120:
331:
692:. During the deportations of Berlin’s Jews, Anna Boros was sheltered by Helmy, despite being himself targeted by the Nazi regime until the end of the war. When he was under police investigation, Helmy arranged for Boros to hide elsewhere, doing everything in his power to protect her. He obtained a certificate attesting to Boros’ conversion to Islam and a marriage certificate that she was married to an Egyptian man in a ceremony held in Helmy’s home. Helmy also provided assistance to Boros’ mother, Julianna; her stepfather, Georg Wehr; and her grandmother, Cecilie Rudnik. He arranged for Rudnik to be hidden in the home of a German friend, Frieda Szturmann. He was later recognized by Vad Vashem for his actions in 2013.
588:
release the
Turkish citizens and their families, who numbered only 15 at the time. However, Ülkümen added another 25-30 people to the list whom he knew had allowed their citizenship to lapse. The Gestapo, suspecting him, demanded to see their papers, which they did not have. Ulkumen however returned to the Gestapo building, insisting that according to Turkish law, spouses of Turkish citizens were considered to be citizens themselves, and demanded their release. Matilda later discovered that no such law existed, that Ülkümen had made it up to save them. In the end, all those on Ülkümen’s list were released.
203:
119:
417:
677:
583:. Whilst still in Greek territory, he was taken off the train thanks to the intervention of Ulkumen, who was informed that Franko’s wife was a Turkish citizen. Another survivor, Matilda Toriel relates that she was a Turkish citizen living in Rhodes and married to an Italian citizen. On July 18, 1944, all the Jews were told to appear at
55:. Approximately 1 percent of the Jewish residents, about 4,000 to 5,000 Jews, of that territory were murdered by these regimes during this period. The relatively small percentage of Jewish casualties, as compared to the 60 percent of European Jews who were murdered during the Holocaust, is largely due to the successful
576:. Ülkümen responded with "under Turkish law all citizens were equal. We didn’t differentiate between citizens who were Jewish, Christian or Muslim." Ulkümen managed to save approximately 50 Jews, 13 of them Turkish citizens. In protecting those who were not Turkish citizens, he clearly acted on his own initiative.
224:. When he overheard German officers planning to rape a local Jewish woman, Odette Boukhris, he hid the woman and her family, along with about two dozen more Jewish families, at his farm outside of town. The families stayed there for four months, until the occupation ended. Abdul-Wahab is sometimes called the Arab
189:
who ran the camp beat Jews on a regular basis. One night, during an especially heavy battle, sixty Jewish laborers were able to escape. The first structure they encountered was the wall of Sakkat's farm. They knocked on the gate, and were allowed shelter and food. They were also allowed to stay until
707:
were 'Aryans', saving the not only
Iranian Jewish community in France at the time but also non-Iranian Jews whom Sardari wrote false Iranian passports for. Sardari ultimately saved 2,000 to 3,000 Jewish lives. Passports were issued for entire families and included French or non-Iranian partners. He
672:
was an
Egyptian doctor who moved to Berlin in the 1920s. Because he was Arab, he was fired from his hospital in 1938 and barred from practicing medicine. He was also forbidden to marry his German fiancée, Emmi Ernst. He was interned by the German government until the Egyptian government secured his
73:
campaign against the Jews, but this was often more common in
European countries than Arab ones. The offer made to Algerians by colonial French officials to take over confiscated Jewish property found many French settlers ready to profit from the scheme, but no Arab participated and, in the capital,
380:
posed to his claim of sovereignty over all his subjects, including the Jews, as on his humanitarian instincts." Partial Nazi race measures were enacted in
Morocco over Mohammed's objection, and Mohammed did sign, under the instructions of Vichy officials, two decrees that barred Jews from certain
587:
headquarters the following day. As she prepared to enter the building, ĂślkĂĽmen approached her and told her not to go in. It was the first time she had ever met him. He told her to wait until he had managed to release her husband. As her husband later told her, ĂślkĂĽmen requested that the
Germans
159:... Finally, we were free. We could really say we were free... It’s like when the weight is dropped off your shoulders. That you could speak freely without, you know, looking if someone is watching you. That you’re your own master, you’re free. I was 14 years old.
