984:
1059:. Exenatide is not an analogue of GLP but rather a GLP agonist. Exenatide has only 53% homology with GLP, which increases its resistance to degradation by DPP-4 and extends its half-life. A 2011 Cochrane review showed a HbA1c reduction of 0.20% more with Exenatide 2 mg compared to insulin glargine, exenatide 10 μg twice daily, sitagliptin and pioglitazone. Exenatide, together with liraglutide, led to greater weight loss than glucagon-like peptide analogues.
419:, a type of nuclear regulatory protein involved in the transcription of genes that regulate glucose and fat metabolism. These PPARs act on peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPRE). The PPREs influence insulin-sensitive genes, which enhance production of mRNAs of insulin-dependent enzymes. The final result is better use of glucose by the cells. These drugs also enhance PPAR-α activity and hence lead to a rise in HDL and some larger components of LDL.
6148:
200:. In acute care settings, insulin may also be given intravenously. Insulins are typically characterized by the rate at which they are metabolized by the body, yielding different peak times and durations of action. Faster-acting insulins peak quickly and are subsequently metabolized, while longer-acting insulins tend to have extended peak times and remain active in the body for more significant periods.
6169:
462:(AACE), which provides clinical practice guidelines for management of diabetes, retains thiazolidinediones as recommended first, second, or third line agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus, as of their 2019 executive summary, over sulfonylureas and α-glucosidase inhibitors. However, they are less preferred than GLP-1 agonists or SGLT2 inhibitors, especially in patients with cardiovascular disease (which
931:
811:
543:
1289:, as these medications have been shown to reduce the risk of hospitalization in patients with such comorbidities. Because they are not available as generic medications, however, cost may limit their feasibility for many patients. Furthermore, there has been growing evidence that the effectiveness and safety of this drug class could depend on genetic variability of the patients.
661:. Sulfonylureas are useful only in type 2 diabetes, as they work by stimulating endogenous release of insulin. They work best with patients over 40 years old who have had diabetes mellitus for under ten years. They cannot be used with type 1 diabetes, or diabetes of pregnancy. They can be safely used with metformin or glitazones. The primary side-effect is
654:(gliptins). The low cost of most sulfonylureas, however, especially when considering their significant efficacy in blood glucose reduction, tends to keep them as a more feasible option in many patients - neither SGLT2 inhibitors nor GLP-1 agonists, the classes most favored by the AACE guidelines after metformin, are currently available as generics.
1081:(FDA) on January 25, 2010. A 2011 Cochrane review showed a HbA1c reduction of 0.24% more with liraglutide 1.8 mg compared to insulin glargine, 0.33% more than exenatide 10 μg twice daily, sitagliptin and rosiglitazone. Liraglutide, together with exenatide, led to greater weight loss than glucagon-like peptide analogues.
68:, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of hypoglycemic drugs, and selection of the appropriate agent depends on the nature of diabetes, age, and situation of the person, as well as other patient factors.
3581:
457:
Multiple retrospective studies have resulted in a concern about rosiglitazone's safety, although it is established that the group, as a whole, has beneficial effects on diabetes. The greatest concern is an increase in the number of severe cardiac events in patients taking it. The ADOPT study showed
485:
panel voted, with some controversy, 20:3 that available studies "supported a signal of harm", but voted 22:1 to keep the drug on the market. The meta-analysis was not supported by an interim analysis of the trial designed to evaluate the issue, and several other reports have failed to conclude the
80:
is a disease of insulin resistance by cells. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. Treatments include agents that (1) increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, (2) increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, (3) decrease the rate at which glucose is
1280:
in kidneys, reabsorption of glucose in into the renal tubules, promoting excretion of glucose in the urine. This causes both mild weight loss, and a mild reduction in blood sugar levels with little risk of hypoglycemia. Oral preparations may be available alone or in combination with other agents.
880:
are a class of diabetes drugs, however, they are technically not hypoglycemic agents because they do not have a direct effect on insulin secretion or sensitivity. These agents slow the digestion of starch in the small intestine, such that glucose from the starch enters the bloodstream at a slower
771:
help the pancreas produce insulin and are often called "short-acting secretagogues." They act on the same potassium channels as sulfonylureas, but at a different binding site. By closing the potassium channels of the pancreatic beta cells, they open the calcium channels, thereby enhancing insulin
385:
Metformin is a first-line medication used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is generally prescribed at initial diagnosis in conjunction with exercise and weight loss, as opposed to the past, where it was prescribed after diet and exercise had failed. There is an immediate-release as well as an
1281:
Along with GLP-1 agonists, they are considered preferred second or third agents for type 2 diabetics sub-optimally controlled with metformin alone, according to most recent clinical practice guidelines. Because they are taken by mouth, rather than injected (like GLP-1 agonists), patients who are
1341:
The following table compares some common anti-diabetic agents, generalizing classes, although there may be substantial variation in individual drugs of each class. When the table makes a comparison such as "lower risk" or "more convenient" the comparison is with the other drugs on the table.
679:
did not improve control of glucose levels more than insulin at 3 nor 12 months of treatment. This same review actually found evidence that treatment with
Sulfonylureas could lead to earlier insulin dependence, with 30% of cases requiring insulin at 2 years. When studies measured fasting
627:. Eight types of these pills have been marketed in North America, but not all remain available. The "second-generation" sulfonylureas are now more commonly used. They are more effective than first-generation drugs and have fewer side-effects. All may cause weight gain.
1023:
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) agonists bind to a membrane GLP receptor. As a consequence, insulin release from the pancreatic beta cells is increased. Endogenous GLP has a half-life of only a few minutes, thus an analogue of GLP would not be practical. As of 2019, the
916:
These medications are rarely used in the United States because of the severity of their side-effects (flatulence and bloating). They are more commonly prescribed in Europe. They do have the potential to cause weight loss by lowering the amount of sugar metabolized.
684:, no intervention influenced its concentration, but insulin maintained concentration better compared to Sulphonylurea. Still, it is important to highlight that the studies available to be included in this review presented considerable flaws in quality and design.
1143:(DPP-4) inhibitors were weight-neutral and are associated with increased risk for infection and headache. Both classes appear to present an alternative to other antidiabetic drugs. However, weight gain and/or hypoglycemia have been observed when
1768:
treatments has been researched, however due to methodological flaws of relevant studies and research, it has not been possible to draw conclusions regarding efficacy of these treatments and there is insufficient evidence to recommend them.
2322:
1756:(Onglyza), the glifozins, the incretins and various combinations. Sitagliptin patent expired in July 2022, leading to launch of generic sitagliptin brands . This lowered the cost of therapy for type 2 diabetes using sitagliptin .
1032:
in particular may be considered first-line in diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease, as it has received FDA approval for reduction of risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. In a 2011
513:
has been reported to potentiate insulin signaling in a manner that is distinct from the glitazones. The compound has demonstrated positive results in a Phase 2a clinical study involving 130 diabetic subjects.
344:, a biguanide, has become the most commonly used agent for type 2 diabetes in children and teenagers. Among common diabetic drugs, Metformin is the only widely used oral drug that does not cause weight gain.
3997:
265:
Insulin degludec is sometimes classed separately as an "ultra-long" acting insulin due to its duration of action of about 42 hours, compared with 24 hours for most other long-acting insulin preparations.
2468:"Consensus Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm - 2019 Executive Summary"
1216:
was shown to reduce HbA1c by 0.7% (combined result of both doses). A combined result of 5 RCTs enlisting a total of 279 patients aged 65 or older (mean baseline HbA1c of 8%) receiving 5 mg/d of
3312:
Barzilei N, Mahoney EM, Guo H (2009). "Sitagliptin is well tolerated and leads to rapid improvement in blood glucose in the first days of monotherapy in patients aged 65 years and older with T2DM".
2343:
Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE (September 2007). "Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials".
2716:
1044:
function, but this effect does not last after treatment is stopped. Due to shorter duration of studies, this review did not allow for long-term positiver or negative effects to be assessed.
