867:
North Africa, only arrived the following year â the governor had not deigned to lead a mere raid, but hurried across once the unexpected triumph became clear. The historian Abd al-WÄáž„id DhannĆ«n áčŹÄhÄ mentions that several Arab-Muslim writers mention the fact that Tariq decided to cross the strait without informing his superior and wali Musa. The
Chronicle of 754 states that many townspeople fled to the hills rather than defend their cities, which might support the view that this was expected to be a temporary raid rather than a permanent change of government.
871:
759:
greatly that it was instilled into their nature, and became in after times a prominent feature in their character. On the other side, the
Berbers having been made acquainted with this ill-will and hatred of the people of Andalus towards them, hated and envied them the more, this being in a certain measure the reason why even a long time afterwards a Berber could scarcely be found who did not most cordially hate an Andalusian , and vice versa, only that Berbers being more in want of Andalusians than these are of them
1113:
885:. Roderic was believed to have been killed, and a crushing defeat would have left the Visigoths largely leaderless and disorganized, partly because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated to have been a mere 1 to 2% of the total population. While this isolation is said to have been "a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government"; it was highly "centralised to the extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders". The resulting
1054:) as before. In most of the towns, ethnic communities remained segregated, and newly arriving ethnic groups (Syrians, Yemenites, Berbers and others) would erect new boroughs outside existing urban areas. However, that would not apply to towns under direct Umayyad rule. In Cordova, the cathedral was partitioned and shared to provide for the religious needs of Christians and Muslims. The situation lasted some 40 years until Abd ar-Rahman's conquest of southern Spain (756).
50:
181:
968:
747:'s first reconnaissance missions to Hispania returned with reports of "great splendor and beauty", which increased Muslim desires to invade Hispania. During one of the multiple raids in 710, the Muslims "made several inroads into the mainland, which produced a rich spoil and several captives, who were so handsome that Musa and his companions had never seen the like of them".
3500:
1266:. In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory. The conquest was followed by a period of several hundred years during which most of the Iberian peninsula was known as al-Andalus, dominated by Muslim rulers. Only a handful of new small Christian realms managed to reassert their authority across the distant mountainous north of the peninsula.
1022:) and to hand over any rebels plotting against Umayyad rule or the Islamic religion. In that way, the life of many inhabitants remained much the same as before Tariq's and Musa's campaigns. The treaty signed with Theudimer set a precedent for the whole of Iberia, and towns surrendering to Umayyad troops experienced a similar fate, including probably the
889:, which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest. It may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who were probably â as D.W. Lomax claims â disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the "barbaric" and "decadent" Visigoth royal family.
699:, who had ruled for roughly 300 years. At the time of the conquest, the Visigothic upper class was beginning to fracture and had many problems with succession and maintaining power. That was partially because the Visigoths were only 1â2% of the population, which made it difficult to maintain control over a rebellious population.
893:
1253:
units and some
Berbers sided with Abd-ar-Rahman, who was probably born to a North African Berber mother himself. By 756, south and central al-Andalus (Cordova, Sevilla) were in the hands of Abd-ar-Rahman, but it took another 25 years for him to hold sway over the Upper Marches (Pamplona, Zaragoza and
1034:
Some towns (Cordova, Toledo, etc.) were stormed and captured unconditionally by the
Umayyads to be governed by direct Arab rule. In the area thought to be part of King Roderic's territory, MĂ©rida also staged a prolonged resistance to the Umayyad advance but was ultimately conquered in mid-summer 712.
1011:
O ye who believe! The non-Muslims are nothing but dirt. Allah has created them to be partisans of Satan; most treacherous in regard to all they do; whose whole endeavor in this nether life is useless, though they themselves imagine that they are doing fine work. Upon them rests the curse of Allah, of
785:
led a force of approximately 7,000 men from North Africa to southern Spain in 711. Ibn Abd al-Hakam reports, one and a half centuries later, that "the people of
Andalus did not observe them, thinking that the vessels crossing and recrossing were similar to the trading vessels which for their benefit
958:
Scholars have emphasized that animosity against the
Visigothic rule in some regions of the Visigothic Kingdom, including to a greater extent the deep disagreements and resentment involving the local Jewish communities and the ruling authorities, weakened the kingdom and played a pivotal role in the
862:, who had themselves only recently come under Muslim influence. It is probable that this army represented a continuation of a historic pattern of large-scale raids into Iberia dating to the pre-Islamic period, and hence it has been suggested that actual conquest was not originally planned. Both the
758:
Whenever some of the scattered tribes of
Berbers inhabiting along the northern coast of Africa happened to approach the sea shore, the fears and consternation of the Greeks would increase, they would fly in all directions for fear of the threatened invasion, and their dread of the Berbers waxed so
880:
The
Chronicle of 754 stated that "the entire army of the Goths, which had come with him fraudulently and in rivalry out of hopes of the Kingship, fled". This is the only contemporary account of the battle and the paucity of detail led many later historians to invent their own. The location of the
1311:
During the unification of al-Andalus in the reign of Abd ar-Rahman before his death in 788, al-Andalus underwent centralization and slow but steady homogenization. The autonomous status of many towns and regions negotiated in the first years of the conquest was reversed by 778, in some cases much
1303:
independent from the
Abbasid Caliphate. Although this was not accepted outside al-Andalus and those North African territories with which it was affiliated, Abd al-Rahman, and especially his successors, considered that they were the legitimate continuation of the Umayyad caliphate, i.e. that their
866:
and later Muslim sources speak of raiding activity in previous years, and Tariq's army may have been present for some time before the decisive battle. It has been argued that this possibility is supported by the fact that the army was led by a Berber and that Musa, who was the
Umayyad Governor of
1003:
that Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya, installed over "a Visigothic potentate named Theodemir (Tudmir, in Arabic)". The treaty entailed that the local ruler, Theodemir, would remain in power as long as he recognized Muslim suzerainty, constituted in Abd al-Aziz, and paid
1373:) unable to stop the push of the expanding northern Christian kingdoms. The Almoravids (1086â1094) and the Almohads (1146â1173) occupied al-Andalus, followed by the Marinids in 1269, but that could not prevent the fragmentation of Muslim-ruled territory. The last Muslim emirate,
1159:
basin), but these lands remained unpleasant, humid and cold. The grievances resented by the Berbers under Arab rulers (attempts to impose a tax on Muslim Berbers, etc.) sparked rebellions in north Africa that expanded into Iberia. An early uprising took place in 730 when
2054:
955:. The Umayyad troops met little resistance. Considering that era's communication capabilities, three years was a reasonable time spent almost reaching the Pyrenees, after making the necessary arrangements for the towns' submissions and their future governance.
