Evangelicals and the Annihilation of Hell –
2405:Decreation: The Last Things of All Creatures
1915:
1913:
358:Annihilationists base their belief on their
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
549:of the mid-19th century. These include the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3844:, chapter 11 "Purgatory, Paradise, Hell";
3767:"Lamentations 3:31–33 NIV – Bible Gateway"
3467:"WDTPRS: Thursday in the 1st Week of Lent"
3011:Essentials: A Liberal-Evangelical Dialogue
2810:Handbook of Seventh-day Adventist Theology
2498:". HarvestHerald.com. Retrieved June 2010.
2428:United States Catholic Conference (2000).
2086:Essentials: A Liberal–Evangelical Dialogue
809:Essentials: A Liberal–Evangelical Dialogue
749:Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference
743:Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference
666:, formerly belonged to the conditionalist
555:Church of God (7th day) – Salem Conference
2963:
2961:
2656:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1992
1548:Learn how and when to remove this message
883:. It was described as "the best book" by
186:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
3227:I Believe in the Second Coming of Christ
2891:below for an expanded biblical defense.
2330:A Catholic Reading Guide to Universalism
2072:"History of Hell: Hell before Augustine"
3149:Facing Hell: An Autobiography 1913–1996
2596:The Conditionalist Faith of our Fathers
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2038:
2036:
1893:
849:Facing Hell: An Autobiography 1913–1996
691:The Conditionalist Faith of our Fathers
241:Annihilationism is directly related to
3984:A Journal from the Radical Reformation
3690:
3679:
3272:An Exposition of the Seven Church Ages
2993:
2983:
2931:
2920:
2738:Hell: Eternal Torment or Annihilation?
1944:
1942:
3545:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.
3162:Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell
3136:Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell
2974:Evangelical Annihilationism in Review
2304:"John Wesley, Sermon 128: FREE GRACE"
2263:Against Heresies: Book II, Chapter 34
2048:The Condionalist Faith of our Fathers
845:Universalism and the Doctrine of Hell
7:
4115:by Alan W. Gomes. (Note the article
4069:Exploring evangelical conditionalism
3781:"1 Timothy 4:10 NIV – Bible Gateway"
2625:disagrees with the inclusion of the
2287:Pinnock, "Fire then Nothing", p. 40.
2151:The Revelation of St John the Divine
1920:McLaughlin, Corey J. (23 May 2017).
1486:adding citations to reliable sources
932:Wenham's 1973 book being the first.
161:move details into the article's body
3829:Evangelism Through the Local Church
2675:Andrews University Seminary Studies
2636:Andrews University Seminary Studies
2621:Andrews University Seminary Studies
2296:This comment was made in regard to
1903:Bible Student and Religious Outlook
861:The Elements of New Testament Greek
734:The Seventh-day Adventist Church's
3902:Edward Fudge and Robert Peterson,
3733:Fisher, David A. (December 2011).
3565:Chapter 6, "Hell: Not Endless" in
3465:Zuhlsdorf, Fr. John (2011-03-17).
3385:The Doctrine of Endless Punishment
3112:. London: InterVarsity Press, 1974
2727:69:8 (August 1996), pp. 15, 17–18.
25:
3310:"Conclusions and Recommendations"
3276:The Revelation of the Seven Seals
3164:, p190,191; as quoted by Phillips
2893:Hudson, Charles Frederic (1860).
2879:Hudson, Charles Frederic (1857).
2443:Towards the conversion of England
1949:Dear, Joseph (30 December 2015).
1048:or lake of fire) to refer to the
534:Towards the conversion of England
45:This article has multiple issues.
2719:Annihilation or endless torment?
2430:Catechism of the Catholic Church
2353:von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1988).
1836:
1462:
1436:First Epistle to the Corinthians
1290:20 (8%) to "separation from God"
1258:"For the wages of sin is death."
970:Catechism of the Catholic Church
859:. (Wenham is best known for his
541:Millerite and Adventist movement
486:Catechism of the Catholic Church
137:
75:
34:
4128:Undying Worm, Unquenchable Fire
3865:Ortlund, Gavin (16 June 2017).
3627:Ortlund, Gavin (16 June 2017).
3177:. Houston: Providential, 1982.
2671:"The History of Conditionalism"
2140:Welwyn: Nisbet, 1964, pp. 206f.