2620:"The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study"
2319:
6100:
5180:
2387:
3990:
358:(Glucophage) may be the best choice for patients who also have heart failure, but it should be temporarily discontinued before any radiographic procedure involving intravenous
3827:
3715:
2930:
1220:
was shown to reduce HbA1c by 0.73%. A combined result of 5 RCTs enlisting a total of 238 patients aged 65 or older (mean baseline HbA1c of 8.6%) receiving 100 mg/d of
3739:
1025:
631:
459:
634:
rate sulfonylureas (as well as glinides) below all other classes of antidiabetic drugs in terms of suggested use as first, second, or third line agents - this includes
6414:
1634:
416:
412:
6157:
3983:
336:
glucose output and increase uptake of glucose by the periphery, including skeletal muscle. Although it must be used with caution in patients with impaired liver or
881:
rate, and can be matched more effectively by an impaired insulin response or sensitivity. These agents are effective by themselves only in the earliest stages of
3047:
Cvetković RS, Plosker GL (2007). "Exenatide: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (as an adjunct to metformin and/or a sulfonylurea)".
3331:
Doucet J, Chacra A, Maheux P, Lu J, Harris S, Rosenstock J (April 2011). "Efficacy and safety of saxagliptin in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus".
1863:
5170:
269:
As a systematic review of studies comparing insulin detemir, insulin glargine, insulin degludec and NPH insulin did not show any clear benefits or serious
74:
is a disease caused by the lack of insulin. Thus, Insulin is the main treatment agent for type 1 and is typically administered via subcutaneous injection.
5951:
3735:
3415:
Pratley RE, McCall T, Fleck PR, Wilson CA, Mekki Q (November 2009). "Alogliptin use in elderly people: a pooled analysis from phase 2 and 3 studies".
2708:
5148:
4573:
2193:
1228:(approved by FDA in 2013) was shown to reduce HbA1c by 0.73% in 455 patients aged 65 or older who received 12.5 or 25 mg/d of the medication.
3228:
303:
Insulin is not administered by other routes, although this has been studied. An inhaled form was briefly licensed but was subsequently withdrawn.
3975:
3625:
3197:
3252:
1120:
These agents may also cause a decrease in gastric motility, responsible for the common side-effect of nausea, which tends to subside with time.
775:
They are taken with or shortly before meals to boost the insulin response to each meal. If a meal is skipped, the medication is also skipped.
84:
Several drug classes are indicated for use in type 2 diabetes and are often used in combination. Therapeutic combinations may include several
5524:
5110:
4200:
3966:
3943:
3175:
1998:
88:
isoforms or varying classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. As of 2020, 23 unique antihyperglycemic drug combinations were approved by the
6291:
6236:
5811:
5804:
3277:
Amori RE, Lau J, Pittas AG (July 2007). "Efficacy and safety of incretin therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis".
948:
832:
564:
5911:
486:
controversy. This weak evidence for adverse effects has reduced the use of rosiglitazone, despite its important and sustained effects on
6732:
4967:
1285:
may prefer these agents over the former. They may be considered first line in diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease, especially
478:
109:
93:
5554:
2379:
6206:
5417:
1872:
3878:
Sridharan K, Mohan R, Ramaratnam S, Panneerselvam D, et al. (Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (December 2011).
6686:
6336:
3820:
3700:
1212:
A result in one RCT comprising 206 patients aged 65 or older (mean baseline HgbA1c of 7.8%) receiving either 50 or 100 mg/d of
1078:
970:
858:
590:
2908:
6562:
4670:
3750:
3148:
2256:
1753:
1144:
1134:
651:
177:(SGLT2) decreases glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules of nephrons, thus increasing the amount of glucose excreted in urine.
3771:"Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations"
3121:
1040:, GLP-1 agonists showed approximately a 1% reduction in HbA1c when compared to placebo. GLP-1 agonists also show improvement of
5707:
5163:
4425:
4150:
3606:
Imamovic Kadric S, Kulo Cesic A, Dujic T. Pharmacogenetics of new classes of antidiabetic drugs. Bosn J of Basic Med Sci. 2021.
3559:
3094:
2931:"Victoza (liraglutide) is Approved to Reduce the Risk of Three Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes Patients"
1390:
617:
3852:
1317:
The side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are derived directly from their mechanism of action; these include an increased risk of:
3161:"Clinical Study Shows Liraglutide Reduced Blood Sugar, Weight, And Blood Pressure In Patients With Type 2 Diabetes" June 2008
952:
836:
568:
1839:
6452:
4112:
3935:
1255:, which occurs mostly at the beginning of treatment and gradually reduces. Typical reductions in A1C values are 0.5–1.0%.
5406:
497:
may decrease the overall incidence of cardiac events in people with type 2 diabetes who have already had a heart attack.
6753:
6492:
6419:
5188:
4154:
2553:
2437:
1503:
1420:
482:
297:. The same review did not find any differences in effects of using these insulin analogues between adults and children.
290:
89:
6404:
6329:
6324:
6017:
5127:
4803:
4217:
1736:
1564:
877:
872:
643:
2955:
Briones M, Bajaj M (June 2006). "Exenatide: a GLP-1 receptor agonist as novel therapy for Type 2 diabetes mellitus".
2164:"Phenformin-induced lactic acidosis in an older diabetic patient: a recurrent drama (phenformin and lactic acidosis)"
821:
553:
6636:
6465:
6272:
5667:
5156:
4765:
4631:
4164:
3376:"Management of type 2 diabetes in treatment-naive elderly patients: benefits and risks of vildagliptin monotherapy"
3145:"Clinical Study Shows Liraglutide Reduced Blood Sugar, Weight, and Blood Pressure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes"
1008:
882:
2550:"FDA Advisory Panels Acknowledge Signal of Risk With Rosiglitazone, but Stop Short of Recommending Its Withdrawal"
941:
840:
825:
572:
557:
6539:
6487:
6384:
5072:
4972:
4962:
2661:"Cross talk of pp125(FAK) and pp59(Lyn) non-receptor tyrosine kinases to insulin-mimetic signaling in adipocytes"
1074:
458:
that initial therapy with drugs of this type may prevent the progression of disease, as did the DREAM trial. The
434:
6722:
6460:
6267:
5077:
5047:
4992:
4952:
4416:
4252:
1646:
1028:
lists GLP-1 agonists, along with SGLT2 inhibitors, as the most preferred anti-diabetic agents after metformin.
77:
71:
5057:
5037:
4982:
2163:
5032:
5027:
6614:
6579:
5722:
5400:
5251:
5115:
5087:
5062:
5042:
5007:
4987:
4977:
4957:
4947:
4870:
4205:
3134:"Liraglutide Provides Significantly Better Glucose Control Than Insulin Glargine In Phase 3 Study" June 2007
1582:
Inhibit carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting enzymes that break down polysaccharides
1478:
1414:
1326:
1322:
1052:
1034:
1004:
669:
5022:
5017:
3374:
Pratley RE, Rosenstock J, Pi-Sunyer FX, Banerji MA, Schweizer A, Couturier A, et al. (December 2007).
437:
recommended in
September 2010 that it be suspended from the EU market due to elevated cardiovascular risks.
6527:
6409:
6379:
6369:
6284:
6255:
6199:
5759:
5514:
5092:
5052:
5012:
4875:
2115:"Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review"
1790:"Trends in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: FDA Approved Drugs, New Drugs in Clinical Trials and Global Sales"
1550:
1248:
1140:
1012:
1011:(glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, GIP). Both GLP-1 and GIP are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme
53:
6557:
6552:
6346:
5444:
5380:
5225:
5082:
5067:
5002:
4997:
2113:
Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Varney J, et al. (September 2007).
282:
3224:
3621:
3201:
2466:
Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, et al. (January 2019).
6717:
6676:
6609:
6599:
6594:
6482:
6249:
5519:
5499:
5368:
4942:
3225:"Novo Nordisk Receives US Approval for Victoza(R) (Liraglutide) for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes"
477:
Concerns about the safety of rosiglitazone arose when a retrospective meta-analysis was published in
300:
Most oral anti-diabetic agents are contraindicated in pregnancy, in which case insulin is preferred.
187:
85:
49:
6727:
6712:
6641:
6626:
6621:
6604:
6589:
6574:
6517:
6512:
6444:
6374:
6128:
5864:
5650:
5429:
2509:"Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes"
1604:
1522:
1514:
1206:
1139:
GLP-1 analogs resulted in weight loss and had more gastrointestinal side-effects, while in general
893:
779:
688:
423:
348:
294:
278:
193:
6168:
4694:
4464:
3171:
3118:"Liraglutide Provides Significantly Better Glucose Control Than Insulin Glargine in Phase 3 Study"
983:
81:
absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and (4) increase the loss of glucose through urination.
6691:
6279:
6162:
6027:
5886:
5340:
4714:
4128:
3440:
3356:
3072:
3029:
2980:
2600:
1730:
1619:
1526:
1459:
1147:
were used with sulfonylureas; effects on long-term health and morbidity rates are still unknown.
