168:
120:. Over the centuries, the guanaco were domesticated. The Asana at the lower elevation had formed the base camp of the earliest settlers who were hunter gatherers, hunting guanaco and taruca. Up to 5000 BP, settlement became more permanent. The gradual change from forager over to the pastoral society was recorded between 4800 and 4400 BP. By Middle
42:. The site is situated at an elevation of 3,430 metres (11,250 ft), with land use documented from 3,000–4,800 metres (9,800–15,700 ft). Asana was occupied over the course of 8,000 years; though the inhabitants were initially mobile foragers, long term habitation was marked at a later phase by residential architecture.
138:
80:
An archaeological study of the Asana river valley was conducted 1986–89. The area studied was along a river length of about 20 kilometres (12 mi), between
Tumilaca Molina and Cueva Quellaveco and from the origin of the minor tributary of the river Charoque to Tala village. The valley floors and
128:
living in the mountainous region preferred to limit their livestock foraging to a comfortable distance of not more than 2–4 kilometres (1.2–2.5 mi) with an elevation difference of 200–400 metres (660–1,310 ft), perhaps to conserve their energy expenditures. If these limits increased then
151:
material found at the site attests to the shifting of camps and supports links existing between the settlements of the lower and upper elevations. Both residential and non-residential structures were found and indicated a complex type of growth and occupancy. Structure were dated between 5500 and
152:
3600 BP. A ceremonial structure was found in an open air pre-ceramic site during excavations conducted from 1989 to 1990. It is inferred that activities occurred at the ceremonial site during a 250–500-year period; it is the earliest structure noted of the
46:
268:
2193:
92:
at Asana. Excavations have revealed six stratigraphic zones from 10,500 BP to 3500 BP, before the site became abandoned in 3500 BP. The period from 10,500 BP to 9,000 BP is interpreted as belonging to the
85:, was discovered on the left bank of the river valley at an elevation of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), in a series of river terraces at an elevation range of 3,500–3,600 metres (11,500–11,800 ft).
2188:
450:
81:
hill slopes, covering an area of 4.8 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi), led to the discovery of the Asana site and also six rock shelters. One of the rock shelters, Qusquri
2168:
2129:
269:"Montane Foragers: Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic (Mark S. Aldenderfer. 1998. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 327 pp., ISBN 0-87745-621-6)"
443:
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68:
Asana is located on the north bank of the Asana River in the flat fertile valley along 11,270 feet (3,440 m) of the river. The geological and
436:
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97:
age, 800 years prior to any type of permanent habitation in other areas of the south central Andean highlands. During the settlement period,
2178:
735:
1670:
685:
327:
Aldenderfer, Mark (September 1991). "Continuity and Change in
Ceremonial Structures at Late Preceramic Asana, Southern Peru".
1620:
1425:
292:
1775:
1370:
860:
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459:
156:. A feature identified as a "dance ground", dated to 4800 BP, was thought to be used for "feasts and social exchanges".
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2010:
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they would establish new camps. Human settlement abruptly ended at Asana.
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35:
1020:
39:
432:
369:
Montane
Foragers: Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic
408:
Kennett, Douglas J.; Winterhalder, Bruce (1 January 2006).
124:, guanacos had been domesticated. In the river valley, the
2194:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
267:
Baied, Carlos A.; Aldenderfer, Mark S. (October 1999).
247:
245:
72:
features are causative factors for its unique setting.
2189:
Populated places established in the 9th millennium BC
411:
Behavioral
Ecology And the Transition to Agriculture
200:
188:
444:
144:style of structure of the pre-historic period
8:
314:
236:
224:
212:
88:Human habitation has been traced to 10,500
451:
437:
429:
279:(4). University of Iowa Press: 713–714.
2169:Archaeological sites in Moquegua Region
372:. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
181:
262:
260:
251:
7:
387:Andrea, Alfred J. (23 March 2011).
414:. University of California Press.
