Arranged marriage - Knowledge (XXG)

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precursor for marriage." The dowry system, apart from being sexist, also has other negative side effects. In many instances, the families of women can not afford to put up a dowry for their daughters. This can cause the daughter not to get married which in turn, in severe cases, can lead to suicide or depression. When a family can not afford a dowry for their daughters, this as well can make the daughter feel like a financial burden to the family. As a result of these negative side effects, a law was passed in 1961. This law was called the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 and was passed in India. The Act of 1961 made it illegal for a family to demand, give, or take a dowry, and if caught, they could be punished by law. However, this act has some loose knots in terms of its rules. It is stated that the couple is allowed to have a wedding present in the form of money, clothes, or other things that do not count as a dowry. It also states that if a family does decide to give a dowry, it does not invalidate the marriage and no legal issues will be taken unless they get caught. Therefore, giving a dowry is illegal by law but many people still find ways to give them. They found these ways by finding the loopholes in The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961. For example, the family will gift gifts of large sums of money to the couple as a wedding gift, this money to some, may be seen as a dowry, and since giving money as a wedding gift is allowed this may be considered a loophole. According to Lodhia at Britannica, “In 1984…it was changed to specify that presents given to a bride or a groom at the time of a wedding are allowed.” This correction to The Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 made things more specific. The corrections made it so that when the married couple received wedding gifts they had to document the gift, who gave it to them, the relation of the person to the couple, and how much the gift was worth. This made it easier to track if a couple did receive a dowry versus if it was a wedding gift. After 1984 even more additions were made. In the Indian Penal Code modifications were made to help female victims of dowry-related violence. Dowry-related violence is when the groom's family demands a dowry from the bride's family before, during, or after the marriage. These acts of violence only affect the women in the marriage and can often be very brutal. According to The Advocates For Human Rights, “The most common forms of dowry-related violence are physical violence, marital rape, acid attacks, and wife burning (where a woman is covered in kerosene or some other accelerant and deliberately set on fire).” These violent attacks result from the bride's family not wanting to or being unable to pay a dowry that the groom's family has demanded.

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alliances may influence the selection of a spouse. The decision-making process often involves the individuals directly involved and their families, who may seek to align the marriage with their interests and aspirations. On the other hand, an article within The Wire states, “The financial aspect on the other hand is a newer addition which entails a girl's professional ambitions and earning capacity. It is because a greater number of Indian women are pursuing professional degrees and subsequent employment. More importantly, due to a rise in the standard of living of an average Indian middle class couple that it has become essential for both spouses to earn. However, a word of caution doing the rounds within the groom community is that ambition combined with financial independence is a lethal combination; hence, it is essential to nip it in the bud.” (Dhoop, 2018). Additionally, political factors outside the immediate family sphere, such as community dynamics or broader societal norms, can further shape the parameters of arranged marriages. Consequently, the power, influence, and negotiation dynamics within arranged marriages can reflect complex interplays between personal desires, familial expectations, and external pressures, underscoring the intricate relationship between marriage and politics in diverse cultural contexts. Moreover, arranged marriages can intersect with political ideologies, particularly in contexts where cultural traditions intersect with state policies. In societies where arranged marriages are deeply entrenched, governments may seek to regulate or promote such unions as a means of preserving cultural identity or social cohesion. Conversely, movements advocating for individual rights and autonomy may challenge the practice of arranged marriages, framing it as an infringement on personal freedom and agency. The interplay between political ideologies, state interventions, and cultural practices can profoundly shape the dynamics of arranged marriages, influencing everything from the selection process to the power dynamics within the marital relationship. In essence, politics within arranged marriages encompass a multifaceted interplay of personal, familial, societal, and geopolitical factors, shaping the dynamics and outcomes of these unions in complex ways. Understanding the political dimensions of arranged marriages requires an appreciation of the broader social, cultural, and historical contexts in which they occur, highlighting the intricate interconnections between marriage, power, and politics.

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threats, or physical violence. This practice disregards individual autonomy and consent, leading to profound emotional distress and violation of human rights. In contrast, arranged marriage involves familial or societal intervention in selecting a spouse for one or both individuals based on cultural, religious, or social considerations. However, the consent of the individuals involved remains most important in arranged marriages, distinguishing them from forced unions. Arranged marriages may involve input from the prospective spouses, allowing them a degree of agency in the process, although within the framework of familial or societal expectations. Thus, while both forced and arranged marriages involve external influences in partner selection, the pivotal disparity lies in the presence or absence of consent, underscoring the ethical and moral implications inherent in each practice. Within a news article, Professor Burns, the Anti-Slavery Australia diretor states, “Arranged marriages are widely practiced in Australia, and there are many people who have been married after being introduced by a family member or member of the community — but ultimately, the couple decides whether they want to marry. A forced marriage is the opposite. There is no complete and free consent.” (Kassis, 2023). Ultimately, the critical distinction between forced and arranged marriages lies in the presence or absence of consent. Forced marriage represents a violation of individual autonomy and human rights, characterized by coercion and lack of consent. In contrast, arranged marriage, when conducted ethically and with respect for the agency of the individuals involved, can offer a pathway to union that aligns with cultural and familial values while still honoring the importance of consent and personal choice.

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are looking for their future spouses. This event costs the parents of these young adults 14,000 yen or $ 96 to attend, which is expensive. With housing being so expensive, a low-income economy, and the demanding work culture going against people in Japan, fewer Japanese people want to get married and have children. (Lau & Fukutome, 2023). The economic pressures, coupled with societal shifts towards individualism and career-focused lifestyles, have led to a declining interest in marriage and child-rearing among the younger generation in Japan. Some parents are spooked at the thought of paying for their children to attend these events to make sure they can marry a higher-class citizen to have a better marriage and life together. These parents want what is best for their children, and if it means having to arrange a marriage for them, so be it. Arranged marriages remain very common in many parts of the world, including Japan. While the practice has evolved significantly over time, moving away from strictly familial arrangements towards a more relaxed way of getting to know one another and mutual consent, its presence in modern society continues. Modern arranged marriages often incorporate elements of personal choice and freedom with the opportunities to interact, date, and build relationships before committing to marriage. Arranged marriages happen all over the world every day, and they are still very prevalent in society, whether we acknowledge it or not. Although arranged marriages have changed dramatically throughout the years, they still exist and have come a long way.

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with a marriage proposal because communication between families could break down, and could result in accidental disrespect between the two families." This person is a neutral matchmaker when families are trying to plan an arranged marriage. The nayan usually has two roles that they play: one is as a marriage scout and the other is as a negotiator. As a marriage scout, the matchmaker goes out into the community and tries to find a potential match for the person who wants to get married. As a negotiator, the matchmaker talks to different families and tries to come to a common ground about a potential arranged marriage between two families. While going about this process the matchmaker takes into account several different considerations including but not limited to family background, financial status, and family reputation. Once the nayan finds a match they will get in contact with the families and start to arrange communication between the future couple. Communication starts strictly from the matchmaker to the two people and their families. Eventually, families will begin to communicate with each other while also allowing the new couple to communicate with one another. After the families have talked about the marriage and made wedding plans the matchmakers come back to help in the process of the wedding. The help offered by the nayan can come in the form of jewelry or wedding setup. Usually, the matchmaker does not receive any pay for the work that they have done but will often be given gifts from the families of the new couple.