312:
140:
31:
1679:
Rosiglitazone has been linked to increased triglycerides and an increased risk of a heart attack
443:(Actos): remains on the market but has also been associated with increased cardiovascular risks.
30:
This article is about treatment of diabetes mellitus. For treatment of diabetes insipidus, see
6497:
6434:
6364:
6319:
6192:
6123:
5906:
5896:
5799:
5629:
5585:
5569:
5373:
5363:
5306:
5296:
4643:
4289:
4176:
4062:
3962:
3939:
3905:
3800:
3670:
3605:
3532:
3481:
3432:
3397:
3348:
3294:
3064:
3021:
2972:
2883:
2842:
2786:
2690:
2641:
2592:
2530:
2489:
2360:
2301:
2230:
2185:
2144:
2095:
2077:
2037:
1994:
1959:
1900:
1868:
1821:
1037:
672:
647:
404:
399:
219:
164:
45:
41:
3821:"The Oral Diabetes Drugs Treating Type 2 Diabetes Comparing Effectiveness, Safety, and Price"
3769:
Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, Segal JB, Wilson LM, Chatterjee R, et al. (May 2011).
6472:
6133:
5956:
5881:
5869:
5794:
5660:
5539:
5328:
4930:
4146:
4108:
3928:
3895:
3887:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3711:
3696:
3660:
3522:
3512:
3471:
3424:
3387:
3340:
3286:
3056:
3011:
2964:
2873:
2832:
2824:
2776:
2768:
2680:
2672:
2631:
2584:
2520:
2479:
2352:
2291:
2220:
2175:
2134:
2126:
2085:
2067:
2027:
1949:
1941:
1811:
1801:
1788:
Dahlén AD, Dashi G, Maslov I, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Trukhan V, et al. (January 2022).
1701:
1088:
487:
387:
3000:"Exenatide in type 2 diabetes: treatment effects in clinical studies and animal study data"
1893:"Insulin – Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens, and Principles of Intensive Insulin Therapy"
1243:. They have all the incretins actions except stimulation of insulin secretion. As of 2007,
6671:
6341:
6242:
6229:
6173:
6118:
5987:
5982:
5821:
5754:
5749:
5635:
5581:
5422:
5313:
5266:
4103:
4085:
2326:
1510:
1282:
1269:
1056:
886:
366:
174:
2618:
Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM (May 2007).
17:
3460:"Review of pramlintide as adjunctive therapy in treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes"
2090:
2055:
390:
side-effects. It is also available in combination with other oral diabetic medications.
167:
enzyme, decreases the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
6631:
6504:
6152:
6052:
6047:
5901:
5891:
5841:
5826:
5816:
5717:
5712:
5702:
5640:
5612:
5564:
5559:
5291:
5246:
5242:
5121:
4865:
4530:
4459:
4211:
4160:
4067:
4057:
4037:
4015:
3955:
3900:
3879:
3795:
3770:
3527:
3500:
2904:
2878:
2861:
2837:
2812:
2781:
2756:
2180:
2139:
2114:
1987:
1954:
1929:
1816:
1789:
1689:
1555:
1518:
1408:
744:
713:
665:, which appears to happen more commonly with sulfonylureas than with other treatments.
658:
375:(DBI) was used from 1960s through 1980s, but was withdrawn due to lactic acidosis risk.
213:
207:
3144:
2248:
1247:
is the only clinically available amylin analogue. Like insulin, it is administered by
6747:
6648:
6569:
6547:
6084:
6057:
5916:
5734:
5645:
5625:
5621:
5484:
5412:
5301:
5216:
4911:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4734:
4490:
4449:
4337:
4332:
4322:
4317:
4123:
3551:
3428:
3360:
3117:
3091:"Novo Nordisk Files for Regulatory Approval of Liraglutide in Both the US and Europe"
3076:
3060:
3016:
2999:
2709:"Melior Pharmaceuticals Announces Positive Phase 2A Results in Type 2 Diabetes Study"
2685:
2676:
2660:
1858:
1748:
Combination of sulfonylureas plus metformin – known by generic names of the two drugs
1718:
1662:
1627:
1536:
1532:
1484:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1193:
729:
703:
635:
471:
467:
430:
362:
121:
105:
3444:
3090:
2984:
2604:
6653:
6394:
6389:
6042:
5961:
5697:
5655:
5489:
5479:
5395:
5390:
4744:
4739:
4719:
4621:
4611:
4606:
4495:
4469:
4437:
4397:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4352:
4342:
4327:
4307:
4293:
4019:
3891:
3033:
2828:
2772:
2320:"European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim"
1945:
1623:
1443:
1367:
1330:
1318:
1273:
1221:
1161:
1084:
1066:
1003:. The two main candidate molecules that fulfill criteria for being an incretin are
1000:
676:
662:
609:
604:
522:
494:
446:
440:
274:
197:
5600:
3552:"Drug Safety and Availability - Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors"
3622:"SGLT2 Inhibitors (Gliflozins) – Drugs, Suitability, Benefits & Side Effects"
3344:
6696:
6424:
6262:
5926:
5836:
5576:
5529:
5474:
5357:
5323:
4729:
4724:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4655:
4649:
4616:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4540:
4525:
4510:
4500:
4479:
4454:
4402:
4360:
4312:
4302:
4118:
2130:
1930:"(Ultra-)long-acting insulin analogues for people with type 1 diabetes mellitus"
1742:
1668:
1434:
1375:
1244:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1062:
1029:
930:
810:
791:
786:
768:
763:
734:
698:
639:
542:
493:
In contrast, at least one large prospective study, PROactive 05, has shown that
463:
270:
117:
101:
65:
57:
2636:
2619:
1892:
6356:
6104:
6075:
6033:
6002:
5997:
5936:
5931:
5921:
5859:
5845:
5785:
5740:
5688:
5608:
5604:
5545:
5505:
5460:
5456:
5346:
5282:
5232:
5197:
5193:
4906:
4793:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4520:
4505:
4474:
4279:
3665:
3648:
2968:
2575:
Ajjan RA, Grant PJ (July 2008). "The cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone".
2383:
1806:
1724:
1540:
1225:
1185:
749:
739:
708:
510:
372:
248:
Examples of long-acting insulins (duration 24 hours, often without peak) are:
3253:"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors ('gliptins') for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
2588:
2549:
2433:
2410:
2356:
2081:
525:
are drugs that increase output from a gland, in the case of insulin from the
6399:
6012:
5992:
5966:
5941:
5876:
5854:
5682:
5595:
5469:
4916:
4831:
4821:
4788:
4639:
4596:
4515:
4274:
4261:
2072:
1609:
Increased risk of GI side effects than other diabetes pills except metformin
1576:
1531:
Risk of lactic acidosis also is increased for people with unstable or acute
1453:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1264:
1224:
was shown to reduce HbA1c by 1.2%. Another set of 6 combined RCTs involving
1107:
1048:
1041:
910:
723:
681:
624:
450:
355:
341:
329:
324:
150:
113:
97:
61:
3909:
3804:
3674:
3609:
3536:
3485:
3436:
3401:
3352:
3298:
3290:
3068:
3025:
2976:
2887:
2846:
2790:
2755:
Shyangdan DS, Royle P, Clar C, Sharma P, Waugh N, Snaith A (October 2011).
2694:
2645:
2596:
2534:
2493:
2380:"Retired Drugs: Failed Blockbusters, Homicidal Tampering, Fatal Oversights"
2364:
2305:
2189:
2148:
2099:
2041:
1963:
1904:
1825:
386:
extended-release formulation, typically reserved for patients experiencing
139:: Increased sensitivity of insulin receptors on cells leading to decreased
2862:"Advances in diabetes for the millennium: drug therapy of type 2 diabetes"
2296:
2279:
2234:
6429:
6215:
6113:
5977:
5973:
5946:
5385:
5318:
5237:
4816:
4811:
4269:
2525:
2508:
2484:
2467:
1765:
1572:
1568:
1240:
1151:
996:
905:
900:
612:
were the first widely used oral anti-hyperglycemic medications. They are
526:
481:. There have been a significant number of publications since then, and a
378:
241:
Isophane insulin, neutral protamine
Hagedorn (NPH) (Humulin N, Novolin N)
154:
3517:
2280:"Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and lipoprotein metabolism"
6089:
6007:
5672:
5439:
5261:
5211:
4033:
4011:
3476:
3459:
2225:
2208:
2032:
2015:
1544:
1277:
1070:
955: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3740:"Oral Diabetes Medications for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. An Update"
3649:"Trends in ethical and legal frameworks for the use of human biobanks"
3392:
3375:
2016:"Inhaled insulin: overview of a novel route of insulin administration"
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
5771:
5434:
4385:
1673:
Are associated with a higher risk of edema, anemia and bone fractures
1458:
Acts on the liver to reduce gluconeogenesis and causes a decrease in
1252:
1236:
691: (A1C) values for second-generation sulfonylureas are 1.0–2.0%.
