4389:
1577:, in his discussion of evolutionary philosophy, commented "During the last few years, when I have found myself in the company of distinguished biologists, evolutionary theorists, paleoanthropologists and other experts, I have often asked them to tell me, please, exactly why Elaine Morgan must be wrong about the aquatic theory. I haven't yet had a reply worth mentioning, aside from those who admit, with a twinkle in their eyes, that they have also wondered the same thing." He challenged both Elaine Morgan and the scientific establishment in that "Both sides are indulging in adaptionist
1709:
5085:
6762:
1551:
flirt with anything watery in paleoanthropology can be misinterpreted", but argue "there is little doubt that throughout our evolution we have made extensive use of terrestrial habitats adjacent to fresh water, since we are, like many other terrestrial mammals, a heavily water-dependent species." But they allege that "under pressure from the mainstream, AAH supporters tended to flee from the core arguments of Hardy and Morgan towards a more generalized emphasis on fishy things."
7048:
7010:
6565:
6054:
5111:
5099:
6078:
1525:
time periods. The AAH claims that the alleged aquatic nature of humanity is responsible for human patterns of hair, fat, and sweat, but actually all of these things are similar in humans to other primates. To the extent they are exceptional in any primate relative to other primates, or in primates relative to other mammals, they are exceptional for well-understood thermodynamic reasons.
7036:
4717:
1426:
6066:
1244:, which parodied the conventional picture of "the Tarzanlike figure of the prehominid who came down from the trees, saw a grassland teeming with game, picked up a weapon and became a Mighty Hunter," and pictured a more peaceful scene of humans by the seashore. She took her lead from a section in Morris's 1967 book which referred to the possibility of an
1547:(2013), Henry Gee remarked on how a seafood diet can aid in the development of the human brain. He nevertheless criticized the AAH because "it's always a problem identifying features that humans have now and inferring that they must have had some adaptive value in the past." Also "it's notoriously hard to infer habits from anatomical structures".
1154:, contrary to what is possible given the geologic and evolutionary biology evidence available at the time. He stated: "The postulation of an aquatic mode of life during an early stage of human evolution is a tenable hypothesis, for which further inquiry may produce additional supporting evidence." He later abandoned the concept.
161:
Anthropologists do not take the hypothesis seriously: John
Langdon characterized it as an "umbrella hypothesis" (a hypothesis that tries to explain many separate traits of humans as a result of a single adaptive pressure) that was not consistent with the fossil record, and he said that its claim that
1795:
Erika
Schagatay researches human diving abilities and oxygen stress. She suggests that such abilities are consistent with selective pressure for underwater foraging during human evolution, and discussed other anatomical traits speculated as diving adaptations by Hardy/Morgan. John Langdon suggested
1550:
Popular support for the AAH has become an embarrassment to some anthropologists, who want to explore the effects of water on human evolution without engaging with the AAH, which they consider "emphasizes adaptations to deep water (or at least underwater) conditions". Foley and Lahr suggest that "to
166:
than traditional explanations of human evolution was not true. According to anthropologist John Hawkes, the AAH is not consistent with the fossil record. Traits that the hypothesis tries to explain evolved at vastly different times, and distributions of soft tissue the hypothesis alleges are unique
1524:
said that anthropologists don't accept the AAH for several reasons. Hardy and Morgan situated the alleged aquatic period of human nature in a period of the fossil record that is now known not to contain any aquatic ancestors. The traits the AAH tries to explain actually evolved at wildly different
1464:
Overall, it will be clear that I do not think it would be correct to designate our early hominid ancestors as 'aquatic'. But at the same time there does seem to be evidence that not only did they take to water from time to time but that the water (and by this I mean inland lakes and rivers) was a
1516:
anatomy and physiology, whilst paleoanthropologists rarely speculated on evolutionary development of anatomy beyond the musculoskeletal system and brain size as revealed in fossils. After a brief description of the issues under 26 different headings, he produced a summary critique of these with
1310:
etc., in the shallow waters off the coast. I suppose that they were forced into the water just as we have seen happen in so many other groups of terrestrial animals. I am imagining this happening in the warmer parts of the world, in the tropical seas where Man could stand being in the water for
1444:) who reject almost all of the claims related to the hypothesis. Other academics have argued that the rejection of Hardy and Morgan is partially unfair given that other explanations which suffer from similar problems are not so strongly opposed. A conference devoted to the subject was held at
1758:
Crawford and Marsh opined that the brain size in aquatic mammals is similar to humans, and that other primates and carnivores lost relative brain capacity. Cunnane, Stewart, Crawford, and colleagues published works arguing a correlation between aquatic diet and human brain evolution in their
1774:
Biologists
Caroline Pond and Dick Colby were highly critical, saying that the work provided "no significant new information that would be of interest to biologists" and that its style was "speculative, theoretical and in many places so imprecise as to be misleading." British palaeontologist
1569:
criticized
Attenborough's promotion of AAH and dismissed the idea as a distraction "from the emerging story of human evolution that is more interesting and complex". She argued that AAH had become "a theory of everything" that is simultaneously "too extravagant and too simple".
1610:
as a "remarkable book", though he said that he did not agree with all of it. Tobias and his student further criticised the orthodox hypothesis by arguing that the coming out of the forest of man's precursors had been an unexamined assumption of evolution since the days of
1753:
A branch of the line of primitive ancestral apes was forced by competition to leave the trees and feed on the seashore. Searching for oysters, mussels, crabs, crayfish and so on they would have spent much of their time in the water and an upright position would have come
1730:
is the problem, as most hominin fossils occur in lake-side environments, and the presence of fish remains is therefore not proof of fish consumption. They also claim that the archaeological record of human fishing and coastal settlement is fundamentally deficient due to
1558:
discussed what he thought was a "move towards mainstream acceptance" for the AAH in the light of new research findings. He interviewed scientists supportive of the idea, including
Kathlyn Stewart and Michael Crawford who had published papers in a special issue of the
2060:
Where does this leave us? The AAH has been around for more than 50 years. No significant evidence has accumulated in its favor over that time, and the expansion of the fossil and archeological record has filled many of the gaps that made Hardy's original idea seem
1168:
consensus. On the advice of his colleagues, Hardy delayed presenting the hypothesis for approximately thirty years. After he had become a respected academic and knighted for contributions to marine biology, Hardy finally voiced his thoughts in a speech to the
1512:" which he took to be the "collective discipline of paleoanthropology". He observed that some anthropologists had regarded the idea as not worth the trouble of a rebuttal. In addition, the evidence cited by AAH proponents mostly concerned developments in
1605:
declared that the savannah hypothesis was dead, because the open conditions did not exist when humanity's precursors stood upright and that therefore the conclusions of the
Valkenburg conference were no longer valid. Tobias praised Morgan's book
1327:
humans have that Hardy believed other apes lacked, although it has been shown that captive apes with ample access to food have levels of subcutaneous fat similar to humans. Additional features cited by Hardy include the location of the
1726:, but its linkage to brain evolution remains controversial. Further, there is no evidence that humans ate fish in significant amounts earlier than tens to hundreds of thousands of years ago. Supporters argue that the avoidance of
3764:
Broadhurst, C. Leigh; Wang, Yiqun; Crawford, Michael A.; Cunnane, Stephen C.; et al. (2002). "Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early
African Homo sapiens".
1639:
Alister Hardy was astonished and mortified in 1960 when the national Sunday papers carried banner headlines "Oxford professor says man a sea ape", causing problems with his Oxford colleagues. As he later said to his ex-pupil
1503:
that human evolution is not particularly guided by interaction with bodies of water. Langdon argued that however popular the idea was with the public, the "umbrella" nature of the idea means that it cannot serve as a proper
1517:
mainly negative judgments. His main conclusion was that the AAH was unlikely ever to be disproved on the basis of comparative anatomy, and that the one body of data that could potentially disprove it was the fossil record.
1585:
noted that independent of Morgan's work, certain standard explanations of human development in paleoanthropology have been roundly criticized for lacking evidence, while being based on sexist assumptions. Anatomy lecturer
1779:, who remarked on how a seafood diet can aid in the development of the human brain, nevertheless criticized AAH because inferring aquatic behavior from body fat and hairlessness patterns is an unjustifiable leap.
1688:
with using fully upright posture. Although it is harder to walk upright with bent knees on land, this difference gradually diminishes as the depth of water increases and is still practical in thigh-high water.
1405:
Waterside hypotheses of human evolution assert that selection from wading, swimming and diving and procurement of food from aquatic habitats have significantly affected the evolution of the lineage leading to
4548:
5040:
3674:
1216:, who reduced Hardy's phrase "more aquatic ape-like ancestors" to the bare "aquatic ape", commenting that "despite its most appealing indirect evidence, the aquatic theory lacks solid support".
3719:
Langdon J (2012). Vaneechoutte M, Kuliukas A, Verhaegen M (eds.). "Book review of 'Was Man More
Aquatic in the Past? Fifty Years after Alister Hardy: Waterside Hypotheses of Human Evolution'".
