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Gneissic
Basement. The Vindhyan Supergroup is classified into two fundamental strata, lower and upper Vindhyan, with a large unconformity representing 500 million years interval between the strata. Within each stratum, it is further categorized into major groups. The lower Vinhydan comprises the Semri Group while the upper Vinhyan consists of the Kaimur Group, Rewa Group, and Bhander Group. The earliest sedimentation forming the lower Vindhyan can be traced back to Paleoproterozoic and stopped somewhere around early Mesoproterozoic (~1,721 Ma to 1,600 Ma). Sedimentation forming the upper Vindhyan resumed again in the Mesoproterozoic and ceased in Neoproterozoic. Vindhyan Supergroup portrayed transitional to shallow marine depositional environment, such as
614:
33:
41:
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550:-aged Marwar Basin. The Marwar Basin sits on the Malani Igneous Suite and contains a sedimentary section of 2 km in thickness. Similar to other Purana basins, the Marwar Supergroup is less deformed and unmetamorphosed. The Marwar Supergroup is classified into three major groups: the lower Jodhpur Group, the middle Bilara Group, and the upper Nagaur Group.
525:
The
Vindhyan Basin is located on the southeastern side of the Aravalli Mountain Range where its formation is believed to be associated to the large downwarp of the crust after Delhi Orogeny. It spans an area of about 104,000 km in the northwestern part of India overlying on the Archean Bhilwara
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and mafic volcanic rocks. The
Ajabgarh Group is dominated by carbonate, mafic volcanic and argillaceous rocks. In the southern part, similar rock types, despite different names, are identified, where they are Gogunda Group (equivalent to Alwar group) and the Kumbhalgarh Group (equivalent to Ajabgarh
914:
Meert, Joseph G.; Pandit, Manoj K.. The
Archean and Proterozoic history of Peninsular India: tectonic framework or Precambrian sedimentary basins in India. In: Mazumder, R. & Eriksson, P. G. (eds), Precambrian Basins of India: Stratigraphic and Tectonic Context. Geological Society, London. 2015
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events, namely the emplacement of the
Erinpura granite and the Malani Volcanics on the western side of Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt. This event is ranked third among the largest igneous province in the globe, with a total area of about 52,000 km in India. Malani Igneous Suite is a collective
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The compressional phase that followed led to eastward subduction of the western Marwar craton. Continuous subduction of the western block might have created another island arc, and similar to the
Aravalli orogeny, further collision between the two blocks with island arc in between gave rise to the
115:
Complex basement being the lowest strata, followed by the overlying lower
Aravalli Supergroup and the upper Delhi Supergroup. The northern part of the mountain range only consists of the Delhi Supergroup, and this has given to its name of ‘North Delhi Belt. On the southern side, however, both the
589:
The
Aravalli orogeny (~1,800 Ma) began with the development of oceanic basin. The rifting process is believed to be associated with the formation of the Columbia supercontinent, which happened from 2.5 Ga to 1.8 Ga and was coeval with the onset of Aravalli orogeny's rifting basin. The opening of
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Apart from the vigorous post-orogenic magmatic event, a large number of so-called ‘Purana’ basins was actively developing near the orogenic belts. The word ‘Purana’ means ‘ancient’ and was used to depict the group of isolated sedimentary basins with thick
Proterozoic sedimentary strata that are
408:
were documented in the tectonic evolution of the
Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt. During Proterozoic Eon, N-S convergence between the Bundelkhand and Bhandara cratons at the Satpura Mobile Belt, and E-W convergence between the Bundelkhand and Marwar cratons at the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt have
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Era, another rifting phase began. At that time, the Bundelkhand-Aravalli-BGC and the Marwar craton lie on the eastern side and western side respectively as the rifting phase separated the Bhilwara Gneissic Complex (BGC) from the Marwar craton. The oceanic basin created in the course of rifting
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Sinha-Roy, S.; Malhotra, G.; Guha, D.B.. A transect across Rajasthan Precambrian terrain in relation to geology, tectonics and crustal evolution of south-central Rajasthan. In: Sinha-Roy, S., Gupta, K.R. (Eds.), Continental Crust of NW and Central India. Geological Society, India. 1995. 31:
283:. The basement is categorized into two subdivisions: the Sandmata Complex and the Mangalwar Complex. The Sandmata Complex refers to gneisses and granitoids while the Mangalwar Complex refers to the metasedimentary and metavolcanic series which are considered to be metamorphosed older
980:
Deb, M., Talwar, A.K., Tewari, A., Banerjee, A.K., 1995. Bimodal volcanism in South Delhi fold belt: a suite of differentiated felsic lava at Jharivav, north Gujarat. In: Sinha-Roy, S., Gupta, K.R. (Eds.), Continental Crust of NW and Central India. Geol. Soc. India, Memoir 31, pp.