1691:
or one's word of honour. Gershman quotes the
Veselis as saying:'We never received any money from our Jewish guests. Besa exists in every Albanian soul. Our parents were devout Muslims and believed, as we do, that every knock on the door is a welcome from
511:
Many survivors told how their
Albanian hosts vied for the privilege of offering sanctuary, on the grounds that it was an Islamic ethical obligation. Since that date, a further 50 Albanians have been registered among the ranks of the Righteous, such as
228:. In 2009 two trees were dedicated to honor his bravery. One tree was planted in Adas Israel Garden of the Righteous in Washington, D.C., the other was planted in the Garden of the Righteous Worldwide. His daughter Faiza attended the ceremony in
78:
itself, Muslim clerics openly declared their opposition to the idea. While some Arabs collaborated with the Axis powers by working as guards in labour camps, others risked their own lives to attempt to save Jews from persecution and genocide.
392:
and Vichy French government, and
Mohammed V has been honored by Jewish organizations for his role in protecting his Jewish subjects during the Holocaust. Some historians maintain that Mohammed's anti-Nazi role has been exaggerated; historian
302:. Just eight days after ascending the throne, he awarded the highest royal distinction to about twenty prominent Tunisian Jews. Moncef later went on to say that Tunisian Jews are "his children" like Tunisian Muslims. His prime minister,
110:
Boros), putting himself at personal risk for three years, and for helping her mother Julie, her grandmother, Cecilie Rudnik, and her stepfather, Georg Wehr, to survive the holocaust. Helmy is the first Arab to have been so honoured.
2154:
551:
ordered all of the island’s Jewish population to gather at its headquarters: ostensibly they were to register for "temporary transportation to a small island nearby", but in reality they were gathered for transport to
605:
154:
Well, on the camp, there was on that ship there was just two of us. My mother stayed behind with my grandmother and two sisters. They left about two weeks later. We arrived in at that time was Persia, now it’s Iran.
460:. He survived the camps, and, after the war, returned to France, where he lived the rest of his life. Khemdoudi is considered to have been part of the "indigenous resistance"—a term used for Resistance members from
568:. He asked for the release of the Jews who were Turkish citizens, and also their spouses and relatives; many of the latter being Italian and Greek citizens. At first the commander refused, stating that under
318:
The Jews are having a hard time but they are under our patronage and we are responsible for their lives. If I find out that an Arab informer caused even one hair of a Jew to fall, this Arab will pay with his
330:
90:, according to different sources, helped from 100 to 500 Jews disguise themselves as Muslims. There are examples of non-Arab Muslim populations assisting Jews to escape from the Holocaust in Europe, in
634:
500:'s partisans. His example inspired his whole village to risk their lives in order to protect Jews. On receiving Gavra Mandil's request for them to be recognized as righteous, the authorities of
306:, regularly warned Jewish leaders of German plans. He helped Jews avoid arrest, intervened to prevent deportations, and even hid individual Jews. Because all legislation needed his signature,
2448:
Cherif, Fayçal (2011). "Jewish-Muslim
Relations in Tunisia during World War II: Propaganda, Stereotypes, and Attitudes, 1939–1943". In Gottreich, Emily Benichou; Schroeter, Daniel J. (eds.).
1064:
850:
327:
doubted this charge and tried to prevent his ouster. The real reason he was removed was because he formed the first solely Tunisian government, causing an outcry by French settlers.