750:. According to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, “forced marriage can happen to individuals of any race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sex, age, immigration status, or national origin. It can happen to individuals from any economic or educational background." This usually happens because of religious, cultural, or social status reasons. In most cases, the families of both parties feel that the two people should get married for many different reasons, but the participants who are to be married do not want to get married. In the United States, forced marriages are not permitted at all and can be grounds for prosecution. According to The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, “...in all U.S. states, people who force someone to marry may be charged with violating state laws, including those against domestic violence, child abuse, rape, assault, kidnapping, threats of violence, stalking, or coercion." In an arranged marriage, the families of the individuals help to choose the marriage partner but overall will not force marriage upon anyone if they do not want to get married. The role of family members and their degree of involvement, therefore, is often used to distinguish between an arranged marriage and a forced marriage. For forced marriages, the family plays a part in choosing the individual the person will marry, and the participant has no agency in the matter. The United States Government is against forced marriage and sees it as a human rights abuse. 692:

which is why parents arranging a marriage for their children will make sure they marry someone from the same faith. Hindus favor religious segregation, so many of them do not keep friendships with those from other religions. A study shows that 45% of Hindus only have friends who have the same religion as them and 13 percent have friends with different religions. This trains children to only desire to be around those of the same religion since intermingling of religious friendships and marriages are not too common. Furthermore, the people must marry within their caste system and most have a specific type of religion. They are taught this from a young age and it is considered one of the most important rules. When love outside of a person's caste happens, the parents sometimes threaten to kill the lover. Families fear of the opinions of the public is another reason why parents forbid their children from marrying outside their caste. The lowest, known as the untouchables, are seen as unclean and they are not even allowed to walk past someone from a higher caste because of fear that they will defile them.

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it. With the father's blessing the brother then takes his proposal to the Elder, or leader, of his local church. If the local Elder feels the request is reasonable and that the brother's spiritual life is in order, he will forward the request to the Elder of the prospective bride's church. If this Elder feels that the request is reasonable and that their spiritual lives are in order, then the proposal is forwarded to the father of the prospective bride. If the father is in agreement then the proposal is forwarded to the sister in the faith. She is to them make it a matter of prayer to determine if it is God's will that she marry this brother in the faith. If she agrees, then the proposal is announced to their respective home churches. Marriages generally follow short engagement periods, as strict church discipline, including excommunication, is applied to those who have premarital relations.

560: 155:. They were sometimes called "picture-bride marriages" among Japanese-American immigrants because the bride and groom knew each other only through the exchange of photographs before the day of their marriage. These marriages among immigrants were typically arranged by parents or close relatives from the country of their origin. As immigrants settled in and melded into a new culture, arranged marriages shifted first to quasi-arranged marriages where parents or friends made introductions and the couple met before the marriage; over time, the marriages among the descendants of these immigrants shifted to autonomous marriages driven by individual's choice, dating and courtship preferences, and an increase in marrying outside of their own ethnic group. Similar historical dynamics are claimed in other parts of the world. 759:

Jews of Israel (7%). According to a 2012 study by Statistic Brain, 53.25% of marriages are arranged worldwide. The global divorce rate for arranged marriages was 6.3%, which could be an indicator for the success rate of arranged marriages. This has led scholars to ask if arranged marriages are more stable than autonomous marriages, and whether this stability matters. Others suggest that the low divorce rate may not reflect stability, but that it instead illustrates the difficulty of the divorce process. Furthermore, individuals may experience social ostracism upon divorce, leading them to choose to live in a dysfunctional marriage rather than face the consequences of a divorce. Also, the perception of high divorce rates attributed to self-arranged marriages in the United States is being called into question.

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believe the arrangement can lead to unhappiness and discontentment in the marriage. Although people who are in autonomous marriages may look at arranged marriages as forced, results have shown that many people enter arranged marriages of their own free will. According to one study, the divorce rate was 4% for arranged marriages, while in the U.S., 40% of autonomous marriages ended in divorce. There have also been questions about sexual gratification; in Japan, it was reported that the men in arranged marriages were more sexually satisfied, while in autonomous marriages, the partners experienced roughly the same amount of satisfaction. In India, there showed to be an equal amount of compassionate love shown between arranged marriages and autonomous marriages.

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school, leave little choice to children other than be in early arranged marriages. Child marriages are primarily seen in areas of poverty. Parents arrange child marriages to ensure their child's financial security and reinforce social ties. They believe it offers protection and reduces the daughter's economic burden on the family due to how costly it is to feed, clothe and (optionally) educate a girl. By marrying their daughter to a good family, the parents improve their social status by establishing a social bond between each other.

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Parents, families, and friends provide an independent perspective when they participate in learning and evaluating the other person's history and behavior, as well as the couple's mutual compatibility. Willoughby further suggests that parents and family members provide more than input in the screening and selection process; often, they provide financial support for the wedding, housing, emotional support, and other valuable resources for the couple as they navigate married life, like childcare.

534: 4263: 137:, arranged marriages (baoban hunyin, 包办婚姻) – sometimes called blind marriages (manghun, 盲婚) – were the norm before the mid-20th century. A marriage was a negotiation and decision between parents and other older members of two families. The boy and girl were typically told to get married, without a right to demur, even if they had never met each other until the wedding day. 325:. Forced marriages are not the same as arranged marriages; these forced arrangements do not have the full and free consent of both parties, and no major world religion advocates for forced marriages. Arranged marriages are commonly associated with religion; a few people in some religions practice this form of marriage the religion does not promote it. 658:

and Wine Carrying. The bride-wealth is typically kept by the bride's family, after the marriage, and is a source of income to poor families. The brother(s), father, and male relatives of the bride typically take keen interest in arranging her marriage to a man who is willing to pay the most wealth in exchange for the right to marry her.

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family's son. This sort of arranged marriage, in theory, enabled the girl to escape poverty and the wealthy family to get free labor and a daughter-in-law. Zhaozhui was a related custom by which a wealthy family that lacked an heir would arrange marriage of a boy child from another family. The boy would move in with the wealthy family,

526:, where a brother-sister pair of one family are swapped as spouses for a brother-sister pair of another family. In other words, the wife is also the sister-in-law for the males in two families. This custom inherently leads to arranged form of marriage. About 30% of all marriages in western rural regions of Pakistan are by custom 767:

Various small sample surveys have been performed to ascertain if arranged marriages or autonomous marriages have a more satisfying married life. The results are mixed – some state marriage satisfaction is higher in autonomous marriages, while others find no significant differences. Johnson and Bachan

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Michael Rosenfeld asserts that the differences between autonomous marriages and arranged marriages are empirically small; many people meet, date, and choose to marry or cohabit with those who are similar in background, age, interests and social class they feel most similar to - screening factors most

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The marriage process in the Apostolic Christian Church begins with a brother in the faith deciding that it is time for him to be married. The brother makes it a matter of prayer that God will show him who is to be his wife. Once a sister in the faith is selected the brother speaks to his father about

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In Japan, many people find it very difficult to find a potential future spouse, so they have their parents arrange a marriage for them. Every so often, a matchmaking agency called “matchmaking agency Association of Parents of Marriage Proposal Information” holds an event for young people in Japan who

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Child marriage does not prepare or provide the individual much opportunity to make an informed, free choice about matrimony. They are implicitly arranged marriages. In rural areas of East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and Latin America, poverty and lack of options, such as being able to attend

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Scholars ask whether love and respect in marital life is greater in arranged marriages than autonomous marriages. Epstein suggests that, in many arranged marriages, love emerges over time. Neither autonomous nor arranged marriages offer any guarantees. Many arranged marriages also end up being cold

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Divorce rates have climbed in the European Union and the United States with increase in autonomous marriage rates. The lowest divorce rates in the world are in cultures with high rates of arranged marriages such as the Amish culture of the United States (1%), Hindus of India (3%), and Ultra-Orthodox

