165:
1034:
921:
1021:
body fat. However, research in the 1980s used computed tomography to measure deep fat, and showed a lack of correlation between that and subcutaneous fat. However, for children and adolescents the skinfold and circumference measurements provide a fair assessment of total body fat because that is where most body fat lies during those stages of human growth.
25:
956:
The sex-specific constant correction values in the corrected MUAMA formulae are derived from empirical studies. The MUAMA formula assumes that the upper arm has a circular cross-section, with a uniform subcutaneous fat layer and negligible bone content. This is, of course, not the case in reality.
172:
The anthropometric measures of the upper arm are divided into principal measures, which are measured directly, and derived measures, which are derived from the principal measures using specific formulae and empirically-derived corrections. The derived measures attempt to provide better indicators of
1020:
However, the relationship between measurements of subcutaneous fat in skinfolds, such as the triceps skinfold, and deep body fat have been questioned. Early research in the 1960s found a positive correlation between the two, and the skinfold measurements do provide a reasonable estimate of the deep
326:
circumference (MUAMC) is an estimation of the circumference of the bone and muscle portions of the upper arm. It is derived from the MUAC and the TSF by accounting for the thickness of the subcutaneous fat that surrounds the muscle, using the following formula, with the MUAC and TSF values measured
992:
data. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement, if conducted by well-trained staff, can give a quick assessment of new arrivals at a refugee camp during a humanitarian crisis. It is based on the observation that this measurement does not change much in children between 6 months and five years
979:
The principal measurements are also subject to error. Taking a triceps skin fold measurement too frequently or for too long can result in compression of the tissue, and false readings, for example. Even which arm is measured matters, since mid-upper arm circumference is generally greater on the
1064:
Many factors influence the bone, fat, and muscle composition of the upper arm, and their measurements can vary by age, gender, obesity, fitness training status, and race. (This is one reason that anthropometrists have to be careful about what reference data and correction values they employ for
968:
Even the corrected MUAMA formulae are not valid for people who are obese or for older people. They tend to overestimate muscle area for obese people. The results of the formulae can contain small but significant errors in the cases of young people, and errors of up to 41.5% for older people.
196:
for general information on skinfold fat measurements.) The measurement is taken at a standardized position (one of eight standard skinfold measurement points) at the midpoint of the back of the upper arm. The skinfold calipers are spring-loaded. Holtain skinfold calipers are marked with
204:
The measurement is taken with the person standing upright, with arms hanging down loosely. The skin fold is pulled away from the muscle and measured with the calipers, taking a reading 4 seconds after the calipers have been released. The measuring point is halfway between the
502:
mid-upper arm muscle area (CMUAMA) is an estimation of the area of the muscle portions of the upper arm, attempting to eliminate the area due to bone. It is derived from the MUAMC using the following two formulae, with the MUAC and TSF values measured in centimetres:
755:
629:
965:, studies by Heymsfield et al. found that, at the maximum circumference of the triceps, the contribution of bone to the total cross-sectional area was 18% in men and 17% in women, which were 10 cm and 6.5 cm respectively.
976:. The arm is not in fact an ideal cylinder. However, the assumptions of the formulae yield results that are close enough to the actual reality that the measurements are reliable and accurate when averaged over groups of people.
1736:
M. Miller; W. Wong; J. Wu; S. Cavenett; L. Daniels; M. Crotty (October 2008). "Upper-Arm
Anthropometry: An Alternative Indicator of Nutritional Health to Body Mass Index in Unilateral Lower-Extremity Amputees?".
412:
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173:
body composition and nutritional status than the principal measures, by accounting for the fact that external measurements of the arm necessarily compound measurements of bone, fat, and muscle.
493:
317:
153:
weight and density, and research has questioned the connection between skinfold fat and deep body fat measurements, these measures are and have been used as rough indicators of body fat.