2633:
1218:(actually Yemeni Arabs). The Berber rebellions were quelled in blood, and the Arab commanders came up reinforced after 742. Different Arab factions reached an agreement to alternate in office, but this did not last long, since
1359:
because the latter was "imposed on everyone as part of a negotiated surrender, and thus lacked the element of personal conviction that modern ideas about religious faith would require", but the conquest of
936:, where a Berber governor was appointed with no recorded opposition. The northern areas of Iberia drew little attention from the conquerors and were hard to defend when taken. The high western and central
1148:
occupied the gentler plains of southern Iberia. Notable military leaders came to include Berbers in their ranks, such as Tariq Ziyad who is credited with much of the strategy of conquering Al-Andalus.
1066:, spread the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate up to the Ebro Valley and the northeastern borders of Iberia, pacifying most of the territory and initiating in 717 the first forays across the Pyrenees into
1171:
The internal frictions continually threatened (or sometimes may have spurred) the ever-expanding Umayyad military effort in al-Andalus during the conquest period. Around 739, on learning the news of
1077:
Moreover, al-Hurr restored lands to their previous Christian landowners, which may have added greatly to the revenue of the Umayyad governors and the caliph of Damascus, by increasingly imposing the
241:
2687:
En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo â sin diferenciar la poblaciĂłn civil de la militar â representĂł de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la poblaciĂłn de Hispania.
2663:
1199:
and other north-western outposts gave up their positions, and some of them even embraced the Christian religion. The Muslim settlement was thereafter established permanently south of the
2028:
692:
from the 17th century, reflect later ideological influence. Roger Collins writes that the paucity of early sources means that detailed specific claims need to be regarded with caution.
1312:
earlier (Pamplona by 742, for example). The Hispanic Church based in Toledo, whose status remained largely undiminished under the new rulers, fell out with the Roman Church during the
754:âs chronicle, written 900 years later, the natives of Hispania viewed the Berbers in a similar way as the Byzantines viewed the Arabs, as barbarians, and feared an invasion by them.
1004:
monetary tribute. Furthermore, Abd al-Aziz agreed that his forces would not plunder or "harass" Theodemir's town or people, an agreement that extended to seven more towns as well.
1679:
As discussed above, much of the traditional narrative of the Conquest is more legend than reliable history. Some of the key events and the stories around them are outlined below.
663:
was through Hispania, "Only through Spain can Constantinople be conquered. If you conquer you will share the reward of those who conquer ". The conquest of Hispania followed the
2650:
The historian Abd al-WÄáž„id DhannĆ«n áčŹÄhÄ mentions that several Arab-Muslim writers mention the fact that Tariq has decided to cross the strait without informing his superior.
3159:
234:
1666:
3542:
2231:
1241:
In Yusuf's and Abd-ar-Rahman's fight for power in al-Andalus, the "Syrian" troops, a mainstay of the Umayyad Caliphate, split. For the most part, Arabs from the
730:
shows a clear hostility towards Oppa, bishop of Seville (or Toledo) and probably a brother of Wittiza, who appears in an unlikely heroic dialogue with Pelagius.
3552:
718:
evidence suggests a division of royal authority, with several coinages being struck, and that Achila II remained king of the Tarraconsense (the Ebro basin) and
1140:. These peoples, clustered around the banner of the Umayyads did not mix together, remaining in separate towns and boroughs. The Berbers, recently subdued and
619:
had quashed all rebellions and rivals and consolidated Umayyad rule over an almost wholly reunified Iberia, a presence that would remain until the intensified
688:, which ends that year and is regarded as reliable but often vague. There are no contemporary Muslim accounts, and later Muslim compilations, such as that of
3289:
951:
town submitted after a compromise was brokered with Arab commanders to respect the town and its inhabitants, a practice that was common in many towns of the
227:
3527:
3380:
2033:
1144:, were usually in charge of the most difficult tasks and the most rugged terrains, similar to the ones found in their North African homeland, while the
2457:"The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain: Extracted from the Nafhu-t-tĂb Min Ghosni-l-Andalusi-r-rattĂb Wa TĂĄrĂkh LisĂĄnu-d-DĂn Ibni-l-KhattĂb"
1369:
Abd ar-Rahman I founded an independent dynasty that survived until the 11th century. That line was succeeded by a variety of short and small emirates (
992:
after the power vacuum after King Roderic's defeat. Theudimer then signed a conditional capitulation by which his lands were made into an autonomous
2730:
2671:
3152:
1850:
646:
3309:
3274:
676:
3537:
3522:
3022:
2977:
2549:
2522:
2207:
1304:
rule was more legitimate than that of the Abbasids. It seems that Abd ar-Rahman never considered establishing a separate principality. (See
1764:
1063:
1936:
1219:
1659:
2123:
675:
was motivated by military, political and religious opportunities. He considers that it was not a shift in direction due to the Muslims
3547:
3092:
2512:
356:
332:
1366:
was motivated not by a goal of converting the population to Islam but by the belief that everyone was better off under Islamic rule.