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In the United Kingdom, public discussion has questioned whether international arranged marriages are carried out without the couple's intention to live together. They suspect that some arranged marriages are born out of the intention to gift residency and European citizenship to immigrants who would

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In impoverished communities, every adult mouth to feed becomes a continuing burden. In many of these cultures, women have difficulty finding gainful employment (or are simply prohibited from doing so), and their daughters become the greatest burden to the family. Some scholars argue that arranging a

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Arranged marriages are a matter of debate and disagreements. Activists, such as Charlotte Bunch, suggest that marriages arranged by parents and other family members typically assume heterosexual preference and involve emotional pressure; this drives some individuals into marriages that they consent

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In many cultures, particularly in parts of Africa and the Middle East, daughters are valuable on the marriage market because the groom and his family have to (not must) pay cash or property for the right to marry the daughter. This is referred to as "bride-wealth" or by various names such as Lobola

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Over human history through modern times, the practice of arranged marriages has been encouraged by a combination of factors, such as the practice of child marriage, late marriage, tradition, culture, religion, poverty and limited choice, disabilities, wealth and inheritance issues, politics, social

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For matchmakers, traditionally called nayan, in India it is customary for them to be a family friend or a distant relative. Some people however do not prefer to use a matchmaker. As stated by Santana Flanigan, "Some families with marriageable age children may prefer not to approach possible matches

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and are illegal, but cousin marriages are not forbidden, although there have been calls to ban first-cousin marriages due to health concerns. While consanguineous arranged marriages are common and culturally preferred in some Islamic countries and among migrants from Muslim countries to other parts

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Since religion is important in the Hindu community, parents often find spouses that have the same religion for their children. When two people with different religions fall in love, one must convert to the other's religion, forsaking their own. It is socially unacceptable for people to intermarry,

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Some religious denominations recognize marriages only within the faith. Of the major religions of the world, Islam forbids marriage of girls of a devout parent to a man who does not belong to that religion. In other words, Islam forbids marriage of Muslim girls to non-Muslim men, and the religious

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A dowry is a gift of money, property, or valuable items gifted to a groom by the bride's family after marriage. As stated by Santana Flanigan, "Dowries originally started as 'love' gifts after the marriages of upper caste individuals, but during the medieval period the demands for dowries became a

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In some communities, especially in rural parts of the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia, a woman who refuses to go through with an arranged marriage, tries to leave an arranged marriage via divorce, or is suspected of any kind of "immoral" behaviour may be considered to have dishonored her

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In contrast, preventing arranged marriages may harm many individuals who want to get married and can benefit from parental participation in finding and selecting a mate. For example, Willoughby suggests that arranged marriages work because they remove anxiety from the process of finding a spouse.

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in Taiwanese – literally child or little daughter-in-law – was a tradition of arranged marriage, in which a poor family would arrange and marry a pre-adolescent daughter into a richer family as a servant. The little girl provided slave-like free labor, and also the daughter-in-law to the adoptive

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Throughout most of human history, marriage has been a social institution that produced children and organized inheritance of property from one generation to next. Various cultures, particularly some wealthy royals and aristocratic families, arranged marriages in part to conserve or streamline the

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Forced marriages and arranged marriages are distinct practices prevalent in various cultures, each characterized by unique principles and implications. Forced marriage entails coercion, where one or both parties are compelled into marriage against their will, often through emotional manipulation,

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Non-consanguineous arranged marriage is one where the bride and groom do not share a grandparent or near ancestor. This type of arranged marriages is common in Hindu and Buddhist South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Christian Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa. Consanguineous marriages are

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Gary Lee and Lorene Stone suggest that most adult marriages in recent modern history are somewhere on the scale between consensual arranged and autonomous marriage, in part because marriage is a social institution. Similarly, Broude and Greene, after studying 142 cultures worldwide, have reported

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Arranged marriages have declined in countries where forced marriages were politically outlawed (e.g. Imperial Russia or Japan) or in a prosperous countries with more social mobility and increasing individualism; nevertheless, arranged marriages might still be seen in countries of Europe and North

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Arranged marriages are actively debated amongst scholars, as many question whether arranged marriages are being used to abuse the international immigration system. Arranged marriages can also be seen as an inherent violation to human rights - particularly women's rights. Scholars often wonder if

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In some cultures where arranged marriages are common, there is a higher inequality between men and women. Some believe that those in arranged marriages might have a more satisfying union, since they have realistic expectations and are not clouded by emotion when going into the marriage; others

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and arranged marriages within the ethnic group. Examples of this dynamic include Sikh marriages between 1910 and 1980 in Canada, arranged marriages among Hasidic Jews, and arranged marriages among Japanese American immigrants before the 1960s, who would travel back to Japan to marry the spouse

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is re-emerging. It involves the prospective bride and groom, family, friends and a matchmaker (nakōdo, 仲人); the pair is selected by a process with the individuals and family involved (iegara, 家柄). Typically the couple meets three times, in public or private, before deciding if they want to get

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Politics within arranged marriages can manifest through negotiating and navigating familial, societal, and cultural expectations surrounding the union. In many cultures where arranged marriages are prevalent, considerations such as family status, wealth, social connections, and even political

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Arranged marriages across feudal lords, city states and kingdoms, as a means of establishing political alliances, trade and peace were common in human history. When a king married his son to a neighboring state's daughter, it indicated an alliance among equals, and signaled the former's state

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parents would have used for them anyway. Assuming the pool from which mates are screened and selected is large, Rosenfeld suggests that the differences between the two approaches to marriages are not as great as some imagine them to be. Others have expressed sentiments similar to Rosenfeld.

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This theory is supported by the observed rapid drop in arranged marriages in fast growing economies of Asia. The financial benefit parents receive from their working single daughters has been cited as a reason for their growing reluctance to see their daughters marry at too early an age.

515:. A typical punishment for a crime committed by males involves requiring the guilty family to marry their virgin girls between 5 and 12 year old to the other family. This custom requires no consent from the girl, or even her parents. Such arranged child marriages are called 91:

Arranged marriages were very common throughout the world until the 18th century. Typically, marriages were arranged by parents, grandparents or other close relatives and trusted friends. Some historical exceptions are known, such as courtship and betrothal rites during the

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entire family. Male relatives may be ridiculed or harassed, and any of the woman's siblings may find it impossible to enter into a marriage. In these cases, killing the woman is a way for the family to enforce the institution of arranged marriages. Unlike cases of

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of the world, they are culturally forbidden or considered undesirable in most Christian, Hindu and Buddhist societies. Consanguineous arranged marriages were common in Jewish communities before the 20th century, but have declined to less than 10% in modern times.