1816:
J.M. Tanner; P.C. Hughes; R.H. Whitehouse (November–December 1981). "Radiographically determined widths of bone muscle and fat in the upper arm and calf from age 3–18 years".
1239:
Babette Zemel (2007). "Assessment of Growth and
Nutritional Status in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease". In Petar Mamula; Jonathan E. Markowitz; Robert N. Baldassano (eds.).
636:
510:
830:
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43:
421:(MUAMA) is an estimation of the area of the bone and muscle portions of the upper arm. It is derived from the MUAMC using the following formula, with the MUAMC as above:
1944:
989:
1611:
Carl C. Seltzer; Ralph F. Goldman; Jean Mayer (August 1965). "The triceps skinfold as a predictive measure of body density and body fat in obese adolescent girls".
1521:
181:
The three principal anthropometric measures of the upper arm are the upper arm length, the triceps skin fold (TSF), and the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC).
1787:
William A. Stini (1972). "Reduced sexual dimorphism in upper arm muscle circumference associated with protein-deficient diet in a South
American population".
972:
The formulae for the derived measures are based upon an assumption that the arm is cylindrical in shape, and are thus based upon the simple geometry of a
2992:
156:
Factors influencing the bone, fat, and muscle composition of the upper arm include age, sex, nutritional status, fitness training level, and race.
2387:
1353:
1197:
Alisha J. Rovner; Babette Zemel (2009). "Growth and
Physical Maturation". In Andrew E. Mulberg; Steven A. Silber; John N. van den Anker (eds.).
2997:
2786:
2782:
2709:
1864:
Carol O. Mitchell-Eady; Ronni
Chernoff (2006). "Nutritional Assessment of the Elderly § Anthropometric Assessment". In Ronni Chernoff (ed.).
764:
area (MUAFA) is an estimation of the area of the far portions of the upper arm, and is simply the difference between the MUAA and the MUAMA:
1845:
Barbara J. Scott (2007). "Frame Sizes, Circumferences, and
Skinfolds". In Carolyn D. Berdanier; Johanna T. Dwyer; Elaine B. Feldman (eds.).
2753:
1937:
1283:. Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology. Vol. 23 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–88.
333:
2670:
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244:
The derived anthropometric measures include the mid-upper arm muscle area (MUAMA), the upper arm fat area (UFA), and the arm fat index.
2606:
2380:
1574:
Keith P. West Jr; Benjamin
Caballero; Robert E. Black (2005). "Nutrition". In Michael H. Merson; Robert E. Black; Anne Mills (eds.).
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61:
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One cause of age variations is the tendency for body fat to be deposited internally, rather that subcutaneously, as one ages.
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old, so comparison to a "normal" measurement is useful. Based on analysis of field results, MUAC < 125mm corresponds to
3030:
2987:
2954:
2803:
2798:
2739:
1105:. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–25.
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intake, which has been shown to have effects on both the triceps skin fold thickness and the mid-upper arm circumference.
1013:
The various measures have been shown to have correlation to other measurements of body fat, including those derived from
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dominant arm (e.g. the right arm for right-handed people). Few studies make specific note of which arms were measured.
1517:
2704:
2507:
427:
835:
From the MUAFA is derived the arm fat index (AFI), a percentage of the arm that is fat, using the following formula:
969:
Moreover, the size of the humerus is not in fact equal in all individuals. It also varies with nutritional status.
257:
3035:
2793:
2729:
2563:
1766:
F. E. Johnston; R. M. Malina (1966). "Age changes in the composition of the upper arm in
Philadelphia children".
1066:
1002:
994:
988:
The various measures are evaluated against anthropometric reference data tables, such as those derived from the
251:(MUAA) is an estimation of the area of the upper arm. It is derived from the MUAC using the following formula:
2966:
2949:
1101:
Roy J. Shephard (1991). "Epidemiological indices, anthropometric and cadaver estimates of body composition".