1977:
1139:
525:
726:
653:. Pozderac was offered a position in the government, but refused. Pozderac became a partisan, joining in the fight against fascists. Though he was killed in 1943 during
143:'. Polish schools, cultural and educational organizations, shops, bakeries, businesses, and press were established to make the Poles feel more at home. The Iranian city
504:
inscribed both Refka and Drita Veseli in 1988 among the Righteous. The story became better known after Albania's surviving Jewish community was allowed to perform
1880:
2592:
480:, a 17-year-old Muslim boy, took in the family of Mosa and Gabriela Mandil, including their five-year-old son Gavra and his sister Irena, then refugees from
314:, a Tunisian Jew who later became an Israeli politician, Moncef Bey gathered all the senior officials of the realm at the palace and gave them this warning:
185:
for the Jews not far away from Sakkat's farm. Jews from the camp were put to work repairing an airfield, which was regularly bombed by Allies. Arabs saw how
2622:
492:
photographic shop. When the Germans took over from the Italians, he took them, and another Jewish family on a long night journey to his family village at
1097:
2578:“The Arabs Watched Over the Jews” - Chapter 5 of Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust’s Long Reach Into Arab Lands by Robert Satloff
2572:
703:
was an Iranian diploment based in Paris during the Holocaust. When he ran the Iranian consular office in Paris in 1942, he successfully argued that
251:, who was tolerant of different religions and cultures. Ben Badis founded and directed the Algerian League of Muslims and Jews. When he died before
899:
409:
Albania, a predominantly Muslim country, saved almost all of its resident Jewish population. The survival rate in the then-Yugoslavian province of
256:
2457:
2356:
2035:
1396:
883:
1119:
1143:
2567:
1533:
Abdelilah Bouasria. (2013). "The second coming of Morocco's 'Commander of the Faithful': Mohammed VI and Morocco's religious policy" in
1493:
Abdelilah Bouasria. (2013). "The second coming of Morocco's 'Commander of the Faithful': Mohammed VI and Morocco's religious policy" in
608:, the mosque became a place of shelter for members of the French Resistance and Jews escaping Nazi persecution. Algerian members of the
2637:
2533:
2438:
2402:
2383:
1864:
657:, he was still able to personally save and shelter thousands of individuals and families from persecution. He was later honored as a '
2597:
2552:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2010:
1945:
1556:
1470:
1242:
1027:
614:(FTP; Partisan Snipers) sheltered and protected British parachutists who landed in France. Under the oversight of the first rector,
457:
401:
in that he did not take any side and did not engage in any public act that could be interpreted as a rejection of Vichy's policy."
48:
2632:
2627:
2602:
436:. During his time in France, he forged health certificates and issued false documents, helping to save many individuals from the
826:
128:
2077:
633:
was a Bosnian politician and resistance leader during World War Two. He was the Vice President of the Executive Board of the
437:
299:
1823:
1351:
2130:
749:
216:
Abdul-Wahab was a son of a well-known Tunisian historian. He was 32 years old when the Germans occupied Tunisia. He was an
2612:
524:
449:
355:
139:. Iranians openly received them, supplying them with provisions. Young survivors who arrived in Iran became known as the '
136:
1200:
721:
646:
638:
580:
255:
forces occupied Algeria, Taieb el-Okbi took his place. When he discovered that the leaders of the pro-fascist group the
1687:
Paldail in his forward to Norman H. Gershman, 2008 p.xiv., attributes the extremely high survival rate to the code of
1884:
1093:
658:
610:
397:
writes that while Mohammed V was compelled by Vichy officials to sign the anti-Jewish laws, "he was more passive than
202:
103:
1414:"Year of the Typhus: Operation Torch through the eyes of Tunisian women, or how to make the Holocaust an Arab story?"
2227:
924:
2617:
453:
272:
2052:
618:, French Jews were given papers declaring them Muslims as protection, including the famous Algerian-Jewish singer
1581:
1763:
Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey's Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933-1945
147:
was briefly called "the City of Polish Children" because of the thousands of Polish orphans who settled there.
1089:
532:
775:
464:. Like many such persons, Khemdoudi's actions during the war received very little attention after his death.
536:
363:
217:
2607:
813:
642:
398:
323:
Moncef Bey was later ousted from power, with the French claiming that he was a Nazi collaborator. General
140:
59:
56:
2272:
1020:
The children of Isfahan: Polish refugees in Iran, 1942-1945 : portrait photographs of Abolqasem Jala
700:
615:
597:
343:
181:. By 1940, Si Ali Sakkat was enjoying retirement on his farm at the base of Jebel Zaghouan. There was a
174:
87:
83:
1520:
276:
248:
975:
1775:
958:"Tehran Children: Remembering Iranians' Hospitality to Polish Jewish Refugees During the Holocaust"
754:
2178:
2105:
496:, where they were protected by his parents until the war's end, some 9 months later, even against
1926:
573:
367:
211:
1165:"Interfaith Institute of Long Island | Historical Facts on Muslims And Jews Helping Each Other"
2548:
2529:
2510:
2491:
2472:
2453:
2434:
2398:
2379:
2352:
2031:
2006:
1953:
1918:
1860:
1831:
1552:
1433:
1392:
1292:
1238:
1234:
1023:
932:
879:
429:
182:
1641:
1065:"Oral Histories from World War II Refugees in Iran - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
851:"Oral Histories from World War II Refugees in Iran - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
1425:
2577:
792:
709:
630:
561:
225:
156:
1799:
1616:
685:
669:
513:
303:
99:
2545:
Rescue in Albania : One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from Holocaust
2202:
688:. While there, he wrote sick notes for foreign workers and Germans to help them avoid
676:
2586:
1227:
445:
413:
was 60%, making it one of the areas with the highest Jewish survival rate in Europe.