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Stephanie Beswick (2001), " We Are Bought Like Clothes": The War Over Polygyny and Levirate Marriage in South Sudan, Northeast African Studies, 8(2), pp 35–61, Quote – "The highest bidder usually acquires the woman, and the bridewealth is made in a series of

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parents or guardians select, then the individuals are consulted, who consider and consent, and each individual has the power to refuse; sometimes, the individuals meet – in a family setting or privately – before engagement and marriage as in

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Arranged marriage may be the consequence of certain customs. For example, in rural and tribal parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan, disputes, unpaid debts in default and crimes such as murder are settled by a council of village elders, called

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Derek F. Roberts, N. Fujiki, K. Torizuka, Kanji Torizuka (Editors), see Imaizumi, Y. O. K. O. (1992). Factors influencing the frequency of consanguineous marriages in Japan (pages 29–40). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press;

309:, uncle-niece marriages, second cousin marriages, and so on. The most common consanguineous marriages are first cousin marriages, followed by second cousin and uncle-niece marriages. Between 25 and 40% of all marriages in parts of 1873:

Nasrullah, M., Muazzam, S., Bhutta, Z. A., & Raj, A. (2013). Girl Child Marriage and Its Effect on Fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006–2007. Maternal and child health journal, pp

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Fricke, Chang, and Yang. (1994). Historical and Ethnographic Perspectives on the Chinese family. Social Change and the Family in Taiwan. Arland Thornton and Lin, Hui-Sheng. Chicago and London, The University of Chicago Press:

634:, and marry the family's daughter. Such arranged marriages helped maintain inheritance bloodlines. Similar matrilocal arranged marriages to preserve wealth inheritance were common in Korea, Japan and other parts of the world. 410:

According to Warner, in nations with the high rates of child marriages, the marriage of the girl is almost always arranged by her parents or guardians. The nations with the highest rates of arranged child marriages are:

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Ghimire, D. J., Axinn, W. G., Yabiku, S. T., & Thornton, A. (2006). Social Change, Premarital Nonfamily Experience, and Spouse Choice in an Arranged Marriage Society1. American Journal of Sociology, 111(4), pages

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Bunch, Charlotte (1995). Transforming human rights from a feminist perspective, Women's Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives (Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper Editors), pages 15–16; also see pages

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among Fundamentalist Mormon groups of the United States. In most other parts of the world, arranged marriages continue to varying degrees and increasingly in quasi-arranged form, along with autonomous marriages.

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For example, in part due to economic prosperity, about 40% of modern Japanese women reach the age of 29 and have never been married. To assist late marriages, the traditional custom of arranged marriages called

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is a type of marital union where the bride and groom are primarily selected by individuals other than the couple themselves, particularly by family members such as the parents. In some cultures, a professional

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Jones (1997) 'The demise of universal marriage in East and South-East Asia', in G.W. Jones, R.M. Douglas, J.C. Caldwell and R. D'Souza (eds.), The Continuing Demographic Transition, Oxford Clarendon Press

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Ralph Grillo, Marriages, arranged and forced: the UK debate; in Gender, Generations and the Family in International Migration, (Editors: Albert Kraler, Eleonore Kofman, Martin Kohli, Camille Schmoll),

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Freeman, Marsha (1995). Transforming human rights from a feminist perspective, Women's Rights, Human Rights: International Feminist Perspectives (Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper Editors), pages 149–176

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of India, non-consensual marriages and marriages where either the bridegroom is below the age of 21 years or the bride is below the age of 18 are prohibited for the Hindus, Buddhist, Sikhs and Jains.

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Amato, Paul R. (2012). Institutional, Companionate, and Individualistic Marriages, Marriage at the Crossroads: Law, Policy, and the Brave New World of Twenty-First-Century Families, pages 107–124

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Beswick, S. (2012). Brian J. Peterson. Islamization from Below: The Making of Muslim Communities in Rural French Sudan, 1880–1960. The American Historical Review, 117(4), Chapter 5, pp 1329–1360

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has alleged examples of such abuse by West Asian Muslim families in her motion to the UK's House of Commons. The United States has seen a similar controversy with sham arranged marriages.

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The bride and groom in all of the above types of arranged marriages usually do have the right to consent; if the bride or the groom or both do not have a right to consent, it is called a

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Late marriage, particularly past the age of 30 years old, reduces the pool of available women for autonomous marriages. Introductions and arranged marriages become a productive option.

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was based on social responsibility. Marriages were usually arranged by the parents; on occasion professional matchmakers were used. For the marriage to be legal, the woman's father or

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Shaw, A. (2001). Kinship, cultural preference, and immigration: consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 7(2), pages 315–334

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Máiréad Enright, Choice, Culture and the Politics of Belonging: The Emerging Law of Forced and Arranged Marriage, The Modern Law Review, Volume 72, Issue 3, pages 331–359, May 2009

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Hutton, M. J. (2001). Russian and West European Women, 1860–1939: Dreams, Struggles, and Nightmares. because political reasons. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; see Chapter 1

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Migrant minority ethnic populations have limited choice of partners, particularly when they are stereotyped, segregated or avoided by the majority population. This encourages

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otherwise be denied a visa to enter the country. These fears have been further stoked by observed divorces once the minimum married residence period requirement is met. MP

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Ghimire et al. (2006), Social change, premarital family experience and spouse choice in an arranged marriage society, American Journal of Sociology, 111, pages 1181–1218

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Various international organizations, including UNICEF, have campaigned for laws to ban arranged marriages of children, as well as forced marriages. Article 15 and 16 of

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Warner, Elizabeth (2004), Behind the wedding veil: Child marriage as a form of trafficking in girls. American U Journal Gender Soc. Policy & Law, 12, pages 233–270

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arranged marriages are more stable and suitable for raising children, and question whether the married couple can still experience a loving, respectful relationship.

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Harris, B. J. (1989). Power, Profit, and Passion: Mary Tudor, Charles Brandon, and the Arranged Marriage in Early Tudor England. Feminist Studies, 15(1), pages 59–88

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marriage of a daughter becomes a necessary means to reduce this burden. Poverty, stemming from poor decisions therefore is a consequent driver of arranged marriage.

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marriages, and 75% of these Muslim marriages are between cousins and other blood relatives. Some immigrant families prefer customary practice of arranged marriage.

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Haruko, W., & Gay, S. (1984). Marriage and property in premodern Japan from the perspective of women's history. Journal of Japanese Studies, 10(1), pages 73–99

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Salaff, J. (1976) 'The status of unmarried Hong Kong women and the social factors contributing to their delayed marriage', Population Studies, 30(3), pages 391–412

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Martin, L. G. (1990). Changing intergenerational family relations in East Asia.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pages 102–114

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Kerbo, H. R., & MacKinstry, J. A. (1995). Who rules Japan?: the inner circles of economic and political power. Greenwood Publishing Group; see pages 30–31

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Cohen et al., Consanguinity, intracommunity and intercommunity marriages in a population sample of Israeli Jews, Ann Hum Biol. 2004 Jan–Feb;31(1), pages 38–48

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Razack, Sherene H. (October 2004). "Imperilled muslim women, dangerous muslim men and civilised Europeans: legal and social responses to forced marriages".

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Ahsan, I. (2009). PANCHAYATS AND JIRGAS (LOK ADALATS): Alternative Dispute Resolution System in Pakistan. Strengthening Governance Through Access To Justice

1281:

R. Hussain (1999), Community perceptions of reasons for preference for consanguineous marriages in Pakistan, Journal of Biosocial Science, 31, pages 449–461

1425: 796: 2817: 1398: 5091: 3904: 2713: 1901:

Latif, Z. (2010), The silencing of women from the Pakistani Muslim Mirpuri community in violent relationships. Honour, Violence, Women and Islam, 29

1370: 1326:

Bittles, A. H. (2003). The bases of Western attitudes to consanguineous marriage. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 45(2), pages 135–138

2005:

Charsley, K. (2007), Risk, trust, gender and transnational cousin marriage among British Pakistanis, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), pp 1117–1131

1495:

Ghai, A. (2001). Marginalisation and disability: experiences from the Third World. Disability and the life course: Global perspectives, pages 26–37

1075: 3499: 871: 317:

are first cousin marriages; while overall consanguineous arranged marriages exceed 65 to 80% in various regions of North Africa and Central Asia.

305:

is a type of arranged endogamous marriage. It is one where the bride and groom share a grandparent or near ancestor. Examples of these include

2984:

Pamela C. Regan; Saloni Lakhanpal; Carlos Anguiano (June 2012). "Relationship Outcomes in Indian-American Love-Based and Arranged Marriages".

