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In marginal regions, a farmer should be financially able to survive occasional crop failures, perhaps for several years in succession. Survival as a dryland farmer requires careful husbandry of the moisture available for the crop and aggressive management of expenses to minimize losses in poor years.
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Dryland farming has evolved as a set of techniques and management practices used by farmers to continually adapt to the presence or lack of moisture in a given crop cycle. Groundwater supply is often the result of melted snow and ice in climates that experience high precipitation in the winter and
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As an area of research and development, arid-zone agriculture, or desert agriculture, includes studies of how to increase the agricultural productivity of lands dominated by lack of freshwater, an abundance of heat and sunlight, and usually one or more of: Extreme winter cold, short rainy season,
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Dry farming may be practiced in areas that have significant annual rainfall during a wet season, often in the winter. Crops are cultivated during the subsequent dry season, using practices that make use of the stored moisture in the soil. California, Colorado, Kansas, South Dakota, North Dakota,
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Dryland farming involves the constant assessing of the amount of moisture present or lacking for any given crop cycle and planning accordingly. Dryland farmers know that to be financially successful they have to be aggressive during the good years in order to offset the dry years.
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The choice of crop is influenced by the timing of the predominant rainfall in relation to the seasons. For example, winter wheat is more suited to regions with higher winter rainfall while areas with summer wet seasons may be more suited to summer growing crops such as
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and poor yields which may occur in a dry year (regardless of money or effort expended). Dryland farmers must evaluate the potential yield of a crop constantly throughout the growing season and be prepared to decrease inputs to the crop such as fertilizer and
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dry heat in the summer. Water from nearby watershed sources can also be used in dry farming, and some climate change advocates claim the use of dry farms could reduce not only food shortage challenges in small communities but also climate change concerns.
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The nature of dryland farming makes it particularly susceptible to erosion, especially wind erosion. Some techniques for conserving soil moisture (such as frequent tillage to kill weeds) are at odds with techniques for conserving topsoil. Since healthy
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Once moisture is available for the crop to use, it must be used as effectively as possible. Seed planting depth and timing are carefully considered to place the seed at a depth at which sufficient moisture exists, or where it will exist when
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if it appears that it is likely to have a poor yield due to insufficient moisture. Conversely, in years when moisture is abundant, farmers may increase their input efforts and budget to maximize yields and to offset poor
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Dryland grain crops include wheat, corn, millet, rye, and other grasses that produce grains. These crops grow using the winter water stored in the soil, rather than depending on rainfall during the growing season.
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in central
Washington, wheat farming has been productive purportedly on an average annual rainfall approaching 6 inches. Consequently, moisture must be captured until the crop can utilize it. Techniques include
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Cultivation of soil to produce a "dust mulch", thought to prevent the loss of water through capillary action. This practice is controversial, and is not universally advocated.
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fields. "Terracing" is also practiced by farmers on a smaller scale by laying out the direction of furrows to slow water runoff downhill, usually by plowing along either
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happen, or have been told, rather than what testing actually confirms. In actuality, it has been shown that tillage increases water losses to evaporation. The book
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Successful dryland farming is possible with as little as 230 millimetres (9 in) of precipitation a year; higher rainfall increases the variety of crops.
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Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Oregon, Washington, and
Wyoming, in the United States, are a few states where dry farming is practiced for a variety of crops.
1246:. At the same time, Direct absorption of nutrients from weeds and moisture provides suitable environment to floris biodiversity of organisms in soil.
1642:
O'Bar, Scott, (2013). Alternative Crops for
Drylands – Proactively Adapting to Climate Change and Water Shortages. Amaigabe Press, Santa Barbara, CA
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Dry farming depends on making the best use of the "bank" of soil moisture that was created by winter rainfall. Some dry farming practices include:
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saline soil or water, strong dry winds, poor soil structure, over-grazing, limited technological development, poverty, or political instability.
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Dryland farming is practiced in regions inherently marginal for non-irrigated agriculture. Because of this, there is an increased risk of
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Some of the theories of dryland farming developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries claimed to be scientific but were in reality
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Weedling is process of turning over 90 degree and exposing weed's root during tillage to prevent soil erosion by wind and
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1145:, the average annual precipitation available to a dryland farm may be as little as 220 millimetres (8.5 in). In the
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1460:"Common misconceptions and key points about dry farming: Case study of dry farmer with more than 40 years of experience"
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Strict weed control, to ensure that weeds do not consume soil moisture needed by the cultivated plants.
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and heat-stress tolerant (even lower-yielding varieties). Thus the likelihood of a successful crop is
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View the given environmental and socioeconomic characteristics as negative obstacles to be overcome.
1523:. Revised and expanded by Cornelius Krahn. Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press. pp. 263–265.