359:
337:
286:
2811:
Brophy S, Davies H, Mannan S, Brunt H, Williams R (September 2011).
2207:
Verdonck LF, Sangster B, van Heijst AN, de Groot G, Maes RA (1981).
1065:, a once-daily human analogue (97% homology), has been developed by
1714:
Many anti-diabetes drugs are available as generics. These include:
1682:
Pioglitazone has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer
6071:
5781:
5276:
4389:
982:
333:
311:
Insulin sensitizers address the core problem in type 2 diabetes –
6681:
5775:
1463:
1251:. The most frequent and severe adverse effect of pramlintide is
237:
Examples of intermediate-acting insulins (peak 4–10 hours) are:
6188:
5152:
4240:
4031:
3979:
2813:"Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults"
2757:"Glucagon-like peptide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus"
2411:"Expert Column – A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial (ADOPT)"
924:
804:
536:
506:
408:
3501:"Canagliflozin: a novel treatment option for type 2 diabetes"
1587:
Slightly lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas
3647:
Cambon-Thomsen A, Rial-Sebbag E, Knoppers BM (August 2007).
2209:"Buformin concentrations in a case of fatal lactic acidosis"
6184:
96:
of oral anti-diabetics was approved in 2019, consisting of
1603:
Less effective than most other diabetes pills in lowering
1474:
Lower risk of hypoglycemia compared to other antidiabetics
1272:
block the sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 proteins in
132:
Diabetes medications have four main mechanisms of action:
1895:. In Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G (eds.).
1209:
values by 0.74%, comparable to other antidiabetic drugs.
885:, but can be helpful in combination with other agents in
203:
Examples of rapid-acting insulins (peak at ~1 hour) are:
797:
Adverse reactions include weight gain and hypoglycemia.
226:
Examples of short-acting insulins (peak 2–4 hours) are:
143:, and higher effects of insulin on blood glucose levels.
3172:"Liraglutide – Next-Generation Antidiabetic Medication"
2899:
2897:
2434:"DREAM: Rosiglitazone Effective in Preventing Diabetes"
1861:, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
27:
Drugs that lower blood glucose levels to treat diabetes
5181:
3679:
adapted from table 2, which includes a list of issues
2162:
Fimognari FL, Pastorelli R, Incalzi RA (April 2006).
1993:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1928:
Hemmingsen B, Metzendorf MI, Richter B (March 2021).
1239:
agonist analogues slow gastric emptying and suppress
1150:
DPP-4 inhibitors increase blood concentration of the
1019:
Injectable glucagon-like peptide analogs and agonists
3953:
Adams, Michael Ian, Holland, Norman
Norwood (2003).
1857:
Powers AC (2011). "Diabetes
Mellitus". In Longo DL,
426: (A1C) values are 1.5–2.0%. Some examples are:
149:: This stimulation increases insulin secretion from
6705:
6662:
6538:
6443:
6355:
6222:
6098:
6070:
6026:
5835:
5770:
5733:
5681:
5594:
5538:
5498:
5455:
5339:
5275:
5187:
4929:
4899:
4830:
4802:
4764:
4757:
4669:
4630:
4572:
4539:
4436:
4424:
4415:
4384:
4351:
4288:
4260:
4251:
4174:
4137:
4094:
4076:
4048:
3930:
Therapy For
Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders
3701:"The Oral Diabetes Drugs: Treating Type 2 Diabetes"
1446:
slightly more compared to glimepiride and glipizide
3954:
3927:
1986:
1051:(also Exendin-4, marketed as Byetta) is the first
3499:Dietrich E, Powell J, Taylor JR (November 2013).
460:American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
273:for any particular form of insulin for nocturnal
160:
6415:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
1985:Elizabeth D Agabegi, Agabegi, Steven S. (2008).
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
3251:National Prescribing Service (August 1, 2010).
2278:Kersten S (January 2, 2008). Chinetti G (ed.).
1651:Rosiglitazone linked to decreased triglycerides
1087:is presently in Phase III clinical trials with
616:, triggering insulin release by inhibiting the
381:also was withdrawn due to lactic acidosis risk.
3198:"Quarterly R&D; Update - Novo Nordisk A/S"
1783:
1781:
1154:GLP-1 by inhibiting its degradation by DPP-4.
630:Current clinical practice guidelines from the
6200:
5164:
3991:
2624:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1521:or at risk for impaired kidney function from
415:, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
351: (A1C) values for Metformin is 1.5–2.0%
8:
5179:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
3880:"Ayurvedic treatments for diabetes mellitus"
3458:Ryan G, Briscoe TA, Jobe L (February 2009).
1517:; with acute or chronic, moderate or severe
3884:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2817:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2761:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
839:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
571:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
449:(Rezulin): used in 1990s, withdrawn due to
6207:
6193:
6185:
5171:
5157:
5149:
4935:
4761:
4627:
4433:
4421:
4257:
4248:
4237:
4045:
4028:
3998:
3984:
3976:
3736:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3417:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
3004:International Journal of Clinical Practice
1864:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1385:Stimulating insulin release by pancreatic
1344:
365:, as patients are at an increased risk of
252:Extended insulin zinc insulin (Ultralente)
3899:
3794:
3664:
3550:Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
3526:
3516:
3475:
3391:
3015:
2877:
2836:
2780:
2684:
2635:
2524:
2483:
2295:
2224:
2179:
2138:
2089:
2071:
2031:
1953:
1815:
1805:
971:Learn how and when to remove this message
859:Learn how and when to remove this message
591:Learn how and when to remove this message
3610:https://doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2021.5646
3214:Oct 2008 Inc results of LEAD 6 extension
1633:Reduce insulin resistance by activating
1492:Lowered all-cause mortality in diabetics
3961:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3787:10.7326/0003-4819-154-9-201105030-00336
2911:from the original on September 27, 2007
2659:Müller G, Wied S, Frick W (July 2000).
2060:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
2056:"Erratum: Metformin: Current knowledge"
1777:
1348:Comparison of anti-diabetic medication
411:), also known as "glitazones," bind to
6158:Pharmacological classification systems
5525:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
3721:from the original on February 27, 2013
3697:Consumer Reports Health Best Buy Drugs
3562:from the original on November 29, 2016
3097:from the original on December 15, 2017
2905:"Helping the pancreas produce insulin"
2196:from the original on December 9, 2012.
1983:Table entries taken from page 185 in:
1055:agonist approved for the treatment of
230:Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
5805:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
3231:from the original on January 29, 2010
3151:from the original on February 5, 2009
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2440:from the original on December 2, 2008
2390:from the original on December 4, 2008
1509:Due to the risk of potentially fatal
1094:Lixisenatide (Lyxumia) Sanofi Aventis
675:from 2011 showed that treatment with
170:
7:
6457:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
4018:, and other drugs used in diabetes (
3628:from the original on August 27, 2017
3505:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3464:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
3333:Current Medical Research and Opinion
2719:from the original on August 12, 2017
1989:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)
1923:
1921:
1886:
1884:
1676:Can increase low-density lipoprotein
1596:No detrimental effect on cholesterol
1205:DPP-4 inhibitors lowered hemoglobin
1182:(Tradjenta) FDA Approved May 2, 2011
1100:(Ozempic) (oral version is Rybelsus)
953:adding citations to reliable sources
837:adding citations to reliable sources
569:adding citations to reliable sources
6733:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
6245:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
5418:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
4988:Glibenclamide (glyburide)/metformin
4968:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin
2556:from the original on March 18, 2014
2513:The New England Journal of Medicine
2020:Vascular Health and Risk Management
1733:(Tzd) – pioglitazone, Actos generic
1721:– glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide
1543:, or who are recovering from major
1077:(EMEA) on July 3, 2009, and by the
479:the New England Journal of Medicine
3853:"Sitagliptin Generic Alternatives"
3833:from the original on June 15, 2013
3178:from the original on June 18, 2010
3124:from the original on July 23, 2010
2259:from the original on March 3, 2016
2181:10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc06-0012
1590:Associated with modest weight loss
1124:Gastric inhibitory peptide analogs
1073:. The product was approved by the
175:sodium-glucose transport protein 2
146:
25:
6687:International Diabetes Federation
2957:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
2507:Nissen SE, Wolski K (June 2007).