1532:
concurred with the pseudoscience label, and described the AAH as a "classic case of picking evidence that fits a preconceived conclusion and ignoring everything else". Physical anthropologist
1759:"shore-based diet scenario", acknowledging the Hardy/Morgan's thesis as a foundation work of their model. As evidence, they describe health problems in landlocked communities, such as
1219:
While traditional descriptions of 'savage' existence identified three common sources of sustenance: gathering of fruit and nuts, fishing, and hunting, in the 1950s, the anthropologist
4543:
1565:
on "The Role of
Freshwater and Marine Resources in the Evolution of the Human Diet, Brain and Behavior". Responding to the documentaries in a newspaper article, paleoanthropologist
6528:
6393:
1315:
Hardy argued a number of features of modern humans are characteristic of aquatic adaptations. He pointed to humans' lack of body hair as being analogous to the same lack seen in
1433:
The AAH is generally ignored by anthropologists, although it has a following outside academia and conferences on the topic have received celebrity endorsement, for example from
1644:, "Of course I then had to write an article to refute this saying no this is just a guess, a rough hypothesis, this isn't a proven fact. And of course we're not related to
1536:
has described the aquatic ape hypothesis as an instance of "crank anthropology" akin to other pseudoscientific ideas in anthropology such as alien-human interbreeding and
1183:
on 17 March 1960: "My thesis is that a branch of this primitive ape-stock was forced by competition from life in the trees to feed on the sea-shores and to hunt for food,
3564:
Stewart, K; Cunnane, S; Tattersall, I, eds. (2014). "Special Issue: The Role of
Freshwater and Marine Resources in the Evolution of the Human Diet, Brain and Behavior".
2400:
1855:
4388:
1164:
had since 1930 also hypothesized that humans may have had ancestors more aquatic than previously imagined, although his work, unlike Westenhöfer's, was rooted in the
6871:
5951:
4573:
1177:
on 5 March 1960. Several national newspapers reported sensational presentations of Hardy's ideas, which he countered by explaining them more fully in an article in
1696:
questioned any link between bipedalism and diet. Gee writes that early humans have been bipedal for 5 million years, but our ancestors' "fondness for seafood"
4065:
1146:
etc.) that could have derived from an aquatic past, quoting several other authors who had made similar speculations. As he did not believe human beings were
4413:
6274:
950:
6939:
6156:
5187:
3330:
Carlson BA, Kingston JD (2007). "Docosahexaenoic acid, the aquatic diet, and hominin encephalization: difficulties in establishing evolutionary links".
820:
1924:
most practicing anthropologists are unbothered by the Aquatic Ape Theory (AAT) and its advocates, except perhaps when a student brings it up in lecture
1452:, in 1987. Its 22 participants included academic proponents and opponents of the hypothesis and several neutral observers headed by the anthropologist
6836:
5147:
6949:
5197:
6330:
6116:
6039:
5883:
840:
209:
1202:
whose views on the role of the seashore in human evolution "stimulated tremendous progress in the study of coastal and aquatic adaptations" inside
6267:
4563:
6944:
5192:
800:
1474:
The AAH is considered to be a classic example of pseudoscience among the scholarly community, and has been met with significant skepticism. The
5941:
6954:
5202:
5946:
5824:
4033:
4008:
3987:
3966:
3936:
3915:
3889:
3814:
2953:
2799:
2709:
2639:
2612:
2555:
2501:
2410:
2301:
2158:
1984:
1865:
1667:
were disappointed with its promotions of the AAH. Morgan removed the feminist critique and left her AAH ideas intact, publishing the book as
2755:
6513:
6325:
4578:
1348:, though these claimed pieces of evidence have alternative evolutionary adaptationist explanations that do not invoke an aquatic context.
2920:
1440:
Academics who have commented on the aquatic ape hypothesis include categorical opponents (generally members of the community of academic
5903:
4676:
4538:
3374:
3120:
6876:
6503:
6286:
6262:
6185:
6012:
2128:
Der Eigenweg des Menschen. Dargestellt auf Grund von vergleichend morphologischen Untersuchungen ĂĽber die Artbildung und Menschwerdung
1491:
In a 1997 critique, anthropologist John Langdon considered the AAH under the heading of an "umbrella hypothesis" and argued that the
6548:
6475:
6257:
6252:
5878:
4568:
1956:
3238:
2701:
7088:
4203:
4058:
6886:
6347:
6298:
6242:
6022:
5918:
5799:
2969:
Milam E (2013). "Dunking the Tarzanists. Elaine Morgan and the Aquatic Ape theory". In Oren Harman, Michael R Dietrich (eds.).
1252:
in 1960. When it aroused no reaction in the academic community, she dropped the feminist criticism and wrote a series of books–
990:
7073:
6603:
6523:
6359:
6247:
6017:
5318:
5030:
3841:
Langdon JH (October 1997). "Umbrella hypotheses and parsimony in human evolution: a critique of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis".
3448:
Stewart, Kathlyn M. (2010). "The Case For Exploitation Of Wetlands Environments And Foods By Pre-Sapiens Hominins": 137–171.
1708:
1272:(2008)–which explored the issues in more detail. Books published on the topic since then have avoided the contentious term
6433:
5140:
140:, leading to adaptations that explained distinctive characteristics of modern humans such as functional hairlessness and
6538:
6508:
6493:
6443:
6109:
5888:
5765:
5651:
5050:
5035:
4158:
1813:
430:
202:
128:
in 1960, who argued that a branch of apes was forced by competition over terrestrial habitats to hunt for food such as
7040:
6448:
6428:
6173:
6151:
6082:
5986:
5804:
5325:
5179:
5045:
4051:
780:
179:
2726:
3065:
Bender R, Tobias PV, Bender N (2012). "The Savannah hypotheses: origin, reception and impact on paleoanthropology".
7026:
6959:
6811:
6465:
6381:
6166:
6070:
5844:
5775:
5311:
5304:
5297:
4353:
4025:
3566:
1561:
883:
617:
609:
601:
2822:
Foley R, Lahr MM (2014). "The role of "the aquatic" in human evolution: constraining the aquatic ape hypothesis".
2026:
Foley R, Lahr MM (2014). "The role of "the aquatic" in human evolution: constraining the aquatic ape hypothesis".
6923:
6891:
6841:
6796:
6438:
6310:
6237:
6217:
6027:
5923:
5819:
4661:
4555:
721:
38:
3153:
Kuliukas AV, Milne N, Fournier P (2009). "The relative cost of bent-hip bent-knee walking is reduced in water".
102:
habitat. While the hypothesis has some popularity with the lay public, it is generally ignored or classified as
7083:
7078:
7068:
6761:
6488:
6483:
6458:
6335:
6303:
6058:
5361:
5133:
5114:
4907:
4902:
4198:
1797:
1496:
6821:
7093:
6917:
6896:
6569:
6470:
6453:
6364:
6340:
6320:
6291:
6180:
6102:
5996:
5933:
5893:
5339:
4815:
4626:
4520:
4248:
4238:
1595:
691:
195:
4021:
Was Man More Aquatic in the Past? Fifty Years After Alister Hardy - Waterside Hypotheses of Human Evolution
2009:
7098:
6806:
6369:
6352:
6315:
6205:
5991:
5966:
5961:
5854:
5332:
4641:
4631:
4333:
4318:
1656:
1582:
1139:
650:
6423:
6190:
5375:
5060:
4987:
4787:
4762:
4737:
4621:
4368:
4148:
3629:
3489:
3453:
1684:
AAH proponent Algis Kuliukas, performed experiments to measure the comparative energy used when lacking
1620:
1505:
1302:-stock was forced by competition from life in the trees to feed on the sea-shores and to hunt for food,
1170:
422:
1371:. It also exists as a lesser response in other animals, including human babies up to 6 months old (see
2346:
6866:
6801:
6386:
6161:
6144:
5956:
5859:
5760:
5721:
5666:
5571:
5275:
5268:
4795:
4757:
4088:
3850:
3284:
2668:
2545:
1457:
1195:
1059:
860:
707:
576:
561:
150:
3273:"Early hominin diet included diverse terrestrial and aquatic animals 1.95 Ma in East Turkana, Kenya"
7052:
6846:
6410:
6210:
5368:
5017:
4671:
4480:
4438:
4208:
4168:
2580:
Cold and Watery? Hot and Dusty? Our Ancestral Environment and Our Ancestors Themselves: an Overview
2151:
Die Grundlagen meiner Theorie vom Eigenweg des Menschen: Entwicklung, Menschwerdung, Weltanschauung
1664:
1509:
1131:
6077:
3484:
Erlandson JM. "Food for Thought: the Role of Coastlines and Aquatic Resources in Human Evolution".
1227:
as the likely organizing concept of human society in prehistory, and hunting was the focus of the
6776:
6734:
6714:
6596:
5913:
5780:
5755:
5631:
4937:
4932:
4800:
4742:
4636:
4485:
4403:
4288:
4268:
4178:
4121:
3415:
3355:
3001:
2847:
2324:
2266:
2231:
2051:
1915:
1818:
1746:
1697:
1685:
1555:
1434:
1337:
1203:
970:
6786:
1123:
2249:
Erlandson JM (2001). "The archaeology of aquatic adaptations: paradigms for a new millennium".
