252:
240:
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31:
473:, commanding general of all German forces in Italy, about the captured U.S. commandos and asked what to do with them. According to Dostler's adjutant, Kesselring responded by ordering the execution. Later that day Dostler sent a telegram to the 135th (Fortress) Brigade passing on the order that the captured commando party was to be executed, in line with the
1953:
581:
and saboteurs disguised in civilian clothes or enemy uniforms, but not those captured in uniforms of their own army. Because the 15 U.S. soldiers were properly dressed in U.S. uniforms behind enemy lines, and not disguised in civilian clothes or enemy uniforms, they should not have been treated as
492:
Colonel Almers at the 135th (Fortress) Brigade was uneasy with the execution order, and approached
Dostler again to delay the execution command. In response Dostler dispatched another telegram ordering Almers to carry out the execution as previously ordered. Two last attempts were made by Colonel
561:
failed before the tribunal, which found that in ordering the mass execution he had acted on his own outside the FĂĽhrer's orders. The
Military Commission also rejected his plea for clemency, declaring that the mass execution of the commando party was in violation of Article 2 of the 1929 Geneva
556:
carried out by the United States, he was accused of carrying out an illegal order. In his defense he maintained that he had not issued the order but had only passed it to
Colonel Almers from Field Marshal Kesselring, and that the execution of the OSS men was a lawful order. Dostler's plea of
412:(1942) and, after some temporary stand-ins at corps, was appointed commander of 75th Army Corps (Jan-July 1944) in Italy and then commander of the Venetian Coast (Sept–Nov 1944), when its name was reassigned to 73rd Army Corps, where he finished the war.
2023:
1300:
1417:
600:
and movie cameras. Immediately after the execution
Dostler's body was lifted onto a stretcher, shrouded inside a white cotton mattress cover, and driven away in an army truck. His body was buried in Grave 93/95 of Section H at
2033:
509:, a member of Dostler's staff who, unaware of the existence of Hitler's "Commando Order", had refused to sign the execution order for the American commandos, was dismissed from the Wehrmacht for insubordination.
462:, where they were confined near the headquarters of the 135th (Fortress) Brigade, which was under the command of German Col. Almers. His immediate superior was the commander of the 75th Army Corps, Dostler.
1913:
2048:
2053:
381:), that citing superior orders did not relieve soldiers or officers of responsibility for carrying out war crimes. After being found guilty, Dostler was sentenced to death and executed by a
2043:
501:. His appeals were unsuccessful, and the 15 Americans of the commando raid were executed on the morning of 26 March 1944, at Punta Bianca, south of La Spezia, in the municipality of
2038:
1444:
1107:
1124:
369:, and that as such only his superiors could be held responsible. The Nuremberg judges rejected Dostler's defense, ruling, in an important precedent (later codified in
1603:
816:"Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. The Hague, 18 October 1907"
562:
Convention on
Prisoners of War, which prohibited acts of reprisals against prisoners of war. In its judgment the Commission stated that "no soldier, and still less a
506:
2013:
2008:
465:
The captured
American party was interrogated by Wehrmacht intelligence officers, and an officer revealed the mission. The information, including that it was a
498:
2003:
1476:
1879:
1521:
819:
611:
Of the Nazi war criminals to be executed by the U.S. military, Dostler was one of only two who were shot instead of hanged. The other exception was
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1983:
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2018:
1918:
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1993:
1908:
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The trial found
General Dostler guilty of war crimes, rejecting the "superior orders" defense. He was sentenced to death, and executed in
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The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the
International military tribunal sitting at Nuremberg, Germany, Volume 4
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raid, was then sent to
Dostler at the 75th Army Corps H.Q. The following day he informed his superior, Field Marshal
1279:
925:
Associated Press, "Nazi
General Executed For Ordering Deaths of G.I.'S - Dostler Falls Before U. S. Firing Squad",
1998:
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and, after it discovered the fate of the commando raiding team, was put on trial for war crimes on 8 May 1945. A
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365:, he mounted a defense on the grounds that he had ordered the executions only because he himself was obeying
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spies but as prisoners of war, a principle which Dostler had violated in enforcing the order for execution.