2850:
2525:
1705:"Validity of surface anthropometry to estimate upper-arm muscularity, including changes with body mass loss"
750:{\displaystyle CMUAMA={\frac {\left(MUAC-\left(\pi \times {\frac {TSF}{10}}\right)\right)^{2}-6.5}{4\pi }}}
3125:
3020:
3004:
2882:
2694:
2553:
1014:
624:{\displaystyle CMUAMA={\frac {\left(MUAC-\left(\pi \times {\frac {TSF}{10}}\right)\right)^{2}-10}{4\pi }}}
1904:
Michael R. Hawes; Alan D. Martin (2001). "Human body composition". In Roger Eston; Thomas Reilly (eds.).
2872:
2689:
1669:"Anthropometric measurement of muscle mass: revised equations for calculating bone-free arm muscle area"
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1636:
1883:
T.G. Lohman (1981). "Skinfolds and body density and their relation to body fatness. A review".
1667:
Steven B. Heymsfield; Clifford McManus; Janet Smith; Victoria
Stevens; Daniel W. Nixon (1982).
1440:
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uses arm circumference-for-age as an anthropometric indicator for its Child growth standards.
206:
1543:
Dorothy G. Herron; Lynn B. Greenberg (2000). "body composition". In Mathy Doval Mezey (ed.).
168:
A standardised measuring tape is used to ascertain the mid-upper arm circumference of a child
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2144:
2075:
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The encyclopedia of elder care: the comprehensive resource on geriatric and social care
1433:
1033:
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1908:. Vol. 1: tests, procedures and data (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 21–22.
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1704:
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Henry C. Lukascki (2005). "Assessing Muscle Mass". In Steven
Heymsfield (ed.).
2772:
2325:
2198:
2149:
2023:
1975:
1967:
1961:
1953:
1829:
1348:
3-D printing open-source click-MUAC bands for identification of malnutrition.
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2176:
2013:
1800:
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1365:
Alfred L. Fischer (2006). "Models of sarcopenia". In P. Michael Conn (ed.).
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Anthropometric standards for the assessment of growth and nutritional status
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The correction factors are attempts to discount the contribution of the
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of the upper arm at that same midpoint, measured with a non-stretchable
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2240:
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2122:
2008:
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218:
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185:
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International public health: diseases, programs, systems, and policies
1398:
Judith G. Hall; Judith Allanson; Karen Gripp; Anne Slavotinek (2007).
1153:
Foundations and clinical applications of nutrition: a nursing approach
149:. Although they are not directly convertible into measures of overall
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2018:
1496:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 794–795.
1435:
Disease-related malnutrition: an evidence-based approach to treatment
998:
407:{\displaystyle MUAMC=MUAC-\left(\pi \times {\frac {TSF}{10}}\right)}
184:
The triceps skin fold is the width of a fold of skin taken over the
1868:(3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 441–446.
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2245:
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1998:
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1715:(4). The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc.: 591–595.
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2003:
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18:
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Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance
1492:
William D. McArdle; Frank I. Katch; Victor L. Katch (2007).
1906:
Kinanthropometry and exercise physiology laboratory manual
1582:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp.
1431:
Rebecca J. Stratton; Ceri J. Green; Marinos Elia (2003).
78:
is a set of measurements of the shape of the upper arms.
1866:
Geriatric nutrition: the health professional's handbook
1328:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 17–18, 20–23.
1045:
932:
39:
1406:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press US. pp.
1199:
Pediatric Drug Development: Concepts and Applications
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1960:
1155:(3rd ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp.
1147:Michele Grodner; Sara Long; Sandra DeYoung (2004).
901:{\displaystyle AFI=100\times {\frac {MUAFA}{MUAA}}}
34:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
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16:Set of measurements of the shape of the upper arms
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201:, and Lange calipers with 0.5 mm gradation.