394:
385:
324:
311:
271:
ordering Muslims not to attack Jews. His actions were compared to French Archbishops
32:
2431:
In the Lion's Shadow: The Iranian Schindler and His Homeland in the Second World War
2349:
In the lion's shadow: the Iranian Schindler and his homeland in the Second World War
2469:
The Grand Mosque of Paris: A Story of How Muslims Rescued Jews During the Holocaust
1857:
The Grand Mosque of Paris: A Story of How Muslims Rescued Jews During the Holocaust
1471:"Op-Ed: You must remember this: Sultan Mohammed V protected the Jews of Casablanca"
779:
704:
689:
619:
565:
477:
461:
433:
389:
359:
52:
44:
1704:
Saving the Jews: Amazing Stories of Men and Women Who Defied the "Final Solution",
1000:
957:
2526:
Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach Into Arab Lands
1726:
1326:
1229:
Among the Righteous: Lost Stories from the Holocaust's Long Reach into Arab Lands
298:
during the War. The Nazis established labor camps in Tunisia, killing over 2,500
135:
became a place of refuge for 116,000 Polish refugees, of whom, around 5,000 were
1702:
1642:"Besa: A code of honor - Muslim Albanians who rescued Jews during the Holocaust"
1549:
Rescue in Albania: one hundred percent of Jews in Albania rescued from Holocaust
1140:"Khaled Abdul Wahab A Tunisian Arab who saved Jewish lives during the Holocaust"
557:
497:
416:
63:
40:
20:
2251:
2155:"The Arab Doctor Who Risked His Life for a Jewish Family During the Holocaust"
1201:"Jews stand up for Muslims, as Muslims once stood up for them | +972 Magazine"
1043:
654:
501:
441:
307:
295:
95:
2297:
1957:
1922:
1835:
1437:
936:
150:
One of the refugees, Adam Szymel, recalling the moment he entered Iran, said:
1164:
553:
1429:
650:
69:
No occupied country in Africa or Europe was free of collaboration with the
2323:
1413:
493:
485:
481:
291:
70:
2030:. Cass military studies series. London New York, NY: Cass. p. 229.
1930:
1906:
362:, upon Morocco and deport the country's 250,000 Jews to their deaths in
1666:
1521:"KIVUNIM Convocation Honoring the Memory of King Mohammed V of Morocco"
584:
548:
473:
347:
287:
241:
191:
186:
144:
91:
75:
36:
24:
900:"The Tehran Children: Rediscovering Iran's Role in a Holocaust Rescue"
420:
Djaafar Khemdoudi in his Neuengamme clothes after being deported there
1571:
Paldiel in Norman H. Gershman, Syracuse University Press, 2008 p.xiv.
1001:"Jewish Refugees Remember Iranians' Hospitality During the Holocaust"
601:
569:
544:
540:
505:
489:
448:. After being captured by the Germans, Khemdoudi was deported to the
410:
376:
371:
264:
260:
221:
2026:
Redžić, Enver; Vidan, Aida; Donia, Robert J.; Redžić, Enver (2005).
1765:, New York: New York University Press; London, MacMillan Press, 1993
1535:
Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammmed VI
1495:
Contemporary Morocco: State, Politics and Society Under Mohammmed VI
2413:
814:'Yad Vashem names Egyptian first Arab Righteous Among the Nations,'
39:
regimes controlled the territory. From June 1940 through May 1943,
675:
523:
415:
351:
329:
268:
252:
244:
229:
201:
178:
118:
2488:
The Children Of Esfahan - Polish Refugees in Iran: Abolqasem Jala
572:
law, all Jews were considered Jews foremost and had to go to the
247:(Reform) Party, and a friend of the prominent Algerian reformist
1978:"The Great Mosque of Paris That Saved Jews During the Holocaust"
132:
28:
438:
Compulsory Work Service (Service du Travail Obligatoire or STO)
1776:"Chronology of Rescue by Turkish Diplomat Selahattin Ulkumen"
1293:"Emir Abd el-Kader and Exemplary Muslim Fighters for Justice"
2078:"Porodica Pozderac ponosna na izraelsko priznanje za pretke"
1740:
Norman H. Gershman, Syracuse University Press, 2008 pp.90ff.