1050:
Islamic laws did not apply to all the subjects of the new rulers. Christians continued to be ruled by their own Visigothic law code (
3557:
3145:
3128:
3061:
2845:
2768:
2643:
2616:
2569:
2481:
2437:
2351:
2279:
2160:
2133:
2106:
2055:"The Arab conquest of Spain, 710â797. By Roger Collins. (A History of Spain, Vol. III.) pp. xii, 239. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989"
851:, quoted the same narration, pointing to a campaign led by Abd Allah bin Nafi al Husayn and Abd Allah bin Nafi al Abd al Qays in 32
3080:
A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
270:
1214:'s term as governor. Reinforcements were then called from the other end of the Mediterranean in a military capacity: the "Syrian"
3445:
2426:
and considers it to be "probably a legend", but he considers there may be more truth in the stories concerning Wittiza's family;
1070:. In addition, he laid out the foundations of Umayyad civil administration in Iberia, by sending civil administration officials (
609:
318:
1235:
1211:
371:
916:, with no relevant or attested opposition. During the period of the second (or first, depending on the sources) Arab governor
3577:
3532:
3299:
3284:
2735:
1652:
726:
describes Roderic as a usurper who earned the allegiance of other Goths by deception, and the less reliable late-9th-century
664:
424:
308:
920:(714â716), the principal urban centres of Catalonia surrendered. In 714, his father, Musa ibn Nusayr, advanced and overran
870:
2497:
1775:
1567:
1097:
897:
289:
2150:
1320:(in war with the Cordovan emirs) to defend its political authority and possessions and went on to recognize the northern
682:
Precisely what happened in Iberia in the early 8th century is uncertain. There is one contemporary Christian source, the
3354:
3294:
3053:
1419:
948:
3503:
2606:
3572:
1984:
1854:
791:
554:
366:
1463:
714:. Later regnal lists, which cite Achila and omit Roderic, are consistent with the contemporary account of civil war.
3562:
3304:
3078:
2271:
1980:
756 â After refusing to compromise with Yusuf, Abd ar-Rahman I independent Umayyad emir of CĂłrdova. Yusuf defeated.
1816:
383:
299:
3433:
1112:
3485:
3213:
1439:
1398:
1262:
The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and was under the rule of the
1090:
833:
689:
361:
351:
339:
328:
313:
1089:. The task of establishing a civil administration in conquered al-Andalus was essentially completed by Governor
3314:
2587:
1798:
1444:
1101:
1016:
His government and the Christian beliefs of his subjects were respected; in exchange, he pledged to pay a tax (
585:
434:
418:
282:
1249:
tribes sided with Yusuf, as did the indigenous (second- or third-generation) Arabs from northern Africa, but
3567:
3228:
3203:
1843:
1488:
1305:
414:
3405:
480:
occurred between approximately 711 and the 720s. The conquest resulted in the destruction of the Christian
275:
3463:
3334:
1394:
1352:
1329:
1231:
1044:
734:
462:
294:
251:
41:
1745:'s conditional surrender, allowing him to remain lord of his south-eastern region around Murcia (Tudmir).
797:, who planned a second invasion, and within a few years both took control of more than two-thirds of the
3324:
1910:
1390:
1335:
The population of al-Andalus, especially local nobles who aspired to a share in power, began to embrace
346:
3319:
1274:
1227:
1100:'s tenure as wali. Narbonne fell (720), and no sooner had he garrisoned it than the Arab commander led
1096:
The period following al-Hurr's office saw the establishment of the Arabs in southern Septimania during
1074:) to conquered towns and lands guarded by garrisons established usually next to the population nuclei.
398:
1007:
Abd Al-Aziz sent messages to the governors of the different Islamic provinces denouncing non-Muslims:
3453:
3329:
3243:
1805:
1749:
1742:
1609:
981:
971:
Northeastern al-Andalus, the Pyrenees and southern Gaul at the time of the Berber rebellion (739â742)
917:
810:
786:
plied backwards and forwards". They defeated the Visigothic army, led by King Roderic, in a decisive
573:
565:
393:
303:
212:
175:
154:
3415:
2970:
Infidel kings and unholy warriors : faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad
1865:
1809:
1727:
1716:
1434:
1321:
1313:
787:
545:
126:
1273:, a survivor of the recently overthrown Umayyad dynasty, landed in al-Andalus and seized power in
3349:
2817:
2246:
The Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe, and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age
2225:
1589:
1530:
1374:
1348:
1180:
844:
529:
481:
264:
122:
3168:
3124:
3088:
3057:
3028:
3018:
2983:
2973:
2841:
2809:
2764:
2639:
2612:
2545:
2518:
2477:
2433:
2357:
2347:
2275:
2265:
2213:
2203:
2156:
2129:
2102:
2074:
1779:
1630:
1552:
1525:
1510:
1483:
1141:
1117:
952:
798:
672:
671:
says Tabari's tradition is dubious and argued that conquest of the far western reaches of the
477:
388:
201:
117:
79:
49:
3047:
790:
in July that year. In 712, Tariq's forces were then reinforced by those of his superior, the
3473:
2423:
2066:
1902:
in northern Iberia (Galicia, Leon, Astorga, upper Ebro) give up their positions to join the
1378:
1356:
1165:
806:
774:
751:
706:
but the manner of his ascent to the throne is unclear. There are accounts of a dispute with
684:
323:
189:
180:
167:
2664:"CaracterĂsticas generales del poblamiento y la arqueologĂa funeraria visigoda de Hispania"
3375:
2261:
1988:
1962:
1873:
1701:
1684:
1478:
1449:
1386:
1340:
1270:
1223:
1081:
on the former, a tax that was applied on a specific region or estate, not per capitation (
967:
882:
814:
794:
782:
744:
616:
558:
517:
453:
150:
146:
142:
2008:
779 â Abd ar-Rahman I campaigns to the Upper Marches and subdues its main city, Zaragoza.