6881:
6724:
6620:
6398:
6374:
6279:
6200:
6195:
6032:
5898:
5839:
5829:
5600:
5564:
5418:
5212:
4947:
4922:
4825:
4772:
4691:
4358:
4323:
4263:
4223:
4193:
4163:
4074:
4029:
4004:
3983:
3962:
3932:
3911:
3885:
3866:
3810:
3782:
3407:
3347:
3312:
3246:
3219:
3170:
3128:
3074:
2949:
2839:
2795:
2705:
2635:
2608:
2598:
2551:
2497:
2406:
2297:
2154:
2131:
2043:
1980:
1952:
1907:
1861:
1828:
1768:
1445:
2695:
2629:
2293:
6980:
6750:
5908:
5661:
5478:
5440:
5287:
5055:
4747:
4651:
4603:
4515:
4408:
4348:
4106:
3858:
3774:
3752:
3728:
3397:
3389:
3339:
3302:
3292:
3209:
3201:
3162:
2993:
2881:
2831:
2789:
2751:
2676:
2547:
Aquatic Scenarios in the Thinking on Human Evolution: What are they and How do they Compare?
2258:
2187:
2035:
1944:
1897:
1476:
1345:
1324:
1158:
642:
591:
163:
3697:
6970:
6695:
6685:
6227:
5715:
5688:
5586:
5544:
5156:
5025:
4992:
4853:
4805:
4681:
4656:
4465:
4418:
4343:
4188:
4173:
3642:
3502:
3466:
3271:
Braun DR, Harris JW, Levin NE, McCoy JT, Herries AI, Bamford MK, et al. (June 2010).
1520:
In a blog post originally published in 2005 and continually updated since, anthropologist
1500:
1453:
1372:
1236:
1224:
675:
444:
400:
118:
99:
83:
2756:"Quacks and cranks, GMOs and climate, science and philosoph—CFI Conference covers it all"
1394:. These last arguments were cited by later proponents of AAH as an inspiration for their
1198:
after the article was published. Some interest was received, notably from the geographer
3854:
3288:
2672:
2655:
Trauth MH, Maslin MA, Deino AL, Junginger A, Lesoloyia M, Odada EO, et al. (2010).
2318:
1437:. Despite being debunked, it returns periodically, being promoted as recently as 2019.
6125:
5535:
5239:
5225:
5164:
4889:
4843:
4838:
4810:
4777:
4646:
4505:
4433:
4423:
4273:
4218:
4136:
4131:
4126:
3624:
Venturi S, BĂ©gin ME (2010). "Thyroid Hormone, Iodine and Human Brain Development": 112.
3307:
3272:
3214:
3189:
1735:
1641:
1616:
1602:
1587:
1574:
1492:
1356:
1213:
496:
483:
413:
387:
155:
122:
107:
3778:
7062:
7013:
6589:
5703:
5556:
5246:
5103:
4997:
4962:
4863:
4858:
4833:
4363:
4328:
4303:
4153:
4116:
3907:
3899:
2916:
2899:
2656:
2286:
2005:
1660:
1624:
1578:
1566:
1533:
1521:
1352:
1290:
1249:
1231:
1208:
1179:
1161:
683:
145:
125:
103:
3419:
3005:
2680:
2270:
6831:
6816:
6791:
6139:
5709:
5697:
5639:
5513:
5461:
5426:
5351:
5258:
5098:
5089:
4868:
4848:
4752:
4490:
4373:
4293:
4253:
4243:
4213:
3375:"Docosahexaenoic acid and shore-based diets in hominin encephalization: a rebuttal"
3359:
2130:. Berlin: Verlag der Medizinischen Welt, W. Mannstaedt & Co. pp. 309–312.
1919:
1833:
1788:
1628:
1441:
1320:
1228:
1220:
1091:
665:
632:
546:
470:
457:
87:
3767:
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
2851:
2657:"Human evolution in a variable environment: The amplifier lakes of Eastern Africa"
2055:
1941:
Misanthropology – Science, Pseudoscience, and the Study of Humanity
1771:, and state that inland habitats cannot naturally meet human iodide requirements.
1671:
10 years later, but it did not garner any more positive reaction from scientists.
4019:
3998:
3977:
3956:
3926:
3879:
3825:
3804:
2943:
2491:
2466:
1663:
and was translated into ten languages. The book was praised for its feminism but
59:
Proposal that humans evolved certain features due to filling a semi-aquatic niche
6826:
6781:
6650:
5593:
5520:
5492:
5485:
5433:
5002:
4977:
4972:
4942:
4725:
4701:
4666:
4475:
4378:
4298:
4258:
4111:
1972:
1732:
1598:
in 1991, calling it "exceptionally well written" and "a good piece of science".
1529:
1513:
1485:
1449:
1412:
1120:
737:
361:
3732:
3277:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3166:
3040:
6975:
6666:
5578:
5499:
4982:
4917:
4706:
4686:
4470:
4443:
4228:
4141:
2262:
2192:
2175:
1792:
1379:
1307:
1303:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1151:
141:
95:
3250:
3132:
2921:"Sorry David Attenborough, we didn't evolve from 'aquatic apes' – here's why"
2135:
6965:
6708:
5645:
5550:
5007:
4912:
4696:
4460:
4453:
4428:
4338:
3806:
Human Brain Evolution: The Influence of Freshwater and Marine Food Resources
3297:
2997:
1948:
1939:
Rafferty SM (2022). "Chapter 6: Biological anthropology and pseudoscience".
1776:
1760:
1727:
1693:
1481:
1465:
habitat that provided enough extra food to count as an agency for selection.
1391:
1165:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1075:
906:
752:
129:
91:
4716:
3862:
3786:
3411:
3351:
3316:
3223:
3174:
3078:
2843:
2047:
1911:
1240:. Another screenwriter, Elaine Morgan, responded to this focus in her 1972
17:
7035:
3870:
1425:
6934:
5506:
5471:
5448:
5169:
4957:
4767:
4313:
4308:
4233:
3205:
2604:
1723:
1645:
1360:
1174:
1037:
1015:
926:
374:
348:
114:
4000:
Aquatic Ape: Fact or Fiction? Proceedings from the Valkenburg Conference
1495:
such a thing meant that although the idea has the appearance of being a
6929:
6912:
6856:
6679:
5656:
5232:
4967:
4927:
4897:
4875:
4495:
4283:
4183:
3402:
3393:
3343:
2835:
2039:
1902:
1885:
1823:
1612:
1537:
1387:
1368:
1329:
994:
531:
523:
509:
333:
2235:
158:'s theories of sexuality, which she believed to be rooted in sexism.
6746:
6656:
4952:
4278:
4043:
1764:
1333:
137:
1383:
1336:
rather than the nasal cavity, the human propensity for front-facing
1248:
period in evolution, his name for the speculation by the biologist
6995:
6985:
6637:
5731:
5622:
5612:
5125:
1707:
1424:
1364:
1341:
1316:
154:. In it, she contrasted the theory with zoologist and ethnologist
133:
6094:
1979:. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press (ABC-CLIO). pp. 25–27.
6990:
6631:
5390:
4448:
3698:"Human breath-hold diving ability and the underlying physiology"
1886:"Sinuses and flotation: does the aquatic ape theory hold water?"
1718:
1554:
In "The Waterside Ape", a pair of 2016 BBC Radio documentaries,
1147:
6585:
6098:
5129:
4601:
4085:
4047:
1508:. Langdon also objected to Morgan's blanket opposition to the "
6612:
4510:
4500:
1395:
1355:
is sometimes cited as evidence. This is exhibited strongly in
1299:
1108:
174:
3611:
2387:
1311:
relatively long periods, that is, several hours at a stretch.
2984:
Charlton B (5 January 1991). "How the apes lost their fur".
2791:
The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution
2493:
From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology
2402:
The Waterside Ape: An alternative Account of Human Evolution
1857:
The Waterside Ape: An Alternative Account of Human Evolution
1545:
The Accidental Species: Misunderstandings of Human Evolution
1499:, it actually was no more powerful an explanation than the
1375:). However adult humans generally exhibit a mild response.
3239:"Aquatic apes are the stuff of creationism, not evolution"
3587:
Survival of the fattest: the key to human brain evolution
2448:
2446:
2010:"Why anthropologists don't accept the Aquatic Ape Theory"
1386:
before becoming the usual means of human locomotion, and
113:
The theory developed before major discoveries of ancient
2585:
6581:
4018:
Vaneechoutte M, Kuliukas AV, Verhaegen M, eds. (2011).
2515:
2513:
1484:
has argued that the hypothesis has equivalent merit to
121:. The hypothesis was initially proposed by the English
42:
3373:
Cunnane SC, Plourde M, Stewart K, Crawford MA (2007).
7024:
3997:
Roede M, Wind J, Patrick J, Reynolds V, eds. (1991).
2898:"It's time we let go of the 'aquatic ape' myth." The
2727:"Mermaids Embodies the Rotting Carcass of Science TV"
2097:
2095:
1401:
Morgan summed up her take on the hypothesis in 2011:
1126:(1871–1957) discussed various human characteristics (
90:
took a divergent evolutionary pathway from the other
2971:
Outsider Scientists. Routes to Innovation in Biology
2875:
2873:
2222:
Sauer CO (1960). "Seashore–Primitive home of man?".