2127:London: Nisbet, 1933, pp. 257f.
2114:London: Macmillan, 1924, p. 209
2101:Oxford: Mowbray, 1916, pp. 91f.
2084:Edwards, D. L. & Stott, J.
1473:needs additional citations for
759:Other supporters have included
210:) is the belief that after the
53:or discuss these issues on the
4163:Seventh-day Adventist theology
3931:Advocates of Annihilationism:
3892:Various doctrines about hell:
2980:. Vol. 6. pp. 37–51.
1951:"A PRIMER ON REVELATION 20:10"
466:Additionally, at least one of
1:
3713:www.theologicalstudies.org.uk
3537:Crockett, William V. (1992).
3418:John Stott: A Global Ministry
3377:Evangelical Movement of Wales
3260:John Stott: A Global Ministry
3024:John Stott: A Global Ministry
2949:John Stott: A Global Ministry
2901:charles frederic hudson debt.
2616:The History of Conditionalism
2432:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
2382:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2332:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
2070:Glenn Peoples (26 May 2013).
1873:Ultimate fate of the universe
986:qui sine te esse non possumus
855:, where he was influenced by
339:churches. Additionally, some
249:is not immortal unless given
4036:. P&R Publishing, 1995;
3999:Directions: Is Hell Forever?
3990:Critics of Annihilationism:
2844:edward white life in christ.
2749:Immortality Or Resurrection?
2527:. Scarecrow, 2005, pp. 68–69
1248:"They will be punished with
645:Seventh-day Adventist Church
639:Seventh-day Adventist Church
551:Seventh-day Adventist Church
276:and was defended by several
4007:42:11 (October 5, 1998), p?
3976:Criswell Theological Review
3312:. In Hilborn, David (ed.).
3188:. Fudge is a member of the
2814:Commentary Reference Series
2407:. Baylor University Press.
1236:but may have eternal life."
1039:Interpretation of scripture
727:, best known for his study
697:. It has been described by
527:has had a following in the
101:the claims made and adding
4179:
2865:Petavel, Emmanuel (1889).
2856:The Problem of Immortality
2853:Petavel, Emmanuel (1892).
2099:The Religion of the Church
1018:or on an idyllic Earth or
1003:
4130:" by Robert A. Peterson.
4119:Edward Fudge is from the
3952:: Biblical Perspectives.
3950:Berrien Springs, Michigan
3606:10.1163/27725472-07301004
3583:Bowles, Ralph G. (2000).
3151:. Paternoster Press: 1998
2610:. One pair of reviews is
2212:Epistle to the Magnesians
1976:"In Defense of the Faith"
1884:" in a Christian context)
893:McMaster Divinity College
875:was published in 1982 by
4134:44:12 (October 23, 2000)
3095:Philip Edgcumbe Hughes,
2873:Emmanuel Pétavel-Olliff.
2583:Man's Nature and Destiny
2403:Griffiths, Paul (2014).
1878:Universal reconciliation
1748:Steven Anderson (pastor)
1284:26 (10%) to "burning up"
1006:Christian conditionalism
825:Philip Hughes published
794:evangelical Christianity
421:Church Fathers and later
245:, the idea that a human
243:Christian conditionalism
4097:Hell – Eternity of Hell
3896:William Crockett, ed.,
3407:. Banner of Truth, 1989
3184:March 25, 2010, at the
2799:1 John 4:8; 1 John 4:16
2555:series; republished as
2456:Storrs, George (1842).
1926:ADVENT CHRISTIAN VOICES
1675:John G. Stackhouse, Jr.
1583:Philip Edgecumbe Hughes
1281:10 texts (4%) "Gehenna"
1000:Conditional immortality
853:University of Cambridge
769:Emmanuel Petavel-Olliff
761:Charles Frederic Hudson
713:, originally sponsored
693:(2 vols, 1965–1966) by
489:, 2nd Edition, states:
425:Christian writers from
376:intertestamental period
286:University of Cambridge
4158:Bible Student movement
3986:2:1 (Fall 1992), p4–21
3978:4:2 (1990), p243–259.
3800:. InterVarsity Press.
3689:Cite journal requires
3664:Sotak, Max H. (1996).