2378:Hinterthuer A (October 1, 2008).
1754:dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
1513:, contraindicated in people with
1439:Increase the risk of hypoglycemia
1145:dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
1129:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
1079:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
896: (A1C) values are 0.5–1.0%.
782: (A1C) values are 0.5–1.0%.
490:. Safety studies are continuing.
6563:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
6167:
6147:
6146:
3934:(4th ed.). Alexandria, VA:
3747:Comparative Effectiveness Review
3653:The European Respiratory Journal
3429:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02484.x
3061:10.2165/00003495-200767060-00008
3017:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.01196.x
2677:10.1128/mcb.20.13.4708-4723.2000
1667:Cause an average of 2–5 kg
1433:Cause an average of 2–5 kg
1176:(Onglyza) FDA Approved July 2009
1135:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
929:
809:
541:
474:are all FDA approved to treat).
196:, either by injections or by an
136:
5555:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
1170:(Januvia) FDA approved Oct 2006
940:needs additional citations for
657:Sulfonylureas bind strongly to
233:Prompt insulin zinc (Semilente)
3892:10.1002/14651858.CD008288.pub2
2829:10.1002/14651858.cd006165.pub3
2773:10.1002/14651858.cd006423.pub2
2665:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1946:10.1002/14651858.cd013498.pub2
1867:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1752:No generics are available for
1642:Lower the risk of hypoglycemia
291:health-related quality of life
1:
6622:Diabetes-related skin disease
5307:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3957:Core Concepts in Pharmacology
3936:American Diabetes Association
2577:Expert Opinion on Drug Safety
2432:Gagnon L (October 24, 2006).
2014:Mastrandrea LD (March 2010).
1685:Have a slower onset of action
987:Overview of insulin secretion
6420:Homeostatic model assessment
6018:Wakefulness-promoting agents
4804:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
3926:Lebovitz, Harold E. (2004).
3345:10.1185/03007995.2011.554532
2998:Gallwitz B (December 2006).
2860:Rendell M (September 2004).
1840:"OVERVIEW OF DIABETES DRUGS"
1737:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
1565:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
1525:; and with acute or chronic
1442:Glyburide increases risk of
992:Injectable incretin mimetics
878:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
801:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
638:, the bile acid sequestrant
483:Food and Drug Administration
161:Alpha-glucosidase inhibition
94:The first triple combination
6405:Noninvasive glucose monitor
4766:Aldose reductase inhibitors
3775:Annals of Internal Medicine
2318:European Medicines Agency,
2131:10.1136/bmj.39314.620174.80
1891:Donner T, Sarkar S (2000).
1489:No effect on blood pressure
1471:Associated with weight loss
1423:side effects than metformin
1232:Injectable amylin analogues
873:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
46:glucose levels in the blood
6770:
6637:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
6466:Ambulatory glucose profile
6273:Impaired glucose tolerance
5668:Intravenous immunoglobulin
4632:GLP1 poly-agonist peptides
2637:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.048
1262:
1132:
1009:gastric inhibitory peptide
883:impaired glucose tolerance
870:
761:
623:channel of the pancreatic
602:
397:
322:
261:Insulin degludec (Tresiba)
185:
110:Another triple combination
29:
6385:Postprandial glucose test
6142:
5078:Sitagliptin/ertugliflozin
5073:Sitagliptin/dapagliflozin
4993:Glimepiride/rosiglitazone
4973:Empagliflozin/linagliptin
4963:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin
4938:
4491:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
4247:
4236:
4044:
4027:
3666:10.1183/09031936.00165006
2969:10.1517/14656566.7.8.1055
2325:February 3, 2014, at the
2066:(1): 6. January 4, 2024.
1807:10.3389/fphar.2021.807548
1413:No detrimental effect on
1347:
1164:(Galvus) EU Approved 2008
1075:European Medicines Agency
720:Second-generation agents
435:European Medicines Agency
258:Insulin detemir (Levemir)
255:Insulin glargine (Lantus)
192:Insulin is usually given
147:Stimulation of beta cells
18:Anti-diabetic medications
6723:Epidemiology of diabetes
6461:Blood glucose monitoring
6337:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
6268:Impaired fasting glucose
5723:Topoisomerase inhibitors
5407:renin–angiotensin system
5401:Calcium channel blockers
5058:Pioglitazone/sitagliptin
5048:Pioglitazone/glimepiride
5038:Phenformin/sulfonylureas
4983:Gemigliptin/rosuvastatin
4953:Cagrilintide/semaglutide
2589:10.1517/14740338.7.4.367
2548:Wood S (July 31, 2007).
2357:10.1001/jama.298.10.1180
1647:high-density lipoprotein
1323:urinary tract infections
695:First-generation agents
644:α-glucosidase inhibitors
78:Diabetes mellitus type 2
72:Diabetes mellitus type 1
48:. With the exception of
6580:Neuropathic arthropathy
5088:Sitagliptin/simvastatin
5063:Rosiglitazone/metformin
5043:Pioglitazone/alogliptin
5033:Metformin/teneligliptin
5028:Metformin/sulfonylureas
5008:Metformin/ertugliflozin
4978:Empagliflozin/metformin
4958:Dapagliflozin/metformin
4948:Canagliflozin/metformin
4574:GLP-1 receptor agonists
2073:10.4103/JRMS.JRMS_62_24
1688:Require monitoring for
1593:Decreases triglycerides
1479:low-density lipoprotein
1415:low-density lipoprotein
1327:candidal vulvovaginitis
1116:(Tanzeum) - once weekly
1005:glucagon-like peptide-1
277:, severe hypoglycemia,
54:GLP-1 receptor agonists
6528:Gastric bypass surgery
6410:Insulin tolerance test
6380:Glucose tolerance test
6285:Ketosis-prone diabetes
6256:Diabetes and pregnancy
5515:Hormonal contraception
5445:Bile acid sequestrants
5226:Proton-pump inhibitors
5189:gastrointestinal tract
5093:Vildagliptin/metformin
5053:Pioglitazone/metformin
3291:10.1001/jama.298.2.194
1645:May slightly increase
1551:vitamin B12 deficiency
1249:subcutaneous injection
1141:dipeptidyl peptidase-4
1013:dipeptidyl peptidase-4
988:
892:Typical reductions in
778:Typical reductions in
687:Typical reductions in
453:and liver damage risk.
422:Typical reductions in
38:Drugs used in diabetes
5083:Sitagliptin/metformin
5068:Saxagliptin/metformin
5023:Metformin/repaglinide
5018:Metformin/gemigliptin
4998:Linagliptin/metformin
3756:on September 27, 2013
2249:"diabetesinsulinPPAR"
1661:Increase the risk of
1069:under the brand name
986:
614:insulin secretagogues
501:LYN Kinase Activators
347:Typical reduction in
283:myocardial infarction
137:Insulin sensitization
6718:Glossary of diabetes
6677:Open Insulin Project
6513:Embryonic stem cells
6250:Gestational diabetes
6124:Radiopharmaceuticals
5912:Antiparkinson agents
5013:Metformin/evogliptin
4943:Alogliptin/metformin
3749:(27). Archived from
2526:10.1056/NEJMoa072761
2485:10.4158/cs-2018-0535
1760:Alternative Medicine
1404:Fast onset of action
1356:Mechanism of action
949:improve this article
833:improve this section
565:improve this section
244:Insulin zinc (Lente)
188:Insulin (medication)
163:: Inhibition of the
128:Mechanisms of action
6754:Anti-diabetic drugs
6728:History of diabetes
6713:Outline of diabetes
6642:Diabetic foot ulcer
6627:Diabetic dermopathy
6586:Organs in diabetes
6518:Artificial pancreas
6478:Diabetes medication
6375:Glycated hemoglobin
5907:Antimigraine agents
5897:Antidementia agents
5800:Anti-inflammatories
5490:Medicated dressings
5430:Antihyperlipidemics
5257:Diabetes medication
4253:Insulin sensitizers
4008:diabetes medication
3518:10.2147/DDDT.S48937
2409:Haffner SM (2007).