1739:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
990:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
488:{\displaystyle MUAMA={\frac {MUAMC^{2}}{4\pi }}}
312:{\displaystyle MUAA={\frac {MUAC^{2}}{4\pi }}}
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1103:Body composition in biological anthropology
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1789:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
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62:Learn how and when to remove this message
46:, without removing the technical details.
1549:. Springer Publishing Company. pp.
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224:The mid-upper arm circumference is the
188:muscle. It is measured using skinfold
1709:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1676:American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1524:from the original on September 7, 2021
113:). The derived measures include the (
961:. By comparing MUAMA values against
44:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
1243:Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
1201:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 370.
997:and MUAC < 115mm with or without
194:body fat percentage#Skinfold methods
1703:F.I. Katch; T. Hortobagyi (1990).
1466:Travel medicine and migrant health
1369:Handbook of models for human aging
14:
1402:Handbook of physical measurements
1652:(2nd ed.). Human Kinetics.
1352:, doi:10.1017/S1368980017000726
1032:
919:
825:{\displaystyle MUAFA=MUAA-MUAMA}
23:
2783:extensor carpi radialis longus
2710:flexor digitorum superficialis
1847:Handbook of nutrition and food
76:anthropometry of the upper arm
1:
1520:. World Health Organization.
1468:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1075:Nutritional factors include
2993:flexor digiti minimi brevis
1849:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
1518:"Arm circumference-for-age"
1373:. Academic Press. pp.
1151:. In Sandra DeYoung (ed.).
1149:"Nutrition in Patient Care"
3147:
2735:flexor digitorum profundus
1751:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.03.025
2423:
1830:10.1080/03014468100005351
1067:World Health Organization
1003:Severe Acute Malnutrition
995:Global Acute Malnutrition
417:The mid-upper arm muscle
2960:abductor pollicis brevis
2844:extensor pollicis longus
2839:extensor pollicis brevis
2834:abductor pollicis longus
1281:Patterns of human growth
1818:Annals of Human Biology
1801:10.1002/ajpa.1330360304
1464:Cameron Lockie (2000).
1350:Public Health Nutrition
103:upper arm circumference
2998:abductor digiti minimi
2988:opponens digiti minimi
2955:flexor pollicis brevis
2804:extensor carpi ulnaris
2799:extensor digiti minimi
2740:flexor pollicis longus
1954:Human regional anatomy
1650:Human body composition
902:
826:
751:
625:
489:
408:
313:
169:
2873:bicipital aponeurosis
2700:flexor carpi radialis
1721:10.1093/ajcn/52.4.591
1688:10.1093/ajcn/36.4.680
1625:10.1542/peds.36.2.212
1247:. Springer. pp.
903:
827:
752:
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490:
409:
314:
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119:upper arm muscle area
3067:extensor retinaculum
2705:flexor carpi ulnaris
1322:A. Roberto Frisancho
1279:Barry Bogin (1999).
1015:X-ray absorptiometry
842:
771:
637:
511:
428:
334:
258:
2895:antebrachial fascia
2829:anatomical snuffbox
2640:triangular interval
2597:intermuscular septa
2489:infraspinous fascia
2484:supraspinous fascia
963:computed tomography
912:Theory and practice
3097:palmar aponeurosis
3092:flexor retinaculum
3072:extensor expansion
2916:osborne's ligament
2794:extensor digitorum
2730:pronator quadratus
2630:quadrangular space
2564:articularis cubiti
1065:individuals.) The
1044:. You can help by
931:. You can help by
898:
822:
760:The mid-upper arm
747:
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485:
404:
322:The mid-upper arm
309:
247:The mid-upper arm
177:Principal measures
170:
135:upper arm fat area
3113:
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2967:adductor pollicis
2950:opponens pollicis
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1745:(10): 2031–2033.
1439:. CABI. pp.