3431:The Fire That Consumes
3391:. As cited by Phillips
3242:Basil F. C. Atkinson,
2930:Cite journal requires
2836:White, Edward (1878).
2736:Samuele Bacchiocchi, "
2125:Doctrines of the Creed
1085:) or being destroyed (
1069:
1028:universal resurrection
965:
873:The Fire that Consumes
870:
729:From Sabbath to Sunday
719:The Fire that Consumes
710:Present Truth Magazine
686:produced later books.
628:Second Advent Watchman
610:" resulted. Followers
500:
461:
325:Seventh-day Adventists
259:Seventh-day Adventists
4102:Catholic Encyclopedia
3593:Evangelical Quarterly
3389:Banner of Truth Trust
3274:(1965), pp. 133–135;
2753:Biblical Perspectives
2667:Vaucher, Alfred-Félix
2557:Is the Soul Immortal?
2536:Roswell F. Cottrell,
2462:www.harvestherald.com
2378:Wild, Robert (2016).
2328:Wild, Robert (2015).
847:. He later published
673:Articles appeared in
4032:Robert A. Peterson,
3937:Bacchiocchi, Samuele
3871:The Gospel Coalition
3855:; as cited elsewhere
3633:The Gospel Coalition
3306:Evangelical Alliance
3233:, p. 137 footnote 5.
3212:As cited by Phillips
3203:, p. 137 footnote 5.
2953:Timothy Dudley-Smith
2861:petavel immortality.
2717:Brian P. Phillips, "
2612:Alfred-Félix Vaucher
2244:Dialogue with Trypho
2168:www.anglicannews.org
2004:"Signs of the Times"
1665:Charles Taze Russell
1598:Basil F. C. Atkinson
1482:improve this article
1440:Lamentations 3:31–33
1299:15 (6%) to "anguish"
1144:Hebrews 10:26-27 NLT
915:Evangelical Alliance
897:Life and Immortality
786:evangelical Anglican
675:the primary magazine
668:Christian Connection
608:Great Disappointment
382:which originated in
4081:Shows how Biblical
4014:. Zondervan, 2004;
3571:The Goodness of God
3453:The Problem of Pain
3110:The Goodness of God
2781:Fundamental Beliefs
2241:St. Justin Martyr.
1852:Christian mortalism
1603:Ian Howard Marshall
1268:Revelation 20:14-15
1250:eternal destruction
1246:2 Thessalonians 1:9
1206:or Hell comes from)
1116:Philippians 3:18-19
952:The Problem of Pain
837:The Goodness of God
781:Protestant theology
725:Samuele Bacchiocchi
569:, the followers of
563:Jehovah's Witnesses
452:Against the Heathen
436:Ignatius of Antioch
353:Doctrine Commission
267:Jehovah's Witnesses
4132:Christianity Today
4117:incorrectly states
4067:RethinkingHell.com
4004:Christianity Today
3898:Four Views on Hell
3851:2008-03-04 at the
3567:The Enigma of Evil
3541:Four Views on Hell
3387:, was reissued by
3354:2011-01-16 at the
3314:The Nature of Hell
3231:Four Views on Hell
3223:Christianity Today
3201:Four Views on Hell
3190:Churches of Christ
3123:The Enigma of Evil
2887:See Hudson's book
2786:2006-03-10 at the
2743:2015-02-16 at the
2654:Four Views on Hell
2553:J. N. Loughborough
2494:2010-10-09 at the
2357:. Ignatius Press.
2188:Four Views on Hell
2138:The End is Not Yet
1858:Oblivion (eternal)
1778:William Lane Craig
1306:chiastic structure
887:, a decade later.
881:Churches of Christ
841:The Enigma of Evil
573:, and the various
547:Millerite movement
529:Anglican Communion
306:Ulrich Ernst Simon
302:Oliver Chase Quick
86:possibly contains
4050:978-0-87552-372-9
4028:978-0-310-24041-9
3959:978-1-930987-12-8
3923:978-90-04-11262-9
3842:Surprised by Hope
3807:978-0-8308-1285-1
3323:978-0-9532992-2-5
3173:Edward W. Fudge,
2871:. C. H. Woodman.