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Kaur, Parampreet; Zeh, Armin; Chaudhri, Naveen; Gerdes, Axel; Okrusch, Martin. Archaean to Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution of the Aravalli mountain range, NW India, and its hinterland: The U-Pb and Hf isotope record of detrital zircon. Precambrian Research. 2011 March. 187:
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Lente, B. Van; Ashwal, L.D.; Pandit, M.K.; Bowring, S.A.; Torsvik, T.H.. Neoproterozoic hydrothermally altered basaltic rocks from Rajasthan, northwest India: Implications for late Precambrian tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Craton. Precambrian Research. 2009 January; 170:
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Era, the opening of Aravalli oceanic basin separated the eastern Bundelkhand craton and the western Marwar craton. Sedimentation of the Aravalli Supergroup took place simultaneously with basic magmatism and followed by a gradual subsidence of the Aravalli Basin floor.
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Turner, Candler C.; Meert, Joseph G.; Pandit, Manoj K.; Kamenov, George D.. A detrital zircon U-PB and HF isotopic transect across the Son Valley sector of the Vindhyan Basin India: Implications for basin evolution and paleogeography. Gondawa Research. 2013 June.
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term for bimodal volcanic and plutonic rocks aged 873–800 Ma in the area. The lithologies of the rock suite are predominantly rhyolitic and rhyodacitic volcanic rocks with granitoid intrusions overlying unconformably or intruding through the Delhi Supergroup.
706:
Mckenzie, N. Ryan; Hughes, Nigel C.; Myrow, Paul M.; Banerjee, Dhiraj M.; Deb, Mihir; Planavsky, Noah J. New age constraints for the Proterozoic Aravalli–Delhi successions of India and their implications. Precambrian Research. 2013 November. 238:
432:
and rapid thickening of crust to about 20–25 km. The main crustal source is believed to be old crustal components of the area. The region subsequently experienced a large scale metamorphic event that granite is partly metamorphosed into
347:
The upper Delhi Supergroup overlies on the Aravalli Supergroup with a clear unconformity. This supergroup hosts two main types of rocks: a thick sequence of volcanic rocks that is of continental affinity; and sedimentary rocks that represent
590:
another sedimentary basin during the Delhi orogeny (~-1,100 Ma) coincided with the time where the supercontinent Columbia broke up, and the cessation of basin development followed by a compressional phase was concurrent with the assembly of
299:
separating the two strata. The Aravalli Supergroup is divided into three groups: lower Delwara Group, middle Debari Group, and Upper Jharol Group. The lower and middle groups shared similar lithology, where both groups are dominated by
961:
Condie, K.C.; Beyer, E.; Belousova, E.; Griffin, W.L.; O’Reilly, S.Y.. U–Pb isotopic ages and Hf isotopic composition of single zircons: the search for juvenile Precambrian continental crust. Precambrian Research. 2005. 139:
68:
collisions. The Aravalli Mountains consist of the Aravalli and Delhi fold belts, and are collectively known as the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt. The whole mountain range is about 700 km long. Unlike the much younger
933:
Gupta, S.N.; Arora, Y.K.; Mathur, R.K.; Iqbaluddin, Prasad B.; Sahai, T.N.; Sharma, S.B.. The Precambrian geology of the Aravalli region, southern Rajasthan and northeastern Gujarat. Geological Survey India. 1997. 123:
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Eon. They are arguably the oldest geological feature on Earth. The collision between the Bundelkhand craton and the Marwar craton is believed to be the primary mechanism for the development of the mountain range.
854:
Rao, V. Vijaya; Prasad, B. Rajendra; Reddy, P.R.; Tewari, H.C.. Evolution of Proterozoic Aravalli Delhi Fold Belt in the northwestern Indian Shield from seismic studies. Tectonophysics. 2000 June. 327 (1–2):
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rocks, forming the Archean Basement. These cratonization processes continued together signifying the end of amalgamation of cratonic nuclei that constitutes the development of an early continental crust.