455:
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1932:
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1353:
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550:
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1973:
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1403:
1308:
1209:
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671:
343:—specifically, ordering the execution of fifteen American prisoners of war in March 1944 during the
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765:"Convention Between the United States of America and Other Powers, Relating to Prisoners of War"
331:(10 May 1891 – 1 December 1945) was a German army officer who fought in both World Wars. During
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Almers to stop the execution, including some by telephone, as he knew that executing uniformed
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of the U.S. Army and carried no civilian clothes. Their objective was to demolish a tunnel at
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481:, which ordered the immediate execution without trial of all enemy commandos and
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141:
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400:. From the start of World War II to 1940, he served as chief of staff of the
396:
Dostler joined the German army in 1910 and served as a junior officer during
1590:
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578:
505:. Their bodies were buried in a mass grave that was camouflaged afterwards.
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30:
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Explained by Kent Emery, Jr., son of one of Dostler's defense attorneys.
929:, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 2 December 1945, Volume 52, page 2.
657:
633:
434:, 400 km (250 miles) behind the then-established front, as part of
602:
502:
443:
2024:
Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II
842:
The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia
339:, primarily in Italy. After the Axis defeat, Dostler was executed for
586:
84:
62:
593:
at 0800 hours on 1 December 1945. The execution was photographed on
871:
Why We Fight: The Origins, Nature, and Management of Human Conflict
519:
511:
447:
182:
1089:
450:. Two days later the group was captured by a combined party of
788:
Mistake of Law: Excusing Perpetrators of International Crimes
2034:
Nazis executed by the United States military by firing squad
972:
Video of General Dostler's last minutes on 1 December 1945
2049:
Perpetrators of World War II prisoner of war massacres
1941:
570:
of prisoners of war legitimate, even as a reprisal."
2054:
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
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on the important railway line between La Spezia and
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714:(in German). Rautenberg im Verlag-Haus WĂĽrzburg.
2044:Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
1101:
566:, can be heard to say that he considered the
8:
2039:Nazis executed by American occupation forces
786:Annemieke Van Verseveld (November 5, 2012).
516:Dostler tied to a stake before the execution
524:Dostler's body immediately after execution.
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940:Film of execution from three camera angles
710:Alexander FĂĽrst Dohna-Schlobitten (2006).
499:1929 Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War
29:
18:
840:Wilbur Redington Miller (June 29, 2012).
533:Dostler was taken prisoner of war by the
820:International Committee of the Red Cross
695:International Military Tribunal (1946).
672:"LAW REPORTS OF TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS"
438:. They were all properly dressed in the
1948:
896:
894:
624:
1919:Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
1011:26 September 1941 – 9 April 1942
35:Dostler (right) with his interpreter,
1909:Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive
1887:Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz
1880:Biblioteca della ComunitĂ Israelitica
1041:15 June 1942 – 28 December 1942
906:International Review of the Red Cross
690:
688:
632:Brennan, J. G.; Green, L. C. (1997).
575:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare
426:On 22 March 1944, 15 soldiers of the
379:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
2014:German Army personnel of World War I
2009:German Army generals of World War II
1646:SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills
767:. The Avalon Project. July 27, 1929
712:Erinnerungen eines alten OstpreuĂźen
350:Dostler was tried during the first
549:, on 8 October 1945. In the first
335:, he commanded several units as a
14:
2004:Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
1951:
1914:Bilateral Compensation Agreement
1445:SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion
739:The last hero: Wild Bill Donovan
404:. Subsequently he commanded the
250:
238:
226:
1180:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano
869:David Churchman (May 9, 2013).
634:""The Case of General Dostler""
2029:Military personnel from Munich
1984:Executed German mass murderers
1604:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division
507:Alexander zu Dohna-Schlobitten
1:
2019:German people executed abroad
1656:SS Police Regiment Schlanders
1624:20th Luftwaffe Field Division
1619:19th Luftwaffe Field Division
1522:90th Panzergrenadier Division
1492:29th Panzergrenadier Division
1477:15th Panzergrenadier Division
699:. H.M. Stationery. p. 8.