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rotation (in which one crop is grown on two seasons' precipitation, leaving standing stubble and
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Dryland farming is dependent on natural rainfall, which can leave the ground vulnerable to
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would seal in moisture, but such "dust mulching" ideas are based on what people imagine
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1615:(Beltsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1991)
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Dryland
Farming: A Systems Approach – An Analysis of Dryland Agriculture in Australia
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Non-irrigated farming in areas with little rainfall during the growing season.
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and did not stand up to empirical testing. For example, it was alleged that
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Dry
Farming in the Northern Great Plains: Years of Readjustment, 1920–1990
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Dry-Farming, A System Of
Agriculture For Countries Under A Low Rainfall
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of Europe. In
Australia, it is widely practiced in all states but the
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Oklahoma State Board of
Agriculture, Report (Guthrie, OK: n.p. 1908)
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explores the effects that this had on people who were encouraged to
123:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1061:. Dryland farming was introduced to southern Russia and Ukraine by
1405:"Technology and wheat yields in the semiarid Central Great Plains"
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View as many as possible of them as positive resources to be used.
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Selection of crops and cultivars suited for dry farming practices.
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1570:"The Amazingly Diverse Climate and Geography of Washington State"
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International Center for
Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
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on
October 4, 2009. Courtesy: NASA/GSFC, MODIS Rapid Response
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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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Water-Wise Vegetables: For the Maritime Northwest Gardener
1653:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Dry Farming
1384:"Dust Storm in Eastern Washington : Image of the Day"
1033:, and other arid regions of North America such as in the
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California Agricultural Water Stewardship Initiative
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falls. Farmers tend to use crop varieties which are
1733:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1585:"Dryland wheat farmers grow to love no-till method"
1544:Malcolm, Bill; Sale, Peter"; Egan, Adrian (1996).
931:means that fields cannot always be protected by a
935:, which might otherwise offer protection against
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1426:
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1043:Agriculture in the Southwestern United States
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8:
968:failed after working miserably to cling on.
1613:Dryland Farming: January 1982–December 1990
1386:. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 6 October 2009
1546:Agriculture in Australia – An Introduction
840:
826:
165:
1793:Learn how and when to remove this message
1496:. Oregon State University. Archived from
1466:. Oregon State University. Archived from
1230:on particularly susceptible ground), and
887:and those having scarce water resources.
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1314:Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest
1047:Agriculture in the prehistoric Southwest
40:This article includes a list of general
1639:(Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1991)
1375:
1283:An example of a dryland farming paddock
168:
1622:(Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1993)
1548:. Australia: Oxford University Press.
1138:Capturing and conservation of moisture
964:in an area with little rainfall; most
1334:Environmental issues with agriculture
871:. Dryland farming is associated with
7:
1731:adding citations to reliable sources
1177:Effective use of available moisture
1234:are used to minimize topsoil loss.
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1632:(NY: The Macmillan Company, 1911)
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1417:from the original on 2017-02-12.
1193:if seasonal precipitation fails.
1049:), the Middle East and in other
875:, areas characterized by a cool
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1718:needs additional citations for
1657:P. Koohafkan and B.A. Stewart,
1635:Victor Squires and Philip Tow,
1521:Smith's Story of the Mennonites
1106:. Dry farmed crops may include
1021:Dryland farming is used in the
927:period must be included in the
899:Dryland farming caused a large
795:Agriculture and the environment
261:British Agricultural Revolution
1359:University of Arid Agriculture
1319:Arid Forest Research Institute
1291:The two basic approaches are:
1158:to trap snow), and preventing
241:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1:
1659:Water and Cereals in Drylands
957:Bad Land: An American Romance
1226:, spreading straw (or other
1053:growing regions such as the
246:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1628:Dr. John A. Widtsoe, Ph.D.
1122:, and other summer crops.
883:conditions, areas prone to
119:the claims made and adding
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1583:Leder, Dave (2019-02-04).
1272:
1035:Southwestern United States
206:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
733:Universities and colleges
693:Universities and colleges
1519:Smith, C. Henry (1981).
1490:"Dry farming vegetables"
1069:, making the region the
981:Minimal tilling of land.
718:Agriculturist profession
537:Agricultural engineering
522:Agricultural cooperative
1680:(Sasquatch Books, 1993)
1354:Small-scale agriculture
1208:sustainable agriculture
1065:under the influence of
688:Sustainable food system
683:Sustainable agriculture
574:Animal-free agriculture
542:Agricultural technology
158:Dryland farming in the
61:more precise citations.