1012:
Azmi, R.J.; Joshi, D.; Tewari, B.N.. 2008. A synoptic view on the current discordant geo- and biochronological ages of the Vindhyan Supergroup, central India. Journal of Himalayan Geology. 29: 177–191.
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between the two cratons. After collision had proceeded for a certain period of time, the uplift of the Aravalli Supergroup was induced at around 1800 Ma. In the last stage of convergence, the
409:
synchronously occurred in India. This resulted in an overall resultant force of NE-SW convergence of the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt, and also led to the arcuate shape of its convergent zone.
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In the ‘North Delhi belt’, the Delhi Supergroup is classified into three groups: lower Raialo Group, middle Alwar Group, and upper Ajabgarh Group. The Raialo Group consists predominantly of
324:
rocks are prominent in the upper Jharol group, thus suggesting a deep marine depositional environment. The depositional age of these sequences ranges approximately from 2.1 to 1.9 Ga.
81:
The precise evolutionary processes responsible for the Aravalli Mountain Range remains controversial today, and there are diverse theories put forward for the tectonic history.
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development of the Delhi orogeny around 1100 Ma. The suture zone between the two cratons is marked by the Western Marginal Fault and the emplacement of the Phulad
952:
Naqvi SM, Divakar Rao V, Hari Narain (1974) The protocontinental growth of the Indian Shield and the antiquity of its rift valleys. Precambrian. Res 1: 345–398.
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Verma, P.K.; Greiling, R.O.. Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Orogen (NW India): an inverted Proterozoic rift basin?. Geol Rundsch. 1995 August. 84: 683–696.
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relatively undeformed on the Indian Shield. The Vindhyan Basin and the Marwar Basin are part of the Purana basins that sit near the Aravalli Mountain Range.
672:
Mishra, D.C.; Kumar, M. Ravi. Proterozoic orogenic belts and rifting of Indian cratons: Geophysical constraints. Geoscience Frontiers. 2013 March. 5: 25–41.
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594:. The deposition of the upper Vindhyan Supergroup may also denote the final episode of Rodinia formation. Several geochemical analyses show that detrital
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and shallow marine environments and deep marine depositional environment. The depositional age of these sequences is approximately from 1.7 to 1.5 Ga.
971:
Mathur, RK; Prasad, B; Sharma, BS; Iqbaluddin. Synsedimentational shoreline volcanism in Aravalli of Rajasthan. Geological Survey India News. 1978.
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Choudhary AK, Gopalan K, Sastry CA (1984) Present status of the geochronology of the Precambrian rocks of Rajasthan. Tectonophysics 105: 131–140.
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Roy, A.B., Jakhar, S.R., 2002. Geology of Rajasthan (Northwest India). Precambrian to Recent. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, 421 pp.
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The tectonic events and basin developmental phases are thought to be correlated to the amalgamation and breakup of plates during
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further steepened and the colliding blocks eventually become sutured. The suture zone is marked by the Great Boundary Fault.
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under the western Marwar craton. As collision continued, the subduction zone steepened, leading to the development of an
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samples obtained from the Marwar basin are highly linked to the breakup phase of Rodinia and the assembly phase of
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Aravalli and Delhi supergroups are present. The mountain range is bounded by the Eastern and Western marginal
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Three main subdivisions of rocks constitute the stratigraphy of the mountain range, with the Archean Bhilwara
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Soon after the rifting phase ended, the compressional phase took place where the eastern Bundelkhand craton
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by the emplacement of granitic bodies during the period ca. 3.0 to 2.5 Ga. This subsequently led to rapid
327:
Three major episodes of deformation and metamorphism were involved in the Aravalli Supergroup, including
546:
To the west of the Aravalli Mountain Range and far beyond the Vindhyan Basin lies the Neoproterozoic-to-
251:
The Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement is about 2.5 Ga old. It is made up of a group of metamorphic and
32:
730:
571:
339:
etc. Metamorphic grades of the rocks generally range from greenschist facies to amphibolite facies.
401:
754:
746:
313:
280:
99:-like structure and consists of a series of Proterozoic rocks that are intensely deformed and
73:
section nearby, the Aravalli Mountains are believed much older and can be traced back to the
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The tectonic evolution of the Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt can be divided into four phases:
188:
719:"Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli orogen (NW India): an inverted Proterozoic rift basin?"