528:
Selahattin ĂślkĂĽmen during his military service at the 1930s.
220:
between the Nazis and the population of the coastal town of
123:
A group of "Teheran Children" in front of a railway carriage
2573:
New booklet reveals Muslim acts of heroism during Holocaust
2376:
Selahattin ĂślkĂĽmen, the Turkish Righteous among the Nations
2131:"How an Egyptian doctor saved a Jewish teen in Nazi Berlin"
1907:"Did the Paris Mosque Save Jews? A Mystery and Its Memory"
1537:(eds. Bruce Maddy-Weitzman & Daniel Zisenwine), p. 42.
1497:(eds. Bruce Maddy-Weitzman & Daniel Zisenwine), p. 42.
579:
In one case, survivor Albert Franko was on a transport to
560:. ĂślkĂĽmen went to the German commanding officer, General
1391:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
635:
Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia
488:, for whom he had been working as an apprentice in their
82:
Arab rescue efforts were not limited to the Middle East–
2203:"Israel honours first recognised Arab Holocaust saviour"
1120:"Arab Schindler provides valuable lesson to Arabs today"
684:
After his release, Helmy was conscripted as a doctor in
2298:"The 'Iranian Schindler' who saved Jews from the Nazis"
388:
who credit him for protecting their community from the
350:
during World War Two. Mohammed refused to sign laws by
2414:"Rescue of Sephardic Jews by Muslims in the Holocaust"
2253:
Abdolhossein Sardari: An Iranian Hero of the Holocaust
1508:
Across Legal Lines: Jews and Muslims in Modern Morocco
2509:(1st ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
878:(1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
173:
During his career, Si Ali Sakkat held positions of a
2467:
Ruelle, Karen Gray; Desaix, Deborah Durland (2010).
1855:
Ruelle, Karen Gray; Desaix, Deborah Durland (2010).
1582:"Albanian Muslims Rescued Jewish Lives From Nazis"
1226:
727:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
374:stand was "based as much on the insult the Vichy
1731:Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, 2002 p.484.
776:'Israel called on to honour the 'Arab Schindler'
476:were sheltered by the mostly Muslim population.
279:, whose efforts saved scores of Jews in Europe.
1728:Voices & views: a history of the Holocaust,
316:
2452:. Indiana University Press. pp. 305–320.
2028:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War
127:Despite the Iranian people suffering from the
1881:"La Mosquée de Paris, une résistance oubliée"
827:"Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II"
432:was a member of the French resistance during
384:Nevertheless, Mohammed is highly esteemed by
8:
2395:Tehran Children: A Holocaust Refugee Odyssey
1418:International Journal of Francophone Studies
876:Tehran children: a Holocaust refugee odyssey
440:and also Jewish children from the cities of
16:Jews sheltered by Arab and Muslim population
2053:"Yugoslav Freedom Fighter: Nurija Pozderac"
2003:The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War
564:, to remind him that Turkey was neutral in
2450:Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa
1459:(Cambridge University Press), pp. 142-143.
267:troops, he tried to prevent it, issuing a
1451:
1449:
1447:
1352:"Anti-Jewish Legislation in North Africa"
2273:"Abdol Hossein Sardari | About the Hero"
1946:"Heroic Tale of Holocaust, With a Twist"
310:stalled anti-semitic laws. According to
2005:. Oxford University Press. p. 58.
1374:
1313:
1266:
1187:
793:"The Holocaust's Arab Heroes (Satloff)"
737:
649:', a fascist puppet state ruled by the
1278:
643:Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany
2424:(40): 39–76 – via academia.edu.
2100:
2098:
1749:
1551:. Cathedral City, Calif.: Brunswick.