1351:) remained the principal language until the 11th century. The historian Jessica Coope of
912:
river to overrun the western Basque regions and the Cantabrian mountains all the way to
3468:
3458:
3193:
1995:
1861:
1731:
1693:
of Musa ibn Nusayr, lands with 400 men and 100 horses on the tiny peninsula now called
1604:
1344:
1196:
1192:
1172:
933:
822:
818:
660:
642:
537:
2422:
Rucquoi notes that the tale of Count Julian's wife or daughter does not appear in the
17:
3516:
3339:
3183:
1940:
1903:
1899:
1794:
1295:
Caliphs from the Friday prayers. In the wake of those events, southern Iberia became
1188:
1000:
601:
533:
3015:
Map of Knowledge: a thousand-year history of how classical ideas were lost and found
741:. However, these stories are not included in the earliest accounts of the conquest.
3279:
1720:
1137:
993:
886:
668:
630:
521:
2011:
781 â Pamplona and the Basque lords south of the Pyrenean fringes subdued. All of
2862:
2835:
2539:
2471:
2456:
3480:
3344:
3269:
3233:
3049:
The Most Noble of People: Religious, Ethnic, and Gender Identity in Muslim Spain
2002:
1932:
agree on choosing alternately one of their numbers each year to rule AlâAndalus.
1869:
1828:
1640:
1635:
1614:
1362:
1317:
801:. The second invasion comprised 18,000 mostly Arab troops, who rapidly captured
715:
625:
600:
had also been captured. From 740 to 742, the invasion was then disrupted by the
528:, with a force of about 1,700 men, to launch a military expedition against the
3423:
3208:
3032:
2217:
2152:
Maroc et Espagne: une histoire commune publiĂ© par FundaciĂłn El Legado AndalusĂ
2070:
2012:
1820:
1768:
1412:
1207:
1121:
1078:
1067:
1040:
852:
848:
719:
589:
577:
506:
499:
485:
138:
101:
2987:
2813:
2078:
3248:
3238:
2361:
1892:
1880:
1783:
1735:
1694:
1191:
in the south instead. The following year, the Berber garrisons stationed in
1164:(Munuza), master of the eastern Pyrenees (Cerretanya), allied with the duke
1152:
1085:). Only non-Muslims were subject to taxation, apart from a Muslim subject's
1028:
913:
901:
839:, Iberia was first invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of
836:
707:
696:
652:
593:
525:
185:
3137:
2837:
Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance â and Why They Fall
2125:
The book of Islamic dynasties: a celebration of Islamic history and culture
3499:
3400:
3223:
3198:
3084:
1955:
1947:
1839:
1787:
1705:
1382:
1263:
1176:
1132:
from northern regions of North Africa, together with different groups of
1024:
944:
937:
929:
925:
826:
629:
of the mid-13th-century, which was aimed at reclaiming the peninsula for
597:
219:
1943:, refuses to give turn to the Yemenite candidate and rules autonomously.
1752:
announces first wali of Andalus and marries the widow of King Roderick,
1343:. However, the majority of the population remained Christians using the
980:
In 713, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa subdued the forces of the Visigothic count
3218:
3188:
2821:
2797:
1974:
1970:
1951:
1888:
1757:
1753:
1712:
1454:
1292:
1278:
1129:
859:
802:
778:
738:
737:, whose wife or daughter was raped by Roderic and who sought help from
711:
703:
605:
581:
541:
494:
410:
163:
55:
3428:
3395:
3370:
3264:
1925:
1835:
1242:
1161:
1104:. During this Umayyad thrust or its aftermath, King Ardo died (721).
1043:
and probably the eastern Pyrenean threshold and coastal areas of the
989:
840:
656:
569:
158:
2514:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
1730:
and both go on to attack towns and strongholds previously avoided.
3410:
3390:
3385:
1929:
1914:
1884:
1824:
1689:
1576:
1539:
1497:
1336:
1250:
1200:
1184:
1145:
1133:
1111:
1086:
1018:
966:
921:
891:
869:
549:
489:
197:
1918:
1283:
1246:
1222:(opposed to the Umayyads) remained in power up to his defeat by
1156:
1036:
909:
892:
620:
208:
3141:
1128:
In the first stage of the invasion, the armies were made up of
223:
855:(654 CE), but there is no solid evidence about this campaign.
847:
era). Another prominent Muslim historian of the 13th century,
1969:") lands on the southern coast, taking in a quick succession
1708:
in North Africa, dispatches Tariq into the Iberian Peninsula.
1039:, took over from Achila II, with effective control over only
896:
Roderic, second figure with no face, depicted as one of the "
2701:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: A political history of al-Andalus
2635:
The Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain
2344:
Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus
2900:
2898:
1778:, 4th wali, transfers the seat of Governor from Seville to
988:), who had taken over southeastern Iberia from his base in
1697:(Jebel al Tarik : Mountain of Tariq), after his name.
1031:
based in the Ebro Valley and other counts and landowners.
1226:
in 756, and the establishment of the independent Umayyad
2668:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2
2029:
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula
813:. The following year the combined forces continued into
2267:
Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa
1355:
argues that the pre-modern Islamic conquest was unlike
1108:
Ethnic groups and rise of conflicting internal tensions
1994:
763 â Pro-Abbasid army defeated by Abd ar-Rahman I in
858:
The first expedition led by Tariq consisted mainly of
1793:
721 â An Umayyad army led by Al-Samh crushed by duke
1155:(possibly including Asturias) and the Upper Marches (
2455:
MaqqarÄ«, Aáž„mad ibn Muáž„ammad; Al-KhaáčÄ«b, Ibn (1840).