2205:
2203:
1712:
Neanderthal skull (right) compared with modern human
1429:
Aquatic Ape Conference delegates in Valkenburg, 1987
6905:
6855:
6769:
6619:
6409:
6226:
6132:
6005:
5979:
5932:
5870:
5789:
5748:
5741:
5687:
5620:
5611:
5534:
5459:
5406:
5389:
5349:
5285:
5256:
5211:
5178:
5163:
5016:
4888:
4824:
4786:
4724:
4614:
4531:
4396:
4099:
2351:
International Anthropological and Linguistic Review
5635:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
2285:
3677:The Driving Force: Food, Evolution and The Future
3021:Foreword: Evolution, Encephalization, Environment
2224:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1743:The Driving Force: Food, Evolution and The Future
2550:. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 106–119.
2176:"Book review: The Aquatic Ape: Fact or Fiction?"
1745:, Michael Crawford and David Marsh claimed that
2783:
2781:
1787:Professor of animal physiology and experienced
1751:
1462:
1403:
1296:
3660:
3648:
3599:
3551:
3515:
3472:
3188:Halsey LG, Tyler CJ, Kuliukas AV (June 2014).
3026:
1716:Evidence supports aquatic food consumption in
1390:evolved out of the use of rocks to crack open
1150:, he believed this might have been during the
6597:
6110:
5141:
4349:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
4059:
3539:
3527:
1943:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 100–112.
1796:that such traits could be enabled by a human
1749:were vital for the development of the brain:
1298:My thesis is that a branch of this primitive
1157:Independently of Westenhöfer's writings, the
203:
8:
3904:The Aquatic Ape: A Theory of Human Evolution
2071:
2069:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1191:etc., in the shallow waters off the coast."
164:simpler and therefore more likely to be true
4414:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3067:History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences
2388:Vaneechoutte, Kuliukas & Verhaegen 2011
2113:
1206:. In 1967, the hypothesis was mentioned in
167:to humans are common among other primates.
148:supported this hypothesis in her 1972 book
26:
6604:
6590:
6582:
6117:
6103:
6095:
5745:
5617:
5410:
5403:
5217:
5175:
5148:
5134:
5126:
4730:
4611:
4598:
4096:
4082:
4066:
4052:
4044:
3721:HOMO: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
2347:"The Predatory Transition from Ape to Man"
210:
196:
3401:
3306:
3296:
3213:
2323:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p.
2191:
1901:
1675:Related academic and independent research
6040:Human evolutionary developmental biology
3433:Stringer, Chris; Andrews, Peter (2005).
2694:Graham JM, Scadding GK, Bull PD (2008).
1934:
1932:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
7031:
2531:
2471:. Longmans, Green & co. p. 309
2452:
2437:
2101:
2021:
2019:
1846:
1767:in parts of Africa due to salt-derived
1655:became an international best-seller, a
28:
3638:
3627:
3498:
3487:
3462:
3451:
3103:
3091:
2867:Volume 77, Pages 1-216 (December 2014)
2490:Sterelny K, Fitness J (1 March 2004).
2425:
2375:
2086:
1977:Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia
1879:
1877:
1194:The idea was generally ignored by the
6940:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
5825:Evolutionary models of human drug use
3435:The complete world of human evolution
3190:"The energy costs of wading in water"
3114:
3112:
2519:
2209:
2075:
1488:, and should be similarly dismissed.
7:
6950:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
6065:
3803:Cunnane SC, Stewart K, eds. (2010).
3679:by Michael Crawford and David Marsh"
1047:
1025:
1003:
979:
959:
939:
915:
895:
872:
849:
829:
809:
789:
769:
4677:Oceanic physical-biological process
4539:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3826:"Was Man More Aquatic in the Past?"
3673:Pond C, Colby D (27 January 1990).
3121:"Elaine Morgan and the Aquatic Ape"
2794:. U of Chicago Press. p. 115.
1581:". Along the same lines, historian
86:, postulates that the ancestors of
6945:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
6877:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
6186:Blood type distribution by country
2251:Journal of Archaeological Research
1288:Hardy's hypothesis as outlined in
1212:, a popular book by the zoologist
57:
6955:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
3382:American Journal of Human Biology
3332:American Journal of Human Biology
2496:. Psychology Press. p. 250.
1410:as distinct from that leading to
7046:
7034:
7009:
7008:
6760:
6564:
6563:
6076:
6064:
6053:
6052:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5083:
4715:
4387:
4204:Colored dissolved organic matter
3437:. Thames and Hudson. p. 79.
1698:emerged a mere 200,000 years ago
1378:Hardy additionally posited that
6887:Great Apes Survival Partnership
6837:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
4549:Latin America and the Caribbean
2681:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.007
1783:Diving behavior and performance
5031:Ecological values of mangroves
4574:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
2973:. University of Chicago Press.
2544:Kuliukas AV, Morgan E (2011).
1594:an enthusiastic review in the
1:
3779:10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00002-7
2586:RoedeWindPatrickReynolds 1991
2468:Man's Place among the Mammals
1635:Reactions of Hardy and Morgan
1601:In 1995, paleoanthropologist
1493:difficulty of ever disproving
1460:. His summary at the end was:
144:. The popular science writer
5051:Marine conservation activism
5036:Fisheries and climate change
3906:. Vol. Foreword by Sir
3794:Crawford M, Marsh D (1989).
2905:, 17 September 2016, page 23
2725:Black, Riley (31 May 2012).
2634:. Back Bay. pp. 36–37.
1814:Endurance running hypothesis
6083:Evolutionary biology Portal
5046:Human impact on marine life
4923:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
4159:Aquatic population dynamics
3041:"Water and Human Evolution"
2631:The Face: A Natural History
2153:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
1860:. CRC Press. pp. 7–9.
1382:evolved first as an aid to
1284:The Hardy/Morgan hypothesis
7115:
6960:List of fictional primates
6812:Neanderthal genome project
6167:Neanderthal genome project
4026:Bentham Science Publishers
3961:. London: Souvenir Press.
3958:The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis
3931:. London: Souvenir Press.
3884:. London: Souvenir Press.
3843:Journal of Human Evolution
3733:10.1016/j.jchb.2012.06.001
3661:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
3649:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
3600:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
3567:Journal of Human Evolution
3552:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
3516:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
3473:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
3167:10.1016/j.jchb.2009.09.002
3045:Dispatches Human Evolution
3027:Cunnane & Stewart 2010
2865:Journal of Human Evolution
2661:Quaternary Science Reviews
1692:In a critique of the AAH,
1651:Elaine Morgan's 1972 book
1562:Journal of Human Evolution
1480:editor and paleontologist
1266:The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis
7004:
6892:International Primate Day
6842:Borneo Orangutan Survival
6797:Chimpanzee genome project
6758:
6559:
6048:
6028:Evolutionary anthropology
5809:
5413:
5220:
5077:
4733:
4713:
4662:Marine primary production
4610:
4597:
4556:List of marine ecoregions
4385:
4095:
4081:
3950:. London: Souvenir Press.
3824:Hardy A (17 March 1960).
3696:Schagatay, Erika (2014).
3540:Crawford & Marsh 1989
3528:Crawford & Marsh 1989
2824:Evolutionary Anthropology
2193:10.1017/S0016672300030184
2028:Evolutionary Anthropology
1890:Evolutionary Anthropology
1323:, and noted the layer of
1104:
188:
177:
6304:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
4908:Coastal biogeomorphology
4903:Marine coastal ecosystem
3948:The Descent of the Child
3119:Milam EL (13 May 2013).
2948:. Penguin. p. 244.
2597:Dunsworth, H.M. (2007).
1884:Rae TC, Koppe T (2014).
1798:developmental plasticity
1497:parsimonious explanation
1262:The Descent of the Child
1134:, the regression of the
39:latest accepted revision
7089:Hypothetical life forms
6918:List of individual apes
6897:Nonhuman Rights Project
6365:Ancient Northeast Asian
6341:Eastern hunter-gatherer
6321:Western hunter-gatherer
6292:Early Anatolian farmers
5934:Origin of modern humans
4816:Paradox of the plankton
4627:Diel vertical migration
4521:Freshwater swamp forest
4239:GIS and aquatic science
4087:General components and
3751:Attenborough D (2016).
3298:10.1073/pnas.1002181107
2998:10.1136/bmj.302.6767.58
2986:British Medical Journal
2945:Darwin's Dangerous Idea
2880:Attenborough D (2016).
2292:. McGraw-Hill. p.
2263:10.1023/a:1013062712695
1949:10.4324/9781003276166-6
1596:British Medical Journal
1092:P a r a n t h r o p u s
951:Dispersal beyond Africa
70:), also referred to as
6807:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
6370:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
6353:Ancient North Eurasian
6316:Early European Farmers
4642:Large marine ecosystem
4334:Shoaling and schooling
3928:The Scars of Evolution
3863:10.1006/jhev.1997.0146
3637:Cite journal requires
3612:Broadhurst et al. 2002
3497:Cite journal requires
3461:Cite journal requires
2149:Westenhöfer M (1948).
2126:Westenhöfer M (1942).
