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workers, who could be asked to invest part of their earnings or profits in a company investment fund to help expand the company and develop new offshoots. When a worker leaves the company, he withdraws his invested capital, plus its earnings and interest, and some sort of pension given enough years of service. The company is set up so that no one can amass company shares, and thus the company itself cannot be sold and remains a resource for the community, which after all has been a part of the company's success. The company, while for-profit, might be held in trust by a non-profit board, which ensures the company remains as a resource for the community. The broad guiding lines of associative economic enterprise are that economic life should not be owned or managed by the state (which however of course legislates and makes sure that laws and regulations are followed by companies, including basic rights for workers), nor should economic life be owned or managed merely by those who have lots of capital to invest; ownership should be spread among all the stakeholders, with an emphasis on those who work in a company, the local community, and independent schools. Management of the company should be determined not by the state, but by talent, know-how, and success: i.e., whoever can manage the company profitably and for the benefit of all stakeholders, might be selected in various ways by various stakeholders, depending on circumstances.
126:"). Central to this perception is the need for autonomy (separate yet conscious interaction) on the part of the three realms of social life: the economy, the rights life (including politics and law), and spiritual-cultural life, meaning the many worldviews that human beings cherish. Though historically premature, they see in the cry of the French Revolution ("LibertĂ©, ĂgalitĂ©, FraternitĂ©") three fundamental ideals of the modern human being, each of which can only find its proper place in one of these three spheres. Freedom and pluralism in the spiritual-cultural realm, including in education; uncoerced cooperation in the economic realm â where through the division of labor individuals come together to meet one another's needs; and democracy and equality in the political rights realm â where everyone comes together to sense and make agreements that are right for all.
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that when the economy is seen from a national perspective this is only partial and potentially harmful. Though within the context of a legislative and regulatory framework, the economy is best conducted not by the State but by those who are responsible for economic activities, potentially everyone working in association with one another rather than unto themselves. It has also been described as an "altruistic stakeholder-managed economy". This picture of an autonomously conducted economy belongs to
Steiner's overall conception of the threefold nature of social life.
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social consideration among many stakeholders: Not just investors, but workers, the local and to some extent global community and environment, and independent educational institutions, are the sources of profits and profitable ideas and capital, and should have some share in the company and in its profits. An associative company would be set up so that it cannot be sold off by investors, since the company is not merely the creation of investors. But many different arrangements are possible.
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the wage-earner who sells his labour and the man who buys it from him. But this sale and purchase is fictitious. It does not in reality take place... it is values which are exchanged. The worker produces something directly; he delivers a product, and it is this product which the enterpriser really buys from him. In actual fact, down to the last farthing, the enterpriser pays for the products which the workers deliver to him. It is time we began to see these things in their right light."
182:(started by Catholic priest JosĂ© MÂȘ Arizmendiarrieta, who was not associated with Rudolf Steiner, but whose economic views overlapped in important ways with Steiner's economic views). By the end of 2011, the Mondragon Corporation employed 83,869 people working in 256 companies in four areas of activity: finance, industry, retail and knowledge.
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In an associative economy, therefore, land, labor, and capital are understood as rights phenomena. Some interpret this to mean they are held in trust on behalf of the community (but not held by the state) and consequently managed by those with both the desire and capacity, but how precisely this idea
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In an associative enterprise, distant investors, if allowed to invest at all, might not be given any voting rights, or the ability to take control of the company and sell it unilaterally without regard to other stakeholders. An emphasis might be placed on getting investment capital from a company's
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The purpose of this co-operation would be to set priorities for what items should be produced and in what quantity, and how they should best be distributed. Further questions include the conditions and rights of workers, in particular their ability to be contributing agents to the development of the
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Steiner views labor as a form of "wagery," the remnant of serfdom and slavery (where once we sold our whole body, now we sell our âlabor powerâ). But it is also an economic untruth, an impossibility which we allow to persist: " actually speak as though a kind of sale and purchase took place between
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As for capital, the associative idea broadly speaking is that the buildup of capital is a social phenomenon due to many more stakeholders than are acknowledged under traditional capitalism. As a social phenomenon, accumulations of capital by a company should be administered in a way that reflects
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Associative economics recognizes the central role of the individual entrepreneur and the inherent regulatory effect of face-to-face transactions between producers and consumers. At the same time, it sees that the economic organism has become truly global â has moved beyond national boundaries â so
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As for labor, many different kinds of efforts have been made to treat laborers not as a mere company expense or a mere factor of production, but as partners and associates in the business. That entails profit sharing, and a number of profound changes in the way workers are involved in companies.
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Many things which today are considered commodities within the âfree-marketâ paradigm are differently understood within an associative paradigm. For example: land, labor, and capital. The so-called âfactors of productionâ are seen as 'factors of price formation', essentially matters of right which
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famously expressed this as "Art=Capital" (Kunst=Kapital), or alternatively, for his art piece in the 'Luna Luna' art fair in 1987, "Money is not CAPITAL at all. CAPACITY is CAPITAL." Capital is therefore intimately linked to the individual, although it also owes much to our common heritage,
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Land trusts, which remove land from the private market, but also keep it out of the hands of the state, have been developed for the protection of the environment and in order to make home ownership more accessible to low income people.