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207:olecranon process
91:triceps skin fold
85:measures are the
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71:
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2851:extensor indicis
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2635:triangular space
2526:coracobrachialis
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2145:Vertebral column
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327:in millimetres:
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240:Derived measures
215:acromion process
87:upper arm length
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3005:palmaris brevis
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2778:brachioradialis
2762:
2744:
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2695:palmaris longus
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2592:brachial fascia
2587:axillary fascia
2582:axillary sheath
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2554:triceps brachii
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1605:Further reading
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1476:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1320:
1319:
1298:
1291:
1278:
1277:
1266:
1259:
1238:
1237:
1216:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1174:
1167:
1146:
1145:
1120:
1113:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1042:needs expansion
1027:
1011:
1001:corresponds to
986:
954:
945:
939:
936:
929:needs expansion
914:
882:
865:
840:
839:
769:
768:
737:
698:
689:
685:
669:
665:
664:
663:
635:
634:
611:
572:
563:
559:
543:
539:
538:
537:
509:
508:
475:
464:
451:
426:
425:
383:
374:
370:
332:
331:
299:
288:
278:
256:
255:
242:
179:
162:
68:
57:
51:
48:
40:help improve it
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2939:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:cubital tunnel
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:common tendons
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2769:
2767:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:pronator teres
2686:
2684:
2673:
2664:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2479:deltoid fascia
2475:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1901:
1891:(2): 181–225.
1880:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1824:(6): 495–517.
1813:
1795:(3): 341–351.
1784:
1763:
1733:
1700:
1682:(4): 680–690.
1664:
1658:
1645:
1619:(2): 212–218.
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1566:
1559:
1535:
1509:
1502:
1481:
1474:
1456:
1449:
1423:
1416:
1390:
1383:
1357:
1341:
1334:
1296:
1289:
1264:
1257:
1214:
1207:
1172:
1165:
1118:
1111:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1060:
1059:
1053:September 2009
1039:
1037:
1026:
1023:
1010:
1007:
985:
982:
953:
950:
947:
946:
940:September 2009
926:
924:
913:
910:
909:
908:
894:
891:
888:
885:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
833:
832:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
758:
757:
743:
740:
735:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
707:
704:
701:
695:
692:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
668:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
631:
617:
614:
609:
606:
601:
596:
591:
585:
581:
578:
575:
569:
566:
562:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
542:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
496:
495:
481:
478:
471:
467:
463:
460:
457:
454:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
415:
414:
402:
396:
392:
389:
386:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
320:
319:
305:
302:
295:
291:
287:
284:
281:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
241:
238:
178:
175:
161:
158:
81:The principal
70:
69:
52:September 2009
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3143:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Anthropometry
3124:
3123:
3121:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:lateral volar
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:subscapularis
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:infraspinatus
2441:
2439:
2438:supraspinatus
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1917:
1915:9780415236133
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:Human Biology
1881:
1877:
1875:9780763731816
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1856:9780849392184
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:Human Biology
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1659:9780736046558
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:9780763729677
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1560:9780826113689