2333:, 23 September 2009
2297:10.1155/2008/132960
2253:www.healthvalue.net
1899:. MDText.com, Inc.
1612:Inconvenient dosing
1605:glycated hemoglobin
894:glycated hemoglobin
780:glycated hemoglobin
689:glycated hemoglobin
424:glycated hemoglobin
349:glycated hemoglobin
295:all-cause mortality
279:glycated hemoglobin
64:, and others), and
6692:World Diabetes Day
6280:Insulin resistance
5760:Immunosuppressants
5630:Antimycobacterials
5586:Antithyroid agents
5570:Mineralocorticoids
5374:Cardiac stimulants
5364:Cardiac glycosides
5356:cardiac therapy /
5252:Anti-obesity drugs
5132:Never to phase III
5003:Metformin/acarbose
4353:Dual PPAR agonists
4222:Never to phase III
4129:Ultralente insulin
3859:. January 31, 2024
3857:www.sastimedic.com
3731:, which is citing
3477:10.2147/DDDT.S3225
3204:on January 9, 2010
2472:Endocrine Practice
2226:10.1007/BF01789112
2033:10.2147/VHRM.S6098
1731:Thiazolidinediones
1637:in fat and muscle
1620:Thiazolidinediones
1549:Increased risk of
1527:metabolic acidosis
1460:insulin resistance
1389:by inhibiting the
1292:Examples include:
989:
650:(glitazones), and
648:Thiazolidinediones
405:Thiazolidinediones
394:Thiazolidinediones
313:insulin resistance
141:insulin resistance
124:followed in 2020.
32:Diabetes insipidus
6741:
6740:
6435:Disposition index
6365:Blood sugar level
6235:Type 1 diabetes (
6182:
6181:
6085:Ophthalmologicals
5795:Anabolic steroids
5698:Anticancer agents
5661:Ectoparasiticides
5381:Antihypertensives
5329:Antifibrinolytics
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5100:
4925:
4924:
4753:
4752:
4665:
4664:
4568:
4567:
4411:
4410:
4232:
4231:
4195:
4194:
4139:ultra-long-acting
4063:Insulin glulisine
3968:978-0-13-089329-1
3945:978-1-58040-187-6
3423:(11): 2011–2019.
3393:10.2337/dc07-1188
3386:(12): 3017–3022.
3010:(12): 1654–1661.
2715:. June 13, 2016.
2671:(13): 4708–4723.
2630:(17): 1772–1780.
2519:(24): 2457–2471.
2351:(10): 1180–1188.
2000:978-0-7817-7153-5
1707:
1706:
1654:Convenient dosing
1426:Convenient dosing
999:are also insulin
981:
980:
973:
869:
868:
861:
673:systematic review
601:
600:
593:
509:kinase activator
400:Thiazolidinedione
220:Insulin glulisine
165:alpha-glucosidase
42:diabetes mellitus
16:(Redirected from
6761:
6473:Diet in diabetes
6209:
6202:
6195:
6186:
6171:
6150:
6149:
6134:Senotherapeutics
5988:Neuroprotectives
5983:Mood stabilizers
5882:Anti-ADHD agents
5822:Muscle relaxants
5755:Immunostimulants
5750:Immunomodulators
5582:Thyroid hormones
5520:Fertility agents
5423:Renin inhibitors
5314:Antihemorrhagics
5281:forming organs (
5267:Dietary minerals
5173:
5166:
5159:
5150:
4936:
4832:SGLT2 inhibitors
4762:
4671:DPP-4 inhibitors
4652:(GLP-1/GIP/GCGR)
4628:
4434:
4422:
4258:
4249:
4238:
4147:Insulin degludec
4109:Insulin glargine
4046:
4029:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3972:
3960:
3949:
3933:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3886:(12): CD008288.
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3798:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3744:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3712:Consumer Reports
3705:
3693:
3680:
3678:
3668:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3618:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3586:www.uptodate.com
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3520:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3200:. Archived from
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3019:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2963:(8): 1055–1064.
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2808:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2767:(10): CD006423.
2752:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2713:businesswire.com
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2487:
2463:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2340:
2334:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2075:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1992:
1981:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1785:
1702:SGLT2 inhibitors
1504:gastrointestinal
1421:gastrointestinal
1345:
1283:injection-averse
1270:SGLT2 inhibitors
1259:SGLT2 inhibitors
1089:Hoffman-La Roche
976:
969:
965:
962:
956:
933:
925:
864:
857:
853:
850:
844:
813:
805:
652:DPP-4 inhibitors
596:
589:
585:
582:
576:
545:
537:
488:glycemic control
388:gastrointestinal
173:: Inhibition of
171:SGLT2 inhibition
21:
6769:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6701:
6672:T1International
6664:
6663:Advocacy &
6658:
6534:
6483:Insulin therapy
6439:
6351:
6218:
6213:
6183:
6178:
6174:Medicine portal
6138:
6094:
6066:
6061:
6053:Cough medicines
6048:Bronchodilators
6029:
6022:
5902:Antidepressants
5892:Anticonvulsants
5840:
5831:
5827:Bisphosphonates
5817:Corticosteroids
5779:
5766:
5738:
5729:
5713:Spindle poisons
5703:Antimetabolites
5686:
5677:
5599:
5590:
5565:Glucocorticoids
5560:Corticosteroids
5541:
5534:
5501:
5494:
5451:
5369:Antiarrhythmics
5342:
5335:
5292:Antithrombotics
5280:
5271:
5247:Antipropulsives
5243:Antidiarrhoeals
5220:
5191:
5183:
5177:
5147:
5138:
5137:
5122:Clinical trials
5097:
4921:
4895:
4826:
4798:
4749:
4661:
4626:
4564:
4535:
4429:
4407:
4380:
4347:
4292:/"glitazones" (
4284:
4243:
4228:
4227:
4212:Clinical trials
4191:
4170:
4151:+insulin aspart
4133:
4104:Insulin detemir
4090:
4086:Regular insulin
4072:
4040:
4038:insulin analogs
4023:
4016:insulin analogs
4004:
3969:
3952:
3946:
3925:
3922:
3920:Further reading
3917:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3768:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3742:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3683:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3207:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3127:
3125:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3046:
3045:
3041:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2907:. HealthValue.
2903:
2902:
2895:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2823:(9): CD006165.
2810:
2809:
2798:
2754:
2753:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:Wayback Machine
2317:
2313:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1984:
1982:
1971:
1940:(4): CD013498.
1927:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1794:Front Pharmacol
1787:
1786:
1779:
1775:
1762:
1712:
1523:intravenous dye
1511:lactic acidosis
1502:Higher risk of
1462:via increasing
1394:
1339:
1267:
1261:
1234:
1137:
1131:
1126:
1110:) - once weekly
1057:type 2 diabetes
1021:
994:
977:
966:
960:
957:
946:
934:
923:
921:Peptide analogs
887:type 2 diabetes
875:
865:
854:
848:
845:
830:
814:
803:
766:
760:
659:plasma proteins
621:
607:
597:
586:
580:
577:
562:
546:
535:
520:
503:
433:(Avandia): the
402:
396:
367:lactic acidosis
327:
321:
309:
281:A1c, non-fatal
271:adverse effects
190:
184:
130:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6767:
6765:
6757:
6756:
6746:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6632:Diabetic bulla
6629:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6548:Diabetic comas
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6507:
6505:Diabetic shoes
6502:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6455:
6449:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6288:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6260:
6259:
6258:
6246:
6240:
6233:
6232:(SAID cluster)
6226:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6189:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6119:Contrast media
6116:
6110:
6108:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6072:sensory organs
6068:
6067:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5917:Antipsychotics
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5887:Antiaddictives
5884:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5842:nervous system
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5812:Antirheumatics
5809:
5808:
5807:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5746:
5744:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5718:Antineoplastic
5715:
5710:
5705:
5694:
5692:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5651:Antiprotozoals
5646:Antiparasitics
5643:
5638:
5633:
5626:Antibacterials
5622:Antimicrobials
5618:
5616:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5579:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5551:
5549:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5485:Antipsoriatics
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:ACE inhibitors
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5352:
5350:
5341:cardiovascular
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5302:Anticoagulants
5299:
5288:
5286:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5153:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Luseogliflozin
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4647:
4636:
4634:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4531:Glyclopyramide
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:2nd generation
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Chlorpropamide
4457:
4452:
4446:1st generation
4442:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4161:Insulin icodec
4158:
4143:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4068:Insulin lispro
4065:
4060:
4058:Insulin aspart
4054:
4052:
4042:
4041:
4032:
4025:
4024:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3950:
3944:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3870:
3844:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3781:(9): 602–613.