14:
2184:1980s archaeological discoveries
166:
201:Kennett & Winterhalder 2006
189:Kennett & Winterhalder 2006
1:
1671:Quriwayrachina, La ConvenciĂłn
366:Aldenderfer, Mark S. (1998).
460:Archaeological sites in Peru
1776:Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
16:Archaeological site in Peru
2210:
1371:Ă‘awpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
861:Huamanmarca, La ConvenciĂłn
390:World History Encyclopedia
154:Kotosh Religious Tradition
2179:High-altitude archaeology
2145:17.0403528°S 70.6288194°W
466:
2150:-17.0403528; -70.6288194
1971:Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
1666:Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
1526:Pumamarka, San Sebastián
1456:Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
329:Latin American Antiquity
1171:Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
961:Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
112:Hippocamelus antisensis
52:Hippocamelus antisensis
34:, in the south-central
1816:The Toads of Wiraqucha
1266:Mawk'allaqta, La UniĂłn
1256:Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
1166:Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
946:Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
145:
60:
1931:Ventanillas de Otuzco
1516:Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
1261:Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
1161:Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
1081:Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
991:Inti Watana, Urubamba
981:Inti Watana, Ayacucho
941:Inka Tampu, Huayopata
140:
48:
30:, a tributary of the
2106:Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
1661:Quriwayrachina, Anta
1381:Ă‘awpallaqta, Lucanas
1376:Ă‘awpallaqta, Fajardo
1281:Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
1276:Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
1271:Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
1176:Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
1121:Laguna de las Momias
936:Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
931:Inka Raqay, ApurĂmac
521:Awkimarka (ApurĂmac)
476:Ahuila Gencha Machay
133:Archaeological finds
116:were the local wild
2141: /
1756:Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
1651:Qurimarka, ApurĂmac
1566:Purunllacta, Soloco
1531:Pumamarka, Urubamba
956:Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
876:Huaycán de Pariachi
671:Choquequirao Puquio
631:Chauchilla Cemetery
526:Awkimarka (Huánuco)
24:archaeological site
1986:Wanakawri, Huánuco
1561:Purunllacta, Cheto
1421:Paracas Candelabra
1086:Kunturmarka, Pasco
986:Inti Watana, Calca
273:American Antiquity
146:
61:
55:) in the northern
2174:Andean preceramic
2124:
2123:
1501:Pukara, Coporaque
1461:Pirca Pirca, Lima
826:Huaca Huallamarca
636:ChavĂn de Huantar
421:978-0-520-24647-8
400:978-1-85109-930-6
379:978-1-58729-474-7
227:, pp. 57–58.
2201:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
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2134:
1981:Wanakawri, Cusco
1976:Wamanmarka, Lima
1811:Templo del Zorro
1656:Qurimarka, Cusco
1146:Llamachayuq Qaqa
1126:Lauricocha Caves
1111:K'allapayuq Urqu
1096:Kusichaka valley
841:Huaca San Marcos
816:Huaca del DragĂłn
811:Huaca de la Luna
481:Amaru Marka Wasi
453:
446:
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315:Aldenderfer 1998
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225:Aldenderfer 1998
222:
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213:Aldenderfer 1998
210:
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95:Late Pleistocene
70:geomorphological
57:Andean mountains
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2096:Wiraqucha Pirqa
1841:Toquepala Caves
1606:Qillqay Mach'ay
1506:Pukara, Fajardo
1231:Marcahuamachuco
1201:Machu Pitumarka
1031:Jisk'a Iru Muqu
1001:Intini Uyu Pata
916:Incahuasi, Lima
846:Huaca Santa Ana
771:Guitarrero Cave
596:Caves of Sumbay
496:Asiru Phat'jata
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2051:Wayna Tawqaray
2048:
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2041:Wat'a, Huánuco
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
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1968:
1963:
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1951:Viracochapampa
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Venado cautivo
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Usnu, Ayacucho
1898:
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1886:Uchkus Inkañan
1883:
1881:T'uqu T'uquyuq
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1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Khuchi Mach'ay
1103:
1098:
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1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
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1011:Intiyuq K'uchu
1008:
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836:Huaca Pucllana
833:
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781:Hatun Misapata
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611:Cerro Trinidad
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341:10.2307/972170
335:(3): 227–258.