1618:Mary W. M. Hargraves,
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1251:Control of input costs
1183:seasonal precipitation
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908:
816:Agriculture portal
775:History of agriculture
760:Agriculture by country
755:Agricultural machinery
723:Agricultural machinery
641:Mechanised agriculture
211:Austronesian expansion
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1269:Arid-zone agriculture
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765:Agriculture companies
728:Government ministries
527:Agricultural supplies
364:Convertible husbandry
157:
18:Arid-zone agriculture
1727:improve this article
1699:at Wikimedia Commons
1133:Other considerations
1063:Ukrainian Mennonites
579:Cellular agriculture
532:Agricultural science
201:Neolithic Revolution
1815:Agriculture by type
1349:Seawater greenhouse
1214:techniques such as
1141:In regions such as
1006:Dryland Farming in
978:Controlled Traffic.
863:techniques for the
859:encompass specific
460:Steam sterilization
1285:
1147:Horse Heaven Hills
1143:Eastern Washington
1095:
1093:, Washington State
1075:Northern Territory
1031:Eastern Washington
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905:Eastern Washington
369:Rotational grazing
251:Columbian exchange
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104:possibly contains
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1742:"Dryland farming"
1695:Media related to
1648:978-0-9882822-0-9
1197:Soil conservation
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698:Urban agriculture
671:Rice-duck farming
619:Intensive farming
589:Extensive farming
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1102:, sunflowers or
944:pseudoscientific
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676:Rice-fish system
584:Contract farming
569:Animal husbandry
307:Animal husbandry
266:Green Revolution
217:Ancient history
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121:inline citations
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1611:Henry Gilbert,
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1606:Further reading
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1212:Erosion control
1206:is critical to
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1470:on 10 May 2016
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1783:December 2023
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1737:
1725:Please help
1720:verification
1717:
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1629:
1619:
1612:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:
1578:
1564:
1545:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1498:the original
1493:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:the original
1463:
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1378:
1290:
1286:
1261:weed control
1256:crop failure
1156:crop residue
1128:
1124:
1096:
1023:Great Plains
1020:
1016:
970:
955:
951:
941:
918:
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910:
903:in parts of
861:agricultural
856:
852:
851:
656:Permaculture
614:Horticulture
559:Agroforestry
517:Agribusiness
474:Hydroculture
450:Smallholding
438:
338:
231:Ancient Rome
135:
126:
103:
73:
67:October 2020
64:
45:
1324:Biosalinity
1071:breadbasket
1029:plateau of
921:dust storms
857:dry farming
666:Polyculture
492:Hydroponics
482:Aquaculture
423:Paddy field
408:Monoculture
302:Agrivoltaic
276:Monoculture
197:Prehistory
170:Agriculture
59:introducing
1753:newspapers
1594:2019-12-03
1390:2009-10-10
1370:References
1344:Irrigation
1216:windbreaks
933:cover crop
901:dust storm
877:wet season
746:Categories
661:Plantation
609:Free range
604:Feed ratio
497:Aeroponics
487:Aquaponics
354:Free-range
349:Fertilizer
113:improve it
42:references
1667:Earthscan
1364:Xerophyte
1329:Dust Bowl
1264:harvests.
1164:terracing
1059:Argentina
995:Locations
962:homestead
780:Livestock
599:Farmhouse
381:Intensive
344:Extensive
129:July 2015
117:verifying
1809:Category
1504:27 April
1474:28 April
1443:27 April
1412:Archived
1303:See also
1239:Weedling
1172:keylines
1168:contours
1116:pumpkins
1112:tomatoes
1008:Behbahan
873:drylands
564:Agronomy
428:Ranching
162:of Spain
1767:scholar
1224:no-till
1204:topsoil
1100:sorghum
1091:Palouse
1055:steppes
1027:Palouse
948:tillage
937:erosion
891:Process
885:drought
624:animals
547:Digital
510:Related
455:Terrace
439:Colonia
418:Organic
413:Orchard
403:Natural
386:animals
359:Grazing
339:Dryland
322:poultry
294:On land
271:Organic
188:History
111:Please
55:improve
1769:
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1755:
1748:
1740:
1646:
1552:
1527:
1191:hedged
1160:runoff
1108:grapes
1104:cotton
1039:Mexico
1025:, the
952:should
925:fallow
312:cattle
44:, but
1774:JSTOR
1760:books
1415:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1228:mulch
1120:beans
1081:Crops
1051:grain
1041:(see
1004:Wheat
869:crops
711:Lists
634:crops
396:crops
376:Hobby
334:Dairy
327:sheep
1746:news
1665:and
1644:ISBN
1550:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1506:2016
1476:2016
1445:2016
1045:and
1037:and
1012:Iran
881:arid
855:and
629:pigs
594:Farm
391:pigs
317:pigs
1729:by
1671:PDF
1222:or
1170:or
1162:by
115:by
1811::
1587:.
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1423:^
1410:.
1218:,
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1771:·
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841:e
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