3766:
3738:(March 2011).
3708:Best Buy Drugs
3681:
3659:(2): 373–382.
3639:
3613:
3598:
3573:
3542:
3491:
3450:
3407:
3366:
3339:(4): 863–869.
3323:
3304:
3285:(2): 194–206.
3269:
3243:
3216:
3189:
3163:
3136:
3109:
3082:
3055:(6): 935–954.
3039:
2990:
2947:
2922:
2893:
2872:(3 Suppl): 9.
2852:
2796:
2730:
2700:
2651:
2610:
2583:(4): 367–376.
2567:
2540:
2499:
2451:
2424:
2401:
2370:
2335:
2311:
2270:
2240:
2199:
2174:(4): 950–951.
2154:
2105:
2047:
2006:
1999:
1969:
1917:
1880:
1874:978-0071748896
1873:
1849:
1844:diabetes daily
1831:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1764:The effect of
1761:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1690:hepatotoxicity
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:Metallic taste
1553:
1547:
1529:
1519:kidney disease
1507:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1419:Lower risk of
1417:
1411:
1409:blood pressure
1405:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1383:
1364:
1363:
1362:Disadvantages
1360:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1335:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1263:Main article:
1260:
1257:
1233:
1230:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1157:Examples are:
1133:Main article:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1082:
1060:
1020:
1017:
993:
990:
979:
978:
937:
935:
928:
922:
919:
914:
913:
908:
903:
871:Main article:
867:
866:
817:
815:
808:
802:
799:
795:
794:
789:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
755:
754:
753:
752:
747:
745:glyclopyramide
742:
737:
732:
726:
718:
717:
716:
714:chlorpropamide
711:
706:
701:
619:
603:Main article:
599:
598:
549:
547:
540:
534:
531:
519:
516:
502:
499:
455:
454:
444:
438:
398:Main article:
395:
392:
383:
382:
376:
370:
323:Main article:
320:
317:
308:
305:
263:
262:
259:
256:
253:
246:
245:
242:
235:
234:
231:
224:
223:
217:
214:Insulin aspart
211:
208:Insulin lispro
194:subcutaneously
186:Main article:
183:
180:
179:
178:
168:
158:
144:
129:
126:
44:by decreasing
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6766:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:Organizations
6661:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6649:Hyperglycemia
6647:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6590:Blood vessels
6588:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6571:
6570:Diabetic foot
6568:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6540:Complications
6537:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6198:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6043:Decongestants
6041:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Dissociatives
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5953:
5952:Hallucinogens
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5736:
5732:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Anthelmintics
5654:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:genitourinary
5497:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Antipruritics
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5396:Beta blockers
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Antiplatelets
5295:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5174:
5169:
5167:
5162:
5160:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4912:Bromocriptine
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4891:Velagliflozin
4889:
4887:
4886:Tofogliflozin
4884:
4882:
4881:Sotagliflozin
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Remogliflozin
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:Ipragliflozin
4859:
4857:
4856:Ertugliflozin
4854:
4852:
4851:Empagliflozin
4849:
4847:
4846:Dapagliflozin
4844:
4842:
4841:Canagliflozin
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:/"gliflozins"
4833:
4829:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4735:Teneligliptin
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Acetohexamide
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4438:Sulfonylureas
4435:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Secretagogues
4414:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Rosiglitazone
4336:
4334:
4333:Rivoglitazone
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:Netoglitazone
4321:
4319:
4318:Lobeglitazone
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4235:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Lente insulin
4122:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:+lixisenatide
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3931:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3725:September 18,
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3511:: 1399–1408.
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3380:Diabetes Care
3377:
3370:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2915:September 21,
2910:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2560:September 21,
2555:
2552:. Heartwire.
2551:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2478:(1): 69–100.
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2444:September 21,
2439:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2417:September 21,
2412:
2405:
2402:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2290:(1): 132960.
2289:
2285:
2284:PPAR Research
2281:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Diabetes Care
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:(7618): 497.
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1745:– nateglinide
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:Sulfonylureas
1717:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1663:heart failure
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:Rosiglitazone
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:liver disease
1534:
1533:heart failure
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:triglycerides
1482:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:No effect on
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Sulfonylureas
1366:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1312:Remogliflozin
1310:
1308:
1307:Empagliflozin
1305:
1303:
1302:Canagliflozin
1300:
1298:
1297:Dapagliflozin
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:heart failure
1284:
1279:
1275:
1274:renal tubules
1271:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:teneligliptin
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:secretagogues
998:
991:
985:
975:
972:
964:
954:
950:
944:
943:
938:This section
936:
932:
927:
926:
920:
918:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
897:
895:
890:
888:
884:
879:
874:
863:
860:
852:
842:
838:
834:
828:
827:
823:
818:This section
816:
812:
807:
806:
800:
798:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
783:
781:
776:
773:
770:
765:
757:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
730:glibenclamide
728:glyburide or
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:acetohexamide
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
693:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:Sulfonylureas
674:
671:
666:
664:
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Bromocriptine
633:
628:
626:
622:
615:
611:
610:Sulfonylureas
606:
595:
592:
584:
574:
570:
566:
560:
559:
555:
550:This section
548:
544:
539:
538:
533:Sulfonylureas
532:
530:
528:
524:
523:Secretagogues
518:Secretagogues
517:
515:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
491:
489:
484:
480:
475:
473:
472:canagliflozin
469:
468:empagliflozin
465:
461:
452:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
432:
431:Rosiglitazone
429:
428:
427:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
393:
391:
389:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
354:
353:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
318:
316:
314:
306:
304:
301:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
249:
243:
240:
239:
238:
232:
229:
228:
227:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
199:
195:
189:
181:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
127:
125:
123:
122:empagliflozin
119:
115:
112:approval for
111:
107:
106:dapagliflozin
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
79:
75:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
6654:Hypoglycemia
6558:Ketoacidosis
6553:Hypoglycemia
6493:conventional
6477:
6395:Glucose test
6390:Fructosamine
5957:Psychedelics
5927:Aphrodisiacs
5601:infestations
5577:Sex hormones
5530:Sex hormones
5475:Cicatrizants
5405:
5391:Vasodilators
5358:antianginals
5355:
5256:
5207:stomach acid
5206:
4931:Combinations
4876:Sergliflozin
4745:Vildagliptin
4740:Trelagliptin
4720:Omarigliptin
4695:Garvagliptin
4622:Taspoglutide
4612:Orforglipron
4607:Lixisenatide
4541:Meglitinides
4496:Glibornuride
4486:
4470:Metahexamide
4465:Glycyclamide
4445:
4398:Cagrilintide
4388:analogs and
4376:Tesaglitazar
4371:Saroglitazar
4366:Muraglitazar
4343:Troglitazone
4328:Pioglitazone
4308:Darglitazone
4242:Non-insulins
4175:
4165:+semaglutide
4155:+liraglutide
4138:
4095:
4078:short-acting
4077:
4049:
4007:
3956:
3929:
3883:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3856:
3847:
3835:. Retrieved
3815:
3778:
3774:
3760:November 28,
3758:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3746:
3723:. Retrieved
3707:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3630:. Retrieved
3616:
3601:
3591:November 16,
3589:. Retrieved
3585:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3555:
3545:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3256:
3246:
3241:January 2009
3233:. Retrieved
3219:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:the original
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3166:
3153:. Retrieved
3139:
3126:. Retrieved
3112:
3099:. Retrieved
3085:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2940:November 16,
2938:. Retrieved
2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2869:
2865:
2855:
2820:
2816:
2764:
2760:
2721:. Retrieved
2712:
2703:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2543:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2475:
2471:
2442:. Retrieved
2436:. Medscape.
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2373:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2314:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2219:(1): 45–46.
2216:
2213:Diabetologia
2212:
2202:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2023:
2019:
2009:
1988:
1937:
1933:
1910:November 16,
1908:. Retrieved
1896:
1862:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1797:
1793:
1763:
1751:
1743:Meglitinides
1713:
1624:Pioglitazone
1506:side effects
1466:signalling.