1556:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1503:9780781749909
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:0-443-06242-0
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1450:9780851996486
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1417:9780195301496
1413:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1384:9780123693914
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1335:9780472101467
1331:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:9780521564380
1286:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:9780387734804
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:9780470169292
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:9780323020091
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:9780521362672
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1040:This section
1038:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
983:
981:
977:
975:
970:
966:
964:
960:
951:
943:
934:
930:
927:This section
925:
922:
918:
917:
911:
892:
889:
886:
883:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
838:
837:
836:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
767:
766:
765:
763:
741:
738:
733:
730:
725:
720:
715:
709:
705:
702:
699:
693:
690:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
666:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
632:
615:
612:
607:
604:
599:
594:
589:
583:
579:
576:
573:
567:
564:
560:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
540:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
506:
505:
504:
501:
479:
476:
469:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
424:
423:
422:
420:
400:
394:
390:
387:
384:
378:
375:
371:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
330:
329:
328:
325:
303:
300:
293:
289:
285:
282:
279:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
254:
253:
252:
250:
245:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:circumference
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
202:
200:
195:
191:
187:
182:
176:
174:
166:
159:
157:
154:
152:
148:
147:arm fat index
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:anthropometry
79:
77:
66:
63:
55:
45:
41:
35:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3082:
3057:
3025:
3014:intermediate
2976:medial volar
2877:
2814:
2764:superficial:
2763:
2720:
2681:superficial:
2680:
2661:compartments
2624:
2596:
2508:compartments
2433:rotator cuff
2094:Adam's apple
1905:
1888:
1884:
1865:
1846:
1821:
1817:
1792:
1788:
1771:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1712:
1708:
1679:
1675:
1649:
1616:
1612:
1577:
1569:
1545:
1538:
1528:September 7,
1526:. Retrieved
1512:
1493:
1465:
1459:
1434:
1426:
1401:
1393:
1368:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1325:
1280:
1242:
1198:
1152:
1102:
1074:
1071:
1063:
1050:
1046:adding to it
1041:
1019:
1012:
987:
978:
971:
967:
955:
937:
933:adding to it
928:
834:
761:
759:
499:
497:
418:
416:
323:
321:
248:
246:
243:
234:3D printable
230:tape measure
223:
203:
197:0.2 mm
183:
180:
171:
155:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:), and the (
94:
90:
86:
80:
75:
73:
58:
49:
33:
2460:teres major
2448:teres minor
1774:(1): 1–21.
1354:open access
1009:Correlation
633:For women:
145:), and the
3120:Categories
3058:posterior:
3026:interossei
2983:hypothenar
2773:mobile wad
2536:brachialis
2261:Fingernail
1613:Pediatrics
1083:References
1025:Variations
984:Evaluation
3083:anterior:
3021:lumbrical
2824:supinator
2754:posterior
2546:posterior
2177:Genitalia
861:×
805:−
742:π
731:−
694:×
691:π
683:−
616:π
605:−
568:×
565:π
557:−
507:For men:
500:corrected
480:π
379:×
376:π
368:−
304:π
199:gradation
2883:extensor
2671:anterior
2559:anconeus
2518:anterior
2416:Shoulder
2306:Buttocks
2226:Shoulder
2061:Mandible
1994:Forehead
1759:18929034
1641:27667457
1633:14320030
1522:Archived
1324:(1990).
974:cylinder
952:Validity
213:and the
192:. (See
190:calipers
160:Measures
151:body fat
129:), the (
2656:Forearm
2602:lateral
2428:deltoid
2406:of the
2404:Muscles
2351:Toenail
2241:Forearm
2187:Scrotum
2133:Midriff
2123:Abdomen
2116:(Trunk)
2066:Occiput
2009:Eyebrow
1897:7239496
1838:7337414
1809:5035060
1780:5908112
1729:2403053
1696:7124671
1157:406–407
959:humerus
236:bands.
219:scapula
217:of the
209:of the
186:triceps
38:Please
3048:fascia
3036:palmar
3031:dorsal
2945:thenar
2888:flexor
2865:fascia
2787:brevis
2625:spaces
2607:medial
2574:fascia
2531:biceps
2470:fascia
2286:Little
2276:Middle
2256:Finger
2231:Axilla
2172:Pelvis
2165:Nipple
2160:Breast
2155:Thorax
2099:Throat
2076:Temple
2039:Tongue
2019:Eyelid
1912:
1895:
1872:
1853:
1836:
1807:
1778:
1757:
1727:
1694:
1656:
1639:
1631:
1590:
1557:
1500:
1472:
1447:
1414:
1381:
1332:
1287:
1255:
1251:–301.