1316:(late 8th century). Rome relied on an alliance with
999:
The Treaty of Theodemir in 713 represents a form of
959:
ultimate success of the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia.
467:
27:
8th-century Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula
3444:
3363:
3257:
3176:
1950:quashed, and Yusuf's detachment annihilated by the
1401:of Spaniards of Muslim descent took place in 1614.
548:in July the same year, Tariq was reinforced by an
2200:Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain
1883:calls Umayyad forces on a military capacity into
1151:Consequently, the Berbers went on to stations in
908:In 714, Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the
764:Establishment of the Umayyad Polity of Al-Andalus
612:landed to claim the territory from the Umayyads.
505:During the caliphate of the sixth Umayyad caliph
2473:The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain
1767:starts the first military campaigns into Gothic
2763:. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. p. 116.
1009:
756:
695:The Umayyads took control of Hispania from the
34:
2498:"Taariq Ibn Ziyaad the Conqueror of Andalusia"
1035:As of 713 (or 714), the last Visigothic king,
3153:
2101:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 151.
1660:
235:
8:
1726:712 â Musa ibn Nusayr joins Tariq after the
536:, which encompassed the former territory of
2798:"The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain"
2034:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
2005:repelled in Zaragoza by Muslim local lords.
1860:October 732 â Al Ghafiqi totally routed by
1849:Spring 732 â An expedition led by the wali
1230:. It was in this period of unrest that the
1183:had to call off an expedition to the Lower
881:battle, though not clear, was probably the
805:and then defeated Roderick's supporters at
655:transmits a tradition attributed to Caliph
3160:
3146:
3138:
2430:Histoire médiéval de la Péninsule ibérique
2230:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1667:
1653:
1408:
875:Bilingual ArabicâLatin dinar issued c. 716
242:
228:
220:
31:
3123:. Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US: Blackwell.
1206:The Berber rebellions swept the whole of
722:until circa 713. The nearly-contemporary
484:and led to the establishment of a Muslim
202:
2861:Gottheil, Richard James Horatio (1921).
1062:An early governor (wali) of al-Andalus,
963:New territorial and civil administration
450:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
35:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
3000:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2889:
2877:
2783:
2544:. Oxford University Press. p. 21.
2470:Al-Makkari, Ahmed ibn Mohammed (2002).
2450:
2448:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2256:
2254:
2045:
1913:raids the territory between the rivers
1622:
1588:
1575:
1551:
1538:
1509:
1496:
1462:
1418:
1411:
572:conditionally surrendered, and in 715,
2223:
1823:, raids the Lower Rhone, and captures
1328:) as a kingdom apart from Cordova and
1124:just after its conquest by Pepin (760)
647:Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman
3543:8th century in the Visigothic Kingdom
2963:
2961:
2563:
2561:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
943:At this time, Umayyad troops reached
524:in early 711 to cross the Straits of
7:
3553:8th century in the Umayyad Caliphate
2840:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 2009.
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2059:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2053:Breit, Michael (24 September 2009).
1804:722 â An Umayyad patrol defeated by
1765:Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi
1064:al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi
2632:áčŹÄhÄ, Abd al-WÄáž„id DhannĆ«n (1989).
2128:. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. p. 9.
1236:Narbonne from the Andalusians (759)
457:
3528:Invasions by the Umayyad Caliphate
3121:The Arab Conquest of Spain 710â797
2670:. pp. 389â418. Archived from
1012:the Angels and of man collectively
809:and met up with Tariq's troops at
773:According to the later chronicler
25:
2570:History of the Prophets and Kings
2476:. Psychology Press. p. 259.
2432:, Ăditions du Seuil, p. 71,
1937:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
1876:("Balat Al Shuhada" of Poitiers).
1801:("Balat Al Shuhada" of Toulouse).
1220:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
677:failing to conquer Constantinople
588:to launch their first raids into
3498:
2608:The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15
2342:Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.) (1996).
2155:. FundaciĂłn El legado andalusĂŹ.
1377:, was defeated by the armies of
610:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
576:was named the first governor of
179:
48:
2149:AndalusĂ, FundaciĂłn El Legado.
1939:, a Mudarite and descendant of
1291:, removing any mentions of the
1212:Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri
702:The ruler at the time was King
511:
3325:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
3310:Second siege of Constantinople
3300:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3285:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
2736:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2729:Williams, Betsy (2012-04-12).
2605:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1990).
1715:'s army utterly routed in the
940:valleys remained unconquered.
924:, the western Basque regions,
659:, who stated that the road to
1:
3275:First siege of Constantinople
2972:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
2662:Ripoll LĂłpez, Gisela (1989).
1812:in the mountains of Asturias.
1776:Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani
1568:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
1102:an offensive against Toulouse
1098:Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani
904:, modern-day Jordan (710â750)
817:and the northeast, capturing
3538:8th-century military history
3523:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
3355:Umayyad rule in North Africa
3295:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
3054:University of Michigan Press
2511:Rogers, Clifford J. (2010).
2202:(First ed.). New York.
1234:king Pepin finally captured
584:as his capital. By 717, the
3077:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
2541:The Oxford History of Islam
2517:. Oxford University Press.
2018:788 â Abd ar-Rahman I dies.
1855:Battle of the River Garonne
1853:vanquishes duke Odo at the
1399:The last wave of expulsions
1168:and detached from Cordova.
482:Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
468:
3594:
3330:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
3305:Umayyad campaigns in India
2749:Drayson, "Ways of Seeing".
2718:. Longman. pp. 15â16.
2611:. SUNY Press. p. 22.
2538:Esposito, John L. (2000).