2769:978-1-930987-12-8
2542:Review and Herald
2538:Review and Herald
1803:John F. MacArthur
1721:Critics/opponents
1670:Herbert Armstrong
1558:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1497:"Annihilationism"
1186:2 Chronicles 28:3
946:The Great Divorce
747:According to the
571:Herbert Armstrong
509:Church of England
478:Roman Catholicism
372:God as too loving
349:Church of England
274:Christian history
198:In Christianity,
196:
195:
188:
178:
177:
157:length guidelines
131:
130:
123:
88:original research
68:
16:(Redirected from
4170:
4079:Jewish not Greek
3971:
3947:
3927:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3856:
3838:
3832:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:. pp. 47–54
3705:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3677:
3661:
3655:
3652:Millard Erickson
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3589:
3580:
3574:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3544:
3534:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3398:
3392:
3373:The Wrath of God
3366:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3326:. Archived from
3302:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3240:
3234:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3179:Author's webpage
3171:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3132:
3126:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2965:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2913:Howell, Greg A.
2910:
2904:
2903:
2899:. J. P. Jewett.
2886:
2875:
2863:
2846:
2833:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2812:(2000) from the
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2734:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2689:. Archived from
2663:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2592:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2568:D. M. Canright,
2566:
2560:
2549:Man Not Immortal
2534:
2528:
2521:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2306:. Archived from
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2112:Christus Veritas
2108:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2052:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1783:Millard Erickson
1728:John H. Gerstner
1690:Preston Sprinkle
1593:Richard Bauckham
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1490:
1466:
1458:
1423:Revelation 20:10
1417:Revelation 14:11
1412:
1402:
1318:Millard Erickson
1214:will be consumed
1210:Malachi 4:1, 4:3
1174:Ecclesiastes 9:5
1067:
980:Summa Theologica
736:official beliefs
705:Robert Brinsmead
650:Saturday Sabbath
575:Advent Christian
567:Christadelphians
525:return of Christ
399:Bible references
390:art and poetry.
384:Greek philosophy
337:Advent Christian
333:Christadelphians
191:
184:
173:
170:
164:
155:Please read the
141:
140:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
103:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4148:Annihilationism
4138:
4137:
4073:Afterlife.co.nz
4058:
3960:
3945:
3935:
3924:
3909:
3890:
3888:Further reading
3885:
3875:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3853:Wayback Machine
3839:
3835:
3827:Michael Green,
3826:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3688:
3678:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3500:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3428:
3424:
3415:
3411:
3399:
3395:
3367:
3363:
3356:Wayback Machine
3346:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3324:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3286:
3282:
3278:(1967), p. 487.
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3241:
3237:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3186:Wayback Machine
3172:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3129:
3120:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3005:
2992:
2982:
2977:
2971:(Spring 1997).
2967:
2966:
2959:
2947:
2943:
2929:
2919:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2892:
2889:Christ Our Life
2878:
2864:
2852:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2788:Wayback Machine
2778:
2774:
2747:" chapter 6 in
2745:Wayback Machine
2735:
2731:
2716:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2647:
2594:Le Roy Froom ,
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:Wayback Machine
2479:
2475:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2230:. 13 June 2013.
2226:
2225:
2221:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2148:
2144:
2136:Simon, Ulrich,
2135:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2041:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1955:Rethinking Hell
1948:
1947:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1863:Problem of Hell
1844:Religion portal
1842:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:Reinhard Bonnke
1793:Franklin Graham
1723:
1701:
1696:
1608:Anthony Buzzard
1554:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1467:
1456:
1410:
1400:
1314:
1100:
1068:
1065:
1041:
1036:
1008:
1002:
907:William Branham
777:
757:
745:
641:
604:Hebrew calendar
543:
505:
480:
423:
401:
396:
378:, belief in an
232:eternal torment
202:(also known as
200:annihilationism
192:
181:
180:
179:
174:
168:
165:
154:
151:may be too long
146:This article's
142:
138:
127:
116:
110:
107:
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Annihilationist
15:
12:
11:
5:
4176:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4124:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:External links
4054:
4053:
4052:
4030:
4008:
3988:
3987:
3972:
3958:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3907:
3900:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3857:
3840:N. T. Wright,
3833:
3820:
3806:
3786:
3772:
3758:
3747:on May 8, 2013
3725:
3700:
3691:|journal=
3656:
3644:
3619:
3575:
3558:
3551:
3526:
3517:
3494:
3482:
3457:
3444:
3435:
3422:
3409:
3393:
3381:W. G. T. Shedd
3361:
3340:
3322:
3297:
3280:
3264:
3252:
3235:
3214:
3205:
3193:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3062:, pp. 315–316.