1444:hypoglycemia
1340:
1331:hypoglycemia
1319:ketoacidosis
1316:
1291:
1268:
1235:
1222:vildagliptin
1211:
1204:
1190:septagliptin
1162:vildagliptin
1156:
1149:
1138:
1119:
1085:Taspoglutide
1067:Novo Nordisk
1022:
1007:(GLP-1) and
995:
967:
961:January 2016
958:
947:Please help
942:verification
939:
915:
891:
876:
855:
849:January 2016
846:
831:Please help
819:
796:
777:
774:
769:Meglitinides
767:
758:Meglitinides
686:
667:
663:hypoglycemia
656:
629:
613:
608:
605:Sulfonylurea
587:
581:January 2016
578:
563:Please help
551:
521:
504:
495:pioglitazone
492:
476:
456:
447:Troglitazone
441:Pioglitazone
421:
403:
384:
346:
328:
310:
302:
299:
275:hypoglycemia
268:
264:
247:
236:
225:
202:
198:insulin pump
191:
131:
83:
76:
70:
37:
36:
6697:Diabetes UK
6425:SPINA-GBeta
6357:Blood tests
6263:Prediabetes
6090:Otologicals
6062:antagonists
6028:respiratory
6003:Orexigenics
5998:Neurotoxins
5947:Euphoriants
5937:Entactogens
5932:Depressants
5922:Anxiolytics
5860:Anesthetics
5636:Antifungals
5233:Antiemetics
5221:antagonists
5118:from market
4730:Sitagliptin
4725:Saxagliptin
4715:Melogliptin
4710:Linagliptin
4705:Gosogliptin
4700:Gemigliptin
4673:/"gliptins"
4658:(GLP-1/GIP)
4656:Tirzepatide
4650:Retatrutide
4617:Semaglutide
4602:Liraglutide
4592:Dulaglutide
4587:Danuglipron
4582:Albiglutide
4560:Repaglinide
4555:Nateglinide
4550:Mitiglinide
4543:/"glinides"
4526:Glisoxepide
4511:Glimepiride
4501:Glicaramide
4480:Tolbutamide
4455:Carbutamide
4403:Pramlintide
4361:Aleglitazar
4313:Englitazone
4303:Ciglitazone
4208:from market
4119:NPH insulin
4096:long-acting
4050:fast-acting
3863:January 31,
3556:www.fda.gov
3470:: 203–214.
3235:February 9,
3208:February 9,
3182:February 9,
3155:February 9,
3128:February 9,
3101:January 23,
1727:– metformin
1669:weight gain
1495:Inexpensive
1435:weight gain
1401:Inexpensive
1376:glimepiride
1359:Advantages
1353:Drug class
1245:pramlintide
1218:saxagliptin
1214:sitagliptin
1199:gemigliptin
1180:linagliptin
1174:saxagliptin
1168:sitagliptin
1114:Albiglutide
1104:Dulaglutide
1098:Semaglutide
1063:Liraglutide
1030:Liraglutide
792:nateglinide
787:repaglinide
772:secretion.
764:Meglitinide
735:glimepiride
699:tolbutamide
640:Colesevelam
464:liraglutide
307:Sensitizers
118:linagliptin
102:saxagliptin
66:pramlintide
58:liraglutide
6453:Prevention
6445:Management
6370:Biomarkers
6013:Stimulants
5993:Nootropics
5967:Deliriants
5942:Entheogens
5877:Anorectics
5855:Analgesics
5708:Alkylating
5641:Antivirals
5596:infections
5470:Emollients
5324:Coagulants
5194:metabolism
4907:Benfluorex
4794:Zenarestat
4784:Ranirestat
4779:Fidarestat
4774:Epalrestat
4690:Evogliptin
4685:Anagliptin
4680:Alogliptin
4521:Gliquidone
4506:Gliclazide
4475:Tolazamide
4280:Phenformin
4262:Biguanides
3632:August 26,
3582:"UpToDate"
3566:August 26,
2413:. Medscape
2384:Wired News
1773:References
1739:– Acarbose
1725:Biguanides
1541:alcoholism
1483:Decreases
1477:Decreases
1387:beta cells
1337:Comparison
1226:alogliptin
1186:alogliptin
750:gliquidone
740:gliclazide
709:tolazamide
625:beta cells
511:Tolimidone
373:Phenformin
340:function,
330:Biguanides
319:Biguanides
151:beta cells
6498:pulsatile
6488:intensive
6400:C-peptide
6330:Permanent
6325:Transient
6290:Type 3a (
6163:ATC codes
6129:Dressings
6114:Antidotes
5978:Sedatives
5974:Hypnotics
5683:malignant
5540:endocrine
5386:Diuretics
5319:Platelets
5279:and blood
5238:Laxatives
5128:Phase III
5116:Withdrawn
4917:Imeglimin
4822:Voglibose
4789:Tolrestat
4640:Mazdutide
4597:Exenatide
4516:Glipizide
4275:Metformin
4218:Phase III
4206:Withdrawn
4177:inhalable
3361:206965817
3077:195691202
2935:Drugs.com
2866:MedGenMed
2082:1735-1995
2026:: 47–58.
1766:Ayurvedic
1694:Expensive
1577:voglibose
1454:Metformin
1380:glipizide
1372:glyburide
1265:Gliflozin
1201:(Zemiglo)
1108:Trulicity
1049:Exenatide
1042:beta-cell
1015:(DPP-4).
997:Incretins
911:voglibose
820:does not
724:glipizide
682:C-peptide
552:does not
451:hepatitis
360:iodinated
356:Metformin
342:Metformin
325:Biguanide
216:(Novolog)
210:(Humalog)
114:metformin
98:metformin
62:exenatide
6748:Category
6430:SPINA-GR
6320:Neonatal
6248:Type 4 (
6239:cluster)
6216:Diabetes
6008:Serenics
5673:Vaccines
5440:Fibrates
5262:Vitamins
5212:Antacids
4817:Miglitol
4812:Acarbose
4270:Buformin
4034:Insulins
4012:insulins
3910:22161426
3837:July 17,
3828:Archived
3805:21403054
3716:Archived
3675:17666560
3626:Archived
3560:Archived
3537:24285921
3486:19920907
3445:28683917
3437:19793357
3402:17878242
3353:21323504
3314:Diabetes
3299:17622601
3262:March 7,
3229:Archived
3176:Archived
3149:Archived
3122:Archived
3107:May 2008
3095:Archived
3069:17428109
3026:17109672
2985:43740629
2977:16722815
2909:Archived
2888:15647714
2847:21901702
2791:21975753
2717:Archived
2695:10848597
2646:17466227
2605:73109231
2597:18613801
2554:Archived
2535:17517853
2494:30742570
2438:Archived
2394:June 21,
2388:Archived
2365:17848652
2323:Archived
2306:18288277
2257:Archived
2194:Archived
2190:16567854
2149:17761999
2100:38524744
2091:10956562
2042:20234779
1964:33662147
1905:25905175
1897:Endotext
1859:Fauci AS
1826:35126141
1800:: 4119.
1710:Generics
1573:miglitol
1569:acarbose
1278:nephrons
1241:glucagon
1152:incretin
1035:Cochrane
906:acarbose
901:miglitol
670:Cochrane
527:pancreas
379:Buformin
363:contrast
222:(Apidra)
155:pancreas
5865:General
5772:muscles
5741:L03–L04
5737:disease
5689:L01–L02
5685:disease
5435:Statins
4642:(GLP-1/
4188:Afrezza
4185:Exubera
3901:3718571
3796:3733115
3528:3840773
3034:8800490
2879:1474831
2838:6486159
2782:6486297
2235:7202882
2140:1971204
1955:8094220
1817:8807560
1545:surgery
1395:channel
1071:Victoza
841:removed
826:sources
573:removed
558:sources
334:hepatic
332:reduce
182:Insulin
86:insulin
52:, most
50:insulin
6610:Retina
6605:Nerves
6600:Kidney
6595:Muscle
6524:Other
6342:Type 3
6298:Type 1
6243:Type 2
6230:Type 1
6172:
6151:
6099:other
6030:system
5782:joints
5735:immune
5542:system
5502:system
5343:system
5111:WHO-EM
4390:DACRAs
4386:Amylin
4201:WHO-EM
3965:
3942:
3908:
3898:
3803:
3793:
3714:: 20.
3673:
3535:
3525:
3484:
3443:
3435:
3400:
3359:
3351:
3320:: 587.
3297:
3075:
3067:
3032:
3024:
2983:
2975:
2886:
2876:
2845:
2835:
2789:
2779:
2723:May 6,
2693:
2683:
2644:
2603:
2595:
2533:
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