1756:
1713:
1467:
1430:
1418:
1313:
1258:The Scars of Evolution
223:−10 —
64:aquatic ape hypothesis
7074:Biological hypotheses
6822:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
6191:Genealogical DNA test
6152:Evolutionary genetics
5942:Recent African origin
5180:Last common ancestors
5061:Marine protected area
4988:Salt pannes and pools
4763:Marine larval ecology
4738:Census of Marine Life
4622:Deep scattering layer
4579:San Francisco Estuary
4544:Africa and Madagascar
4369:Underwater camouflage
4149:Aquatic biomonitoring
4089:freshwater ecosystems
3602:, pp. xiii–xvii.
2923:. theconversation.com
2399:Rhys-Evans P (2019).
1854:Rhys-Evans P (2019).
1711:
1680:Wading and bipedalism
1506:scientific hypothesis
1428:
1225:hunting and gathering
1171:British Sub-Aqua Club
313:−1 —
303:−2 —
293:−3 —
283:−4 —
273:−5 —
263:−6 —
253:−7 —
243:−8 —
233:−9 —
7041:Evolutionary biology
6802:Human Genome Project
6162:Neanderthal genetics
6145:Human Genome Project
5957:Behavioral modernity
5947:Multiregional origin
5727:archaic Homo sapiens
5722:Homo heidelbergensis
5667:Red Deer Cave people
4796:Marine bacteriophage
4758:Marine invertebrates
3881:The Descent of Woman
3798:. London: Heinemann.
3237:Gee H (7 May 2013).
3206:10.1242/bio.20147831
2667:(23–24): 2981–2988.
1665:paleoanthropologists
1583:Erika Lorraine Milam
1458:University of Oxford
1234:'s 1961 best-seller
1196:scientific community
907:Earliest stone tools
151:The Descent of Woman
80:waterside hypothesis
6847:Primate archaeology
6545:Sub-Saharan Africa
6514:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
6411:Population genetics
6218:Genetic enhancement
6211:Surname DNA project
5594:H. neanderthalensis
5514:H. e. tautavelensis
4672:Ocean fertilization
4481:Trophic state index
4439:Lake stratification
4169:Aquatic respiration
3979:The Naked Darwinist
3855:1997JHumE..33..479L
3753:"The Waterside Ape"
3614:, pp. 659–660.
3589:. World Scientific.
3585:Cunnane SC (2005).
3289:2010PNAS..10710002B
2882:"The Waterside Ape"
2673:2010QSRv...29.2981T
2578:Reynolds V (1991).
1747:omega-3 fatty acids
1741:In their 1989 book
1590:gave Morgan's book
1510:savannah hypothesis
1270:The Naked Darwinist
1142:, direction of the
1119:In 1942 the German
29:Page version status
6777:Great ape language
6735:Tapanuli orangutan
6715:Sumatran orangutan
5781:Self-domestication
5572:H. heidelbergensis
5521:H. e. yuanmouensis
5486:H. e. lantianensis
5213:Australopithecines
4938:Intertidal wetland
4933:Intertidal ecology
4801:Marine prokaryotes
4743:Deep-sea community
4637:Iron fertilization
4560:Specific examples
4486:Upland and lowland
4404:Freshwater biology
4269:Microbial food web
4179:Aquatic toxicology
4122:Aquatic adaptation
4075:Aquatic ecosystems
4003:. Souvenir Press.
3910:. Souvenir Press.
3651:, pp. 105–124
3518:, pp. 125–136
3394:10.1002/ajhb.20673
3344:10.1002/ajhb.20579
3039:Tobias PV (1998).
3029:, pp. vii–xii
2942:Dennett D (1995).
2836:10.1002/evan.21405
2760:Skeptical Inquirer
2628:McNeill D (2000).
2317:Morgan LH (1877).
2040:10.1002/evan.21405
1903:10.1002/evan.21408
1819:Hunting hypothesis
1714:
1686:orthograde posture
1615:, and followed by
1608:Scars of Evolution
1592:Scars of Evolution
1556:David Attenborough
1435:David Attenborough
1431:
1204:marine archaeology
708:H. heidelbergensis
72:aquatic ape theory
35:
7022:
7021:
6882:Great Ape Project
6725:Bornean orangutan
6579:
6578:
6399:Ancient Beringian
6201:Race and genetics
6196:Genetic genealogy
6181:Genetic variation
6092:
6091:
6033:Paleoanthropology
5975:
5974:
5952:Archaic admixture
5830:Stoned ape theory
5766:Endurance running
5683:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5530:
5529:
5493:H. e. nankinensis
5449:H. tsaichangensis
5385:
5384:
5123:
5122:
5104:Oceans portal
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
4948:Hydrothermal vent
4884:
4883:
4773:Seashore wildlife
4604:Marine ecosystems
4593:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4359:Thermal pollution
4324:Ramsar Convention
4264:Microbial ecology
4224:Fisheries science
4164:Aquatic predation
4035:978-1-60805-244-8
4010:978-0-285-63033-8
3989:978-0-9525620-3-0
3976:Morgan E (2008).
3968:978-0-285-63981-2
3955:Morgan E (1997).
3946:Morgan E (1994).
3938:978-0-19-509431-2
3925:Morgan E (1990).
3917:978-0-285-62509-9
3891:978-0-285-63984-3
3878:Morgan E (1972).
3816:978-0-470-60987-3
3796:The Driving Force
2955:978-0-684-82471-0
2801:978-0-226-04498-9
2711:978-3-540-69930-9
2641:978-0-316-58812-6
2614:978-0-313-33673-7
2600:Human Origins 101
2557:978-1-60805-244-8
2503:978-1-135-43212-6
2428:, pp. 69–79.
2412:978-0-367-14548-4
2303:978-0-09-948201-7
2284:Morris D (1967).
2180:Genetics Research
2160:978-3-533-01969-5
2008:(4 August 2009).
1986:978-0-313-35507-3
1867:978-0-367-14548-4
1829:Stoned ape theory
1769:iodine deficiency
1659:selection in the
1657:Book of the Month
1396:research programs
1117:
1116:
1109:million years ago
1068:
1067:
1046:
1045:
1024:
1023:
1016:Earliest rock art
1002:
1001:
978:
977:
971:Earliest language
958:
957:
938:
937:
914:
913:
894:
893:
884:Earliest sign of
871:
870:
861:Earliest sign of
848:
847:
828:
827:
808:
807:
788:
787:
431:Ou. macedoniensis
16:(Redirected from
7106:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7039:
7038:
7030:
7012:
7011:
6981:Mythic humanoids
6764:
6739:P. tapanuliensis
6606:
6599:
6592:
6583:
6567:
6566:
6268:African diaspora
6258:Eastern Africa‎‎
6206:Recent evolution
6157:Human-chimp MRCA
6119:
6112:
6105:
6096:
6080:
6068:
6067:
6056:
6055:
5992:Human prehistory
5967:Recent evolution
5962:Early migrations
5904:Thermoregulation
5805:Expensive tissue
5776:Sexual selection
5746:
5618:
5500:H. e. pekinensis
5411:
5404:
5319:A. bahrelghazali
5288:Australopithecus
5218:
5188:Chimpanzee–human
5176:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5113:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5101:
5092:
5090:Lakes portal
5088:
5087:
5086:
5056:Marine pollution
4748:Deep-water coral
4731:
4719:
4652:Marine chemistry
4612:
4599:
4516:Freshwater marsh
4409:Freshwater biome
4391:
4107:Acoustic ecology
4097:
4083:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4039:
4014:
3993:
3982:. Eildon Press.
3972:
3951:
3942:
3921:
3895:
3874:
3837:
3820:
3799:
3790:
3760:
3737:
3736:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3379:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2912:
2906:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2465:Wood FJ (1929).
2462:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2345:Dart RA (1953).
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2291:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2174:Reeve E (1992).
2171:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2114:Westenhöfer 1942
2111:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1905:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1851:
1763:in the Alps and
1722:as early as the
1653:Descent of Woman
1528:Palaeontologist
1346:eccrine sweating
1325:subcutaneous fat
1242:Descent of Woman
1159:marine biologist
1132:subcutaneous fat
1097:
1095:
1094:
1080:
1078:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1038:Earliest clothes
1031:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1004:
985:
980:
965:
960:
945:
940:
927:Earliest sign of
921:
916:
901:
896:
886:Australopithecus
878:
873:
855:
850:
841:Earliest bipedal
835:
830:
821:Chimpanzee split
815:
810:
795:
790:
775:
770:
756:
755:
741:
740:
724:
710:
696:
668:
655:
635:
622:
594:
592:Australopithecus
581:
566:
549:
536:
512:
499:
486:
473:
460:
447:
435:
416:
403:
390:
378:
364:
351:
338:
336:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
212:
205:
198:
192:
182:
181:Hominin timeline
175:
123:marine biologist
21:
7114:
7113:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7084:Aquatic mammals
7079:Human evolution
7069:1960 in biology
7059:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7033:
7025:
7023:
7018:
7000:
6971:Human evolution
6901:
6858:
6851:
6787:BirutÄ— Galdikas
6765:
6756:
6696:Western gorilla
6686:Eastern gorilla
6622:
6615:
6610:
6580:
6575:
6555:
6535:Southeast Asia
6413:
6405:
6263:Southern Africa
6230:
6228:Genetic history
6222:
6128:
6123:
6093:
6088:
6044:
6001:
5987:Human evolution
5971:
5928:
5872:
5866:
5845:Cooperative eye
5790:Specific models
5785:
5737:
5716:Homo antecessor
5671:
5607:
5601:H. rhodesiensis
5565:H. floresiensis
5526:
5507:H. e. soloensis
5479:H. e. georgicus
5455:
5419:H. gautengensis
5394:
5392:
5381:
5345:
5281:
5252:
5207:
5198:Orangutan–human
5167:
5159:
5157:Human evolution
5154:
5124:
5119:
5096:
5095:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5065:
5026:Coral bleaching
5012:
4993:Seagrass meadow
4890:Marine habitats
4880:
4854:Coral reef fish
4820:
4806:Marine protists
4782:
4720:
4711:
4682:Ocean turbidity
4657:Marine food web
4606:
4585:
4527:
4466:River ecosystem
4419:Freshwater fish
4392:
4383:
4189:Bioluminescence
4174:Aquatic science
4091:
4077:
4072:
4042:
4036:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3954:
3945:
3939:
3924:
3918:
3898:
3892:
3877:
3840:
3823:
3817:
3802:
3793:
3763:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3708:(1–3): 125–140.