3052:
3050:, pp. 316–318.
3040:
3028:
3015:
3003:
2957:
2941:
2932:|journal=
2905:
2828:
2817:
2801:
2792:
2772:
2729:
2703:
2658:
2645:
2604:article series
2587:
2574:
2561:
2529:
2509:
2500:
2482:Lest We Forget
2473:
2448:
2435:
2420:
2413:
2395:
2388:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2338:
2320:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2260:St. Irenaeus.
2252:
2233:
2219:
2209:St. Ignatius.
2201:
2192:
2179:
2155:
2149:Caird, G. B.,
2142:
2129:
2123:Quick, O. C.,
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2053:
2032:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1992:. 6 June 2013.
1981:
1967:
1938:
1909:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1847:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:James R. White
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:Randy Folliard
1691:
1688:
1685:
1684:Doug Batchelor
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1660:Ellen G. White
1657:
1655:E. Earle Ellis
1652:
1647:
1645:Harold Camping
1642:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1624:North American
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1614:New Zealanders
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1448:1 Timothy 4:10
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1349:Jeremiah 23:40
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1312:Opposing texts
1310:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1234:may not perish
1227:
1217:
1207:
1197:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1063:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:Justifications
1032:
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
975:Thomas Aquinas
857:Basil Atkinson
827:The True Image
776:
773:
756:
753:
744:
741:
680:D. M. Canright
656:Ellen G. White
640:
637:
632:World's Crisis
624:Bible Advocate
593:Bible Examiner
579:William Miller
559:Bible Students
542:
539:
504:
501:
479:
476:
442:(d. 165), and
438:(d. 108/140),
422:
419:
400:
397:
395:
392:
329:Bible Students
290:Basil Atkinson
278:Church Fathers
208:destructionism
194:
193:
176:
175:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4175:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
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4093:
4089:
4088:
4084:
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4077:
4074:
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4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4042:0-87552-372-2
4039:
4035:
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4029:
4025:
4021:
4020:0-310-24041-7
4017:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3995:Stanley Grenz
3993:
3992:
3991:
3985:
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3552:9780310533115
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3503:
3498:
3495:
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3483:
3472:
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3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:C. S. Lewis,
3448:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3330:on 2012-02-22
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:0-7151-3778-6
3291:
3284:
3281:
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3265:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
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3215:
3209:
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3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:John Wenham,
3144:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3121:John Wenham,
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:John Wenham,
3105:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
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3061:
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2999:
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2761:1-930987-12-9
2758:
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2730:
2726:
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2714:
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2710:
2708:
2704:
2693:on 2011-07-21
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2581:Uriah Smith,
2578:
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2497:
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2459:
2452:
2449:
2446:imagination."
2444:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2414:9781481302296
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2389:9781498297271
2385:
2381:
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2371:
2366:
2364:9780898702071
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2339:9781498223188
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2310:on 2000-11-15
2309:
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2019:
2013:
2010:
2005:
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1991:
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1982:
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1971:
1968:
1956:
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1813:C. J. Mahaney
1811:
1809:
1808:Mark Driscoll
1806:
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1794:
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1768:Albert Mohler
1766:
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1705:
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1698:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Joel B. Green
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Clark Pinnock
1628:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1619:Glenn Peoples
1618:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Roger Forster
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Michael Green
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1538:November 2021
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499: –
1498:
1494:
1493:Find sources:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1471:This section
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1398:
1397:Matthew 25:41
1395:
1392:
1391:Matthew 22:13
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:Matthew 11:24
1377:
1374:
1373:Matthew 10:15
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:Jeremiah 25:9