454:soldiers and troops from the
1994:Executed people from Bavaria
1467:3rd Panzergrenadier Division
927:The San Bernardino Daily Sun
541:was held at the seat of the
1440:SS Division ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
875:University Press of America
735:Anthony Cave Brown (1984).
2075:
1774:Italian military internees
577:, it was legal to execute
419:
416:Execution of U.S. soldiers
16:German general (1891–1945)
1989:Executed military leaders
1927:
1435:SS Division Leibstandarte
1073:
1071:22 June 1943 – July 1943
1063:
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1043:
1033:
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1013:
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994:
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422:Operations Ginny I and II
322:
206:
202:
198:
119:
104:Execution by firing squad
28:
1713:4th Division "Monterosa"
1708:3rd Division "San Marco"
1651:SS Police Regiment Bozen
1117:Nazi war crimes in Italy
1037:163. Infanterie-Division
638:Naval War College Review
543:Supreme Allied Commander
497:was in violation of the
359:end of the war in Europe
1703:2nd Division "Littorio"
1693:Republican Police Corps
1671:20th SS Police Regiment
1666:15th SS Police Regiment
1661:12th SS Police Regiment
1577:362nd Infantry Division
1572:356th Infantry Division
1567:334th Infantry Division
1562:305th Infantry Division
1557:278th Infantry Division
1552:232nd Infantry Division
1547:162nd Turkoman Division
1542:148th Infantry Division
1250:San Leonardo al Frigido
1076:General der Infanterie
1057:General der Infanterie
1027:General der Artillerie
1007:57. Infanterie-Division
547:Royal Palace in Caserta
410:163rd Infantry Division
337:General of the Infantry
294:163rd Infantry Division
276:General of the Infantry
1933:The Holocaust in Italy
1698:Italian Black Brigades
1614:4th Parachute Division
1609:2nd Parachute Division
1599:1st Parachute Division
1532:94th Infantry Division
1527:92nd Infantry Division
1517:71st Infantry Division
1512:65th Infantry Division
1507:44th Infantry Division
1497:34th Infantry Division
1354:Eberhard von Mackensen
525:
517:
485:taken prisoner by the
406:57th Infantry Division
289:57th Infantry Division
1814:Roderick Stephen Hall
1794:Leonardo de Benedetti
1472:5th Mountain Division
1280:San Martino di Lupari
1230:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
523:
515:
458:. They were taken to
357:to be held after the
264:Years of service
39:, at his trial (1945)
2059:Reichswehr personnel
1861:Risiera di San Sabba
1537:114th Jäger Division
1487:26th Panzer Division
1482:16th Panzer-Division
1309:Heinrich Andergassen
960:The Ginny II Mission
375:Nuremberg Principles
234:Imperial German Army
1502:42nd Jäger Division
1314:Friedrich BoĂźhammer
1240:Padule di Fucecchio
606:German War Cemetery
529:Trial and execution
100:Cause of death
89:Province of Caserta
37:Albert O. Hirschman
1851:Borgo San Dalmazzo
1804:Giovanni Fornasini
1384:Josef Scheungraber
1255:Certosa di Farneta
1067:XXXXII. Armeekorps
792:T.M.C. Asser Press
564:Commanding General
535:United States Army
526:
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477:of 1942 issued by
436:Operation Ginny II
383:United States Army
1999:Filmed executions
1939:
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1904:Togliatti amnesty
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1324:Theodor Dannecker
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1235:San Terenzo Monti
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1084:
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1078:Franz Mattenklott
1074:Succeeded by
1059:Franz Mattenklott
1044:Succeeded by
1029:Erwin Engelbrecht
1014:Succeeded by
990:Military offices
965:Dostler's defense
902:"Rule 107. Spies"
884:978-0-7618-6137-9
855:978-0-7618-6137-9
846:SAGE Publications
801:978-90-6704-867-5
743:. Vintage Books.