2272:Cambridge University Press
1817:Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi
1258:Aftermath and consequences
1175:'s second intervention in
900:" in an Umayyad fresco in
640:
568:, the Visigothic count of
552:force led by his superior
3548:8th century in al-Andalus
3496:
3486:Painting of the Six Kings
2968:Catlos, Brian A. (2015).
2703:. Longman. pp. 1â14.
2638:. Routledge. p. 85.
2198:Catlos, Brian A. (2018).
2172:– via Books google.
2071:10.1017/S1356186300000651
1281:, and proclaimed himself
1091:Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi
733:There is also a story of
710:, son of his predecessor
586:Umayyads had invaded Gaul
561:and continued northward.
261:
139:Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik
132:
111:
62:
47:
39:
3558:Wars involving the Goths
3469:Great Mosque of Damascus
3315:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
3290:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
2864:An Answer to the Dhimmis
2588:Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah
1464:Umayyad state of CĂłrdoba
728:Chronicle of Alfonso III
3119:Collins, Roger (1989).
3013:Moller, Violet (2020).
2759:Collins, Roger (1990).
2716:The Reconquest of Spain
2428:Rucquoi, AdĂšle (1993),
2097:Collins, Roger (1983).
1963:Abd Al-Rahman Al Dakhel
1844:Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi
1797:Aquitanian army at the
1489:Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
1314:Adoptionist controversy
1254:all of the northeast).
1142:superficially Islamized
976:Preference for treaties
665:conquest of the Maghreb
540:. After defeating king
532:-controlled Kingdom of
3464:Great Mosque of Aleppo
3320:Second ArabâKhazar War
3046:Jessica Coope (2017).
2699:Kennedy, Hugh (1996).
1921:but doesn't retain it.
1353:University of Nebraska
1125:
1087:compulsory alms-giving
1014:
972:
905:
877:
761:
735:Julian, count of Ceuta
604:, and in 755, when an
516:), military commander
474:Arab conquest of Spain
253:Early Muslim conquests
133:Commanders and leaders
42:early Muslim conquests
18:Arab conquest of Spain
3578:Invasions of Portugal
3533:8th-century conflicts
3434:ArabâSasanian coinage
3335:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
2802:Jewish Social Studies
2796:Roth, Norman (1976).
2401:, pp. 17, 32â33.
2122:Nagy, Luqman (2008).
1987:by the Frankish king
1911:Alfonso I of Asturias
1711:711 (July 19) â King
1413:History of Al-Andalus
1322:Asturian principality
1116:Northeast of Iberia,
1115:
970:
928:, and as far west as
895:
873:
472:), also known as the
58:Conquests of Hispania
3454:Umayyad architecture
2714:Lomax, D.W. (1978).
2099:Early Medieval Spain
1760:becomes the capital.
1750:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
1610:Battle of the Strait
1306:Caliphate of CĂłrdoba
1264:governor of Ifriqiya
996:under Umayyad rule.
918:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
574:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
155:Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa
3416:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
2346:. London: Longman.
1946:755 â Rebellion in
1866:Mayor of the Palace
1810:Battle of Covadonga
1728:Battle of Guadalete
1717:Battle of Guadalete
1540:Second Taifa period
1435:Battle of Guadalete
788:battle at Guadalete
769:Conquest and Treaty
546:Battle of Guadalete
430:Visigothic Hispania
127:Kingdom of Asturias
3573:Invasions of Spain
3406:QaysâYaman rivalry
3350:Abbasid Revolution
2677:on August 12, 2010
1799:Battle of Toulouse
1590:Emirate of Granada
1577:Third Taifa period
1531:Battle of Sagrajas
1498:First Taifa period
1445:Battle of Toulouse
1228:Emirate of Cordova
1181:Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj
1126:
973:
906:
878:
458:ÙÙŰȘÙŰÙ Ű§ÙŰŁÙÙÙŰŻÙÙÙŰł
123:Visigothic Kingdom
3563:Islam in Portugal
3510:
3509:
3169:Umayyad Caliphate
3024:978-1-101-97406-3
2979:978-0-374-53532-2
2919:, pp. 49â50.
2907:, pp. 45â46.
2892:, pp. 42â43.
2880:, pp. 39â40.
2593:Tarikh ibn Kathir
2575:Tarikh al-Tabari)
2551:978-0-19-988041-6
2524:978-0-19-533403-6
2413:, pp. 31â32.
2389:, pp. 32â33.
2321:, pp. 25â26.
2244:Fromherz, Allen:
2209:978-0-465-05587-6
1985:Narbonne captured
1719:somewhere in the
1677:
1676:
1631:Iberian Peninsula
1484:Abd al-Rahman III
1187:to deal with the
1162:Uthman ibn Naissa
1118:Duchy of Vasconia
953:Iberian Peninsula
832:According to the
799:Iberian Peninsula
673:Mediterranean Sea
478:Umayyad Caliphate
466:
443:
442:
389:Caucasian Albania
218:
217:
159:Uthman ibn Naissa
118:Umayyad Caliphate
107:
106:
100:Establishment of
80:Iberian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
3585:
3502:
3474:Dome of the Rock
3420:Umayyad coinage
3162:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3134:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2965:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2602:
2596:
2583:
2577:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2424:Chronicle of 754
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2339:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2258:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2195:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2083:
2082:
2050:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1623:Related articles
1597:
1596:
1584:
1583:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1504:
1471:
1470:
1440:Siege of CĂłrdoba
1427:
1426:
1409:
1357:Christianization
1166:Odo of Aquitaine
1093:10 years later.
864:Chronicle of 754
834:Muslim historian
775:Ibn Abd al-Hakam
752:Ahmad al-Maqqari
724:Chronicle of 754
685:Chronicle of 754
515:
513:
471:
469:fataáž„ al-andalus
461:
459:
399:Khazar Khaganate
394:Caucasian Iberia
283:Byzantine Empire
256:
254:
244:
237:
230:
221:
204:
194:
183:
172:
64:
63:
52:
32:
21:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3492:
3440:
3376:Umayyad dynasty
3359:
3253:
3172:
3166:
3131:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3087:. p. 208.