27:participated in efforts to help save
7:
1045:Adam Szymel Recalls Escaping to Iran
743:
741:
106:for saving the life of Anna Gutman (
2593:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust
2228:"Abdol Hossein Sardari (1895–1981)"
2076:Karabegović, Dženana (2013-03-24).
1225:Robert Satloff (October 30, 2006).
925:"Escaping the Nazis by Way of Iran"
2623:Jewish refugees in the Middle East
2507:Besa: Muslims Who Saved Jews WW II
2347:Mokhtari, Fariborz Levaye (2012).
1100:from the original on 27 April 2010
748:Robert Satloff (October 8, 2006).
600:is one the largest and the oldest
14:
2378:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1291:Aldridge, George (October 2021).
956:Azizi, Arash (January 13, 2021).
334:Mohammed V with FDR and Churchill
1510:(Yale University Press), p. 201.
1469:Hurowitz, Richard (2017-04-25).
1412:Benyoussef, Lamia (2014-03-01).
450:concentration camp of Neuengamme
94:for example. In September 2013,
1944:Sciolino, Elaine (2011-10-03).
1824:"Mosquées et laïcité en France"
816:at Haaretz, September 30, 2013.
405:Muslim rescue efforts in Europe
257:Légion Français des Combattants
51:, controlled large portions of
2397:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2129:Philpot, Robert (2022-01-03).
999:Tal, Didi (January 14, 2021).
923:Brent, Jonathan (2019-10-09).
708:was later dubbed the "Iranian
263:against Jews with the help of
240:Taieb el-Okbi was a member of
206:Portrait of Khaled Abdul Wahab
1:
1707:, Schreiber, 2000 pp.111-113.
1455:Susan Gilson Miller. (2013).
750:"The Holocaust's Arab Heroes"
454:concentration camp of Malchow
98:declared an Egyptian doctor,
31:residents of Arab lands from
2418:Journal of Sephardic Studies
2001:Hoare, Marko Attila (2013).
1883:. 2022-07-04. Archived from
1804:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
1523:. Kivunim. 24 December 2015.
1506:Jessica M. Marglin. (2016).
1118:Armin Rosen (7 March 2007).
647:Independent State of Croatia
639:Yugoslav Muslim Organization
2568:Saviours in a strange world
2505:Gershman, Norman H (2008).
2429:Mokhtari, Fariborz (2012).
1911:The Jewish Quarterly Review
1716:Sarner, Harvey (1997) p. 48
1606:Sarner, Harvey (1997) p. 40
1457:A History of Modern Morocco
1389:A History of Modern Tunisia
1297:The Foreign Service Journal
659:Righteous Among the Nations
611:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
606:German occupation of France
104:Righteous Among the Nations
2654:
1678:Sarner, Harvey (1997) p. 2
472:Most of the 2,000 Jews of
209:
2638:Society of French Algeria
2486:Damandan, Parisa (2010).
2351:. Stroud: History Press.
2051:Meade, Amy (2022-05-04).
1830:(in French). 2009-11-30.
1387:Perkins, Kenneth (2014).
1303:(8): 16 – via AFSA.
1233:. PublicAffairs. p.
1018:Damandan, Parisa (2010).
904:smithsonianassociates.org
645:, the Nazis created the '
592:The Grand Mosque of Paris
62:and the repelling of the
2598:The Holocaust in Tunisia
2524:Satloff, Robert (2006).
2412:Kerem, Yitzchak (2014).
1142:. gariwo. Archived from
722:Islamic–Jewish relations
364:Nazi concentration camps
2633:Morocco in World War II
2628:Algeria in World War II
2603:Albania in World War II
2543:Sarner, Harvey (1997).
2324:"The Iranian Schindler"
1780:Rescue in the Holocaust
1547:Sarner, Harvey (1997).
547:. On 19 July 1944, the
381:schools and positions.
356:anti-Jewish legislation
2393:Dekel, Mikhal (2019).
2232:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
2183:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
2110:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1430:10.1386/ijfs.17.1.51_7
1356:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
980:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
874:Dekel, Mikhal (2019).
831:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
681:
604:in France. During the
529:
421:
335:
321:
207:
161:
124:
60:North African Campaign
2433:. The History Press.
2374:Güçlü, Yücel (2023).