357:"OpenIDEO - How might we inspire and enable communities to take more initiative in making their local environments better? - Inspiration - Learning from of MondragĂłn Corporation - Redesigning Work and Living"
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Capital creates value by the application of intelligence to labor. It is the human spirit manifest in the economic process. An interesting analysis of this viewpoint is provided by
Folkert Wilken in his book
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In the early 20th century, Rudolf
Steiner spoke in detail about the threefold nature of social life; not as an invention or theory, but as observable fact (also known as the "threefold social organism" or
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to the State), and which needs to be entrusted by voluntary groups and individuals to those whom such groups and individuals consider most capable of using it to meet current social needs.
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simply border the economic realm on all sides. However, in the associative paradigm, these 'factors of price formation' do not fall into the hands of the state.
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Land is part of the commons. It is our common heritage, a resource that, in a wider sense, belongs to all (including future generations, but, again,
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Giacomo Preparata, "Perishable Money in a Threefold Commonwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the Social Economics of an Anarchist Utopia."
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154:. Often taking the form of money, it further frees and empowers the entrepreneur to apply their intelligence. The artist
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Gary Lamb, "The
Transformation of the Competitive Market and Capitalism: A Necessity of the Twenty-First Century"
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is given practical expression is one of the key, and liveliest, areas of research in associative economics.
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how the three ways money can move (through gift, loan, or purchase) play roles in the economy;
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Some of the themes central to/addressed by associative economics include the following:
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workplace. The goal of associative economics is to humanize economic relationships.
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refers to the conscious cooperation of various components of the economy, such as
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Toward an
Associative Economy in the Sustainable Food and Farming Movement
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Rudolf
Steiner and Social Reform: Threefolding and Other Proposals
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in this, Steiner corroborates many notable thinkers including
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Associative Economics: Spiritual Activity for the Common Good
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Associative Economics: spiritual activity for the common good
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a monthly digest by the Centre for Associative Economics
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The principles of associative economics have inspired
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alternatives to pure market forces for setting prices;
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Sarah Hearn, "Money: Reclaiming the Power to Create"
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309:(London, England; George Allen & Unwin. 1982)
42:The idea and term originates in the work of the
65:the factors of production and price formation;
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296:â a letter to James Madison, Paris, 9/6/1789
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322:(Forest Row, England; Clearview. 2010) 26
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264:(Great Barrington: SteinerBooks. 1999)
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220:Economics â The World As One Economy
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159:especially the way we are educated.
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80:banking in an associative economy.
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1104:Associação Comunitåria Monte Azul
294:"The Earth Belongs to the Living"
1114:General Anthroposophical Society
560:General Anthroposophical Society
390:Centre for Associative Economics
345:from the original on 2023-06-04.
238:(Ghent, NY: AWSNA. 2010) 20, 145
86:community supported agriculture
951:Willem Zeylmans van Emmichoven
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1092:Institutions and publications
558:Founding board members of the
1175:Schools of economic thought
505:Review of Radical Economics
251:(New Spirit Ventures. 2007)
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936:Botho Sigwart zu Eulenburg
791:Valborg Werbeck-SvÀrdström
279:Letter to President Pierce
307:The Liberation of Capital
152:The Liberation of Capital
71:real and personal credit;
577:Marie Steiner-von Sivers
1078:The Christian Community
1053:Anthroposophic medicine
130:Land, labor and capital
1073:Threefold social order
1058:Biodynamic agriculture
901:Liane Collot d'Herbois
796:Wilhelm Ernst Barkhoff
417:Towards Social Renewal
262:Towards Social Renewal
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896:George Adams Kaufmann
711:Walter Johannes Stein
681:Walter Burley Griffin
676:John Fentress Gardner
469:Journals and articles
292:). Jefferson, Thomas
203:Asscoiative Economics
180:Mondragon Corporation
98:community land trusts
28:Associative economics
18:Associative Economics
821:Michael Henry Wilson
666:Daniel Nicol Dunlop
646:Sergei O. Prokofieff
77:balance of payments,
32:labor and management
1046:Cultural influences
1032:Millicent Mackenzie
786:Marguerite Lundgren
691:Robert A. McDermott
621:Ehrenfried Pfeiffer
456:The Genius of Money
178:One example is the
124:social threefolding
46:and social thinker
960:Notable supporters
746:Hermann Poppelbaum
721:Herbert Witzenmann
671:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
661:Aasmund Brynildsen
636:Bernard Lievegoed
395:RSF Social Finance
284:2011-04-14 at the
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1063:Camphill Movement
1037:Margaret McMillan
1027:Jacques Lusseyran
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861:Arild Rosenkrantz
856:Bertram Keightley
726:Massimo Scaligero
586:Gunther Wachsmuth
477:The Social Future
461:Richard Masters,
305:Wilken, Folkert.
260:Steiner, Rudolf.
16:(Redirected from
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771:Thomas Weihs
761:Herbert Hahn
756:Wilhelm Rath
641:Edith Maryon
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851:Edith Rigby
841:Rudi Lissau
731:Ross Rentea
716:Ernst Lehrs
446:Gary Lamb,
288:, 1855 and
44:philosopher
1159:Categories
1124:Goetheanum
911:Else Klink
906:Egil TynĂŠs
686:Karl König
651:Peter Selg
590:Ita Wegman
513:Associate!
367:2013-02-04
801:John Davy
631:Emil Bock
1119:GLS Bank
1068:Eurythmy
343:Archived
282:Archived
946:Vydƫnas
1144:Weleda
1129:Harduf
100:, and
54:Themes
1134:SEKEM
401:Books
190:Notes
140:not
34:or
1161::
335:.
227:^
210:^
104:.
96:,
92:,
88:,
50:.
543:e
536:t
529:v
370:.
122:"
20:)
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