1205:
1163:
1109:
999:Oedema
324:muscle
89:, the
2904:other
2815:deep:
2721:deep:
2618:other
2336:Ankle
2316:Thigh
2271:Index
2266:Thumb
2246:Wrist
2236:Elbow
2209:Limbs
2192:Vulva
2182:Penis
2138:Navel
2128:Waist
2114:Torso
2071:Scalp
2044:Tooth
2029:Mouth
1999:Cheek
1672:(PDF)
1637:S2CID
2930:Hand
2785:and
2356:Sole
2341:Heel
2331:Foot
2326:Calf
2321:Knee
2281:Ring
2251:Hand
2199:Anus
2150:Back
2104:Nape
2086:Neck
2024:Nose
2004:Chin
1989:Face
1984:Hair
1976:Head
1968:Skin
1962:Body
1910:ISBN
1893:PMID
1870:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1834:PMID
1805:PMID
1776:PMID
1755:PMID
1725:PMID
1692:PMID
1654:ISBN
1629:PMID
1588:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1530:2021
1498:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1285:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1077:zinc
498:The
419:area
249:area
211:ulna
143:UAFA
131:mid-
127:UAMA
115:mid-
99:mid-
74:The
3131:Arm
2503:Arm
2408:arm
2346:Toe
2311:Hip
2298:Leg
2218:Arm
2056:Jaw
2051:Ear
2034:Lip
2014:Eye
1826:doi
1797:doi
1747:doi
1717:doi
1684:doi
1621:doi
1584:227
1375:982
1249:299
1048:.
935:.
858:100
762:fat
734:6.5
232:or
111:UAC
95:TSF
42:to
3122::
1889:53
1887:.
1832:.
1820:.
1803:.
1793:36
1791:.
1772:38
1770:.
1753:.
1743:89
1741:.
1723:.
1713:52
1711:.
1707:.
1690:.
1680:36
1678:.
1674:.
1635:.
1627:.
1617:36
1615:.
1586:.
1553:.
1551:98
1484:^
1443:.
1441:50
1410:.
1408:67
1377:.
1299:^
1267:^
1217:^
1175:^
1159:.
1121:^
1091:^
1017:.
1005:.
710:10
608:10
584:10
395:10
221:.
137:((
121:((
105:((
2663:)
2659:(
2510:)
2506:(
2472::
2396:e
2389:t
2382:v
1946:e
1939:t
1932:v
1918:.
1899:.
1878:.
1859:.
1840:.
1828::
1822:8
1811:.
1799::
1782:.
1761:.
1749::
1731:.
1719::
1698:.
1686::
1662:.
1643:.
1623::
1596:.
1563:.
1532:.
1506:.
1478:.
1453:.
1420:.
1387:.
1338:.
1293:.
1261:.
1211:.
1169:.
1115:.
1055:)
1051:(
942:)
938:(
893:A
890:A
887:U
884:M
879:A
876:F
873:A
870:U
867:M
855:=
852:I
849:F
846:A
820:A
817:M
814:A
811:U
808:M
802:A
799:A
796:U
793:M
790:=
787:A
784:F
781:A
778:U
775:M
739:4
726:2
721:)
716:)
706:F
703:S
700:T
687:(
680:C
677:A
674:U
671:M
667:(
659:=
656:A
653:M
650:A
647:U
644:M
641:C
613:4
600:2
595:)
590:)
580:F
577:S
574:T
561:(
554:C
551:A
548:U
545:M
541:(
533:=
530:A
527:M
524:A
521:U
518:M
515:C
477:4
470:2
466:C
462:M
459:A
456:U
453:M
447:=
444:A
441:M
438:A
435:U
432:M
401:)
391:F
388:S
385:T
372:(
365:C
362:A
359:U
356:M
353:=
350:C
347:M
344:A
341:U
338:M
301:4
294:2
290:C
286:A
283:U
280:M
274:=
271:A
268:A
265:U
262:M
141:)
139:M
133:)
125:)
123:M
117:)
109:)
107:M
101:)
93:(
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59:(
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50:(
36:.
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