1351:

Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), see the article on CONSANGUINITY AMONG JEWS; also see Jacobs, Studies in Jewish Statistics, pp. 1–9, London, 1891;

1293: 386: 4644: 2484: 2383: 1222: 2698: 2148: 1631: 2958:"Marriage Satisfaction and Wellness in India and the United States: A Preliminary Comparison of Arranged Marriages and Marriages of Choice" 1138:

Xiaohe and Whyte (1990), Love matches and arranged marriages: A Chinese replication, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, pages 709–722

1654:

Engel, J. W. (1984). Marriage in the People's Republic of China: Analysis of a new law. Journal of Marriage and the Family, pages 955–961

936: 262: 243:

individuals select, then parents or guardians are consulted, who consider and consent, and where parents or guardians have the power of

1981: 1666: 1539:

Gupta, G. R. (1976). Love, arranged marriage, and the Indian social structure. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 7(1), pages 75–85

4532: 4301: 4062: 3082: 2644: 2418: 2317: 1527: 1340: 1315: 1117: 1024: 982: 3077:

Paul Amato (2012), in Marriage at the Crossroads: Law, Policy, and the Brave New World;Editors: Marsha Garrison, Elizabeth S. Scott;

3265: 2398: 2354: 2254: 1335:

Alan Bittles, Consanguinity in Context (Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology), Cambridge University Press,

2109: 1616: 1522:

Carol Ember and Melvin Ember, Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures Topics and Cultures, Volume 2,

1052: 3338: 2885: 911: 4938: 3487: 1824: 391: 215: 41:

Arranged marriages have historically been prominent in many cultures. The practice remains common in many regions, notably the

1476: 5116: 4243: 3835: 3096: 2349:

Philippe Fargues (1998), in Andrea Pacini (Editor), Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East, Oxford University Press,

2084:

Fossum, U. M. S., & Boyd, K. (2010). Arranged Marriage–A violation of human rights?. University of California, Berkeley

290:

is one where a third party finds and selects the bride and groom irrespective of their social, economic and cultural group.

5099: 3852: 3830: 3521: 2841: 564: 498:

arranged by the family, and then return married. In other cases, a girl from Japan would arrive in the United States as a

2026: 5210: 5086: 4696: 1147:

Tekce (2004), Paths of marriage in Istanbul: arranging choices and choice in arrangements, Ethnography, 5, pages 173–201

580: 329: 1739:

Applbaum, K.D. (1995) Marriage with the proper stranger – arranged marriage in metropolitan Japan, Ethnology, 34, 37–51

296:

is one where a third party finds and selects the bride and groom from a particular social, economic and cultural group.

5041: 5013: 4931: 4792: 3947: 3482: 3331: 219: 2094: 3201:"Marital quality in arranged and couple-initiated marriages: The role of perceived influence over partner selection" 2137:

Judd, E. R. (1989). Niangjia: Chinese women and their natal families. Journal of Asian Studies, 48(3), pages 525–544

5236: 5076: 5033: 4993: 4267: 3997: 675: 4099: 1457: 4953: 4669: 4357: 1710: 211: 69:. In many other parts of the world, the practice has declined substantially during the 19th and 20th centuries. 1700:

Retherford, R. D., Ogawa, N., & Matsukura, R. (2001). Population and Development Review, 27(1), pages 65–102

1429: 667:

punishment for those who marry outside might be severe. This is one of the motivations of arranged marriages in

5165: 3567: 3477: 2842:"It's All Relative: The Contemporary Orthodox Jewish Family in America – Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals" 432: 3031:"What can we learn from studies based on small sample sizes? Comment on Regan, Lakhanpal, and Anguiano (2012)" 968: 4737: 3924: 3899: 856: 841: 568: 3199:

Flicker, Sharon M.; Sancier-Barbosa, Flavia; Afroz, Farhana; Saif, Sumaiya N.; Mohsin, Faeqa (2019-11-14).

5180: 4916: 4635: 4294: 4119: 3840: 3655: 2437: 1451:"UNHCR's Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Afghan Asylum-Seekers" 572: 202: 2525: 5185: 4911: 4071: 3572: 2710: 1947: 1079: 107: 2919:

Xu Xiaohe; Martin King Whyte (Aug 1990). "Love Matches and Arranged Marriages: A Chinese Replication".

2906:

Usha Gupta; Pushpa Singh (July 1982). "An exploratory study of love and liking and type of marriages".

2156: 253:

individuals select, the parents or guardians are neither consulted nor have any say before the marriage

198:

parents or guardians select, the individuals are neither consulted nor have any say before the marriage

1751:

Hendry, Joy (2010), Marriage in Changing Japan: Community & Society (Vol. 4), Taylor & Francis

1176:

Broude, Gwen J..; Greene, Sarah J. (July 1983). "Cross-cultural codes on Husband-Wife Relationships".

183:, honor killings are often done publicly and there are frequently family members involved in the act. 5241: 5104: 5066: 4921: 4657: 4630: 4124: 4114: 4109: 4076: 4047: 3607: 3587: 1269: 881: 876: 851: 494: 1049:"Why Being Single? A Research for the Delayed Marriage Among People (Aged 25-35) in Shanghai, China" 151:

Until the first half of the 20th century, arranged marriages were common in migrant families in the

5246: 5200: 5061: 5023: 4833: 4807: 4797: 4767: 4465: 4134: 4129: 4081: 4052: 4024: 3942: 3825: 3783: 3614: 1800: 1483: 1290: 1247:

Jones, G. (2010). Changing marriage patterns in Asia, Asia Research Institute Working Paper No. 131

891: 554: 533: 261:

Extreme examples of forced arranged marriage have been observed in some societies, particularly in

5134: 5051: 4978: 4701: 4576: 4448: 4407: 4397: 4321: 3952: 3793: 3642: 3621: 3577: 3504: 3492: 3432: 3427: 3354: 3310: 3246: 3212: 3181: 3009: 2944: 2936: 2454: 1193: 886: 160: 97: 62: 4559: 2312:

Margrethe Silberschmidt (1999), Women Forget that Men are the Masters, Nordic Africa Institute,

1076:"Gender, marriage and migration : contemporary marriages between mainland China and Taiwan" 2739: 2675: 5215: 5195: 5056: 4906: 4823: 4802: 4742: 4500: 4372: 4362: 4336: 4287: 4016: 4002: 3970: 3932: 3857: 3847: 3650: 3635: 3548: 3526: 3516: 3454: 3449: 3422: 3373: 3302: 3238: 3230: 3173: 3165: 3078: 3060: 3001: 2859: 2640: 2616: 2480: 2394: 2379: 2350: 2313: 1580: 1562: 1523: 1336: 1311: 1218: 1113: 1020: 978: 901: 846: 826: 626: 272: 207: 180: 2957: 5205: 4926: 4722: 4490: 4422: 4417: 4392: 4248: 4238: 4207: 3728: 3685: 3562: 3291:"Review of Love Match and Arranged Marriage: A Tokyo-Detroit Comparison, Robert O. Blood Jr" 3222: 3157: 3050: 3042: 2993: 2972: 2928: 2446: 2360:

Heiner Bielefeldt, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 17, Number 4, November 1995, pages 587–617