319:
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254:, p. 153.
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2136:70°37′43.75″W
2117:
2116:Yuraq Mach'ay
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1906:Usnu, Huánuco
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1681:Qhapaq Kancha
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1581:Puyupatamarca
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1391:Ollantaytambo
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1387:
1386:Ă‘usta Hispana
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1051:Killa Mach'ay
1049:
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951:Inka Tunuwiri
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891:Huayna Picchu
889:
887:
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881:Huánuco Pampa
879:
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869:
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821:Huaca del Sol
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799:
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789:
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786:Hatun Rumiyoc
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766:Guellayhuasin
764:
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736:El Cañoncillo
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574:
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571:Cajamarquilla
569:
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551:Baths of Boza
549:
547:
544:
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519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Auquilohuagra
509:
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317:, p. 22.
316:
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296:
290:
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274:
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263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
239:, p. 56.
238:
233:
230:
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221:
218:
215:, p. 29.
214:
209:
206:
202:
197:
194:
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157:
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143:
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132:
130:
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108:
104:
103:Lama guanicoe
100:
96:
91:
86:
84:
75:
73:
71:
63:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2133:17°2′25.27″S
2126:
2046:Wayna Q'inti
2036:Wat'a, Cusco
1996:Waqra Pukara
1946:Vilcashuamán
1716:Sacsayhuamán
1646:Quri Winchus
1576:Pusuquy Pata
1551:Puqin Kancha
1511:Pukara, Puno
1206:Machu Q'inti
1191:Machu Picchu
1056:Killarumiyuq
1006:Intipa Ă‘awin
926:Inka Mach'ay
901:Huchuy Qosqo
831:Huaca Prieta
776:Hatun Machay
756:Gran Pajatén
666:Choquequirao
661:Choquepuquio
656:Chipaw Marka
606:Cerro Pátapo
490:
410:
393:. ABC-CLIO.
389:
368:
360:Bibliography
332:
328:
322:
310:
298:. Retrieved
276:
272:
232:
220:
208:
196:
184:
174:Andes portal
147:
122:Halocene age
110:
102:
87:
82:
79:
67:
50:
38:of southern
32:Osmore River
19:
18:
2148: /
2091:Wiñay Wayna
2086:Willkaraqay
2071:Wila Wilani
2026:Wari Willka
2016:Waraqu Urqu
1961:Waman Pirqa
1866:Tunay Q'asa
1846:Toro Muerto
1796:Taqrachullu
1786:Tanqa Tanqa
1781:Tampukancha