539:military tribunal
471:Albert Kesselring
355:war crimes trials
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304:LXXIII Army Corps
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345:Italian Campaign
317:Second World War
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1799:Einstein family
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877:. p. 186.
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644:(4): 115–117.
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489:in the field.
475:Commando Order
420:Main article:
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440:field uniform
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377:and the 1948
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329:Anton Dostler
321:
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194:American POWs
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177:
174:26 March 1944
173:
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136:Conviction(s)
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49:Anton Dostler
47:
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38:
32:
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23:Anton Dostler
20:
1929:
1885:
1878:
1764:Italian Jews
1374:Walter Reder
1369:Walter Rauff
1328:
1293:Perpetrators
1220:Piazza Tasso
1215:Guardistallo
1160:Pietransieri
1064:
1034:
1004:
934:
926:
921:
909:. Retrieved
870:
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835:
823:. Retrieved
810:
787:
781:
769:. Retrieved
759:
738:
730:
711:
705:
696:
678:
666:
641:
637:
627:
610:
591:firing squad
589:by a 12-man
584:
572:
532:
491:
479:Adolf Hitler
464:
425:
395:
386:firing squad
371:Principle IV
349:
333:World War II
328:
327:
313:Battles/wars
79:(1945-12-03)
1979:1945 deaths
1974:1891 births
1787:Individuals
1769:Libyan Jews
1359:Kurt Mälzer
1301:Individuals
1210:Capistrello
1200:Vallucciole
1018:Oskar BlĂĽmm
999:Oskar BlĂĽmm
679:www.loc.gov
456:German Army
398:World War I
258:German Army
59:10 May 1891
1968:Categories
1819:Primo Levi
1404:Karl Titho
1260:Marzabotto
1048:Karl RĂĽbel
619:References
613:Curt Bruns
573:Under the
341:war crimes
246:Reichsheer
212:Allegiance
142:War crimes
55:1891-05-10
1958:Biography
1930:See also:
1638:SS Police
1591:Luftwaffe
1427:Waffen-SS
1394:Max Simon
1339:Karl Hass
1185:Ardeatine
1125:Massacres
650:0028-1484
487:Wehrmacht
483:saboteurs
460:La Spezia
432:La Spezia
428:U.S. Army
363:Nuremberg
190:Target(s)
1897:Post-war
1726:Doctrine
1195:Fragheto
911:July 15,
825:July 15,
771:July 15,
658:44638781
467:commando
402:7th Army
282:Commands
220:Service/
114:Executed
1871:Looting
1856:Fossoli
1846:Bolzano
1750:Victims
1685:Italian
1225:Piavola
1190:Ameglia
1150:Caiazzo
977:YouTube
945:YouTube
603:Pomezia
503:Ameglia
444:Framura
373:of the
267:1910–45
215:Germany
179:Country
163:Victims
158:Details
1944:Portal
1757:Groups
1155:Pisino
881:
852:
798:
747:
718:
656:
648:
587:Aversa
551:Allied
545:, the
352:Allied
255:
243:
231:
222:branch
124:Motive
85:Aversa
63:Munich
1838:Camps
1418:Units
1245:Vinca
1140:Boves
675:(PDF)
654:JSTOR
598:still
579:spies
448:Genoa
361:; at
183:Italy
152:Death
1459:Army
1273:1945
1205:Lipa
1173:1944
1133:1943
913:2013
879:ISBN
850:ISBN
827:2013
796:ISBN
773:2013
745:ISBN
716:ISBN
646:ISSN
272:Rank
171:Date
74:Died
45:Born
975:on
943:on
347:.
1970::
904:.
893:^
873:.
844:.
818:.
790:.
687:^
677:.
652:.
642:50
640:.
636:.
615:.
608:.
388:.
166:15
91:,
87:,
65:,
1946::
1109:e
1102:t
1095:v
915:.
887:.
858:.
829:.
804:.
775:.
753:.
724:.
681:.
660:.
57:)
53:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