2051: 1933: 1925: 1770: 1663: 1570: 1185: 988: 866: 831: 806: 593: 538: 127: 2415: 1158: 5190: 5081: 5003: 4988: 4983: 4943: 4777: 4382: 4377: 4175: 4057: 3884: 3752: 3723: 3713: 3593: 3531: 3405: 2717: 2657: 2422: 1960: 1670: 1480: 1297: 974: 906: 861: 747: 668: 395: 322: 306: 119: 72: 4843: 3536: 3437: 2764: 2450: 2267: 2204: 1921: 5008: 4998: 4973: 4963: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4625: 4620: 4571: 4438: 4402: 4163: 4158: 3914: 3889: 3798: 3718: 3690: 3668: 3660: 3628: 3600: 3541: 3509: 3395: 3383: 3368: 3161: 3055: 3030: 2997: 2976: 1774: 1575: 1550: 1112:

Harry Reis and Susan Sprecher, Encyclopedia of Human Relationships, SAGE Publications,

811: 381: 337: 173: 111: 80: 76: 58: 2292: 502:, pre-arranged to marry the Japanese American man on arrival, whom she had never met. 122:. The couple participated in a ceremony which included rituals such as removal of the 5230: 5170: 5155: 4948: 4757: 4727: 4610: 4527: 4507: 4483: 4387: 4341: 4216: 4170: 3987: 3937: 3695: 3582: 3459: 3378: 3250: 3145: 2791: 2500: 589: 516: 300: 266: 152: 3185: 3013: 2948: 2550: 2458: 1828: 1002: 159:

America, among royal families, aristocrats and minority religious groups such as in

83:

is especially condemned. In other cultures, people mostly choose their own partner.

5139: 4958: 4896: 4838: 4828: 4782: 4615: 4564: 4549: 4537: 4443: 4412: 4233: 1849: 1473: 310: 50: 46: 5046: 5018: 3046: 17: 2229: 1371:"Meet Preeti and Heena – Indian matchmakers set on finding the love of your life" 4891: 4762: 4752: 4732: 4717: 4686: 4584: 4473: 4331: 4153: 3975: 3778: 3120: 801: 652: 631: 523: 436: 115: 93: 35: 2343: 937:"UN General Assembly adopts 2nd resolution on child, early and forced marriage" 4873: 4868: 4676: 4664: 4367: 4029: 3909: 3757: 3417: 3388: 1787: 1399:"Arranged Marriages, Matchmakers, and Dowries in India – Postcolonial Studies" 726:(CEDAW) specifically cover marriage and family law, which support such a ban. 724:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

679: 424: 341: 145: 54: 3306: 3234: 3169: 2620: 2110:"In Japan, the young find dating so hard their parents are doing it for them" 1566: 126:. A man was typically limited to only one wife, though he could have as many 5160: 5126: 4691: 4681: 4605: 4554: 4495: 4478: 4326: 4190: 4104: 3894: 3773: 3146:"Relationship Outcomes in Indian-American Love-Based and Arranged Marriages" 2128:

Coontz, S. (2006). Marriage, a history: How love conquered marriage. Penguin

816: 711: 597: 576: 542: 66: 3242: 3177: 3064: 3005: 1929: 1584: 1019:

The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001),

746:

The United States has some very clean and concrete laws about arranged and

5175: 4747: 4195: 4185: 4145: 4039: 3992: 3442: 3412: 3400: 1922:"Watta Satta : Bride Exchange and Women's Welfare in Rural Pakistan" 1504:

Amt, Emilie (1993), Women's Lives in Medieval Europe, New York, Routledge

916: 896: 836: 768:

have questioned the small sample size and conclusions derived from them.

730:

to under duress. Bunch suggests that all marriages should be autonomous.

452: 448: 314: 233: 42: 3314: 3290: 4863: 4772: 4600: 4310: 4091: 3788: 3226: 2661: 1197: 191:

Marriages have been categorized into four groups in scholarly studies:

2940: 1938: 1718: 596:, married the dauphin (crown prince) of France, who would become King 4787: 4180: 3863: 3734: 3554: 3323: 3200: 428: 399: 141: 2572: 2570: 1189: 271:

which is currently seen in some tribal/rural parts of Pakistan, and

3217: 3144:

Regan, Pamela C.; Lakhanpal, Saloni; Anguiano, Carlos (June 2012).

2932: 4968: 4652: 4544: 3982: 3742: 821: 558: 532: 444: 440: 412: 385: 336:

against the law in many parts of United States and Europe. In the

201: 134: 2765:"A Modern Indian Woman's Struggle with Arranged-Marriage - Nymag" 4901: 4512: 3747: 791: 522:

Another custom in certain Islamic nations, such as Pakistan, is

481: 420: 416: 244: 123: 4283: 3327: 1883:

Anwar Hashmi and Rifat Koukab, The Fact (Pakistan), (July 2004)

1632:"California dad accused of selling girl to teen for cash, beer" 283:

There are many kinds of arranged marriages, some of these are:

2551:"Why I Risked an Honor Killing to Reject an Arranged Marriage" 2114: 2021: 1214:"Recalculating" Marriage: God's Direction to a Moral Marriage 519:, swara and sak in different regional languages of Pakistan. 451:. Arranged child marriages are also observed in parts of the 2416:

Partner choice and the growth of ethnic minority populations

571:, heir apparent to the throne of France, as a result of the 4279: 1825:"Five Views: A History of Japanese Americans in California" 763:

Love and respect in arranged versus autonomous marital life

2956:

Jane E. Myers; Jayamala Madathil; Lynne R. Tingle (2005).

2391:

Global perspectives on social issues: marriage and divorce

2256:

Winning back our good luck: bridewealth in nowadays Maputo

2860:"Arranged / Forced Marriage Statistics – Statistic Brain" 2095:"The politics of arranged marriage in 21st Century India" 1393: 1391: 2530:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

1551:"Child Marriage: A Silent Health and Human Rights Issue" 402:

on arranged marriages and prediction of ensuing disaster

275:

marriage Taiwan before the 1970s (Tongyangxi in China).

27:

Marital union organized by parties other than the couple

3097:"Indian woman says arranged marriage was full of abuse" 218:

in 1829, three years after the death of his first wife

2699:

More Wedding Ring Busts – Green-card scam probe widens

1664:

The "Flight from Marriage" in South-East and East Asia

1609:"Teen's arranged marriage is allowed in native Mexico" 258:

that 130 cultures have elements of arranged marriage.

2786: 2784: 1920:

G., Jacoby, Hanan; Ghazala, Mansuri (February 2007).

3266:"Why You Should Treat Marriage More Like a Business" 1711:"Omiai and Miai-gekkon, Arranged Marriages in Japan" 1003:"Courtship and Betrothal in the Italian Renaissance" 5148: 5125: 5032: 4882: 4816: 4710: 4643: 4594: 4464: 4457: 4431: 4350: 4226: 4206: 4143: 4090: 4038: 4015: 3963: 3923: 3877: 3818: 3809: 3766: 3704: 3678: 3470: 3361: 2701:

Brian Harmon, New York Daily News (August 16, 2002)