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
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2340:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2274:. p. 260.
2262:Walter E. Kaegi
2260:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2222:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2096:
2095:
2086:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2025:
1989:Pepin the Short
1941:Uqbah ibn Nafia
1935:747 â Governor
1891:, and probably
1874:Battle of Tours
1702:Musa ibn Nusayr
1685:Tariq ibn Ziyad
1673:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1479:Abd al-Rahman I
1468:
1467:
1466:
1450:Battle of Tours
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:Muslim conquest
1407:
1341:Arabic language
1271:Abd al-Rahman I
1260:
1224:Abd al-Rahman I
1110:
1060:
978:
965:
883:Guadalete River
876:
795:Musa ibn Nusayr
783:Tariq ibn Ziyad
771:
766:
745:Musa ibn Nusayr
649:
639:
617:Abd al-Rahman I
559:Musa ibn Nusayr
518:Tariq ibn Ziyad
510:
446:
445:
444:
439:
357:Northern Persia
340:Sassanid Persia
257:
252:
250:
248:
211:
207:
196:
190:
184:
174:
168:
157:
153:
151:Tarif ibn Malik
149:
147:Tariq ibn Ziyad
145:
143:Musa ibn Nusayr
141:
125:
96:
82:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3568:Islam in Spain
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3515:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Desert castles
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
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3360:
3358:
3357:
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3342:
3337:
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3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
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3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
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3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
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3173:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3094:978-1851096725
3093:
3069:
3062:
3056:. p. 32.
3038:
3023:
3005:
3003:, p. 174.
2993:
2978:
2957:
2955:, p. 127.
2945:
2943:, p. 180.
2933:
2931:, p. 158.
2921:
2909:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2853:
2846:
2827:
2808:(2): 145â158.
2788:
2786:, p. 116.
2776:
2769:
2751:
2742:
2731:"Qusayr 'Amra"
2721:
2706:
2691:
2654:
2644:
2624:
2617:
2597:
2578:
2557:
2550:
2530:
2523:
2503:
2489:
2482:
2462:
2444:
2438:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2352:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2280:
2250:
2237:
2208:
2175:
2161:
2141:
2134:
2114:
2107:
2084:
2065:(2): 273â276.
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1959:
1944:
1933:
1922:
1907:
1904:Berber Revolts
1896:
1877:
1872:court) at the
1862:Charles Martel
1858:
1847:
1832:
1813:
1802:
1791:
1772:
1761:
1746:
1739:
1732:Abu Zora Tarif
1724:
1709:
1704:, Governor of
1698:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Nasrid dynasty
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:Almoravid rule
1507:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1403:
1381:(successor to
1345:Mozarabic Rite
1259:
1256:
1173:Charles Martel
1109:
1106:
1059:
1056:
977:
974:
964:
961:
874:
770:
767:
765:
762:
661:Constantinople
651:The historian
643:Protofeudalism
638:
635:
538:Roman Hispania
520:departed from
514: 705â715
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
411:Makurian Nubia
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
375:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
336:
335:
333:Southern Italy
326:
321:
319:Constantinople
316:
311:
306:
297:
292:
279:
278:
273:
262:
259:
258:
249:
247:
246:
239:
232:
224:
216:
215:
161:
135:
134:
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
98:
92:
91:
90:Muslim victory
88:
84:
83:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3590:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
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3566:
3564:
3561:
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3487:
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3479:
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3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
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3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
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3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
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3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
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3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Berber Revolt
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
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3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3132:
3130:0-631-19405-3
3126:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3063:9780472130283
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
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2994:
2989:
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2975:
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2964:
2962:
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2847:9780307472458
2843:
2839:
2838:
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2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2770:0-631-17565-2
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2673:
2669:
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2658:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:9780415004749
2641:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2618:9780791401545
2614:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2598:
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2483:9780415297714
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2439:2-02-012935-3
2435:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:, p. 33.
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2353:0-582-49515-6
2349:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2309:, p. 31.
2308:
2303:
2300:
2297:, p. 28.
2296:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2281:9780521196772
2277:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
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2238:
2233:
2227:
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2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2164:
2162:9788496395046
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2135:9781842000915
2131:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2108:0-312-22464-8
2104:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
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1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
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1807:
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1796:
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1508:
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1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1414:
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1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:, and Latin (
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1298:
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1267:
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1257:
1255:
1252:
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1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Berber revolt
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1052:Forum Iudicum
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:indirect rule
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
975:
969:
962:
960:
956:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
903:
899:
894:
890:
888:
884:
872:
868:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
835:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
784:
780:
776:
768:
763:
760:
755:
753:
750:According to
748:
746:
742:
740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
687:
686:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
648:
644:
636:
634:
632:
628:
627:
622:
618:
613:
611:
608:force led by
607:
603:
602:Berber Revolt
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
508:
503:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
464:
455:
451:
436:
435:Frankish Gaul
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
420:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:Other regions
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
380:
379:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
341:
334:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
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315:
312:
310:
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305:
301:
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288:
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266:
260:
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245:
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226:
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177:
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165:
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144:
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137:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
110:
103:
99:
94:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3280:Second Fitna
3204:Abd al-Malik
3120:
3098:. Retrieved
3079:
3072:
3048:
3041:
3014:
3008:
3001:Collins 1989
2996:
2969:
2953:Collins 1989
2948:
2941:Collins 1989
2936:
2929:Collins 1989
2924:
2917:Collins 1989
2912:
2905:Collins 1989
2890:Collins 1989
2885:
2878:Collins 1989
2873:
2863:
2856:
2836:
2830:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2784:Collins 1990
2779:
2760:
2754:
2745:
2734:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2700:
2694:
2686:
2679:. Retrieved
2672:the original
2667:
2657:
2649:
2634:
2627:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2540:
2533:
2513:
2506:
2492:
2472:
2465:
2429:
2418:
2411:Collins 1989
2406:
2399:Collins 1989
2394:
2387:Collins 1989
2382:
2375:Collins 1989
2370:
2343:
2319:Collins 1989
2314:
2307:Collins 1989
2302:
2295:Collins 1989
2290:
2266:
2245:
2240:
2199:
2166:. Retrieved
2151:
2144:
2124:
2117:
2098:
2062:
2058:
2048:
1977:and Cordova.