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
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1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:Matthew 10:28
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:Jeremiah 19:5
1198:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:Ezekiel 18:20
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
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1154:
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1148:
1145:
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1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:Hebrews 10:39
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:Matthew 10:28
1084:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1066:Luke 12:47–48
1062:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1020:World to Come
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
989:
987:
982:
981:
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964:
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953:
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933:
930:
925:
923:
919:
916:
910:
908:
903:
900:
898:
894:
890:
889:John Gerstner
886:
885:Clark Pinnock
882:
878:
874:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:'s 1974 book
834:
830:
828:
823:
819:
817:
816:David Edwards
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
782:
775:1900s onwards
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
754:
752:
750:
742:
740:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
711:
706:
702:
700:
699:Clark Pinnock
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
676:
671:
669:
665:
662:, along with
661:
657:
653:
651:
646:
638:
636:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Advent Herald
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:Charles Fitch
594:
590:
586:
585:George Storrs
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
535:
530:
526:
523:at a literal
522:
518:
517:immortal soul
514:
510:
507:Although the
502:
499:
495:
490:
488:
487:
477:
475:
473:
469:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Justin Martyr
437:
432:
428:
420:
418:
414:
412:
411:New Testament
407:
406:Old Testament
398:
393:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:immortal soul
377:
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361:
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233:
229:
225:
221:
220:fallen angels
217:
213:
212:Last Judgment
209:
205:
204:extinctionism
201:
190:
187:
172:
162:
158:
152:
150:
144:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4131:
4100:
4083:hermeneutics
4033:
4011:
4002:
3989:
3983:
3975:
3941:
3930:
3912:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3874:. Retrieved
3870:
3860:
3841:
3836:
3828:
3823:
3811:. Retrieved
3796:
3789:
3775:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3742:the original
3728:
3717:. Retrieved
3712:
3703:
3682:cite journal
3659:
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
3632:
3622:
3600:(1): 21–36.
3597:
3591:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3540:
3520:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3474:. Retrieved
3471:Fr. Z's Blog
3470:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3438:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3364:
3347:
3343:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3313:
3300:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2973:
2969:J. I. Packer
2948:
2944:
2923:cite journal
2908:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2859:. E. Stock.
2855:
2848:
2843:
2842:. E. Stock.
2838:
2831:
2820:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2775:
2748:
2732:
2722:
2695:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2678:
2674:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2634:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2503:
2481:
2476:
2465:. Retrieved
2461:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2404:
2398:
2379:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2329:
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:the original
2292:
2283:
2274:
2262:
2255:
2243:
2236:
2222:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2111:
2110:Temple, W.,
2106:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2080:
2047:
2026:
2012:
1998:
1984:
1970:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:
1902:
1896:
1882:Universalism
1788:Francis Chan
1763:R. C. Sproul
1758:Wayne Grudem
1753:David Pawson
1738:J. I. Packer
1714:N. T. Wright
1702:
1650:Homer Hailey
1635:Edward Fudge
1544:
1535:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1492:
1480:Please help
1475:verification
1472:
1432:
1428:
1407:Mark 9:46–48
1385:Matthew 18:8
1367:Matthew 8:12
1343:Isaiah 66:24
1337:Isaiah 33:14
1315:
1302:
1273:
1249:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1162:Genesis 3:19
1137:
1091:omnipresence
1080:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1024:
1009:
990:
985:
978:
968:
966:
960:
958:
950:
944:
934:
926:
917:
911:
904:
901:
896:
877:Edward Fudge
872:
871:
866:
860:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
826:
824:
820:
808:
798:
778:
765:Edward White
758:
746:
733:
728:
723:
718:
715:Edward Fudge
708:
703:
695:Le Roy Froom
690:
688:
672:
664:Joseph Bates
654:
642:
631:
627:
623:
619:
601:
592:
583:
544:
532:
521:judgment day
506:
496:
492:
484:
481:
465:
462:
457:
451:
424:
415:
402:
368:early church
357:
335:and various
314:
308:(1964), and
294:Charles Gore
271:
263:lake of fire
251:eternal life
240:
236:universalist
207:
203:
199:
197:
182:
166:
149:lead section
147:
117:
108:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
3369:Eryl Davies
2994:|work=
2681:: 193–200.
2602:. See also
2600:online link
2043:L. E. Froom
1818:Heidi Baker
1798:Rick Warren
1708:F. F. Bruce
1573:John Wenham
1361:Daniel 12:2
1331:Psalm 78:66
1275:John Wenham
1262:2 Peter 2:6
1256:Romans 6:23
1196:comes from)
1168:Psalm 146:4
1150:2 Peter 3:7
1138:destruction
1128:Psalm 37:20
1098:Cited texts
941:C. S. Lewis
937:F. F. Bruce
922:evangelical
833:John Wenham
684:Uriah Smith
660:James White
612:met in 1845
513:John Calvin
503:Anglicanism
468:John Wesley
459:punishment.