1771:Tambomachay
1766:Tambo Totem
1636:Qunchamarka
1626:Qullqapampa
1536:Pumaq Hirka
1486:Puka Pukara
1451:Pinkuylluna
1441:Pikimach'ay
1356:Nazca Lines
1351:Muyuq Marka
1336:Mullu Q'awa
1311:Mirq'imarka
1286:Mawk'ataray
1221:Maray Qalla
1211:Mallkuamaya
1196:Machu Pirqa
1186:Machu Colca
1141:Llamachayuq
1076:Kuntur Wasi
971:Inkilltambo
896:Huayrapongo
856:Hualpayunca
851:Huacramarca
791:Hatun Uchku
761:Gran Vilaya
561:Buena Vista
516:Awkin Punta
252:Andrea 2011
28:Asana River
2163:Categories
2081:WilcahuaĂn
2021:Warawtampu
1991:Waqlamarka
1941:Vilcabamba
1896:Uskallaqta
1861:Tunanmarca
1806:Tarmatambo
1741:Sillustani
1726:Sayacmarca
1711:Runkuraqay
1641:Qunchupata
1616:Quillarumi
1596:Qillqatani
1491:Puka Tampu
1466:Pirhuaylla
1436:Pikillaqta
1431:Patallaqta
1406:Pachatusan
1401:Pachacamac
1316:Miyu Pampa
1306:Miraflores
1246:Markapukyu
1241:Markansaya
1236:Markahirka
1226:Marayniyoq
1181:Llaqtapata
1116:K'ipakhara
1101:Khichuqaqa
996:Intikancha
976:Inti Punku
966:Inkapintay
806:Honcopampa
801:Hatunmarka
796:Hatun Usnu
746:El ParaĂso
741:El Ingenio
716:Coricancha
706:Condorcaga
696:Colcampata
686:Cochabamba
651:Chichakuri
641:Chawaytiri
626:Chanquillo
616:Chacamarca
601:Cerro BaĂşl
506:Auga Punta
294:0877456216
160:References
118:herbivores
2011:Waraqayuq
2006:Warahirka
1966:Wamanilla
1936:Ventarron
1911:Usnu Muqu
1871:Tupu Inka
1851:Trinchera
1801:Tarahuasi
1791:Tantarica
1761:Susupillu
1721:Sara Sara
1696:Rumicolca
1676:Qasa Pata
1631:Qulu Qulu
1586:Qaqapatan
1556:Puruchuco
1496:Puka Urqu
1416:Pañamarca
1396:Pacatnamu
1366:Ninamarca
1361:Nina Kiru
1346:Muyu Urqu
1341:Muyu Muyu
1331:Mulinuyuq
1036:Kanamarka
1016:Iskuqucha
921:Ingatambo
871:Huankarán
721:Cumbemayo
711:Cota Coca
691:Cochapata
621:Chan Chan
581:Carachupa
576:Cao Viejo
556:Bandurria
541:Ayawayq'u
536:Ayamachay
486:Arhuaturo
126:pastorals
83:(Coscori)
64:Geography
2061:Wichqana
1836:Titiqaqa
1731:Sayhuite
1701:Rumiwasi
1621:Quishuar
1541:Pumawasi
1521:Pukarani
1476:Pirwayuq
1446:Pilluchu
1426:Paraccra
1151:Llamayuq
1091:Kuntuyuq
1026:Jinkiori
911:Inca Uyo
731:El Brujo
676:ChurajĂłn
646:Cheqollo
566:Cahuachi
546:Azángaro
531:Aya Muqu
49:Taruca (
2066:Wich'un
2056:Wichama
1921:Uyu Uyu
1916:Usqunta
1706:Runayoc
1686:Raqch'i
1571:Pusharo
1546:Punkuri
1321:Molloko
1296:Miculla
1216:Mameria
1156:Llamuqa
1136:Llactan
1041:Kanichi
866:Huamboy
751:Garagay
726:Cutimbo
586:CarajĂa
99:guanaco
76:History
26:by the
2101:Yanaca
2001:Waqutu
1956:Vitcos
1891:Urpish
1876:T'akaq
1856:TĂşcume
1826:Tinyaq
1751:SĂłndor
1736:SechĂn
1691:Revash
1611:Quiaca
1601:Qillqa
1471:Piruro
1411:Paiján
1301:Millka
1131:LayzĂłn
1071:Kukuli
1066:Kuelap
1061:Kotosh
906:Huiñao
701:Collor
501:Aspero
471:Acaray
418:
397:
376:
349:972170
347:
300:6 July
291:
149:Lithic
142:Kotosh
107:taruka
105:) and
22:is an
2111:Yaynu
2076:Wilca
2031:Waruq
1831:TipĂłn
1821:Tikra
1746:Sipán
1591:Qenko
1481:PĂsac
1326:Moray
1291:Mazur
1251:Marpa
1046:Kenko
886:Huari
681:Chuya
591:Caral
491:Asana
345:JSTOR
36:Andes
20:Asana
1021:Isog
416:ISBN
395:ISBN
374:ISBN
302:2013
289:ISBN
40:Peru
337:doi
281:doi
2165::
343:.
331:.
287:.
277:64
275:.
271:.
259:^
244:^
90:BP
452:e
445:t
438:v
424:.
403:.
382:.
351:.
339::
333:2
304:.
283::
114:)
109:(
101:(
59:.
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