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On top of the Archean basement, the Aravalli Supergroup overlies with clear
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The epilogue of the tectonic evolution was marked by granitic and
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39:
31:
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The Aravalli Mountain Range is in the northwestern part of India.
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120:, where the former is also termed as the Great Boundary Fault.
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and calcareous rocks. The Alwar Group mainly consists of
417:
The Aravalli Mountains basement started with an older
129:
General geological formation of the Aravalli Mountains
717:Verma, P. K.; Greiling, R. O. (1 December 1995).
562:are the dominant rock type in the Marwar Basin.
36:The Aravalli Mountain Range in Rajasthan, India
8:
1002:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.009
247:Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement
122:
620:Reconstruction of Columbia supercontinent
479:received the Delhi Supergroup sediments.
388:Post-orogenic evolution (~ 850 – 750 Ma)
658:
609:
95:The Aravalli Mountain Range features a
566:Association with supercontinent cycles
379:Bhilwara Gneissic Complex (~ 2,500 Ma)
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174:Mafic volcanic and calcareous rocks
138:Ajabgarh Group (=Kumbhalgarh Group)
52:is a northeast-southwest trending
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413:Evolution of the Archean basement
371:Four phases of tectonic evolution
85:Geology of the Aravalli Mountains
64:that was formed from a series of
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227:Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC)
160:Alwar Group (= Gogunda Group)
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382:Aravalli Orogeny (~ 1,800 Ma)
91:Aravalli Range § Geology
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385:Delhi Orogeny (~ 1,100 Ma)
316:depositional environment.
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312:rocks, thus suggesting a
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166:and mafic volcanic rocks
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56:in the northwest part of
421:evolving into extensive
512:Purana basins formation
491:Post-orogenic evolution
285:granite-greenstone belt
275:with a minor amount of
271:gneisses and intrusive
50:Aravalli Mountain Range
634:Godwana supercontinent
538:, carbonate ramp etc.
255:rocks that are mainly
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723:Geologische Rundschau
572:supercontinent cycles
487:Suite in the region.
237:and composite gneiss
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18:Aravalli-Delhi Orogen
496:Acid magmatic events
179:Aravalli Supergroup
735:1995GeoRu..84..683V
291:Aravalli Supergroup
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60:and is part of the
743:10.1007/BF00240560
281:metavolcanic rocks
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915:March. 43: 29–54
335:, kink bands and
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224:Archean basement
135:Delhi Supergroup
107:General formation
16:(Redirected from
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193:argillaceous
153:argillaceous
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606:Map gallery
474:During the
446:During the
320:facies and
257:amphibolite
75:Proterozoic
1023:Categories
653:References
560:evaporites
536:tidal flat
460:island arc
426:batholiths
364:arenaceous
302:carbonates
273:granitoids
204:Carbonates
164:Arenaceous
89:See also:
759:129382615
751:1432-1149
502:rhyolitic
485:Ophiolite
456:subducted
402:collision
318:Turbidite
306:quartzite
265:tonalitic
261:granulite
208:quartzite
186:Turbidite
142:Carbonate
71:Himalayan
981:259–278.
855:109–130.
820:202–222.
807:155–164.
707:120–128.
641:See also
600:Gondwana
584:Gondwana
576:Columbia
548:Cambrian
505:magmatic
435:gneissic
423:granitic
406:suturing
367:Group).
360:volcanic
333:shearing
329:foldings
235:gneisses
149:volcanic
113:Gneissic
66:cratonic
962:42–100.
731:Bibcode
592:Rodinia
580:Rodinia
394:rifting
350:fluvial
310:pelitic
263:grade,
253:igneous
231:Schists
212:pelitic
868:63–89.
757:
749:
596:zircon
582:, and
308:, and
214:rocks
210:, and
195:rocks
189:facies
155:rocks
118:faults
755:S2CID
532:delta
357:mafic
314:shelf
146:mafic
97:horst
58:India
934:262.
747:ISSN
558:and
404:and
279:and
191:and
151:and
48:The
739:doi
574:of
267:to
259:to
103:.
1025::
986:^
873:^
860:^
825:^
812:^
793:^
767:^
753:.
745:.
737:.
727:84
725:.
721:.
677:^
661:^
602:.
586:.
578:,
554:,
534:,
530:,
400:,
396:,
331:,
304:,
287:.
233:,
206:,
144:,
761:.
741::
733::
20:)
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