2342:Saad Ibrahim, Minority Rights Group International, 2293:"Bride price: an insult to women, a burden to men?" 2205:"Dowry Prohibition Act | Description & History" 75:, practised in some families, are condemned by the 2886:"The Divorce Surge Is Over, but the Myth Lives On" 2264:Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas 2046: 2044: 1420: 1418: 772:and dysfunctional as well, with reports of abuse. 144:before the early 20th century, most of which were 2108:Lau, Chris; Fukutome, Junko (September 4, 2023). 2017:"Arranged Marriage: Trapped Between Two Cultures" 1790:Public Broadcasting Service, United States (2002) 674:Arranged marriage is practiced by members of the 588:superiority. For example, the fourth daughter of 38:may be used to find a spouse for a young person. 3295:International Journal of Sociology of the Family 2656:Multi-cultural sensitivity is not an excuse for 537:In 1770, Empress Maria Theresa sent 14-year-old 3029:David R. Johnson; Lauren K. Bachan (Aug 2013). 2470: 2468: 1474:Early Marriage as a barrier to Girl's Education 684: 592:, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2155:. Council for Cultural Affairs. Archived from 1982:"Traditional marriages ignore HIV/AIDS threat" 1264: 1262: 1157:Chesler, Phyllis; Bloom, Nathan (2012-06-01). 4295: 3339: 3289:Campbell, Bruce L.; Blood, Robert O. (1972). 1761:Kurian, G. (1991). "South Asians in Canada". 265:of girls below age 12. Illustrations include 114:had to give permission to a suitable man who 8: 2740:"CEDAW 29th Session 30 June to 25 July 2003" 2389:Altstein, Howard; Simon, Rita James (2003): 787:Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent 2676:"Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon" 797:Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church 575:. The marriage created an alliance between 4461: 4302: 4288: 4280: 3815: 3346: 3332: 3324: 2501:"The couples on the run for love in India" 2056:Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution 1211:MDiv, Edward W. Kaleefey BA (2018-03-29). 3216: 3054: 1966:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1937: 1747: 1745: 1574: 2609:"Modern Lessons From Arranged Marriages" 962: 960: 958: 2965:Journal of Counseling & Development 2884:Miller, Claire Cain (2 December 2014). 2376:Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam 1268:Joseph, S. E. (2007). Kissing Cousins. 928: 2818:"Trip back in time: the Amish in Ohio" 1956: 1945: 1456:. 2007. pp. 45–46. Archived from 669:Islamic minority populations in Europe 79:. The specific sub-category of forced 632:take on the surname of the new family 340:uncle-niece marriages are considered 7: 2908:Indian Journal of Applied Psychology 2816:Winnerman, Jim (12 September 2010). 1607:Chawkins, Steve (January 15, 2009). 1555:Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1108: 1106: 140:Arranged marriages were the norm in 3205:International Journal of Psychology 2393:. Lexington, Mass: LexingtonBooks. 1426:"Child marriages: 39,000 every day" 3162:10.2466/21.02.07.pr0.110.3.915-924 3121:"Fighting arranged marriage abuse" 2998:10.2466/21.02.07.PR0.110.3.915-924 2977:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2005.tb00595.x 2664:, 10 February 1999; column 256–280 2451:10.1023/B:FEST.0000043305.66172.92 2425:, Bevolking en Gezin, 33(2), 7–34. 2015:Tarabay, Jamie (14 October 2008). 1924:. Policy Research Working Papers. 1775:10.1111/j.1468-2435.1991.tb01029.x 970:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society 563:The arranged marriage in 1697, of 118:. Orphaned daughters were usually 25: 1717:. 6 November 2007. Archived from 1159:"Hindu vs. Muslim Honor Killings" 4262: 4261: 3095:McCleery, John Tuohy and Bill. 2479:. Xulon Press. pp. 18–19. 4244:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia 2921:Journal of Marriage and Family 2674:McHugh, Patrick (2008-11-30). 2052:"Married to France: 1770–1780" 682:denomination of Christianity: 228:Consensual arranged marriage: 1: 3853:Ghost marriage in South Sudan 3264:Page, Danielle (2017-06-30). 3047:10.2466/21.02.07.PR0.113x12z8 2763:Jain, Anita (25 March 2005). 1673:Gavin Jones, Singapore (2011) 1630:PARSONS, LARRY (2009-01-12). 622:inheritance of their wealth. 617:Wealth and inheritance issues 358:Arranged matchmaking in India 349:Forced vs. arranged marriages 294:Arranged endogamous marriage: 5211:Wedding vow renewal ceremony 2346:, January 1996; pages 24–25; 1827:. 2000-06-03. Archived from 1549:Nour, Nawal M (2009-01-01). 1428:. 2013-03-14. Archived from 330:The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 288:Arranged exogamous marriage: 2607:Lee, Ji Hyun (2013-01-18). 967:O'Brien, Jodi, ed. (2008). 792:Arranged marriages in Japan 220:Maria Leopoldina of Austria 100:in the Vedic period in the 5263: 2526:"3. Religious segregation" 676:Apostolic Christian Church 650: 625:Tongyangxi, also known as 552: 379: 237:custom among Orthodox Jews 196:Forced arranged marriage: 171: 4738:"Indian" Wedding Blessing 4358:Marriage proposal planner 4317: 4257: 1801:"Hasidism: Everyday Life" 742:Laws in the United States 5166:Maiden and married names 5092:United States and Canada 2230:"Dowry-Related Violence" 1291:Consanguineous marriages 433:Central African Republic 241:Self-selected marriage: 2414:Coleman, D. A. (2004), 1763:International Migration 857:Marriage in South Korea 842:Marriage of convenience 569:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 565:Marie Adélaïde of Savoy 5004:Saint Thomas Christian 3841:Chinese ghost marriage 2864:www.statisticbrain.com 2475:Speicher, Tom (2004). 2438:Feminist Legal Studies 2421:June 18, 2015, at the 2378:. Ashgate Publishing. 2374:Saeed, Hassan (2004): 2253:Granjo, Paulo (2004). 2153:Encyclopedia of Taiwan 1955:Cite journal requires 1930:10.1596/1813-9450-4126 1479:July 18, 2013, at the 1403:scholarblogs.emory.edu 1272:, 48(5), pages 756–764 872:Married at First Sight 689: 584: 573:Treaty of Turin (1696) 545: 403: 372:and ethnic conflicts. 307:first cousin marriages 223: 212:Amélie of Leuchtenberg 5186:Self-uniting marriage 3150:Psychological Reports 3035:Psychological Reports 2986:Psychological Reports 2149:"Zhaozhui son-in-law" 1163:Middle East Quarterly 562: 553:Further information: 536: 389: 367:Causes and prevalence 251:Autonomous marriage: 205: 116:could afford to marry 108:Greco-Roman antiquity 4631:Wedding ring cushion 2477:A Lifetime of Church 2273:on 24 September 2015 1986:The New Humanitarian 1805:yivoencyclopedia.org 1619:on January 19, 2009. 1270:Current Anthropology 882:Picture Bride (film) 877:Matrimonial websites 852:Marriage in Pakistan 130:as he could afford. 102:Indian subcontinent. 96:period of Italy and 5201:Wedding anniversary 4932:Pre-wedding customs 4834:Wedding cake topper 4808:Wedding videography 4798:Wedding photography 4768:Pounded rice ritual 4466:Western dress codes 4082:Royal intermarriage 3784:Mystery of Crowning 1854:The Express Tribune 1788:Hasidism in America 1484:Jeannette Bayisenge 1300:Brecia Young (2006) 1074:Lu, M.C.W. (2008). 892:Royal intermarriage 555:Royal intermarriage 541:to France to marry 206:Wedding of Emperor 5135:Honeymoon registry 4892:Anand Karaj (Sikh) 4413:Stag and doe party 4408:Bachelorette party 4398:Wedding invitation 3948:Marriage allowance 3578:Widow conservation 3355:Types of marriages 3227:10.1002/ijop.12622 2716:2018-08-19 at the 2613:The New York Times 2344:The Copts of Egypt 2209:www.britannica.com 2029:on 19 October 2022 1669:2016-11-09 at the 1296:2015-09-24 at the 1082:on 21 October 2022 1055:on 13 January 2023 1047:Rong, Pan (2004). 977:. pp. 40–42. 887:Redorer son blason 608:Real world example 585: 579:of France and the 546: 404: 392:Marriage à-la-mode 224: 161:placement marriage 120:married to cousins 63:sub-Saharan Africa 18:Arranged marriages 5237:Arranged marriage 5224: 5223: 5216:Womanless wedding 5196:Knobstick wedding 5100:England and Wales 4824:Wedding breakfast 4803:Wedding reception 4743:Jumping the broom 4523: 4522: 4501:Black lounge suit 4373:Banns of marriage 4363:Marriage proposal 4277: 4276: 4011: 4010: 3998:Mixed-orientation 3848:Widow inheritance 3527:Marriage in Islam 3517:Clerical marriage 2792:"Forced Marriage" 2769:New York Magazine 2486:978-1-59467-335-1 2384:978-0-7546-3082-1 2147:Lin Yuju (2011). 1613:Los Angeles Times 1224:978-1-9736-2165-2 1217:. WestBow Press. 