2082:Radio Slobodna Evropa
1331:Minority Rights Group
1255:Shaykh Taieb el-Okbi.
1090:"Among The Righteous"
701:Abdol Hossein Sardari
696:Abdol Hossein Sardari
680:Abdol Hossein Sardari
679:
616:Si Kaddour Benghabrit
598:Grand Mosque of Paris
527:
419:
333:
205:
152:
122:
88:Great Mosque of Paris
84:Si Kaddour Benghabrit
2613:History of the Arabs
2277:Lowell Milken Center
2057:Accidental Talmudist
1905:Katz, Ethan (2012).
1669:, 2 February 2, 2013
1169:www.interfaithny.com
637:and a member of the
484:but originally from
354:officials to impose
294:French colony under
277:Pierre-Marie Gerlier
273:Jules-Géraud Saliège
249:Abdelhamid Ben Badis
236:Shaykh Taieb el-Okbi
86:, the rector of the
2547:. Brunswick Press.
2322:Tzvi (2019-08-06).
2135:The Times of Israel
2084:(in Serbo-Croatian)
1800:"Selahattin Ulkume"
755:The Washington Post
574:concentration camps
368:extermination camps
175:government minister
66:from North Africa.
2528:. Public Affairs.
1950:The New York Times
1761:Stanford J. Shaw,
1617:"Forgotten heroes"
1586:United with Israel
929:The New York Times
795:. October 14, 2006
682:
533:Selahattin ĂślkĂĽmen
530:
520:Selahattin ĂślkĂĽmen
422:
336:
212:Khaled Abdul-Wahab
208:
198:Khaled Abdul-Wahab
194:by Allied forces.
190:the liberation of
125:
2618:Islam and Judaism
2471:. Holiday House.
2459:978-0-253-22225-1
2358:978-0-7524-8638-3
2037:978-0-7146-5625-0
1859:. Holiday House.
1701:Mordecai Paldiel,
1475:Los Angeles Times
1398:978-1-107-02407-6
1269:, pp. 57–72.
1207:. 4 February 2017
976:"Tehran Children"
885:978-1-324-00103-4
543:on the island of
430:Djaafar Khemdoudi
425:Djaafar Khemdoudi
183:forced labor camp
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1665:Eva Illouz, at
1663:
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1621:Arolsen Archives
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1088:Robert Satloff.
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782:, 11 April 2010.
772:
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673:release in 1941.
346:was the king of
259:were planning a
129:1942-1943 famine
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2371:
2369:Further reading
2366:
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2187:
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2179:"Mohamed Helmy"
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2106:"Mohamed Helmy"
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1725:DebĂłrah Dwork,
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631:Nurija Pozderac
628:
626:Nurija Pozderac
594:
562:Ulrich Kleemann
522:
470:
427:
407:
370:in Europe. The
341:
285:
238:
226:Oskar Schindler
214:
200:
171:
166:
164:In North Africa
157:Port of Pahlavi
141:Tehran Children
117:
115:Tehran children
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2562:External links
2560:
2553:
2535:978-1586485108
2534:
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2440:978-0752486383
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2404:978-1324001034
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1917:(2): 256–287.
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1599:
1588:. 8 April 2013
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670:Mohammed Helmy
666:
665:Mohammed Helmy
663:
627:
624:
593:
590:
537:consul-general
521:
518:
514:Arslan Rezniqi
508:in the 1990s.
469:
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403:
358:, such as the
340:
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304:Mohamed Chenik
284:
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2609:
2608:The Holocaust
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50:
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33:the Holocaust
30:
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2372:
2348:
2342:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:
2317:
2306:. Retrieved
2304:. 2011-12-14
2301:
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2279:. 2022-06-29
2276:
2267:
2257:, retrieved
2252:
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2235:. Retrieved
2231:
2222:
2211:. Retrieved
2209:. 2017-10-27
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2186:. Retrieved
2182:
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2162:. Retrieved
2158:
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2138:. Retrieved
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2113:. Retrieved
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2086:. Retrieved
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2060:. Retrieved
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2027:
2021:
2002:
1996:
1985:. Retrieved
1981:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1949:
1939:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:the original
1875:
1856:
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1839:. Retrieved
1827:
1818:
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
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1745:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1697:
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1649:. Retrieved
1645:
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