3702:Human Evolution
3695:
3694:
3690:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3460:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3283:(22): 10002–7.
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3073:(1–2): 147–84.
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:. p. viii.
3018:
3017:
3013:
2992:(6767): 58–59.
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2897:
2893:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:. p. 121.
2596:
2595:
2591:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2534:, pp. 481.
2530:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2455:, pp. 487.
2451:
2444:
2440:, pp. 483.
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2320:Ancient Society
2316:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2201:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1809:
1803:
1785:
1728:taphonomic bias
1706:
1682:
1677:
1669:The Aquatic Ape
1637:
1579:Just So stories
1501:null hypothesis
1472:
1454:Vernon Reynolds
1423:
1373:infant swimming
1357:aquatic mammals
1286:
1254:The Aquatic Ape
1237:African Genesis
1136:olfactory organ
1124:Max Westenhöfer
1113:
1112:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:H o m i n i d s
1074:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1007:
998:
997:
983:
974:
973:
963:
954:
953:
943:
934:
933:
928:
919:
910:
909:
899:
890:
889:
876:
867:
866:
853:
844:
843:
833:
824:
823:
813:
804:
803:
793:
784:
783:
773:
766:
765:
764:
759:
758:
757:
751:
750:
746:
744:
743:
742:
736:
735:
731:
729:
728:
727:
720:
714:
713:
712:
706:
701:
699:
698:
697:
688:
680:
672:
671:
664:
658:
657:
656:
647:
639:
638:
631:
625:
624:
623:
614:
606:
598:
597:
590:
584:
583:
582:
573:
569:
568:
567:
558:
554:
553:
552:
545:
539:
538:
537:
528:
520:
516:
515:
514:
508:
503:
502:
501:
495:
490:
489:
488:
482:
477:
476:
475:
469:
464:
463:
462:
456:
451:
450:
449:
445:Chororapithecus
443:
438:
437:
436:
427:
419:
418:
412:
407:
406:
405:
401:Samburupithecus
399:
394:
393:
392:
386:
381:
380:
379:
372:
368:
367:
366:
360:
355:
354:
353:
347:
342:
341:
340:
334:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
216:
190:
184:
180:
173:
108:anthropologists
84:human evolution
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7112:
7110:
7102:
7101:
7096:
7094:Fringe science
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7055:
7043:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6861:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6766:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6753:: Hylobatidae)
6744:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6722:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6693:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:P. troglodytes
6664:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6627:
6625:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6586:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6417:
6415:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6382:Southeast Asia
6379:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6253:Central Africa
6250:
6245:
6234:
6232:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6159:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6126:Human genetics
6124:
6122:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6074:
6062:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6009:
6007:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5997:Human timeline
5994:
5989:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5938:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5875:
5873:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5820:Drunken monkey
5814:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5752:
5750:
5749:General models
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5693:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5642:
5637:
5628:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5553:
5548:
5540:
5538:
5536:Archaic humans
5532:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5445:
5441:H. rudolfensis
5437:
5430:
5423:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5362:P. aethiopicus
5357:
5355:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5240:Sahelanthropus
5236:
5229:
5226:Nakalipithecus
5221:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5173:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5093:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4844:Saltwater fish
4841:
4839:Marine reptile
4836:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4811:Marine viruses
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4788:Microorganisms
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4778:Wild fisheries
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4728:
4722:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Thorson's rule
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Marine biology
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:Brackish marsh
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Lake ecosystem
4431:
4426:
4424:Hyporheic zone
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4274:Microbial loop
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Eutrophication
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Cascade effect
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4127:Aquatic animal
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4092:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4015:
4009:
3994:
3988:
3973:
3967:
3952:
3943:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3896:
3890:
3875:
3838:
3836:(174): 642–45.
3821:
3815:
3800:
3791:
3773:(4): 653–673.
3761:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3711:
3688:
3685:(Book review).
3665:
3653:
3639:|journal=
3616:
3604:
3592:
3577:
3556:
3544:
3542:, p. 159.
3532:
3530:, p. 162.
3520:
3508:
3499:|journal=
3476:
3463:|journal=
3440:
3425:
3365:
3322:
3263:
3229:
3180:
3145:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3057:
3031:
3011:
2976:
2961:
2954:
2934:
2907:
2891:
2869:
2857:
2814:
2800:
2788:Gee H (2013).
2777:
2743:
2717:
2710:
2704:. p. 27.
2686:
2647:
2640:
2620:
2613:
2589:
2582:. p. 340.
2570:
2556:
2536:
2524:
2522:, p. 645.
2509:
2502:
2482:
2457:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2411:
2391:
2380:
2368:
2337:
2309:
2302:
2276:
2257:(4): 287–350.
2241:
2214:
2199:
2166:
2159:
2141:
2118:
2116:, p. 148.
2106:
2091:
2089:, p. 3-9.
2079:
2065:
2015:
1992:
1985:
1964:
1957:
1928:
1873:
1866:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1784:
1781:
1736:sea level rise
1705:
1702:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1642:Desmond Morris
1636:
1633:
1627:, well before
1603:Phillip Tobias
1588:Bruce Charlton
1575:Daniel Dennett
1471:
1468:
1422:
1419:
1321:hippopotamuses
1285:
1282:
1214:Desmond Morris
1140:webbed fingers
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1000:
999:
989:
988:
986:
976:
975:
969:
968:
966:
956:
955:
949:
948:
946:
936:
935:
925:
924:
922:
912:
911:
905:
904:
902:
892:
891:
882:
881:
879:
869:
868:
859:
858:
856:
846:
845:
839:
838:
836:
826:
825:
819:
818:
816:
806:
805:
799:
798:
796:
786:
785:
779:
778:
776:
767:
762:
761:
760:
749:
748:
747:
745:
734:
733:
732:
730:
717:
716:
715:
704:
703:
702:
700:
661:
660:
659:
643:H. rudolfensis
628:
627:
626:
587:
586:
585:
572:
571:
570:
557:
556:
555:
542:
541:
540:
519:
518:
517:
506:
505:
504:
497:Graecopithecus
493:
492:
491:
484:Sahelanthropus
480:
479:
478:
467:
466:
465:
454:
453:
452:
441:
440:
439:
414:Ouranopithecus
410:
409:
408:
397:
396:
395:
388:Nakalipithecus
384:
383:
382:
371:
370:
369:
358:
357:
356:
345:
344:
343:
330:
329:
328:
326:
323:0 —
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
218:
217:
215:
214:
207:
200:
189:
186:
185:
178:
172:
169:
156:Desmond Morris
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7111:
7100:
7099:Pseudoscience
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7054:
7044:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7028:
7015:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6924:Apes in space
6922:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6859:social status
6854:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:Study of apes
6768:
6763:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6614:
6607:
6602:
6600:
6595:
6593:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6572:
6571:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:British Isles
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6248:West Africa‎‎
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6004:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:Life history
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:Homo ergaster
5700:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5633:H. s. sapiens
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5613:Modern humans
5610:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5587:H. luzonensis
5584:
5581:
5580:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:H. antecessor
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5523:
5522:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5511:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5472:H. e. erectus
5469:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5326:A. deyiremeda
5323:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5247:Kenyanthropus
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5193:Gorilla–human
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5116:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Sponge ground
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Marine biomes
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:Demersal fish
4862:
4860:
4859:Deep-sea fish
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4834:Marine mammal
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Trophic level
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Sediment trap
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Phytoplankton
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Aquatic plant
4152:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Anoxic waters
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3909:
3908:Alister Hardy
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:(4): 479–94.
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3830:New Scientist
3827:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3683:New Scientist
3680:
3678:
3669:
3666:
3663:, p. 47.
3662:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3631:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3491:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:(4): 578–81.
3387:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3338:(1): 132–41.
3337:
3333:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:(6): 479–88.
3160:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:, p. 15.
3105:
3100:
3097:
3094:, p. 12.
3093:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:Pediatric ENT
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2405:. CRC Press.
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2378:, p. 11.