902:Shim-pua marriage 847:Marriage of state 827:Lavender marriage 627:Shim-pua marriage 208:Pedro I of Brazil 181:domestic violence 31:Arranged marriage 16:(Redirected from 5254: 5206:Wedding crashing 5047:Vőfély (Hungary) 5019:Vőfély (Hungary) 4723:Bedding ceremony 4670:child bridegroom 4462: 4423:Rehearsal dinner 4418:Marriage license 4393:Engagement party 4304: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4265: 4264: 4239:Mail-order bride 3816: 3686:Marriageable age 3500:Eastern Orthodox 3348: 3341: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3220: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3092: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3026: 3020: 3017: 2980: 2962: 2952: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2803: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2721: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2671: 2665: 2654: 2648: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2604: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2574: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2472: 2463: 2462: 2432: 2426: 2412: 2406: 2369: 2363: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2272: 2266:. Archived from 2261: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2048: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2025:. Archived from 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1943: 1941: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1674: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1615:. Archived from 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1578: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1531: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1447: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1437: 1422: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1395: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1367: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1307: 1301: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1110: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1078:. Archived from 1071: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1051:. Archived from 1044: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1017: 1011: 1010: 999: 993: 992: 989:Internet Archive 964: 953: 952: 950: 948: 941:Girls Not Brides 933: 867:Marriageable age 832:Mail-order bride 807:Bride kidnapping 748:forced marriages 638:Dowries in India 594:Marie Antoinette 73:Forced marriages 21: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5191:Shotgun wedding 5144: 5121: 5096:United Kingdom 5062:Myanmar (Burma) 5028: 4989:Poruwa ceremony 4884: 4878: 4812: 4778:Trash the dress 4706: 4639: 4590: 4519: 4453: 4427: 4383:Bridal registry 4378:Wedding planner 4346: 4313: 4308: 4278: 4273: 4253: 4222: 4202: 4139: 4086: 4034: 4007: 3959: 3919: 3873: 3811: 3805: 3762: 3714:Sister exchange 3700: 3674: 3466: 3406:Serial monogamy 3362:Legal scenarios 3357: 3352: 3322: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3270:Better by Today 3263: 3262: 3258: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3085:; see Chapter 6 3076: 3072: 3028: 3027: 3023: 2983: 2960: 2955: 2918: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2846:jewishideas.org 2840: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2718:Wayback Machine 2711:Child Marriages 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2658:moral blindness 2655: 2651: 2647:; see Chapter 3 2638: 2634: 2625: 2623: 2606: 2605: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2575: 2568: 2559: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2423:Wayback Machine 2413: 2409: 2370: 2366: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2324: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2259: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2234:www.stopvaw.org 2228: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2050: 2049: 2042: 2032: 2030: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1954: 1944: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1818: 1809: 1807: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1724: 1722: 1721:on 24 July 2013 1709: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1671:Wayback Machine 1662: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1486:, Rwanda (2008) 1481:Wayback Machine 1472: 1468: 1463:on 1 July 2022. 1460: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1435: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1380: 1378: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1308: 1304: 1298:Wayback Machine 1289: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1225: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1190:10.2307/3773467 1175: 1174: 1170: 1156: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120:, pages 113–117 1111: 1104: 1099: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1031: 1018: 1014: 1001: 1000: 996: 985: 975:SAGE Publishing 973:. 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December 2016 935: 934: 930: 926: 921: 912:Log Kya Kahenge 907:Shotgun wedding 862:Marriage market 782: 765: 756: 744: 720: 707: 698: 664: 655: 649: 640: 619: 610: 557: 551: 508: 491: 489:Limited choices 474: 461: 396:William Hogarth 384: 378: 369: 360: 351: 323:forced marriage 281: 263:child marriages 216:Imperial Chapel 189: 176: 170: 98:Gandharva Vivah 89: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5181:Royal weddings 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4924: 4919: 4917:Bengali Muslim 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4859:Kolach (bread) 4856: 4854:Jordan almonds 4851: 4849:Hochzeitssuppe 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4817:Food and drink 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4626:Wedding mandap 4623: 4621:Wedding favors 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4572:Cocktail dress 4569: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4439:Wedding chapel 4435: 4433: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4403:Bachelor party 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4309: 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3698: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3391: 3386: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3321: 3320: 3301:(2): 264–266. 3281: 3256: 3211:(4): 629–637. 3191: 3156:(3): 915–924. 3136: 3125:news.bbc.co.uk 3112: 3087: 3083:978-1107018273 3070: 3041:(1): 221–224. 3021: 3019: 3018: 2992:(3): 915–924. 2981: 2971:(2): 183–190. 2953: 2933:10.2307/352936 2927:(3): 709–722. 2916: 2895: 2890:New York Times 2876: 2851: 2833: 2808: 2780: 2755: 2731: 2722: 2703: 2691: 2666: 2649: 2645:978-9089642851 2632: 2588: 2579: 2566: 2542: 2517: 2492: 2485: 2464: 2445:(2): 129–174. 2427: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2364: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2347: 2332: 2322: 2318:978-9171064394 2305: 2284: 2245: 2221: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2169: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2100: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2040: 2007: 1998: 1973: 1957:|journal= 1912: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1866: 1850:"Vani verdict" 1841: 1816: 1792: 1780: 1769:(3): 421–433. 1753: 1741: 1732: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1656: 1647: 1622: 1599: 1590: 1541: 1532: 1528:978-0306477706 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1466: 1442: 1414: 1387: 1362: 1353: 1344: 1341:978-0521781862 1328: 1319: 1316:978-0521419123 1302: 1283: 1274: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1230: 1223: 1203: 1184:(3): 263–280. 1168: 1149: 1140: 1131: 1122: 1118:978-1412958462 1102: 1093: 1066: 1039: 1029: 1025:978-0823931798 1012: 994: 984:978-1412909167 983: 954: 927: 925: 922: 920: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 812:Child marriage 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 783: 781: 778: 764: 761: 755: 752: 743: 740: 719: 716: 706: 705:Sham marriages 703: 697: 694: 663: 660: 651:Main article: 648: 645: 639: 636: 618: 615: 609: 606: 550: 547: 507: 504: 490: 487: 473: 470: 460: 457: 382:Child marriage 380:Main article: 377: 376:Child marriage 374: 368: 365: 359: 356: 350: 347: 338:United Kingdom 319: 318: 301:Consanguineous 297: 291: 280: 277: 255: 254: 248: 238: 200: 199: 188: 185: 174:Honor killings 169: 166: 88: 85: 81:child marriage 77:United Nations 59:Southeast Asia 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5259: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Marriage vows 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Black wedding 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912:Bengali Hindu 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4793:Wedding March 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4728:Bridal Chorus 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Lebes Gamikos 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4528:Wedding dress 4526: 4525: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4484:Morning dress 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4388:Bridal shower 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4305: 4300: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4270: 4269: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4217:Mariage blanc 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 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