310:G. B. Caird
255:immortality
234:and to the
218:humans and
4142:Categories
4123:tradition)
4061:Supportive
3876:24 October
3813:24 October
3719:2023-09-04
3638:2020-11-10
3490:Essentials
3476:2023-09-04
3433:, p. viii.
3334:2010-06-28
3160:Wenham in
3084:Essentials
3072:Essentials
3060:Essentials
3048:Essentials
3036:Essentials
2697:2010-06-23
2485:1:4 (1991)
2467:2023-09-04
2314:2014-11-26
2186:Crockett,
2173:2021-09-15
1889:References
1868:Soul death
1773:Tim Keller
1733:John Piper
1687:Chris Date
1568:John Stott
1508:newspapers
1325:Psalm 52:5
1156:Romans 2:7
1134:Psalm 1:6:
1122:Psalm 92:7
1104:James 4:12
805:John Stott
790:John Stott
616:Adventists
589:Henry Grew
427:Tertullian
341:Protestant
288:including
282:John Stott
222:including
169:March 2023
95:improve it
50:improve it
4121:Adventist
3980:Reprinted
3674:304282290
3614:252293448
3492:, p. 316.
3420:, p. 354.
3401:Paul Helm
3262:, p. 353.
3086:, p. 320.
3074:, p. 318.
3038:, p. 314.
3022:In 1993.
2996:ignored (
2986:cite book
2687:0003-2980
2641:Pharisees
2627:Waldenses
2298:Calvinism
1699:Agnostics
1640:Greg Boyd
1454:Advocates
1240:John 6:51
1230:John 3:16
1083:John 3:16
929:Paul Helm
801:Anglicans
717:to write
472:Methodism
364:scripture
321:Adventist
317:Millerite
159:and help
111:June 2016
99:verifying
56:talk page
4090:Critical
3968:38849060
3939:(1997).
3849:Archived
3670:ProQuest
3502:Rev 2:11
3352:Archived
3248:WorldCat
3182:Archived
3026:, p. 354
2955:, p. 353
2784:Archived
2755:, 1997;
2741:Archived
2724:Ministry
2669:(1966).
2551:, 1854.
2492:Archived
1830:See also
1064:—
961:finality
767:(1878),
763:(1860),
448:Arnobius
444:Irenaeus
388:medieval
360:exegesis
345:Anglican
312:(1966).
300:(1924);
296:(1916),
3846:preview
3751:July 2,
2606:in the
2572:, 1871.
1906:. 1913.
1562:British
1522:scholar
1204:Gehenna
1190:Gehenna
1050:process
879:of the
813:liberal
788:author
394:History
366:, some
93:Please
4113:Part 2
4109:Part 1
4048:
4040:
4026:
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3966:
3956:
3920:
3804:
3672:
3612:
3549:
3320:
3292:
2767:
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2685:
2631:review
2608:Review
2585:, 1884
2559:, 1856
2411:
2386:
2361:
2336:
2097:Gore,
1960:14 May
1931:14 May
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1061:blows.
1016:Heaven
755:Others
565:, the
557:, the
553:, the
431:Luther
216:damned
214:, all
4099:" in
3946:(PDF)
3745:(PDF)
3738:(PDF)
3610:S2CID
3588:(PDF)
3510:20:14
2978:(PDF)
2544:1854
1529:JSTOR
1515:books
1046:Hades
918:ACUTE
811:with
224:Satan
4046:ISBN
4038:ISBN
4024:ISBN
4016:ISBN
3964:OCLC
3954:ISBN
3918:ISBN
3878:2022
3815:2022
3802:ISBN
3753:2014
3695:help
3547:ISBN
3514:21:8
3506:20:6
3318:ISBN
3290:ISBN
2998:help
2936:help
2849:pace
2808:The
2765:ISBN
2757:ISBN
2683:ISSN
2409:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2334:ISBN
1962:2023
1933:2023
1501:news
1194:Hell
1012:soul
994:Lent
967:The
682:and
643:The
626:and
343:and
247:soul
228:Hell
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