2377:
2372:
2369:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:The Naked Ape
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1958:9781032231778
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:United States
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1567:Alice Roberts
1564:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:Eugenie Scott
1531:
1526:
1523:
1522:John D. Hawks
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:diving reflex
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1291:New Scientist
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Alister Hardy
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1232:Robert Ardrey
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1209:The Naked Ape
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1180:New Scientist
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1162:Alister Hardy
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1079:
1077:
1061:
1060:Modern humans
1055:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1005:
996:
992:
991:Earliest fire
987:
982:
981:
972:
967:
962:
961:
952:
947:
942:
941:
932:
931:
923:
918:
917:
908:
903:
898:
897:
888:
887:
880:
875:
874:
865:
864:
857:
852:
851:
842:
837:
832:
831:
822:
817:
812:
811:
802:
801:Gorilla split
797:
792:
791:
782:
777:
772:
771:
768:
754:
739:
726:
725:
723:
711:
709:
695:
693:
687:
685:
679:
677:
676:H. antecessor
670:
669:
667:
654:
652:
646:
644:
637:
636:
634:
621:
619:
618:Au. anamensis
613:
611:
610:Au. afarensis
605:
603:
602:Au. africanus
596:
595:
593:
580:
578:
565:
563:
551:
550:
548:
535:
533:
532:O. tugenensis
527:
525:
513:
511:
500:
498:
487:
485:
474:
472:
461:
459:
448:
446:
434:
432:
426:
424:
417:
415:
404:
402:
391:
389:
377:
376:
365:
363:
352:
350:
339:
337:
327:
220:
219:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
193:
187:
183:
176:
170:
168:
165:
159:
157:
153:
152:
147:
146:Elaine Morgan
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:Alister Hardy
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
104:pseudoscience
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:modern humans
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7053:Paleontology
6872:Research ban
6832:Elgin Center
6817:Willie Smits
6792:Jane Goodall
6738:
6728:
6718:
6707:
6699:
6689:
6678:
6670:
6660:
6649:
6641:
6630:
6568:
6466:Azerbaijanis
6348:Central Asia
6243:North Africa
6140:Human genome
6081:
6069:
6057:
5924:Gender roles
5919:Intelligence
5770:
5732:Homo sapiens
5730:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5710:Homo erectus
5708:
5702:
5698:Homo habilis
5696:
5657:Manot people
5646:H. s. idaltu
5644:
5640:Jebel Irhoud
5632:
5623:Homo sapiens
5621:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5555:
5543:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5462:Homo erectus
5460:
5447:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5407:Proto-humans
5396:
5393:proto-humans
5374:
5367:
5360:
5352:Paranthropus
5350:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5312:A. anamensis
5310:
5305:A. africanus
5303:
5298:A. afarensis
5296:
5286:
5274:
5267:
5259:Ardipithecus
5257:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5203:Gibbon–human
5018:Conservation
4869:Pelagic fish
4849:Coastal fish
4753:Marine fungi
4491:Water garden
4374:Water column
4319:Productivity
4294:Pelagic zone
4254:Macrobenthos
4244:Hydrobiology
4214:Ecohydrology
4020:
3999:
3978:
3957:
3947:
3927:
3903:
3880:
3846:
3842:
3833:
3829:
3805:
3795:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3744:Bibliography
3724:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3656:
3630:cite journal
3619:
3607:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3571:
3565:
3559:
3547:
3535:
3523:
3511:
3490:cite journal
3479:
3454:cite journal
3443:
3434:
3428:
3385:
3381:
3368:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3243:The Guardian
3242:
3232:
3200:(7): 571–4.
3197:
3194:Biology Open
3193:
3183:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3125:The Guardian
3124:
3099:
3087:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3044:
3034:
3020:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2970:
2964:
2944:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2910:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2864:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2790:
2768:. Retrieved
2763:
2759:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:
2720:
2696:
2689:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2599:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2546:
2539:
2532:Langdon 1997
2527:
2492:
2485:
2473:. Retrieved
2467:
2460:
2453:Langdon 1997
2438:Langdon 1997
2433:
2421:
2401:
2394:
2383:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2354:
2350:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2319:
2312:
2287:
2279:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2186:(1): 64–66.
2183:
2179:
2169:
2150:
2144:
2127:
2121:
2109:
2102:Langdon 1997
2082:
2059:
2031:
2027:
2012:(Blog post).
1976:
1973:Regal, Brian
1967:
1940:
1923:
1893:
1889:
1856:
1849:
1834:Triune brain
1802:
1786:
1773:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1717:
1715:
1691:
1683:
1668:
1652:
1650:
1638:
1629:Raymond Dart
1607:
1600:
1591:
1573:Philosopher
1572:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1527:
1519:
1490:
1475:
1473:
1463:
1442:anthropology
1439:
1432:
1411:
1408:Homo sapiens
1407:
1404:
1400:
1377:
1350:
1314:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1229:screenwriter
1221:Raymond Dart
1218:
1207:
1193:
1178:
1156:
1128:hairlessness
1118:
1088:
1073:
929:
885:
863:Ardipithecus
862:
781:Earlier apes
738:Neanderthals
722:Homo sapiens
719:
718:
705:
689:
681:
673:
663:
662:
648:
640:
630:
629:
615:
607:
599:
589:
588:
574:
559:
547:Ardipithecus
544:
543:
529:
521:
507:
494:
481:
471:Sivapithecus
468:
458:Oreopithecus
455:
442:
428:
420:
411:
398:
385:
373:
359:
346:
331:
160:
149:
112:
94:by becoming
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:
47:28 July 2024
46:
37:This is the
31:
6962:(non-human)
6926:(non-human)
6920:(non-human)
6827:Ian Redmond
6782:Dian Fossey
6729:P. pygmaeus
6690:G. beringei
6661:P. paniscus
6623:ape species
6524:Han Chinese
6500:South Asia
6287:Middle East
5855:Grandmother
5810:Shore-based
5771:Aquatic ape
5662:Tam Pa Ling
5557:H. ergaster
5376:P. robustus
5003:Sponge reef
4978:Rocky shore
4973:Oyster reef
4943:Kelp forest
4826:Vertebrates
4726:Marine life
4702:Viral shunt
4667:Marine snow
4569:Maharashtra
4476:Stream pool
4379:Zooplankton
4299:Photic zone
4259:Meiobenthos
4112:Algal bloom
3757:BBC Radio 4
3727:: 315–318.
3403:11143/15972
3104:Morgan 2008
3092:Morgan 2008
3019:Tobias PV.
2886:BBC Radio 4
2830:(2): 56–9.
2770:25 February
2426:Morgan 1990
2376:Morgan 1972
2230:(1): 41–7.
2087:Morgan 1972
2034:(2): 56–9.
1896:(2): 60–4.
1733:postglacial
1530:Riley Black
1514:soft tissue
1486:creationism
1450:Netherlands
1308:sea-urchins
1268:(1997) and
1246:Aquatic Ape
1223:focused on
1189:sea-urchins
1121:pathologist
684:H. ergaster
577:Ar. ramidus
562:Ar. kadabba
524:O. praegens
362:Pleistocene
191:This box:
119:East Africa
117:fossils in
18:Aquatic ape
7063:Categories
6976:Monkey Day
6966:Great apes
6867:Personhood
6700:G. gorilla
6667:Chimpanzee
6642:H. sapiens
6549:Hutu/Tutsi
6520:East Asia
6434:Bulgarians
6275:South Asia
6133:Sub-topics
5894:Skin color
5879:Bipedalism
5840:Killer ape
5652:Cro-Magnon
5551:Denisovans
5427:H. habilis
5391:Humans and
5276:A. ramidus
5269:A. kadabba
4983:Salt marsh
4918:Coral reef
4707:Whale fall
4687:Photophore
4564:Everglades
4532:Ecoregions
4471:Stream bed
4444:Macrophyte
4397:Freshwater
4229:Food chain
4142:Water bird
3050:16 January
2915:Maslin M,
2563:4 February
2520:Hardy 1960
2475:4 February
2361:29 October
2330:29 October
2210:Hardy 1960
2076:Hardy 1960
2061:plausible.
1841:References
1754:naturally.
1446:Valkenburg
1380:bipedalism
1359:, such as
1338:copulation
1304:shell fish
1200:Carl Sauer
1152:Cretaceous
753:Denisovans
692:Au. sediba
666:H. erectus
633:H. habilis
423:Ou. turkae
142:bipedalism
98:to a more
92:great apes
6857:Legal and
6719:P. abelii
6709:Orangutan
6539:Filipinos
6509:Sinhalese
6504:Gujaratis
6494:Moroccans
6489:Egyptians
6444:Romanians
6360:East Asia
6231:by region
6013:Theorists
5980:Timelines
5860:Patriarch
5836:Behavior
5761:Gathering
5689:Ancestors
5434:H. naledi
5369:P. boisei
5340:A. sediba
5008:Tide pool
4913:Cold seep
4697:Upwelling
4461:Rheotaxis
4454:Fish pond
4429:Limnology
4354:Substrate
4339:Siltation
4209:Dead zone
3809:. Wiley.
3251:0261-3077
3133:0261-3077
2917:Roberts A
2903:Newspaper
2807:6 January
2752:Frazier K
2136:311692900
1793:freediver
1777:Henry Gee
1761:cretinism
1694:Henry Gee
1631:used it.
1482:Henry Gee
1470:Critiques
1421:Reactions
1392:shellfish
1280:instead.