1967:Saqr Quraysh
1966:
1879:734 â Count
1838:defeated in
1819:subdues all
1721:Guadalquivir
1688:
1678:
1553:Almohad rule
1370:
1368:
1361:
1334:
1325:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1282:
1268:
1261:
1240:
1215:
1205:
1170:
1150:
1138:Western Asia
1127:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:Tarraconense
1033:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:client state
985:
979:
957:
942:
938:sub-Pyrenean
907:
887:power vacuum
879:
863:
857:
831:
772:
757:
749:
743:
732:
727:
723:
701:
694:
683:
681:
669:Walter Kaegi
650:
631:Christianity
624:
614:
563:
553:
522:North Africa
504:
493:
473:
449:
447:
429:
404:
403:
377:
376:
338:
337:
309:North Africa
281:
280:
263:
191:
169:
112:Belligerents
40:Part of the
3481:Umayyad art
3345:Third Fitna
3270:First Fitna
3234:Al-Walid II
3194:Mu'awiya II
2761:The Basques
2681:27 November
2003:Charlemagne
1870:Merovingian
1687:, a Berber
1641:Convivencia
1636:Reconquista
1615:Granada War
1595:(1232â1492)
1582:(1232â1287)
1558:(1147â1238)
1545:(1140â1203)
1516:(1085â1145)
1503:(1009â1110)
1363:Dar al-Harb
1318:Charlemagne
626:Reconquista
425:Transoxiana
372:Afghanistan
95:Territorial
54:Map of the
3517:Categories
3424:Gold dinar
3364:Government
3209:Al-Walid I
3184:Mu'awiya I
3033:1111697223
3017:. Anchor.
2218:1003304619
2040:References
2013:Al Andalus
1909:743â757 â
1851:Al Ghafiqi
1821:Septimania
1769:Septimania
1469:(756â1031)
1405:Chronology
1330:Alfonso II
1208:al-Andalus
1203:'s banks.
1122:Septimania
1079:vectigalia
1068:Septimania
1041:Septimania
947:, and the
849:Ibn Kathir
720:Septimania
716:Numismatic
690:Al-Maqqari
641:See also:
637:Background
592:. By 719,
590:Septimania
578:Al-Andalus
507:al-Walid I
500:Al-Andalus
492:state (or
102:Al-Andalus
3381:Governors
3249:Marwan II
3239:Yazid III
3100:August 6,
2988:889165096
2814:0021-6704
2226:cite book
2079:1474-0591
1930:Yemenites
1926:Mudarites
1898:740â42 â
1893:Marseille
1881:Maurontus
1790:captured.
1784:Barcelona
1763:717â18 â
1743:Theudimer
1736:Algeciras
1734:lands in
1695:Gibraltar
1425:(711â732)
1397:in 1492.
1395:Ferdinand
1349:Mozarabic
1332:as king.
1326:Gallaecia
1029:Banu Qasi
982:Theodemir
914:Gallaecia
902:Qasr Amra
898:six kings
837:Al-Tabari
781:governor
708:Achila II
697:Visigoths
653:al-Tabari
594:Barcelona
580:, naming
566:Theodemir
526:Gibraltar
476:, by the
463:romanized
186:Achila II
176:Theodemir
3401:al-Haras
3224:Yazid II
3214:Sulayman
3199:Marwan I
3085:ABC-CLIO
2362:34746098
2264:(2010).
2023:See also
2015:unified.
1956:Pamplona
1948:Zaragoza
1840:Cerdanya
1806:Pelagius
1788:Narbonne
1713:Roderick
1706:Ifriqiya
1526:Conquest
1391:Isabella
1383:Asturias
1339:and the
1301:de facto
1269:In 756,
1232:Frankish
1177:Provence
1058:Taxation
1025:muwallad
945:Pamplona
926:Palencia
845:Rashidun
827:Zaragoza
811:Talavera
679:in 678.
623:-backed
615:By 781,
598:Narbonne
564:In 713,
530:Visigoth
378:Caucasus
367:Khorasan
213:Pelagius
75:Location
70:711â720s
3446:Culture
3258:History
3244:Ibrahim
3219:Umar II
3189:Yazid I
3177:Caliphs
3113:Sources
2822:4466922
1996:Carmona
1975:Seville
1971:Granada
1952:Basques
1900:Berbers
1889:Avignon
1868:at the
1808:at the
1780:Cordova
1758:Seville
1754:Egilona
1723:valley.
1455:Fihrids
1379:Castile
1375:Granada
1297:de jure
1293:Abbasid
1279:Seville
1275:Cordova
1210:during
1197:Astorga
1153:Galicia
1130:Berbers
860:Berbers
823:Astorga
815:Galicia
803:Seville
779:Tangier
739:Tangier
712:Wittiza
704:Roderic
606:Abbasid
582:Seville
544:at the
542:Roderic
495:wilayah
490:Moorish
486:Arabian
465::
384:Armenia
304:Georgia
300:Armenia
276:Quraysh
200: (
192:†
170:†
164:Roderic
97:changes
56:Umayyad
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