146:
381:, p. 147 – "It describes the people of the South as hideous people, womenlike in appearance, who sin against God's creation. They are a defiled people who plunder and enslave all corners of the earth, who hate the Lord's name, and under whose reign the Christians suffer great oppression, especially through the constant demands for tribute."
200:
and plunder, cause drastic taxation, and enslavement. God would eventually be angered by it and send an angel of wrath to cause discord amongst the populace which would then lead to a high-casualty civil war. The king of the North rises against the southern kingdom, but God causes the defeat of the
650:"A collection of short works including a "Gospel of the Twelve Apostles" (ff. 47r-51v), apocalypses of Simon Kepha, James, John the little (51v-57v), a fragment of the Doctrina Addai (57v), and various responsa and canons (1r-46v, 59r ff.) including replies of Jacob of Edessa."
101:, a variety of apostolic canons, discussions of individuals who recant their heresy, and an investigation of heavenly entities. After a written series of questions, it is followed up with an eleven-folio collection called the
361:
does not defeat the people of the South nor pursue them beyond
Christian territory. Instead, the text concludes with God sending the people of the South back to their place of origin and not the initiation of the eschaton.
237:. The reference of Ishmael being the father of twelve princes J. Rendel Harris considers to be an allusion to twelve caliphs, and the civil war of the southern kingdom mentioned in the narrative was in reference to the
192:, and Persia which would be decimated by God because of their sins. The fourth kingdom which the entire narrative will mainly focus on is referred to as the kingdom of the South, and its inhabitants descendants of
637:
89:, J. Rendel Harris dates it to the middle of the eighth-century AD. The codex is from Harris's private collection which Harris numbered as eighty-five (Cod. Syr. Harris 85) and is written in
321:
differentiates greatly from that of early Syriac apocalypses concerning Islam. Many previous Syriac authors held onto the traditional
Christian interpretation of the schema in the
93:. The leaves are damaged, and Harris had to reconstruct the codex as he had received it with the leaves disorganized. The codex contains a variety of documents such as letters by
255:
more accurately correlates to the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan who died in 705 which most modern scholars conclude the text was composed in the early eighth century.
405:, p. 147 — "The phrase I translate as "act like brides and bridegrooms" others have translated as "converted like brides and bridegrooms." The verb in question ('
201:
southern kingdom and sends them back to where they came from. When battle is ceased, God destroys the people of the South to the point where they'll never rise again.
329:), would oust the Arabs before they could establish a legitimate kingdom. That schema created a primary focus on the Byzantine king in works such as the
663:
279:. The text is most likely of Edessene origin as J. W. Drijvers and J. Rendel Harris suggest because of the content focusing on Edessa in codex
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is pseudonymous because of the historical events referenced in the text occurred centuries after the first-century AD such as the death of
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and provides some of the cruelest surviving Syriac representations of
Islamic dominance. It is also one of the earliest text alluding to
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335:, the world's last Byzantine king, the eschatological figure who'd defeat the Arabs in spectacular fashion and make way for the
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was more valued by the author for its symbolic importance rather than its historical accuracy, and the details in the
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245:. Recent scholarship argues the number twelve referenced to Ishmael fathering twelve princes in the
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rising. With that, Harris dates the text to the late 740s and considers the text to be an original
98:
51:
275:, and works by Jacob of Edessa who is also a Miaphysite indicate a Miaphysite authorship of the
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and its polemic against the Church of the East, a tractate by
Severus against the followers of
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Revelation of John the Little the brother of James, and they two are the sons of Zabdai.
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When
Christians First Met Muslims: A Sourcebook of the Earliest Syriac Writings on Islam
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57:
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233:. It is unknown though the number of years passed from 692 to the composition of the
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The Gospel of the Twelve
Apostles Together with the Apocalypses of Each One of Them.
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The Gospel of the Twelve
Apostles Together with the Apocalypses of Each One of Them
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to be the
Persians, Romans, the Medes, and the people of the South. And unlike the
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when an angel presents a scroll to John concerning the suffrage of humanity at the
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409:) can have either meaning, and in neither case is the simile particularly clear."
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and possibly one of the earliest accounts of
Christians converting to Islam.
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that the final kingdom of the world which was considered to be the Romans (
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icon of the
Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, 18th century (
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133:. J. Rendel Harris published an edition of these texts in 1900. The
37:. It is dated to the eighth-century AD and pertains to the rise of
638:"Apocryphal and canonical texts : manuscript, [7--?]"
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Gospel of the Twelve Apostles with the Revelations of Each of Them
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with the rise and fall of its own version of successive kingdoms
393:, p. 147 — "a worrier, one whom they will call a prophet"
196:. The fourth kingdom will conquer entire lands as alluded in
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used. Christ's birth is erroneously dated that year in the
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which is in reference to John being the younger brother of
289:. Edessene authors also commonly use the birth year of
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629:English translation from James Rendel Harris's
343:though reinterprets the four kingdoms from the
283:such as the works of Jacob of Edessa and the
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137:begins at folio 54r and ends at folio 58r.
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81:survives in the incomplete codex
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120:Apocalypse of James the Apostle
664:Christian apocalyptic writings
601:University of California Press
355:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
332:Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius
172:begins similar to that of the
1:
593:Penn, Michael Philip (2015).
578:Harris, James Rendel (1900).
359:Apocalypse of John the Little
341:Apocalypse of John the Little
319:Apocalypse of John the Little
303:Gospel of the Twelve Apostles
277:Apocalypse of John the Little
253:Apocalypse of John the Little
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135:Apocalypse of John the Little
125:Apocalypse of John the Little
108:Gospel of the Twelve Apostles
79:Apocalypse of John the Little
22:Apocalypse of John the Little
263:The author of the text is a
105:with an introduction to the
669:8th-century Christian texts
225:, and the defeat in 692 of
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586:Cambridge University Press
127:, and an extract from the
114:Apocalypse of Simeon Kepha
565:, pp. 147 & 148.
538:, pp. 149 & 150.
526:, pp. 146 & 147.
502:, pp. 148 & 149.
269:Apocalypse of Simon Peter
293:309, a year that early
231:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
227:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
156:from the Church of the
73:Codex Harvard Syriac 93
642:Harvard Library HOLLIS
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219:Constantine the Great
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41:. The title includes
29:supposedly given to
350:Edessene Apocalypse
174:Book of Revelation
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141:Narrative overview
99:Severus of Antioch
52:Book of Revelation
633:(Cambridge, 1900)
299:Seleucid calendar
295:Syriac Christians
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43:"the Little"
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512:Harris 1900
488:Harris 1900
315:eschatology
309:Eschatology
198:Daniel 11:5
154:Iconostasis
658:Categories
265:Miaphysite
259:Authorship
215:Khosrau II
91:Estrangelo
67:Christians
35:revelation
563:Penn 2015
551:Penn 2015
536:Penn 2015
524:Penn 2015
500:Penn 2015
476:Penn 2015
464:Penn 2015
449:Penn 2015
434:Penn 2015
417:Citations
403:Penn 2015
391:Penn 2015
379:Penn 2015
273:Nestorius
243:holograph
164:Monastery
85:, and by
353:and the
337:eschaton
182:Daniel 7
178:eschaton
63:Muhammad
55:and the
317:of the
301:of the
194:Ishmael
607:
339:. The
291:Christ
123:, the
117:, the
25:is an
366:Notes
186:Media
162:Kizhi
39:Islam
605:ISBN
407:thpk
313:The
209:The
205:Date
190:Rome
168:The
77:The
19:The
229:by
65:by
33:by
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543:^
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