1278:waterside
1276:and used
1185:shellfish
1166:Darwinian
1144:body hair
651:Au. garhi
130:shellfish
78:) or the
7014:Category
6935:Bushmeat
6570:Category
6529:Japanese
6449:Russians
6429:Bosniaks
6414:by group
6387:Thailand
6299:Caucasus
6174:Timeline
6059:Category
5914:Language
5884:Skeleton
5579:H. longi
5333:A. garhi
5170:Hominins
5165:Taxonomy
5115:Category
5041:HERMIONE
4958:Mangrove
4768:Seagrass
4314:Pleuston
4309:Plankton
4289:Particle
4234:Food web
3902:(1982).
3900:Morgan E
3787:11923081
3574:: 1–216.
3420:20649815
3412:17546620
3352:17160979
3317:20534571
3256:16 March
3224:24907372
3175:19853850
3079:23272598
3006:36046030
2919:(2018).
2844:24753345
2754:(2015).
2702:Springer
2605:ABC-CLIO
2271:11120840
2048:24753345
2006:Hawks JD
1975:(2009).
1912:24753346
1807:See also
1724:Pliocene
1646:dolphins
1388:tool use
1369:dolphins
1264:(1994),
1260:(1990),
1256:(1982),
1175:Brighton
375:Hominini
349:Pliocene
43:reviewed
7027:Portals
6930:Bigfoot
6913:Primate
6906:Related
6680:Gorilla
6424:Basques
6420:Europe
6394:America
6071:Commons
6023:Fossils
5889:Muscles
5800:Cooking
5756:Hunting
5233:Orrorin
4968:Mudflat
4928:Estuary
4898:Bay mud
4876:Seabird
4632:f-ratio
4615:General
4496:Wetland
4284:Neuston
4249:Hypoxia
4194:Biomass
4184:Benthos
4100:General
3871:9361254
3851:Bibcode
3360:8544762
3308:2890426
3285:Bibcode
3215:4154292
2766:(5): 12
2669:Bibcode
1920:5456280
1824:Mermaid
1625:Haeckel
1621:Wallace
1613:Lamarck
1538:Bigfoot
1456:of the
1332:in the
1330:trachea
1274:aquatic
1052:←
1030:←
1008:←
995:cooking
984:←
964:←
944:←
920:←
900:←
877:←
854:←
834:←
814:←
794:←
774:←
510:Orrorin
335:Miocene
318:–
308:–
298:–
288:–
278:–
268:–
258:–
248:–
238:–
228:–
171:History
162:it was
132:on the
115:hominin
100:aquatic
96:adapted
6751:family
6747:Gibbon
6657:Bonobo
6621:Extant
6439:Croats
6331:Iberia
6311:Europe
6238:Africa
6006:Others
5909:Speech
5871:Topics
5816:Drugs
5742:Models
4953:Lagoon
4279:Nekton
4137:Mammal
4132:Insect
4032:
4007:
3986:
3965:
3935:
3914:
3888:
3869:
3813:
3785:
3418:
3410:
3358:
3350:
3315:
3305:
3249:
3222:
3212:
3173:
3131:
3077:
3004:
2952:
2927:27 May
2852:849419
2850:
2842:
2798:
2708:
2638:
2611:
2554:
2500:
2409:
2300:
2269:
2236:985209
2234:
2157:
2134:
2056:849419
2054:
2046:
1983:
1955:
1918:
1910:
1864:
1765:goitre
1617:Darwin
1477:Nature
1384:wading
1365:otters
1334:throat
1317:whales
763:
138:seabed
6996:Yowie
6986:Yeren
6638:Human
6484:Arabs
6480:MENA
6476:Turks
6459:Serbs
6375:China
6336:Italy
6280:India
6018:Books
5796:Diet
4344:Spawn
3416:S2CID
3378:(PDF)
3356:S2CID
3138:2 May
3002:S2CID
2848:S2CID
2736:1 May
2731:Wired
2267:S2CID
2232:JSTOR
2052:S2CID
1916:S2CID
1789:scuba
1361:seals
1342:tears
1294:was:
134:coast
6991:Yeti
6632:Homo
6613:Apes
6471:Jews
6454:Sami
5899:Hair
5719:) →
5397:Homo
4449:Pond
4030:ISBN
4005:ISBN
3984:ISBN
3963:ISBN
3933:ISBN
3912:ISBN
3886:ISBN
3867:PMID
3811:ISBN
3783:PMID
3643:help
3503:help
3467:help
3408:PMID
3348:PMID
3313:PMID
3258:2017
3247:ISSN
3220:PMID
3171:PMID
3155:Homo
3140:2017
3129:ISSN
3075:PMID
3052:2017
2950:ISBN
2929:2018
2840:PMID
2809:2017
2796:ISBN
2772:2017
2738:2023
2706:ISBN
2636:ISBN
2609:ISBN
2565:2017
2552:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2477:2017
2407:ISBN
2363:2016
2332:2016
2298:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2132:OCLC
2044:PMID
1981:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1908:PMID
1862:ISBN
1791:and
1719:Homo
1704:Diet
1623:and
1367:and
1351:The
1344:and
1319:and
1148:apes
930:Homo
211:edit
204:talk
197:view
136:and
62:The
6651:Pan
5713:(→
5604:(?)
5582:(?)
5560:(?)
5452:(?)
5444:(?)
5422:(?)
4511:Fen
4501:Bog
3859:doi
3775:doi
3771:131
3729:doi
3647:in
3471:in
3398:hdl
3390:doi
3340:doi
3303:PMC
3293:doi
3281:107
3210:PMC
3202:doi
3163:doi
3025:in
2994:doi
2990:302
2832:doi
2677:doi
2584:in
2357:(4)
2259:doi
2228:106
2188:doi
2036:doi
1945:doi
1898:doi
1648:."
1543:In
1413:Pan
1300:ape
1173:in
106:by
82:of
76:AAT
68:AAH
45:on
7065::
5729:→
5725:→
5707:/
5701:→
4028:.
4024:.
3865:.
3857:.
3847:33
3845:.
3832:.
3828:.
3781:.
3769:.
3755:.
3725:63
3723:.
3706:29
3704:.
3700:.
3681:.
3634::
3632:}}
3628:{{
3572:77
3570:.
3494::
3492:}}
3488:{{
3458::
3456:}}
3452:{{
3414:.
3406:.
3396:.
3386:19
3384:.
3380:.
3354:.
3346:.
3336:19
3334:.
3311:.
3301:.
3291:.
3279:.
3275:.
3245:.
3241:.
3218:.
3208:.
3196:.
3192:.
3169:.
3159:60
3157:.
3127:.
3123:.
3111:^
3071:34
3069:.
3043:.
3000:.
2988:.
2884:.
2872:^
2846:.
2838:.
2828:23
2826:.
2780:^
2764:39
2762:.
2758:.
2729:.
2700:.
2675:.
2665:29
2663:.
2659:.
2603:.
2512:^
2445:^
2353:.
2349:.
2325:10
2296:.
2294:29
2265:.
2253:.
2226:.
2202:^
2184:59
2182:.
2178:.
2094:^
2068:^
2058:.
2050:.
2042:.
2032:23
2030:.
2018:^
1995:^
1951:.
1931:^
1922:.
1914:.
1906:.
1894:23
1892:.
1888:.
1876:^
1800:.
1738:.
1700:.
1619:,
1540:.
1448:,
1398:.
1363:,
1340:,
1306:,
1187:,
1138:,
1130:,
993:/
110:.
41:,
7029::
6749:(
6741:)
6737:(
6731:)
6727:(
6721:)
6717:(
6702:)
6698:(
6692:)
6688:(
6673:)
6669:(
6663:)
6659:(
6644:)
6640:(
6605:e
6598:t
6591:v
6118:e
6111:t
6104:v
5399:)
5395:(
5172:)
5168:(
5149:e
5142:t
5135:v
4067:e
4060:t
4053:v
4038:.
4013:.
3992:.
3971:.
3941:.
3920:.
3894:.
3873:.
3861::
3853::
3834:7
3819:.
3789:.
3777::
3759:.
3735:.
3731::
3675:"
3645:)
3641:(
3554:.
3505:)
3501:(
3469:)
3465:(
3422:.
3400::
3392::
3362:.
3342::
3319:.
3295::
3287::
3260:.
3226:.
3204::
3198:3
3177:.
3165::
3142:.
3081:.
3054:.
3008:.
2996::
2958:.
2931:.
2901:i
2888:.
2854:.
2834::
2811:.
2774:.
2740:.
2714:.
2683:.
2679::
2671::
2644:.
2617:.
2567:.
2506:.
2479:.
2415:.
2365:.
2355:1
2334:.
2306:.
2273:.
2261::
2255:9
2238:.
2212:.
2196:.
2190::
2163:.
2138:.
2104:.
2038::
1989:.
1961:.
1947::
1900::
1870:.
1416:.
1111:)
1107:(
694:)
690:(
686:)
682:(
678:)
674:(
653:)
649:(
645:)
641:(
620:)
616:(
612:)
608:(
604:)
600:(
579:)
575:(
564:)
560:(
534:)
530:(
526:)
522:(
433:)
429:(
425:)
421:(
74:(
66:(
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.